1.
Bury St Edmunds
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Bury St Edmunds is a market town in Suffolk, England. Bury St Edmunds Abbey is near the town centre, Bury is the seat of the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich, with the episcopal see at St Edmundsbury Cathedral. The town, originally called Beodericsworth, was built on a pattern by Abbot Baldwin around 1080. It is known for brewing and malting and for a British Sugar processing factory, the town is the cultural and retail centre for West Suffolk and tourism is a major part of the economy. They all derive from Proto-Germanic *burgs meaning fortress and this in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhrgh meaning fortified elevation, with cognates including Welsh bera and Sanskrit bhrant-. There is thus no justification for the folk etymology stating that the Cathedral Town was so called because St Edmund was buried there, the second section of the name refers to Edmund King of the East Angles, who was killed by the Vikings in the year 869. He became venerated as a saint and a martyr, and his shrine made Bury St Edmunds an important place of pilgrimage, the formal name of both the borough and the diocese is St Edmundsbury. Local residents often refer to Bury St Edmunds simply as Bury, Bury St Edmunds, supposed by some to have been the Villa Faustina of the Romans, was one of the royal towns of the Saxons. The town grew around Bury St Edmunds Abbey, a site of pilgrimage, by 925 the fame of St Edmund had spread far and wide, and the name of the town was changed to St Edmunds Bury. In 942 or 945 King Edmund had granted to the abbot and convent jurisdiction over the town, free from all secular services. Edward the Confessor made the lord of the franchise. Sweyn, in 1020, having destroyed the monastery and ejected the secular priests. Count Alan Rufus is said to have been interred at Bury St Edmunds Abbey in 1093, in the 12th and 13th centuries the head of the de Hastings family, who held the Lordship of the Manor of Ashill in Norfolk, was hereditary Steward of this abbey. On 18 March 1190, two days after the more well-known massacre of Jews at Clifford Tower in York, the people of Bury St Edmunds massacred 57 Jews. Later that year, Abbot Samson successfully petitioned King Richard I for permission to evict the towns remaining Jewish inhabitants on the grounds that everything in the town. Belonged by right to St Edmund, therefore, either the Jews should be St Edmund’s men or they should be banished from the town and this expulsion predates the Edict of Expulsion by 100 years. In 1198, a burned the shrine of St Edmund, leading to the inspection of his corpse by Abbot Samson. The town is associated with Magna Carta, by various grants from the abbots, the town gradually attained the rank of a borough
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
Snow White and the Huntsman
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Snow White and the Huntsman is a 2012 American dark fantasy film based on the German fairy tale Snow White compiled by the Brothers Grimm. In the films retelling of the tale, Snow White grows up imprisoned by her stepmother, Queen Ravenna. After Snow White escapes into the forest, Ravenna tells Eric, after the Huntsman shifts his loyalty to Snow White, Ravenna disguises herself as William and tempts Snow White into eating a poisoned apple. The film is the debut of Rupert Sanders, and was written by Evan Daugherty, John Lee Hancock. The film received two Academy Award nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design at the 85th Academy Awards and it was a success at the box office, earning $396.6 million worldwide against a $170 million budget. While admiring a rose blooming in the winter, Queen Eleanor of the kingdom of Tabor pricks her finger on one of its thorns, Queen Eleanor gives birth to her daughter Snow White, but soon after falls ill and dies. After her death, Snow Whites father, King Magnus, upon rescuing their prisoner Ravenna, he becomes enchanted with her beauty and marries her. Ravenna, is in fact a powerful sorceress and the Dark Armys master, on their wedding night, Magnus, enchanted, throws Ravenna into the bed and proceeds to make love. Ravenna confesses there was a king much like Magnus that spoiled her, during foreplay, she declares she cannot be a weak queen and kills Magnus. Queen Ravenna orders Finn to bring her Snow Whites heart, but she escapes into the Dark Forest, Queen Ravenna makes a bargain with Eric the Huntsman, a widower and drunkard, to capture Snow White, promising to bring his wife back to life in exchange. The Huntsman tracks down Snow White, but when Finn reveals that Queen Ravenna does not actually have the power to do what she promised, when the Huntsman catches up with her, she promises him gold if he will escort her to Duke Hammonds castle. Meanwhile, Finn gathers another band of men to find her, William leaves the castle on his own to find her, joining Finns band as a bowman. The Huntsman and Snow White leave the Dark Forest, where she saves his life by charming a huge troll that attacks them, while there, the Huntsman learns Snow Whites true identity, and initially leaves her in the care of the women. He soon returns when he sees the village being burned down by Finns men, Snow White and the Huntsman evade them and eventually meet a band of eight dwarves named Beith, Muir, Quert, Coll, Duir, Gort, Nion, and Gus. The blind Muir perceives that Snow White is the daughter of the king. The Huntsman battles Finn and eventually kills him, and William reveals himself, however, Gus is killed when he sacrifices himself to take an arrow meant for Snow White. William joins the group which continues the journey to Hammonds castle, halfway to Duke Hammonds castle, Queen Ravenna disguises herself as William and tempts Snow White into eating a poisoned apple, but is forced to flee when the Huntsman and William discover her. William kisses Snow White, whom he believes to be dead and she is taken to Hammonds castle
4.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
5.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
6.
