1.
Pitcher
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In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the pitcher is assigned the number 1. The pitcher is often considered the most important defensive player, there are many different types of pitchers, such as the starting pitcher, relief pitcher, middle reliever, lefty specialist, setup man, and closer. The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position. In most cases, the objective of the pitcher is to deliver the pitch to the catcher without allowing the batter to hit the ball with the bat. A successful pitch is delivered in such a way that the batter either allows the pitch to pass through the zone, swings the bat at the ball and misses it. If the batter elects not to swing at the pitch, it is called a strike if any part of the passes through the strike zone. A check swing is when the batter begins to swing, If the batter successfully checks the swing and the pitch is out of the strike zone, it is called a ball. There are two legal pitching positions, the windup and the set position or stretch, either position may be used at any time, typically, the windup is used when the bases are empty, while the set position is used when at least one runner is on base. Each position has certain procedures that must be followed, a balk can be called on a pitcher from either position. A power pitcher is one who relies on the velocity of his pitches to succeed, generally, power pitchers record a high percentage of strikeouts. A control pitcher succeeds by throwing accurate pitches and thus records few walks, nearly all action during a game is centered on the pitcher for the defensive team. A pitchers particular style, time taken between pitches, and skill heavily influence the dynamics of the game and can determine the victor. Meanwhile, a batter stands in the box at one side of the plate. The type and sequence of pitches chosen depend upon the situation in a game. The relationship between pitcher and catcher is so important that some teams select the starting catcher for a game based on the starting pitcher. Together, the pitcher and catcher are known as the battery, although the object and mechanics of pitching remain the same, pitchers may be classified according to their roles and effectiveness. The starting pitcher begins the game, and he may be followed by relief pitchers, such as the long reliever, the left-handed specialist, the middle reliever. In Major League Baseball, every team uses Baseball Rubbing Mud to rub game balls in before their pitchers use them in games, a skilled pitcher often throws a variety of different pitches to prevent the batter from hitting the ball well
2.
Omaha, Nebraska
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Omaha is the largest city in the state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County. Omaha is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, Omaha is the anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha. According to the 2010 census, Omahas population was 408,958, according to the 2014 Population Estimates, Omahas population was 446,599. Including its suburbs, Omaha formed the 60th-largest metropolitan area in the United States in 2013, the Omaha-Council Bluffs-Fremont, Nebraska-IA Combined Statistical Area is 931,667, according to the U. S. Census Bureaus 2013 estimate. There are nearly 1.3 million residents within the Greater Omaha area, comprising a 50-mile radius of Downtown Omaha, Omahas pioneer period began in 1854, when the city was founded by speculators from neighboring Council Bluffs, Iowa. The city was founded along the Missouri River, and a crossing called Lone Tree Ferry earned the city its nickname, Omaha introduced this new West to the world in 1898, when it played host to the Worlds Fair, dubbed the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. During the 19th century, Omahas central location in the United States spurred the city to become an important national transportation hub, throughout the rest of the 19th century, the transportation and jobbing sectors were important in the city, along with its railroads and breweries. In the 20th century, the Omaha Stockyards, once the worlds largest, Omaha is also the home to five Fortune 1000 headquarters, Green Plains Renewable Energy, TD Ameritrade, Valmont Industries, Werner Enterprises, and West Corporation. And Leo A Daly, the Gallup Organization, of Gallup Poll fame, Enron began in Omaha as Northern Natural Gas in 1930, before taking over a smaller Houston company in 1985 to form InterNorth, which Kenneth Lay moved permanently to Houston, in 1987. The modern economy of Omaha is diverse and built on skilled knowledge jobs, in 2009, Forbes identified Omaha as the nations number one Best Bang-For-The Buck City and ranked it number one on Americas Fastest-Recovering Cities list. Also, Omaha hosted the U. S. Olympic swim trials in 2008,2012 and 2016, the word Omaha means Dwellers on the bluff. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed by the riverbanks where the city of Omaha would be built, there was fierce competition among fur traders until John Jacob Astor created the monopoly of the American Fur Company. The Mormons built a town called Cutlers Park in the area in 1846, while it was temporary, the settlement provided the basis for further development in the future. Through 26 separate treaties with the United States federal government, Native American tribes in Nebraska gradually ceded the lands comprising the state. The treaty and cession involving the Omaha area occurred in 1854 when the Omaha Tribe ceded most of east-central Nebraska, Logan Fontenelle, an interpreter for the Omaha and signatory to the 1854 treaty, played an essential role in those proceedings. Before it was legal to claim land in Indian Country, William D. Brown was operating the Lone Tree Ferry to bring settlers from Council Bluffs, Brown is generally credited as having the first vision for a city where Omaha now sits. The passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854 was presaged by the out of claims around the area to become Omaha by residents from neighboring Council Bluffs. On July 4,1854, the city was established at a picnic on Capital Hill
3.
Earned run average
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In baseball statistics, earned run average is the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings pitched. It is determined by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched, runs resulting from defensive errors are recorded as unearned runs and omitted from ERA calculations. Henry Chadwick is credited with devising the statistic, which caught on as a measure of pitching effectiveness after relief pitching came into vogue in the 1900s. Some criterion was needed to capture the apportionment of earned-run responsibility for a pitcher in games that saw contributions from other pitchers for the same team, a pitcher is assessed an earned run for each run scored by a batter who reaches base while batting against that pitcher. The National League first tabulated official earned run average statistics in 1912, recently written baseball encyclopedias display ERAs for earlier years, but these were computed retroactively. Negro League pitchers are often rated by RA, or total runs allowed, as with batting average, the definition of a good ERA varies from year to year. During the dead-ball era of the 1900s and 1910s, an ERA below 2.00 was considered good, in the 1960s, sub-2.00 ERAs returned, as other influences such as ballparks with different dimensions were introduced. Today, an ERA under 4.00 is again considered good, the all-time record for the lowest single season earned run average by a pitcher pitching 300 or more innings is 1.12, set by Bob Gibson in 1968. The record for the lowest career earned run average is 1.82, held by Ed Walsh, but a purported record based on so few innings pitched is highly misleading. Over the years, more than a dozen part-time pitchers have pitched 105 or more innings and had a run average lower than 0.86. Some sources may list players with infinite ERAs and this can happen if a pitcher allows one or more earned runs without retiring a batter. Additionally, an undefined ERA occasionally occurs at the beginning of a baseball season and it is sometimes incorrectly displayed as zero or as the lowest ranking ERA, even though it is more akin to the highest. At times it can be misleading to judge relief pitchers solely on ERA, because they are charged only for runs scored by batters who reached base while batting against them. Thus, if a pitcher enters the game with his team leading by 1 run, with 2 outs and the bases loaded. If he retires the batter, his ERA for that game will be 0.00 despite having surrendered the lead. Starting pitchers operate under the rules but are not called upon to start pitching with runners already on base. The relievers freedom to use their energy for a few innings, or even for just a few batters. ERA, taken by itself, can also be misleading when trying to objectively judge starting pitchers, the advent of the designated hitter rule in the American League in 1973 made the pitching environment significantly different
4.
Strikeout
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In baseball or softball, a strikeout occurs when a batter accumulates three strikes during a time at bat. It usually means the batter is out, a strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters, and is denoted by K. Although a strikeout suggests that the pitcher dominated the batter, the style that generates home runs also leaves batters susceptible to striking out. Some of the greatest home run hitters of all time — such as Alex Rodriguez, Gorman Thomas, Reggie Jackson, and Sammy Sosa — were notorious for striking out. A pitched ball is ruled a ball by the if the batter did not swing at it and, in that umpires judgment. Any pitch at which the batter swings or, that in that umpires judgment passes through the zone, is ruled a strike. Each ball and strike affects the count, which is incremented for each pitched ball with the exception of a ball on any count with two strikes. That is, a strike may only occur by the batter swinging and missing at a pitched ball. A pitched ball that is struck by the batter with the bat on any count, a batter may also strike out by bunting, even if the ball is hit into foul territory. In Japan, this is called furinige, or swing and escape, in Major League Baseball, it is known as an uncaught third strike. When this happens, a strikeout is recorded for both the pitcher and the batter, but no out is recorded, because of this, a pitcher may occasionally be able to record more than three strikeouts in one half-inning. In baseball scorekeeping, a strikeout is recorded as a K. A strikeout looking is often scored with a backward K, and sometimes as a K-L, CK, despite the scorekeeping custom of using K for strikeout, SO is the official abbreviation used by Major League Baseball. K is still used by fans and enthusiasts for purposes other than official record-keeping. The K may be placed backward in cases where the batter strikes out looking, the use of K for a strikeout was invented by Henry Chadwick, a newspaper journalist who is widely credited as the originator of the box score and the baseball scorecard. As is true in much of baseball, both the box score and scorecard remain largely unchanged to this day, Chadwick decided to use K, the last letter in struck, since the letter S was used for sacrifice. Chadwick was responsible for several other scorekeeping conventions, including the use of numbers to designate player positions and those unaware of Chadwicks contributions have speculated that K was derived from the last name of 19th century pitcher Matt Kilroy. If not for the evidence supporting Chadwicks earlier use of K, Kilroy raised the prominence of the strikeout, setting an all-time single-season record of 513 strikeouts in 1886, only two years after overhand pitching was permitted
5.
