1.
Oak Park, Illinois
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Oak Park is a village adjacent to the West Side of the city of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Pace buses serve the Village for travel within its borders and connecting to neighboring suburbs, as of the 2010 United States Census the Village had a total population of 51,878. Oak Park was settled beginning in the 1830s, with rapid growth later in the 19th century and it incorporated in 1902, breaking off from Cicero. Development was spurred by railroads and street cars connecting the village to jobs in Chicago, famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright and his wife settled here in 1889. Population peaked at 66,015 in 1940, smaller families led to falling population in the same number of homes and apartments. In the 1960s, Oak Park faced the challenge of racial integration, devising many strategies to integrate rather than re-segregate the village, Oak Park includes three historic districts for the historic homes, Ridgeland, Frank Lloyd Wright and Seward Gunderson, reflecting the focus on historic preservation. In 1835, Joseph Kettlestrings, an immigrant from England, purchased 172 acres of land just west of Chicago for a farm and their home. Once their children were born, they moved to Chicago for the schools in 1843, more farmers and settlers had entered the area. Their land was called by several names locally, including Oak Ridge, by 1850, the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad was constructed as far as Elgin, Illinois, and passed through the settlement area. In the 1850s the land on which Oak Park sits was part of the new Chicago suburb, the town of Cicero. The population of the area boomed during the 1870s, with Chicago residents resettling in Cicero following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and the expansion of railroads and street cars to the area. In 1872, when Oak Park received its own depot on the Chicago and Northwestern Railway. As Chicago grew from a center to a national metropolis Oak Park expanded – from 500 residents in 1872 to 1,812 in 1890, to 9,353 in 1900, to 20,911 in 1910. Oak Park thus emerged as a leading Chicago suburb, one of the first streetcar lines was the Chicago, Harlem, & Batavia “dummy” line, which ran approximately along the present-day route of the Eisenhower Expressway. The “dummy” trains used a steam locomotive with a false cladding designed to conceal most of the moving parts. This line first began operation in 1881, but did not provide direct service to downtown Chicago until June 1888. A more extensive network throughout Oak Park was opened in 1890. In the future village of Oak Park, this system ran east-west on Madison Street and Lake Street, streetcar service was discontinued in 1947, to be replaced by buses
2.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
3.
Stand-up comedy
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Stand-up comedy is a comic style in which a comedian performs in front of a live audience, usually speaking directly to them. The performer is known as a comic, stand-up comic, stand-up comedian. In stand-up comedy, the comedian usually recites a grouping of humorous stories, jokes and one-liners typically called a monologue, routine, some stand-up comedians use props, music, or magic tricks to enhance their acts. Stand-up comedy is often performed in clubs, bars and pubs, nightclubs. Outside of live performance, stand-up is often distributed commercially via television, DVD, CD, in stand-up comedy, the feedback of the audience is instant and crucial for the comedians act. Audiences expect a stand-up comic to provide a stream of laughs. Will Ferrell has called stand-up comedy hard, lonely and vicious, a stand-up comedy show may involve only one comedian, or feature a headline or a showcase format. This is followed by one or two middle or featured acts, who perform 15- to 20-minute sets, followed by a headliner who performs for longer, a showcase format may still feature an MC. Bringer shows are another opportunity for amateur performers, the performer must bring a specified number of paying guests in order to get stage time. The guests usually have to pay a charge and there is often a minimum number of drinks that must be ordered. These shows usually have a showcase format and this type of show gives comedians better exposure than open mics because there is usually better audience turnout and industry professionals sometimes go to watch. Different comedy clubs have different requirements for their bringer shows, gotham Comedy Club in New York City, for example, usually has ten-person bringers, while Broadway Comedy Club in New York City usually has six-person bringers. As the name implies, stand-up comedians usually perform their material while standing, stand-up comedy has its origin in classic Parrhesia in 400 BC used for cynics and epicureans in order to tell the reality without censorship. Stand-up comedy in the United Kingdom began in the halls of the 18th and 19th centuries. The heavy censorship regime of the Lord Chamberlains Office required all comedians to submit their acts for censorship, the act would be returned with unacceptable sections underlined in blue pencil. The comedian was then obliged not to deviate from the act in its edited form, the rise of the post-war comedians coincided with the rise of television and radio, and the traditional music hall circuit suffered greatly as a result. By the 1970s, music hall entertainment was virtually dead, alternative circuits had evolved, such as working mens clubs. The alternative comedy scene began to evolve
4.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
5.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
6.