International Emmy Award for Best Actor
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The International Emmy Award for Best Performance by an Actor is a category of the International Emmy Awards, held since 2005 and which awards actors outside the United States. The first actor awarded the International Emmy was Frenchman Thierry Frémont for her performance in the television movie Dans la tête du tueur, in 2006, the British Ray Winstone was awarded the statuette for his role as Vincent Gallagher in Vincent, an ITV drama seriesseries. At the 2007 awards ceremony, the British Jim Broadbent won the award with the Dutch Pierre Bokma, David Suchet won the Emmy in 2008 for his performance as Robert Maxwell in Maxwell, a telefilm directed by Colin Barr. In 2009, Ben Whishaw was awarded for his role in Criminal Justice, in 2010, the award winning Bob Hoskins won the International Emmy for his performance in The Street, a British television drama series created by Jimmy McGovern and directed by David Blair. This was the work of Hoskins on TV. Christopher Eccleston won the award the year for his role in Accused. In 2012, Darío Grandinetti became the first actor in Latin America awarded an Emmy Award, sean Bean won in 2013 for his work in BBC One drama series Accused. In 2014, Stephen Dillane wins for his role as a veteran British detective in the Anglo-French crime drama The Tunnel, in 2016, Dustin Hoffman snagged the best actor award for playing Mr. Hoppy in the BBCs Roald Dahls Esio Trot, an adaptation of the Dahl novel. Best Performance by an Actor, A male individual’s performance in a fiction program. Only performances from a program entered into the competition are eligible, the same performer may be submitted for different productions, as separate submissions. More than one male performance from the production may be submitted. The performer must appear in at least 10% of the running time of the submitted episode in order to be eligible. If the performance is part of a series, only one episode that had its first broadcast within the eligibility dates listed in Section I - Eligibility,2013 Emmy Awards International Emmy Awards
7.
Truck driver
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A truck driver is a person who earns a living as the driver of a truck. Truck drivers are responsible for inspecting all their vehicles for mechanical items or issues relating to safe operation. Others, such as workers, are also responsible for sales. There are also ones that lease a truck from a company, company drivers are employees of a particular trucking company and drive trucks provided by their employer. Both owner operators/owner driver and company drivers can be in these categories, auto haulers work hauling cars on specially built trailers and require specific skills loading and operating this type of specialized trailer. Boat haulers work moving boats ranging in size from 10-foot-long bass boats to full-size yachts up to 60 ft long using a low boy trailer that can be set up for each size of boat. Boats wider than 8 feet 6 inches wide or 13 feet 6 inches high have to have a permit to move and are an oversize load, dry van drivers haul the majority of goods over highways in large trailers. Contents may be perishable or non perishable goods, dry bulk pneumatic drivers haul bulk sand, salt, and cement, among other things. They have specialized trailers that allow them to use pressurized air to unload their product, - Commonly known as Flow Boys among truckers. Flat bed drivers haul an assortment of large bulky items, a few examples are tanks, steel pipes and lumber. Drivers require the ability to balance the load correctly, reefer drivers haul refrigerated, temperature sensitive or frozen goods. Local drivers work only within the limits of their local areas and these areas may include crossing state lines, but drivers usually return home daily. Household goods drivers, or bedbuggers, haul personal effects for families who are moving from one home to another, Regional drivers may work over several states near their homes. They may be away from home for short periods, Interstate drivers often cover distances of thousands of miles and are away from home for days, weeks or even months on end. For time critical loads, companies may opt to employ team drivers which can cover more miles than a single driver. Team drivers are two drivers who take turns driving the truck in shifts, or several people in different states that split up the haul to keep from being away from home for such long periods. Tanker drivers haul liquids, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, milk, & crude oil, liquid tanker drivers need special driving skills due to the load balance changing from the liquid movement. This is especially true for food grade tankers, which do not contain any baffles and are a single compartment, also fuel oil/petroleum drivers require special certifications
8.