St. Louis Cardinals
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The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis, Missouri. The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League Central division. Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006, with origins as one of the early professional baseball clubs in St. Upon the discontinuation of the AA, St. Louis joined the NL in 1892, at time, they were called the Browns. One of the most successful franchises in history, the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships. Their 19 National League pennants rank third in NL history, in addition, St. Louis has won 13 division titles in the East and Central divisions. While still in the AA, St. Louis won four league championships, the Cardinals have won 105 or more games in four different seasons and won 100 or more a total of nine times. Cardinals players have won 20 league MVPs, four batting Triple Crowns, and three Cy Young Awards. Baseball Hall of Fame inductees include Lou Brock, Dizzy Dean, Bob Gibson, Whitey Herzog, Rogers Hornsby, Joe Medwick, Stan Musial, Branch Rickey, Red Schoendienst, Ozzie Smith, and Bruce Sutter. In 2016, Forbes valued the Cardinals at $1.6 billion, making them the 7th-most valuable franchise in MLB, their revenue the year was $300 million. Since their purchase in 1995, owner William DeWitt, Jr. s investment group has seen enormous growth from the $147 million purchase price, John Mozeliak is the general manager and Mike Matheny is the manager. Professional baseball began in St. Louis with the inception of the Brown Stockings in the National Association in 1875, the NA folded following that season, and the next season, St. Louis joined the National League as a charter member, finishing in third place at 45-19. George Bradley hurled the first no-hitter in Major League history, the NL expelled St. Louis from the league after 1877 due to a game-fixing scandal and the team went bankrupt. Without a league, they continued play as a barnstorming team through 1881. For the 1882 season, Chris von der Ahe purchased the team, reorganized it, and made it a member of the American Association. 1882 is generally considered to be the first year existence of the St. Louis Cardinals, the next season, St. Louis shortened their name to the Browns. Soon thereafter they became the dominant team in the AA, as manager Charlie Comiskey guided St. Louis to four pennants in a row from 1885 to 1888. Pitcher and outfielder Bob Caruthers led the league in ERA and wins in 1885 and he also led the AA in OBP and OPS in 1886 and finished fourth in batting average in 1886 and fifth in 1887
6.
Major League Baseball All-Star Game
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The game usually occurs on either the second or third Tuesday in July, and is meant to mark a symbolic halfway-point in the MLB season. Both of the major leagues share a common All-Star break, with no games scheduled on the day before or two days after the All-Star Game itself. Some additional events and festivities associated with the game take place each year close to, no official MLB All-Star Game was held in 1945 including the official selection of players due to World War II travel restrictions. The first All-Star Game was held on July 6,1933 as part of the 1933 Worlds Fair in Chicago, at Comiskey Park and was initiated by Arch Ward, initially intended to be a one-time event, its great success resulted in making the game an annual one. The venue for the All-Star Game is chosen by Major League Baseball, the criteria for the venue are subjective, generally, cities with new ballparks and those who have not hosted the game in a long time—or ever—tend to get selected. New York City has hosted more than any city, having done so nine times in five different stadiums. At the same time, the New York Mets failed to host for 48 seasons, in the first two decades of the game there were two pairs of teams that shared ballparks, located in Philadelphia and St. Louis. This led to some shorter-than-usual gaps between the use of venues, The Cardinals hosted the game in 1940, and the Browns in 1948. The Athletics hosted the game in 1943, and the Phillies in 1952, the venues traditionally alternate between the American League and National League every year. This tradition has been several times, The first time was in 1951. Detroit Tigers were chosen to host the game as part of the citys 250th birthday. The second was when the format during the 1959–1962 seasons resulted in the A. L. being one game ahead in turn. This was corrected in 2007, when the N. L, San Francisco Giants were the host for the 2007 All-Star Game, which also set up the 2008 game to be held at the A. L. s Yankee Stadium in its final season. This decision was made following the announcement of Miami as host for the 2017 All Star Game, the coaching staff for each team is selected by its manager. This honor is given to the manager, not the team and this happened in 2003, when Dusty Baker managed the National League team despite having moved from the National League champion San Francisco Giants to the Chicago Cubs. This has also included situations where the person is no longer actively managing a team, mcGraw came out of retirement for that purpose. Dick Williams resigned after managing the Oakland Athletics to the 1973 World Series, in 1974, he became manager of the California Angels, whose uniform he wore for the game. Tony La Russa, who managed the World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals in 2011, in 1979, Bob Lemon managed the American League team after having been fired by New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner
7.
1970 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
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The 1970 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 41st midseason exhibition between the all-stars of the American League and the National League, the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball. The game was played on July 14,1970, at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio, the game resulted in a 5–4 victory for the NL. Riverfront Stadium had barely been open two weeks when it hosted its first All-Star Game, the game had been hosted by the Cincinnati Reds twice before when their home park had been Crosley Field. The Reds would host one more All-Star Game at Riverfront Stadium in 1988, atlanta had been the alternative site. Undeniably, the most remembered moment of the game was the final run, the ball had been relayed to the American League catcher, Ray Fosse, in time to tag Rose out, but the tenacious Rose bowled Fosse over. Both players were injured, Fosse enough to drop the ball, for the first time since 1957, Major League Baseball restored the selection of the eight position players on each All-Star team to the fans. Fan balloting had been revoked after ballot-stuffing campaigns over a number of years, to avoid a repeat of the problem, the 26 million ballots were evenly distributed to 75,000 retail outlets, and 150 minor and major league stadiums. Major League Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn also announced a panel would be in place to review voting to determine if ballot stuffing had occurred. The American League roster included 8 future Hall of Fame players, the National League roster included 13 future Hall of Fame players and coaches as well as all-time hits leader Pete Rose. While the starters were elected by the fans, the batting orders, scoring opened in the top of the sixth inning for the AL, with Gaylord Perry pitching in relief for the NL. Ray Fosse singled, and advanced to second on a bunt by Sam McDowell. Two batters later, with one out, Carl Yastrzemski singled home Fosse to give the AL a 1–0 lead, the American League added another run in the top of the seventh inning. With one out, Brooks Robinson singled, tony Oliva walked, with Robinson advancing to second base. Davey Johnson singled to load the bases, Ray Fosse then hit a sacrifice fly, allowing Robinson to score, pushing the AL advantage to 2–0. The NL answered in the bottom of the seventh inning, jim Perry had entered to pitch in relief for the AL, and gave up a single to Bud Harrelson to start the inning. Cito Gaston walked, sending Harrelson to second base, jim Perry then hit Denis Menke with a pitch to load the bases. Willie McCovey, pinch hitting for Gaylord Perry, grounded into a play, permitting Harrelson to score. The AL increased their lead in the top of the eighth inning, with one out, Carl Yastrzemski and Willie Horton hit back-to-back singles, putting runners at first and second bases
8.