Romani people
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The Romani are widely known among English-speaking people by the exonym Gypsies, which some people consider pejorative due to its connotations of illegality and irregularity. Romani are dispersed, with their populations in Europe – especially Central, Eastern and Southern Europe including Turkey, Spain. Since the 19th century, some Romani have also migrated to the Americas, there are an estimated one million Roma in the United States, and 800,000 in Brazil, most of whose ancestors emigrated in the nineteenth century from eastern Europe. Brazil also includes some Romani descended from people deported by the government of Portugal during the Inquisition in the colonial era, in migrations since the late nineteenth century, Romani have also moved to other countries in South America and to Canada. In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora, the Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million. The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large, many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two, those varieties are sometimes called Para-Romani. French bohème, bohémien, from the Kingdom of Bohemia, whence they came, Rom means man or husband in the Romani, it has the variants dom and lom, related with the Sanskrit words dam-pati, dama, lom, lomaka loman, roman. Another possible origin is from Sanskrit डोम doma, Sanskrit सिनधु is a river or stream of water in general. In particular, it denotes the river Indus and the country around it, in the Romani language, Rom is a masculine noun, meaning man of the Roma ethnic group or man, husband, with the plural Roma. The feminine of Rom in the Romani language is Romni, however, in most cases, in other languages Rom is now used for people of all genders. Romani is the adjective, while Romano is the masculine adjective. Some Romanies use Rom or Roma as a name, while others do not use this term as a self-ascription for the entire ethnic group. Sometimes, rom and romani are spelled with a r, i. e. rrom. In this case rr is used to represent the phoneme /ʀ/, the rr spelling is common in certain institutions, or used in certain countries, e. g. Romania, to distinguish from the endonym/homonym for Romanians. In the English language, Rom is a noun and an adjective, while Romani is also a noun, both Rom and Romani have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for Gypsy. Romani was initially spelled Rommany, then Romany, while today the Romani spelling is the most popular spelling, occasionally, the double r spelling mentioned above is also encountered in English texts. The term Roma is increasingly encountered during recent decades, as a term for the Romani people
9.
Porter (carrier)
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A porter, also called a bearer, is a person who carries objects or cargoes for others. The range of services conducted by porters is extensive, from shuttling luggage aboard a train to bearing heavy burdens at altitude in inclement weather on multi-month mountaineering expeditions. The use of humans to transport cargo dates to the ancient world, prior to domesticating animals, over time slavery diminished and technology advanced, but the role of porter for specialized transporting services remains strong in the 21st century. Examples include bellhops at hotels, redcaps at railway stations, skycaps at airports and this preparation can take months of work before the main expedition starts. Doing this involves numerous trips up and down the mountain, until the last and smallest supply deposit is planted shortly below the peak, when the route is prepared, either entirely or in stages ahead of the expedition, the main body follows. The last stage is often done without the porters, they remaining at the last camp, in many cases, since the porters are going ahead, they are forced to freeclimb, driving spikes and laying safety lines for the main expedition to use as they follow. Porters, are frequently local ethnic types, well adapted to living in the rarified atmosphere, a well known incident where porters attempted to rescue numerous stranded climbers, and often died as a result, is the 2008 K2 disaster. The word porter derives from the Latin portare, human adaptability and flexibility led to the early use of humans for transporting gear. Porters were commonly used as beasts of burden in the ancient world, the ancient Sumerians, for example, enslaved women to shift wool and flax. In the early Americas, where there were few native beasts of burden, in colonial times, some areas of the Andes employed porters called silleros to carry persons, particularly Europeans, as well as their luggage across the difficult mountain passes. Throughout the globe porters served, and in some areas continue to, as such littermen, porters are still paid to shift burdens in many third-world countries where motorized transport is impractical or unavailable, often alongside pack animals. The Sherpa people of Nepal are renowned as mountaineering porters, to the point their name is synonymous and their skill, knowledge of the mountains and local culture, and inborn ability to perform at altitude make them indispensable for the highest Himalayan expeditions. Porters at Indian railway stations are called coolies, a term for unskilled Asian labourer derived from the Chinese word for porter, certain trade-specific terms are used for forms of porters in North America, including bellhop, redcap, and skycap. The tactic immediately caught on, over time adapted by other forms of porters for their specialties, herinneringen aan Japan,1850 -1870, Fotos en Fotoalbums in Nederlands Bezit, pp. 106–107, repr. Beato, Felice, cited 21 June 2006
10.