1972 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
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The 1972 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, the 43rd such game, was played on July 25,1972. The all-stars from the American League and the National League faced each other at Atlanta Stadium, the National League came away with a 4–3 win in 10 innings. This was the third All-Star Game hosted by the Braves, and this would be the only All-Star Game played in Atlanta Stadium, as the Braves had moved to Turner Field when the exhibition returned to Atlanta in 2000. This was also the final All-Star Game for Roberto Clemente before his death in a crash on New Years Eve. The American League roster included 13 future Hall of Fame players, the National League roster included 16 future Hall of Fame players and coaches. While the starters were elected by the fans, the batting orders, the American League opened the games scoring in the top of the third, with Steve Blass in to relieve Bob Gibson. Bill Freehan walked, and advanced to second base on a bunt by Jim Palmer. Rod Carew singled, allowing Freehan to score, the National League would not answer until the bottom of the sixth inning, with Gaylord Perry pitching in relief. With two outs, César Cedeño singled, Hank Aaron then hit a two run home run to give the National League the lead. The AL would respond in the top of the eighth inning against Bill Stoneman in his second inning of relief, carlton Fisk singled, and after a strikeout, Cookie Rojas hit a two run home run. Wilbur Wood was in his second inning of relief when, in the bottom of the ninth inning, billy Williams and Manny Sanguillén hit back-to-back singles, with Sanguillens sending Williams to third base. Lee May hit into a choice, forcing Sanguillen out at second. After Ron Santo grounded into a play, the score was tied at 3. In the bottom of the inning, Dave McNally came on in relief for the AL. The first batter he faced, Nate Colbert, walked, Colbert advanced to second on a sacrifice bunt by Chris Speier. Joe Morgan singled, scoring Colbert and ending the game, tug McGraw was credited with the win. Dave McNally was charged with the loss and this was the fifth All-Star Game to reach extra innings. After this one, the National League was 5–0 in those extra inning games, the home run hit by Hank Aaron was the last one in an All-Star Game by a player from the host team for 25 years
9.
World Series
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The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball in North America, contested since 1903 between the American League champion team and the National League champion team. The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a playoff. As the series is played in October, during the season in North America. As of 2016, the World Series has been contested 112 times, with the AL winning 64, the 2016 World Series took place between the Cleveland Indians and the Chicago Cubs. Seven games were played, with the Cubs victorious after game seven, the final score was 8–7, the game went into extra innings after a tied score of 6–6. This was the third World Series won by the Cubs, as well as their first title since 1908, in the National League, the St. As of 2016, no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in 1998,1999, all championships were awarded to the team with the best record at the end of the season, without a postseason series being played. From 1884 to 1890, the National League and the American Association faced each other in a series of games at the end of the season to determine an overall champion. These series were disorganized in comparison to the modern World Series, the number of games played ranged from as few as three in 1884, to a high of fifteen in 1887. Both the 1885 and 1890 Series ended in ties, each team having won three games with one tie game, the series was promoted and referred to as The Championship of the United States, Worlds Championship Series, or Worlds Series for short. In his book Krakatoa, The Day the World Exploded, August 27,1883, Simon Winchester mentions in passing that the World Series was named for the New York World newspaper, but this view is disputed. Until about 1960, some sources treated the 19th-century Series on a basis with the post-19th-century series. After about 1930, however, many authorities list the start of the World Series in 1903, following the collapse of the American Association after the 1891 season, the National League was again the only major league. The league championship was awarded in 1892 by a playoff between half-season champions and this scheme was abandoned after one season. Beginning in 1893—and continuing until divisional play was introduced in 1969—the pennant was awarded to the club in the standings at the end of the season. For four seasons, 1894–1897, the league played the runners-up in the post season championship series called the Temple Cup. A second attempt at this format was the Chronicle-Telegraph Cup series, in 1901, the American League was formed as a second major league. No championship series were played in 1901 or 1902 as the National and these series were arranged by the participating clubs, as the 1880s Worlds Series matches had been
10.
1964 World Series
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The 1964 World Series pitted the National League champion St. Louis Cardinals against the American League champion New York Yankees, with the Cardinals prevailing in seven games. St. Louis won their world championship, while the Yankees. In an unusual twist, the Yankees fired Yogi Berra after the Series ended, replacing him with Johnny Keane and his job had been threatened by Cardinals management, and it was unexpectedly saved by the Cardinals dramatic pennant drive. This pennant for the Yankees concluded their run of 15 World Series appearances over 18 years. Indeed, they had won 29 American League championships in the 44-year span from 1921 through 1964, the 1964 World Series, and the season leading up to it, later became the subject for the David Halberstam New York Times bestseller October 1964. The Series featured the brother-against-brother match-up of Ken Boyer of the Cardinals and Clete Boyer of the Yankees, for the first time in Series history, all six umpires rotated through their positions. In all Series from 1947 through 1963, only the four umpires had rotated. Mickey Mantle, playing in his last Series, hit three home runs, raising his total to a record-setting 18, surpassing Babe Ruths mark of 15. Utility infielder Chet Trail, who had no major league experience. Trail did not play in the series, and Trail never appeared in a league game during his career. Both Berra and Keane were St, after winning the American League pennant in 1963, the Yankees faced strong challenges from the pitching-rich Chicago White Sox and up-and-coming Baltimore Orioles in 1964. On August 22, the Yankees were in place, 5 1⁄2 games out of first. After losing two games in Detroit, the Yankees clinched the pennant on the next-to-last day of the season with an 8–3 win over the Indians. The Cardinals were coming off a finish in 1963. But they proceeded to lose 10 straight games, with two games remaining, four teams still had a mathematical chance to win the pennant. The Giants were the first to be eliminated when they lost on October 3 to the Cubs, the Cardinals lost to the lowly Mets, 15–5, while the Phillies ended their 10-game losing streak with a 4–3 win over the Reds. The Phillies did their part by defeating the Reds, 10–0, during the season the Cardinals would be involved in the Lou Brock-for-Ernie Broglio trade, which would later be considered the most lopsided trade in baseball history. NL St. Louis Cardinals vs. AL New York Yankees The Cardinals scouting report indicated that injuries had taken their toll on Mickey Mantles defense and they acted on this intelligence, taking extra bases repeatedly and scoring from second on singles in the second and sixth innings
11.
1967 World Series
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The Series was played from October 4 to 12 in Fenway Park and Busch Memorial Stadium. The Impossible Dream Red Sox were led by triple crown winner Carl Yastrzemski and ace pitcher Jim Lonborg, the Red Sox reached the World Series by emerging victorious from a dramatic four-team pennant race that revitalized interest in the team after eight straight losing seasons. Going into the last week of the season, the Red Sox, Detroit Tigers, Minnesota Twins, the White Sox lost their last five games to fall out of the race. Meanwhile, the Red Sox and Twins met in Boston for the two games of the season, with Minnesota -- who won the AL Pennant two years earlier -- holding a one-game lead. Boston swept the Twins, but needed to out the result of the Tigers doubleheader with the California Angels in Detroit. A Detroit sweep would have enabled them to tie the Red Sox for first place, the Tigers won the first game but the Angels won the nightcap, enabling the Red Sox to claim their first A. L. pennant since 1946. Twenty-two-year-old Steve Carlton won 14 games in his first full league season, beginning what was to be a lengthy. The Cardinals overcame the absence of Bob Gibson, who missed almost one-third of the season with a leg on July 15 suffered when he was struck by a ball hit by Pittsburghs Roberto Clemente. Pitching dominated this World Series, with Bob Gibson leading the Cardinals, Cy Young winner Jim Lonborg pitched the decisive final game of the regular season, so he was unable to start Game 1. Facing Bostons José Santiago, Gibson and St. Louis won, Roger Maris, knocked in both of St. Louis runs with third and seventh-inning grounders. Santiago pitched brilliantly and homered in the inning off Gibson for the Red Sox only run. Gibson cemented his reputation as an unhittable postseason pitcher in this series and his efforts allowed the Cardinals to triumph despite the batting of Yastrzemski, and pitching of Lonborg, who allowed only one run in each of his complete-game wins in Games 2 and 5. In Game 2, Yastrzemski belted two homers but the story was Lonborg, the Boston ace retired the first 19 Cardinals he faced until he walked Curt Flood with one out in the seventh inning. He had a no-hitter until Julián Javier doubled down the field line with two out in the eighth inning, Lonborg settled for a one-hit shutout in which he faced only 29 batters. In St. Louis, the El Birdos took Games 3 and 4, with Briles pitching the team to a 5–2 victory. Now leading three-games-to-one, Lonborg kept the Bosox in the series with a 3–1 victory, the 25-year-old righty tossed two-hit, shutout ball over 8 2⁄3 innings, then finally gave up a run when Maris knocked a home run to right. Going for the clincher at Fenway Park in Game 6, the team took a 2–1 lead going into the fourth inning when Dick Hughes gave up a record three homers in a single inning. Yastrzemski led off the fourth with a drive over the wall in left-center and
12.
Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award
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The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award is an annual Major League Baseball award, given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League. Since 1931, it has been awarded by the Baseball Writers Association of America, MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a definition of what most valuable means. First basemen, with 34 winners, have won the most MVPs among infielders, followed by second basemen, third basemen, of the 24 pitchers who have won the award,15 are right-handed while 9 are left-handed. Walter Johnson, Carl Hubbell, and Hal Newhouser are the pitchers who have won multiple times. Barry Bonds has won the most often and the most consecutively, jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times,9 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues. The awards only tie occurred in the National League in 1979, there have been 18 unanimous winners, who received all the first-place votes. The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 22, the award has never been presented to a member of the following four teams, Arizona Diamondbacks, Miami Marlins, New York Mets, and Tampa Bay Rays. The most recent recipients are Mike Trout in the American League, in recent decades, pitchers have rarely won the award. When Justin Verlander won the AL award in 2011, he became the first pitcher in league to be named the MVP since Dennis Eckersley in 1992. Verlander also became the first starting pitcher to win this award since Roger Clemens had accomplished the feat in 1986. The National League went even longer without an MVP award to a pitcher—after Bob Gibson won in 1968, the 1910 race for best average in the American League was between the Detroit Tigers widely disliked Ty Cobb and Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians. On the last day of the season, Lajoie overtook Cobbs batting average with seven bunt hits against the St. Louis Browns, American League President Ban Johnson said a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway, and Chalmers ended up awarding cars to both players. The following season, Chalmers created the Chalmers Award, a committee of baseball writers were to convene after the season to determine the most important and useful player to the club and to the league. Since the award was not as effective at advertising as Chalmers had hoped, in 1922 the American League created a new award to honor the baseball player who is of the greatest all-around service to his club. Winners, voted on by a committee of eight baseball writers chaired by James Crusinberry, received a bronze medal, voters were required to select one player from each team and player-coaches and prior award winners were ineligible
13.
Cy Young Award
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The Cy Young Award is given annually to the best pitchers in Major League Baseball, one each for the American League and National League. The award was first introduced in 1956 by Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955. The award was given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues, but in 1967, after the retirement of Frick. Each leagues award is voted on by members of the Baseball Writers Association of America, as of the 2010 season, each voter places a vote for first, second, third, fourth and fifth place among the pitchers of each league. The formula used to calculate the scores is a weighted sum of the votes. The pitcher with the highest score in league wins the award. If two pitchers receive the number of votes, the award is shared. The current formula started in the 2010 season, before that, dating back to 1970, writers voted for three pitchers, with the formula of 5 points for a first place vote,3 for a second place vote and 1 for a third place vote. Prior to 1970, writers voted for the best pitcher. The Cy Young Award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner of Baseball Ford C, Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955. The award would be given to pitchers only, originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues, the award changed its format over time. From 1956 to 1966, the award was given to one pitcher in Major League Baseball, after Frick retired in 1967, William Eckert became the new Commissioner of Baseball. Due to fan requests, Eckert announced that the Cy Young Award would be given out both in the American League and the National League. From 1956 to 1958, a pitcher was not allowed to win the award on more than one occasion, the first recipient of the Cy Young Award was Don Newcombe of the Dodgers. In 1957, Warren Spahn became the first left-handed pitcher to win the award, in 1963, Sandy Koufax became the first pitcher to win the award in a unanimous vote, two years later he became the first multiple winner. In 1978, Gaylord Perry became the oldest pitcher to receive the award, the youngest recipient was Dwight Gooden. Dickey became the first knuckleball pitcher to win the award, in 1974, Mike Marshall won the award, becoming the first relief pitcher to win the award. In 1992, Dennis Eckersley was the first modern closer to win the award, a total of nine relief pitchers have won the Cy Young Award across both leagues
14.
World Series Most Valuable Player Award
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The award was first presented in 1955 as the SPORT Magazine Award, but is now decided during the final game of the Series by a committee of reporters and officials present at the game. The series follows a best-of-seven playoff format, and occurs after the Division Series and it is played by the winners of the National League Championship Series and the American League Championship Series. The most recent champions are the Chicago Cubs, who won in the 2016 World Series, pitchers have been named Series MVP twenty-seven times, four of them were relief pitchers. From 1987 until 1991, all of the World Series MVPs were pitchers, bobby Richardson of the 1960 New York Yankees is the only player in World Series history to be named MVP despite being on the losing team. Babe Ruth Award List of Major League Baseball awards Baseball awards#United States Johnny Podres won the award in 1955 with the Brooklyn Dodgers. Podres, with nine wins and ten losses during the season, beat the Yankees twice in the series. Don Larsen won the 1956 World Series MVP after pitching the only no-hitter in World Series history, in the game of the series. Depending upon definitions, the first non-American to win the award was either Roberto Clemente in 1971 or Pedro Guerrero in 1981, willie Stargell won the 1979 World Series MVP at the age of 39, and is the oldest World Series MVP. In 1996, John Wetteland won the World Series MVP, setting a World Series record with four saves. Fourteen World Series MVPs were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, Paul Molitor, Tom Glavine, Molitor is also the first designated hitter to win the World Series MVP. Hideki Matsui, the 2009 winner, batted in six runs in the game of the 2009 World Series. Matsui became the first Japanese-born player to win the award, as well as the first player to win it as a designated hitter. He is also the player named both a World Series and a Japan Series MVP. Three players have won the award twice, Sandy Koufax, Gibson, there have been two occasions on which multiple winners were awarded in the same World Series, Ron Cey, Pedro Guerrero, and Steve Yeager in 1981, and Johnson and Schilling in 2001. The duo of Johnson and Schilling combined for all four of Arizonas wins in the 2001 World Series, twelve of the fifty-eight World Series MVPs have also won the MLB MVP, the Cy Young Award, or the LCS MVP in the same season. Koufax, Frank Robinson, Jackson, Stargell, and Mike Schmidt are the players to have won the MLB MVP. A total of six players won the Cy Young Award and the World Series MVP in the season, Bob Turley, Whitey Ford, Koufax, Bret Saberhagen, Orel Hershiser. Hershiser won the Cy Young Award, the LCS MVP and the World Series MVP in the same season
15.
Rawlings Gold Glove Award
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Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players. Additionally, a sabermetric component provided by Society for American Baseball Research accounts for approximately 25 percent of the vote, eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year, one at each of the nine positions in each league. In 1957, the glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position. The award was created from a made from gold lamé-tanned leather. For the first four seasons of the award, individual awards were presented to left fielders, center fielders, from 1961 through 2010, the phrase at each position was no longer strictly accurate, since the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position. Any combination of outfielders, often three center fielders, could win the award in the same year, critics called for awarding a single Gold Glove for each individual outfield position, arguing that the three outfield positions are not equivalent defensively. Starting in 2011, separate awards for each position were once again presented. In the 1985 American League voting, a tie for third-place resulted in the presentation of Gold Glove Awards to four outfielders, the Gold Gloves are selected by managers and coaches that may have seen a player as few as six times during the season. Bill Chuck of Comcast SportsNet New England wrote that Gold Glove voters frequently counted only errors to determine winners, geoff Baker of The Seattle Times said the votes for the Gold Gloves rely largely on a players past reputation. The Associated Press wrote that fans have viewed the Gold Gloves as mostly a popularity contest. Derek Jeter, winner of five Gold Gloves, believes that many defensive factors cannot be quantified, in 2013, Rawlings collaborated on the Gold Glove Award with SABR, who provided the SABR Defensive Index to add a sabermetric component to the selection process. The index accounted for 25 percent of the vote, while managers, afterwards, Jay Jaffe of Sports Illustrated wrote that the Gold Gloves appear to have significantly closed the gap on their more statistically-driven counterparts. The most Gold Gloves ever won by one player is 18 by pitcher Greg Maddux and he won 13 consecutive awards from 1990 to 2002, all in the National League. Brooks Robinson has the most wins as a third baseman, with 16 Gold Gloves, and is tied for the second-highest total overall with pitcher Jim Kaat, Iván Rodríguez has won the most Gold Gloves as a catcher, with 13 career awards in the American League. Ozzie Smith has 13 wins at shortstop, he and Rodríguez are tied for the fourth-highest total among all winners, among outfielders, Roberto Clemente and Willie Mays, who played primarily right field and center field, respectively, are tied for the lead with 12 Gold Gloves. Keith Hernandez, the leader at first base, has won 11 times, other players with 10 or more wins include shortstop Omar Vizquel, catcher Johnny Bench, third baseman Mike Schmidt, and outfielders Ken Griffey Jr. Ichiro Suzuki, Andruw Jones, and Al Kaline. The only player to win Gold Gloves as an infielder and outfielder is Darin Erstad, the only other player to win Gold Gloves at multiple positions is Plácido Polanco, who won at second base and third base. In 2016, Rawlings announced it would begin awarding a gold glove annually to a female fastpitch softball player in the National Pro Fastpitch league, NPF coaches and managers vote for a winner
16.
No-hitter
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In baseball, a no-hitter is a game in which a team was not able to record a single hit. Major League Baseball officially defines a no-hitter as a game in which a team that batted in at least nine innings recorded no hits. A pitcher who prevents the team from achieving a hit is said to have thrown a no-hitter. This is an accomplishment for a pitcher or pitching staff, only 295 have been thrown in Major League Baseball history since 1876. In most cases in MLB, no-hitters are recorded by a pitcher who throws a complete game. The most recent no-hitter by a pitcher was thrown on April 21,2016 by Jake Arrieta of the Chicago Cubs against the Cincinnati Reds at Cincinnatis Great American Ball Park. The most recent combined no-hitter was thrown by Cole Hamels, Jake Diekman, Ken Giles and it is possible to reach base without a hit, most commonly by a walk, error, or being hit by a pitch. A no-hitter in which no batters reach base at all is a perfect game, on two occasions, a team has thrown a nine-inning no-hitter and still lost the game. It is theoretically possible for opposing pitchers to throw no-hitters in the same game, although this has never happened in the majors. A no-hitter is defined by Major League Baseball as follows, An official no-hit game occurs when a pitcher allows no hits during the course of a game. Games lost by the team in 8½ innings but without allowing any hits do not qualify as no-hitters. Major League Baseball has officially recognized 295 no-hitters thrown since 1876, two no-hitters have been thrown on the same day twice, Ted Breitenstein and Jim Hughes on April 22,1898, and Dave Stewart and Fernando Valenzuela on June 29,1990. Eight no-hitters were thrown by major league pitchers in the 1884 season, in the modern era, seven no-hitters were thrown in 1990,1991,2012, and 2015. The longest period between any two no-hitters in the era is 3 years,44 days between Bobby Burke on August 8,1931, and Paul Daffy Dean on September 21,1934. There was a drought of 3 years,11 months, without a no-hitter after the first National League no-hitter on July 15,1876, the most recent year without any no-hitters is 2005. The previous record was a 4, 015-game streak without a no-hitter from September 30,1984, the pitcher who holds the record for the most no-hitters is Nolan Ryan, who threw seven in his long career. His first two came exactly two months apart, while he was with the California Angels, the first on May 15,1973, and he had two more with the Angels on September 28,1974, and June 1,1975. Ryans fifth no-hitter with the Houston Astros on September 26,1981 and his sixth and seventh no-hitters came with the Texas Rangers on June 1,1990, and May 1,1991
17.
St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum
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It is housed within Ballpark Village, a mixed-use development and adjunct of Busch Stadium, the home stadium of the Cardinals. 34 members have been enshrined within the Cardinals Hall of Fame, the International Bowling Museum closed its St. Louis site in November 2008 and moved to Arlington, Texas. The Cardinals Hall of Fame likewise closed when the Bowling Museum moved and suspended public operations, however, the museum staff designed a new hall of fame and museum. The Cardinals moved the museum to the St. Louis Ballpark Village, the new facility was constructed within the Cardinals Hall of Fame and Museum and Cardinal Nation Restaurant in Ballpark Village. In January,2014, Cardinals chairman and chief executive officer William DeWitt, Jr. announced a plan for a formal, annual, Cardinals Hall of Fame induction process. Included components of the voting and induction process are a Red Ribbon committee of experts, a six-week fan voting process in the spring. To be eligible for the Cardinals Hall of Fame, a player must have played three seasons for the Cardinals and have retired from Major League Baseball for at least three years. Players are divided into two categories, modern players and veteran players, players who have been retired 40 or more years are classified as veteran players. Each year, a Red Ribbon committee selects one veteran player to be inducted, the vote is then accomplished on the Cardinals official MLB. com website. The two players with the highest online vote total are inducted, additionally, the team may opt to elect personnel who fulfilled other roles besides playing, such as a coach, broadcaster or front office personnel. The team creates a plaque for each elected member of the Hall, the plaques are created by the same company who creates the plaques for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown. 26 total members were inducted for the first class of 2014, positions that are listed were played the equivalent of a full season for the Cardinals. The Cardinals Hall of Fame and Museum contains over 15,000 total artifacts and 80,000 photographs, Louis Browns Display, a St. Louis Stars Display, and a Temporary Exhibit Room that has included displays on Stan Musial and a history of the Cardinals Farm System. Championship memorabilia A baseball autographed by the 1926 World Series-winning team, including an autograph from Babe Ruth, a 1931 World Series championship ring in its original green case that was awarded to Sparky Adams A program from the first and only all-St
18.
Major League Baseball All-Century Team
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In 1999, the Major League Baseball All-Century Team was chosen by popular vote of fans. To select the team, a panel of experts first compiled a list of the 100 greatest Major League Baseball players from the past century, over two million fans then voted on the players using paper and online ballots. The top two vote-getters from each position, except outfielders, and the top six pitchers were placed on the team, a select panel then added five legends to create a thirty-man team, —Warren Spahn, Christy Mathewson, Lefty Grove, Honus Wagner, and Stan Musial. The nominees for the All-Century team were presented at the 1999 All-Star Game at Fenway Park, preceding Game 2 of the 1999 World Series, the members of the All-Century Team were revealed. Every living player named to the team attended, for the complete list of the 100 players nominated, see The MLB All-Century Team. There was controversy over the inclusion in the All-Century Team of Pete Rose, some questioned Roses presence on a team officially endorsed by Major League Baseball, but fans at the stadium gave him a standing ovation. During the on-field ceremony, which was emceed by Hall of Fame broadcaster Vin Scully, Grays interview became controversial, with some arguing that it was good journalism, while others objected that the occasion was an inappropriate setting for Grays persistence. After initially refusing to do so, Gray apologized a few days later
19.
National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. The Halls motto is Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations, the word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12,1939, the erroneous claim that U. S. Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994, dale Petroskey became the organizations president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched Baseball As America, an exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit, the Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16,2008. In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, House Bill H. R.2527, was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, the coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included 50,000 gold coins,400,000 silver coins, the Mint released them on March 27,2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price,114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members,29 were inducted posthumously, the Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest inductees, enshrined on July 24,2016, are players Mike Piazza, the incoming class of 2017, to be formally enshrined on July 30, consists of executives John Schuerholz and Bud Selig and players Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines, and Iván Rodríguez. In addition to honoring Hall of Fame inductees, the National Baseball Hall of Fame has presented 40 men with the Ford C, while Frick and Spink Award honorees are not members of the Hall of Fame, they are recognized in an exhibit in the Hall of Fames library. ONeil Award honorees are also not Hall of Fame members, but are listed alongside a permanent statue of the namesake and first recipient, Buck ONeil. From a final ballot typically including 25–40 candidates, each writer may vote for up to 10 players, until the late 1950s, any player named on 75% or more of all ballots cast is elected. A player who is named on fewer than 5% of ballots is dropped from future elections, players receiving 5% or more of the votes but fewer than 75% are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility
20.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
21.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
22.