Window cleaner
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Window cleaning, or window washing, is the cleaning of architectural glass used for structural, lighting, or decorative purposes. It can be manually, using a variety of tools for cleaning. Technology is also employed and increasingly, automation, commercial work is contracted variously from in-person transactions for cash or barter, to formal tender processes. Regulations, licensing, technique, equipment and compensation vary nationally and regionally, chamois is a basic method used to loosen and remove dirt, followed by a buffing with cheesecloth, or scrim. Generally, chemicals are added to water, and a such as a brush or cloth-covered handle is dipped into the resulting solution. A squeegee is used to sluice the dirt and water mixture from the glass. Chemicals added to the range from dish soap and glass cleaner to Trisodium Phosphate. In sub-freezing temperatures, anti-freezing chemicals are added to the solution to prevent it from crystallizing on the pane before it is sluiced off, the filtered water contains a TDS of less than 5 ppm. The brush is used to agitate the debris off the window, while spraying water, fan jets are used for hydrophobic glass, and pencil jets are used for hydrophilic glass. The de-ionized water is lacking in ions, so it will pull solids off the glass and dissolve the solids into the water, because there are no solids dissolved in the water, the windows dry clear without water spots. The longest poles are about 70 feet, and can reach up to six storeys, water-fed cleaning is also referred to as pure water cleaning. It is common in the UK and becoming common in the US, where glass is found are window cleaners, and methods of access and equipment related to both access and cleaning vary nationally and regionally. If a window is not easily accessible using one type of equipment then it is advisable to combine different tools to be able to clean it properly, ladders ranging in size from a single step to the extent of local regulations are used to access windows for cleaning purposes. Not to be confused with suspended scaffolding, these are temporary work platforms typically erected from a level to gain access at height. Aerial work platforms are variously configured and powered machines, designed to deliver workers to otherwise inaccessible areas, an example of one of these machines is the scissor lift, as it is known in Australia, along with cherry pickers and spiders. Not to be confused with supported scaffolding, devices designed for ascent and/or descent via wire rope by mechanical or manual means. Boatswains chair, A boatswains chair is a single-person seat designed for controlled descent of rope, often referred to as rope descent systems, these are typically anchored to a roof structure, counterweight configuration, or connecting points designed for the purpose. Note, These are always temporarily installed for the purpose of access, however, their anchor points can be either temporary or permanent
11.
Kibbutz
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A kibbutz is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1909, was Degania, today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism, in recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a kibbutz is called a kibbutznik, in 2010, there were 270 kibbutzim in Israel. Their factories and farms account for 9% of Israels industrial output, worth US$8 billion, some Kibbutzim had also developed substantial high-tech and military industries. For example, in 2010, Kibbutz Sasa, containing some 200 members, the kibbutzim were founded by members of the Bilu movement who emigrated to Palestine. The first kibbutz was Degania Alef, founded in 1909, joseph Baratz, one of the pioneers of the kibbutz movement, wrote a book about his experiences. We were happy enough working on the land, but we knew more and more certainly that the ways of the old settlements were not for us. This was not the way we hoped to settle the old way with Jews on top and Arabs working for them, anyway, we thought that there shouldnt be employers. There must be a better way, though Baratz and others wanted to farm the land themselves, becoming independent farmers was not a realistic option in 1909. Ottoman Palestine was a harsh environment, the Galilee was swampy, the Judaean Mountains rocky, and the south of the country, the Negev, was a desert. To make things more challenging, most of the settlers had no farming experience. The sanitary conditions were also poor, malaria, typhus and cholera were rampant. Bedouins would raid farms and settled areas, sabotage of irrigation canals and burning of crops were also common. Living collectively was simply the most logical way to be secure in an unwelcoming land, finally, the land had been purchased by the greater Jewish community. From around the world, Jews dropped coins into Jewish National Fund Blue Boxes for land purchases in Palestine, in 1909, Baratz, nine other men, and two women established themselves at the southern end of the Sea of Galilee near the Arab village of Umm Juni/Juniya. These teenagers had hitherto worked as day laborers converting wetlands for human development, as masons and their dream was now to work for themselves, building up the land. They called their community Kvutzat Degania, now Degania Alef, the founders of Degania endured backbreaking labor, The body is crushed, the legs fail, the head hurts, the sun burns and weakens, wrote one of the pioneers