National League
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Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series, after the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016, the 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs. By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak, additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N. A. Hartford Dark Blues from the N. A. Mutual of New York from the N. A. St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N. A, the only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies. The first game in National League history was played on April 22,1876, at Philadelphias Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, the new leagues authority was tested after the first season. The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878, over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves, in 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city, the NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A. A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, the National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series ending in disputed ties, the NL won four times and the A. A. only once, in 1886. Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded and this undercut the stability of the A. A. Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association, the Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players League, the Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players League counterparts. The labor strife of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association, after the 1891 season, the A. A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the National League and American Association
23.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
24.
Harlem Globetrotters
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The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team that combines athleticism, theater, and comedy. Over the years they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 122 countries and territories, the teams signature song is Brother Boness whistled version of Sweet Georgia Brown. Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie, the team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year. The team is owned by Herschend Family Entertainment. The executive offices for the team are located in suburban Atlanta, the Globetrotters originated in the south side of Chicago, Illinois, in the 1920s, where all the original players were raised. In 1928, several players left the team in a dispute and that autumn, several of the players, led by Tommy Brookins, formed a team called the Globe Trotters and toured Southern Illinois that spring. Abe Saperstein became involved with the team as its manager and promoter, by 1929, Saperstein was touring Illinois and Iowa with his basketball team called the New York Harlem Globe Trotters. In fact, the Globetrotters did not play in Harlem until 1968, the Globetrotters were perennial participants in the World Professional Basketball Tournament, winning it in 1940. In 1952, the Globetrotters invited Louis Red Klotz to create a team to them on their tours. This team, the Washington Generals, were the Globetrotters primary opponents up until 2015, the Generals were effectively stooges for the Globetrotters, with the Globetrotters handily defeating them in thousands of games. In 1959, the Globetrotters played nine games in Moscow after Saperstein received an invitation from Vasily Gricorevich, the team, which included Wilt Chamberlain, was welcomed enthusiastically by spectators and authorities, they met Premier Nikita Khrushchev and collectively received the Athletic Order of Lenin medal. However, according to one report, spectators were initially confused, A Soviet audience of 14,000 sat almost silently, as if in awe and it warmed up slightly in the second half when it realized the Trotters are more show than competition. The Globetrotters brought their own opponent—not the Washington Generals, but the San Francisco Chinese Basketeers, a review in Pravda stated, This is not basketball, it is too full of tricks but praised the Globetrotters skills and suggested that they have some techniques to show us. The American press—particularly Drew Pearson—made note of the fact that the Globetrotters were paid the equivalent of $4,000, which could be spent only in Moscow. The games were used as evidence that U. S. –Soviet relations were improving, that Moscow was backing off its criticism of race relations inside America, many famous basketball players have played for the Globetrotters. Greats such as Wee Willie Gardner, Connie The Hawk Hawkins, Wilt The Stilt Chamberlain, the Globetrotters signed their first female player, Olympic gold medalist Lynette Woodard, in 1985. The Globetrotters have featured 13 female players in their illustrious history, baseball Hall of Famers Ernie Banks, Bob Gibson, and Ferguson Jenkins also played for the team at one time or another. Because almost all of its players have been African American, and because of the involved in many of the Globetrotters skits
25.
Starting pitcher
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In baseball, a starting pitcher or starter is the first pitcher in the game for each team. A pitcher is credited with a game started if they throw the first pitch to the opponents first batter of a game, a pitcher who enters the game after the first pitch of the game is a relief pitcher. Starting pitchers are expected to pitch for a significant portion of the game, although their ability to do this depends on many factors, including effectiveness, stamina, health, and strategy. A starting pitcher in professional baseball usually rests three, four, or five days after pitching a game before pitching another, therefore, most professional baseball teams have four, five or six starting pitchers on their rosters. These pitchers, and the sequence in which they pitch, is known as the rotation, in modern baseball, a five-man rotation is most common. Under ideal circumstances, a manager of a team would prefer a starting pitcher to pitch as many innings as possible in a game. Often, a pitcher is subject to a pitch count. The most common pitch count for a pitcher is in the neighborhood of 100. Pitch count limits are especially common for starting pitchers who are recovering from injury, in the early decades of baseball, it was not uncommon for a starting pitcher to pitch three hundred innings or more, over the course of a season. In addition, there are accounts of starting pitchers pitching on consecutive days and it is believed that these feats were only possible because pitchers in the early years of the game, unlike modern starters, rarely threw the ball with maximum effort. A starting pitcher who can be counted on to throw many innings is known as a workhorse. An example of a modern-day workhorse pitcher is Roy Halladay, who was the leader in both complete games thrown and shutouts before his retirement in 2013. A starting pitcher must complete five innings of work in order to qualify for a win in a game he starts and it is possible to be credited with a loss despite pitching fewer than five innings. A starter who works six or more innings giving up three or fewer earned runs is said to have achieved a quality start. A starter that finishes the game without having to be relieved by the bullpen is said to have thrown a complete game, the pitcher that throws a complete game is almost always in a position for a win. Starting pitchers usually have a variety of pitches to choose from, fastballs, A pitch thrown hard and which generally follows a mostly straight trajectory. There are a number of different types of fastballs, the 4-seam fastball is the hardest thrown pitch, but also has very little movement or break to it. The 2-seam fastball is slightly slower than the 4-seam, but breaks slightly inward to the throwing arm as well as drop slightly
26.
Complete game
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In baseball, a complete game is the act of a pitcher pitching an entire game without the benefit of a relief pitcher. A starting pitcher who is replaced by a hitter in the final half inning of a game will still be credited with a complete game. The frequency of complete games has evolved since the days of baseball. The complete game was essentially an expectation in the early 20th century, in the early 20th century, it was common for most good Major League Baseball pitchers to pitch a complete game almost every start, barring injury or ejection. Pitchers were expected to complete games they started, over the course of the 20th century, complete games became less common, to the point where a good modern pitcher typically achieves only 1 or 2 complete games per season. Years earlier, Robin Roberts of the Philadelphia Phillies threw 28 consecutive complete games and this change has been brought about by strict adherence to pitch counts as a basis for removing a pitcher, even though he may appear to be pitching well, and new pitching philosophies in general. Many have come to believe that the risk of arm injuries becomes far more prevalent after a pitcher has thrown 100 to 120 pitches in a single game. Though Hall-of-Famer Nolan Ryan once threw well over 200 pitches in a single game, former pitcher Carl Erskine noted the increase in ex-pitchers on coaching staffs since the 1950s, whom he considered better evaluators of a pitchers ability to pitch late into games. Given this, sabermetricians generally regard Cy Youngs total of 749 complete games as the baseball record most unlikely to ever be broken. Further supporting the belief is only three pitchers even made at least 749 starts in their careers. The last pitcher to throw as many as 15 complete games in a season was Curt Schilling. The last pitcher to throw 20 complete games in a season was Fernando Valenzuela. The last pitcher to throw 25 complete games in a season was Rick Langford, the last pitcher to throw 30 complete games in a season was Catfish Hunter, who did so for the New York Yankees in 1975. Jack Taylor completed 187 consecutive games he started between 1901 and 1906, leon Cadore and Joe Oeschger share the record for the longest complete game, achieved when they pitched against each other in a 26-inning marathon that ended in a 1–1 tie on May 1,1920. Baseball Between the Numbers, Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong, New York, New York, Basic Books. List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable
27.
1968 World Series
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The 1968 season was tagged The Year of the Pitcher, and the Series featured dominant performances from Cardinals pitcher Bob Gibson, MVP of the 1964 and 1967 World Series. Gibson came into the World Series with a regular season earned run average of just 1.12, a modern era record, and he would pitch complete games in Games 1,4 and he was the winning pitcher in Games 1 and 4. In Game 1, he threw a shutout, striking out a Series record 17 batters, the 17 strikeouts still stands as the World Series record today. In Game 4, a home run by Jim Northrup was the only offense the Tigers were able to muster. The World Series saw the Cardinals lose a Game 7 for the first time in their history. The Tigers were the team to come back from a three games to one deficit to win a best-of-seven World Series, the first two being the 1925 Pirates and the 1958 Yankees. Later, the 1979 Pirates, the 1985 Royals, and the 2016 Cubs would accomplish this feat and this was also the final World Series played prior to Major League Baseballs 1969 expansion, which coincided with the introduction of divisional play and the League Championship Series. All seven games of NBCs TV coverage were preserved on black-and-white kinescopes by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Games 1 and 5 have been commercially released, these broadcasts, and that of Game 7, were frequently shown on CSN and ESPN Classic in the 1990s and 2000s. AL Detroit Tigers vs. NL St. Louis Cardinals The Tigers roared into Game 1 by setting a record with 103 victories on the season and were appearing in their first World Series in 23 years. The Tigers led the American League with 185 home runs, team batting average was.235, fourth best in the League, the team only stole 26 bases on the year. The Cardinals could fly on the bases stealing 110 bases, leading the NL with 48 triples, had an average at.249. Pitching was about even as both set their rotations for Game 1 with solid starters and adequate relievers. Fans overflowed Busch Stadium for Game 1 to watch the highly anticipated matchup of the Major Leagues top two pitchers, the Cardinals Bob Gibson and the Tigers Denny McLain. Gibson was looking to become the first National League pitcher to win six World Series games while McLain would be pitching in his first World Series game. Indeed, the Cardinals had far more World Series experience than the Tigers with most of the Cardinal lineup having played in a prior World Series, both pitchers were highly competitive, fast workers, sporting overpowering fastballs coupled with excellent control. Gibsons performance in Game 1 was phenomenal, the menacing right-handed pitcher shut out the Tigers on just five hits, and he struck out a World Series-record 17 Detroit Tigers batters. The Cardinals broke through three in the fourth off McLain. After McLain walked Roger Maris and Tim McCarver, Cardinals third baseman Mike Shannon singled in Maris, Cardinals second baseman Julian Javier followed this by singling in both baserunners to make the score 3–0
28.
Joe Torre
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Joseph Paul Joe Torre is an American professional baseball executive, serving in the capacity of Major League Baseballs chief baseball officer since 2011. A former player, manager and television commentator, Torre ranks fifth all-time in MLB history with 2,326 wins as a manager. With 2,342 hits during his career, Torre is the only major leaguer to achieve both 2,000 hits and 2,000 wins as a manager. From 1996 to 2007, he was the manager of the New York Yankees, Torres lengthy and distinguished career in MLB began as a player in 1960 with the Milwaukee Braves, as a catcher, first baseman and third baseman. He also played for the St. Louis Cardinals and New York Mets until becoming a manager in 1977 and his managerial career covered 29 seasons, including tenures with the same three clubs for which he played, and the Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers, until 2010. From 1984 to 1989, he served as a color commentator for the California Angels. After retiring as a manager, he accepted a role assisting the Commissioner of Baseball as the vice president of baseball operations. A nine-time All-Star, Torre won the 1971 National League Most Valuable Player Award after leading the leagues in batting average, hits. After qualifying for the playoffs just once while managing the Mets, Braves and his clubs compiled a.605 regular season winning percentage and made the playoffs every year, winning four World Series titles, six American League pennants, and ten AL East division titles. In 1996 and 1998, he was the AL Manager of the Year and he also won two NL West division titles with the Dodgers for a total of 13 division titles. In 2014, Torre was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Joseph Torre was born July 18,1940, in Brooklyn, New York and his siblings include two older brothers, Frank Torre, and Rocco, and an older sister, Marguerite. Torre followed in his brother Frank Torres footsteps when he was signed by the Milwaukee Braves as a free agent in 1960. In his first season in the leagues with the Class A Eau Claire Bears. Torre made his league debut late in the season on September 25,1960. He was assigned to the Triple A Louisville Colonels for the 1961 season where, however, those plans were changed when Crandall injured his throwing arm in May 1961, forcing the Braves to promote Torre to the major leagues with just over a year of minor league experience. Torre rose to the occasion, hitting for a.278 batting average with 21 doubles and 10 home runs and he finished the season ranked second to Billy Williams in the 1961 National League Rookie of the Year voting. Crandall resumed his role as the number one catcher in 1962 while Torre stayed on as the back-up catcher, by the 1963 season, the Braves had begun to play Crandall at first base as Torre had taken over the starting catchers role
29.
Josh Gibson
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Joshua Gibson was an American Negro league baseball catcher. Baseball historians consider Gibson to be among the very best power hitters and catchers in the history of any league, in 1972, he became the second Negro league player to be inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Gibson played for the Homestead Grays from 1930 to 1931, moved to the Pittsburgh Crawfords from 1932 to 1936, in 1937, he played for Ciudad Trujillo in Trujillos Dominican League and from 1940 to 1941, he played in the Mexican League for Rojos del Águila de Veracruz. Gibson served as the first manager of the Santurce Crabbers, one of the most historic franchises of the Puerto Rico Baseball League. Gibson was known as the black Babe Ruth, in fact, Gibson never played in the major leagues because of an unwritten gentlemans agreement that prevented non-white players from participating. He stood 6-foot-1 and weighed 210 pounds at the peak of his career, Gibson was born in Buena Vista, Georgia, c. In 1923, Gibson moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where his father, Mark Gibson, entering sixth grade in Pittsburgh, Gibson prepared to become an electrician, attending Allegheny Pre-Vocational School and Conroy Pre-Vocational School. Shortly thereafter, he was recruited by the Pittsburgh Crawfords, which in 1928 was still a semi-professional team, the Crawfords, controlled by Gus Greenlee, was the top black semi-professional team in the Pittsburgh area and would advance to fully professional, major Negro league status by 1931. In 1928, Gibson met Helen Mason, whom he married on March 7,1929, when not playing baseball, Gibson continued to work at Gimbels, having given up on his plans to become an electrician to pursue a baseball career. On August 11, Gibsons wife, who was pregnant with twins, went into labor and died while giving birth to a twin son, Josh Gibson, Jr. and daughter, Helen. The children were raised by Helens parents, thus, it is important to distinguish between records against all competition and records in league games only. For example, against all levels of competition Gibson hit 69 home runs in 1934, in 1933, he hit.467 with 55 home runs in 137 games against all levels of competition. His lifetime batting average is said to be higher than.350, with other sources putting it as high as.384, Gibsons Hall of Fame plaque states he hit almost 800 home runs in league and independent baseball during his 17-year career. His lifetime batting average, according to the Halls official data, was.359 and it was reported that he won nine home run titles and four batting championships playing for the Crawfords and the Grays. Washington Senators owner Clark Griffith once said that Gibson hit more home runs into Griffith Stadiums distant left field bleachers than the entire American League, there is no published season-by-season breakdown of Gibsons home run totals in all the games he played in various leagues and exhibitions. The true statistical achievements of Negro league players may be impossible to know as the Negro leagues did not compile complete statistics or game summaries, john Holway lists Gibson with the same home run totals and a.351 career average, plus 21 for 56 against white major-league pitchers. According to Holway, Gibson ranks third all-time in the Negro leagues in average among players with 2, 000+ AB. Holway lists him as being second to Mule Suttles in homers, the next day, the same two teams are playing again, now in Washington
30.
YMCA
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The Young Mens Christian Association is a worldwide organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 57 million beneficiaries from 125 national associations. It was founded on 6 June 1844 by George Williams in London and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a body, mind. These three angles are reflected by the different sides of the triangle—part of all YMCA logos, from its inception, it grew rapidly and ultimately became a worldwide movement founded on the principles of Muscular Christianity. YMCAs continue to be religious organisations, many national or local organisations de-emphasise this aspect, the different local YMCAs are voluntarily affiliated through their national organisations. The national organisations in turn are part of both an Area Alliance and the World Alliance of YMCAs, the World Alliances main motto is empowering young people. It was associated with industrialisation and the movement of people to cities to work. The YMCA combined preaching in the streets and the distribution of religious tracts with a social ministry, philanthropists saw them as places for wholesome recreation that would preserve youth from the temptations of alcohol, gambling, and prostitution and that would promote good citizenship. The YMCA was founded by George Williams, a London draper and he and his colleagues were concerned about the lack of healthy activities for young men in major cities, the options available were usually taverns and brothels. By 1851, there were YMCAs in the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. In 1855,99 YMCA delegates from Europe and North America met in Paris at the First World Conference of YMCAs and they discussed joining together in a federation to enhance cooperation amongst individual YMCA societies. This marked the beginning of the World Alliance of YMCAs, the conference adopted the Paris Basis, a common mission for all present and future national YMCAs. Its motto was taken from the Bible, That they all may be one, in 1865 The Fourth World Conference of YMCAs, held in Germany, affirmed the importance of developing the whole individual in body, mind, and spirit. The concept of work through sports, a new concept for the time, was also recognised as part of this muscular Christianity. Today the YMCA is more focused on inspiring youths and their families to exercise, in 1878, World Alliance of YMCAs offices were established in Geneva, Switzerland. Later, in 1900, North American YMCAs, in collaboration with the World Alliance, set up centres to work with emigrants in European ports, as millions of people were leaving for the USA. In 1885, Camp Baldhead, the first residential camp in the United States and North America, was established by A. Sanford and Sumner F. Dudley, both of whom worked for the YMCA. The camp, originally located near Orange Lake in New Jersey, moved to Lake Wawayanda in Sussex County the following year, by 1910, the YMCA was an early influence upon scouting, including the Boy Scouts of America and German Scouting. Edgar M. Robinson, a Chicago-area YMCA administrator, briefly left the YMCA to become the BSAs first director, the Blue Ridge Association for Christian Conferences and Training was formed in 1907, and shortly thereafter built the Blue Ridge Assembly conference centre
31.
Creighton University
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Creighton University is a private, coeducational, Jesuit, Roman Catholic university in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Founded by the Society of Jesus in 1878, the school is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, the university is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. Creighton is Nebraskas largest private religious university, sitting on a 140-acre campus just outside Omahas downtown business district, the university enrolls 8,435 graduate and undergraduate students. Edwards brother, John A. Creighton, is credited with fostering and sustaining the universitys early growth, in 1958, the college split into a prep school and the present-day Creighton University. Creighton competes in NCAA Division I athletics, within the Big East, nicknamed the Bluejays, Creighton fields 14 teams in eight sports. Bruce Rasmussen is the Director of Athletics, greg McDermott is the mens basketball programs head coach. Famous basketball alums include Paul Silas, Benoit Benjamin, Kyle Korver, in addition, the womens basketball team won the WNIT championship in 2004. They play all games on campus at D. J. Sokol Arena. The mens soccer team maintained 17 straight NCAA tournament appearances, between 1992 and 2008, during that time, the Bluejays made three College Cup appearances, including one championship game appearance. They play all games on campus at Morrison Stadium. Creightons baseball team has one appearance in the NCAA College World Series, jim Hendry, the former general manager of the Chicago Cubs, was Creightons head coach for its 1991 CWS appearance. The programs graduates include Hall of Fame pitcher Bob Gibson, the womens softball team has two appearances in the Womens College World Series, and has appeared in six of the past eight NCAA Tournaments. She remains the only student-athlete in Bluejay history to earn first-team all-conference honors in four consecutive seasons, as of 2015, Creightons enrollment was 8,435, of which 4,163 were undergraduates. 14% of Creightons Class of 2020 count themselves as first-generation college attendees in their families, 26% are students of color, and 56% of the class is female. 82% of the class has taken part in volunteer service, CSU has served as the student bodys official voice to faculty, staff, and the outside community since 1922. Each school has its own student advising body for academic affairs, inter Residence Hall Government was formed in 1984 by Steven Conroy and serves as the voice for all students who live on Creightons campus. IRHG represents all of Creightons residence halls and sponsors programs and legislative actions, Center for Service and Justice promotes weekly local community service projects, Fall and Spring Break service trips, student leadership development and education about contemporary justice issues. The center helped develop the Cortina Community, an intentional living sophomore community named for Jesuit priest Jon de Cortina
32.
Venezuela
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Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, Venezuela covers 916,445 km2 and has an estimated population of 31775371. The territory now known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples and it gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. This new constitution changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District. Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, oil was discovered in the early 20th century, and Venezuela has the worlds largest known oil reserves and has been one of the worlds leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s, the Venezuelan government then established populist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. However, such policies later became controversial since they destabilized the economy, resulting in hyperinflation, an economic depression. According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, the stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola Piccola Venezia. The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix -uela is used as a term, thus. The German language 16th century-term for the area, Klein-Venedig, also means little Venice, however, Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that they found people who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name Venezuela may have evolved from the native word and it is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest, it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina, Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, the Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks and their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops, regional crops included potatoes and ullucos
33.
Solly Hemus
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Solomon Joseph Hemus is a retired infielder, manager and coach in American Major League Baseball. Hemus is one of a group of major league players to hold a role as a player-manager. As a player with the St. Louis Cardinals and Philadelphia Phillies, Hemus was primarily a shortstop and he compiled a lifetime batting average of.273 in 961 games and collected 736 hits, with 51 home runs. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed, stood 5 feet 9 inches tall, Hemus was a hard-nosed player known for battling with opponents and umpires. When he was traded to the Phillies in May 1956, Hemus wrote a letter to Cardinals owner August Gussie Busch, expressing his pride in being a Cardinal, as a player in 1959, Hemus appeared in 24 games—mostly as a pinch-hitter—before concentrating on his managerial responsibilities. Hemus first club lost 15 of its first 20 games and stumbled to a place finish in 1959. That was followed by a 15-game improvement and a leap to third place in his second season, the Redbirds followed with mediocre start in 1961 and were mired in sixth place in July when Hemus was replaced by one of his coaches, Johnny Keane. His career major league managing record was 190–192, Hemus then served as a coach with the New York Mets and Cleveland Indians. He managed the Mets top farm club, the Jacksonville Suns of the AAA International League, in 1966 before leaving baseball and entering the oil business in his home city of Houston. It marked the Major League debut of Kennedy, the first African-American player in the Phillies history, Hemus replacement, Keane, was a Gibson supporter who had managed the pitcher in the minor leagues
34.
Curt Flood
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Curtis Charles Flood was a Major League Baseball center fielder who spent 15-seasons in the major leagues playing for the Cincinnati Redlegs, St. Louis Cardinals, and Washington Senators. Flood was an All-Star for three seasons and Gold Glove winner for seven consecutive seasons and he led the National League in hits in 1964 and in singles,1963,64, and 68. He also led the National League in putouts as center fielder four-times, Flood retired with the third most games in center field in NL history, trailing Willie Mays and Richie Ashburn. Flood became one of the figures in the sports labor history when he refused to accept a trade following the 1969 season. Although his legal challenge was unsuccessful, it brought about additional solidarity among players as they fought against baseballs reserve clause and sought free agency. Born in Houston, Texas, and raised in Oakland, California, Flood played in the outfield in West Oaklands McClymonds High School as Vada Pinson. Flood signed with the Cincinnati Redlegs in 1956 and made a handful of appearances for the team in 1956–57 before being traded to the Cardinals in December 1957. For the next seasons, he became a fixture in center field for St. Louis, although he struggled at the plate from 1958 to 1960. He had his breakthrough year after Johnny Keane took over as manager in 1961, He batted.322, in that year he received the first of his seven consecutive Gold Gloves. He earned his first All-Star selection in 1964 and he tied for tops in hits with The Pittsburgh Pirates Roberto Clemente with 211. In 1965 Flood had his greatest power output with 11 home runs and 83 runs batted in while hitting.310, in 1967 he had his highest batting mark with a.335 average, helping the Cardinals to another championship. In the 1967 World Series against the Boston Red Sox he hit a woeful.179 but made some crucial contributions. In game 1, he advanced Brock to third base twice, as team co-captain in 1968 he had perhaps his best year, earning his third All-Star selection and finishing fourth in the MVP balloting on the strength of a.301 batting average and 186 base hits. Against the San Francisco Giants that year, Flood was involved in the final outs of the first back-to-back no-hitters in major league history, on September 17, he struck out for the final out of Gaylord Perrys 1-0 gem. The next day, he caught Willie McCoveys fly ball for the out of Ray Washburns 2-0 no-hitter. Up to that point, Flood had been enjoying the best series of his career dealing with personal problems at home. In 1969, despite the pitching mound instituted that season. His brother was arrested during the season, and he participated in a couple of public confrontations with Cardinals management, early in the season, his conflict with the Cardinals involved his desire for a $100,000 salary