Deadpan
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Deadpan or dry humor/wit describes the act of deliberately displaying a lack of or no emotion, commonly as a form of comedic delivery to contrast with the ridiculousness of the subject matter. The delivery is meant to be blunt, sarcastic, laconic, the term deadpan first emerged as an adjective or adverb in the 1920s, as a compound word combining dead and pan. The oldest usage recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary comes from The New York Times, the usage of deadpan as a verb is recorded at least as far back as 1942. Early in his days, Buster Keaton developed his deadpan expression. Keaton realized that audiences responded better to his stony expression than when he smiled, many popular American sitcoms use deadpan expressions to deliver dry humor, including Curb Your Enthusiasm, Arrested Development, and My Name Is Earl. More recent examples are Andre Braugher as Captain Raymond Holt from the TV show Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett in iCarly, another example is the often-philosophical comedy of Steven Wright. Dry humor is often confused with highbrow or egghead humor, because the humor in dry humor does not exist in the words or delivery, instead, the listener must look for humor in the contradiction between words, delivery and context. Failure to include the context or to identify the contradiction results in the finding the dry humor unfunny. However, the term deadpan itself actually refers only to the method of delivery, other deadpan comedians, Deadpan can vary in subtlety. Obvious deadpan uses a high amount of contrast either with characters or situations and it may also take the role of mirror to characters who are unaware of their folly. More subtle deadpan can test the limits of the audience. Blank expression Dark humor Minimisation Throwaway line
7.
Culture of the United States
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The culture of the United States of America is primarily a mix of various European, Native American, African, Asian, and Polynesian cultures. It also has its own social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, the United States of America is an ethnically and racially diverse country as a result of large-scale migration from many countries throughout its history. Its chief early European influences came from English settlers of colonial America during British rule, due to colonial ties with Britain that spread the English language, British culture, legal system and other cultural inheritances, had a formative influence. Other important influences came from parts of Europe, especially Germany. Original elements also play a role, such as Jeffersonian democracy. American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist, despite certain consistent ideological principles, American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity. The flexibility of U. S. culture and its symbolic nature lead some researchers to categorize American culture as a mythic identity. Many American cultural elements, especially from popular culture, have spread across the globe through modern mass media, the United States has traditionally been thought of as a melting pot. However, beginning in the 1960s and continuing on in the present day, the trends towards cultural diversity, pluralism. Due to the extent of American culture, there are many integrated, the percentage of non-religious people is the highest in the northeastern state of Vermont at 34%, compared to the Bible Belt state of Alabama, where it is 6%. Strong cultural differences have a history in the U. S. with the southern slave society in the antebellum period serving as a prime example. David Hackett Fischer theorizes that the United States is made up today of four regional cultures. According to Fischer, the foundation of American culture was formed from four mass migrations from four different regions of the British Isles by four distinct socio-religious groups. New Englands earliest settlement period occurred between 1629 and 1640 when Puritans, mostly from East Anglia in England, settled there, the next mass migration was of southern English cavaliers and their working class English domestic servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675. This facilitated the development of the Southern American culture, then, thousands of English and Welsh Quakers, led by William Penn, settled in the Delaware Valley followed by large numbers of German Lutherans. S. From the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast, finally, Scotch-Irish, English and Scottish settlers from the borderlands of Britain and Ireland migrated to Appalachia between 1717 and 1775. They formed the culture of the Upland South, which has since spread west to such areas as West Texas. Fischer suggests that the U. S. today is not a country with one General American culture and he asserts that the country is composed of just regional cultures, and that understanding that helps one to understand many things about modern American life
8.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
9.
The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart
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The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart is a 1960 live album by comedian Bob Newhart. It was the first comedy album to win Album of the Year, Newhart wanted the title to be The Most Celebrated New Comedian Since Attila the Hun, but Warner Bros. executives created the albums title and Newhart had to settle for his idea as a subtitle. The album was a 2006 entry into the Library of Congress National Recording Registry, according to an NPR interview with Newhart, it is the 20th-best-selling of all time on Billboards charts. In 1993 the San Diego based band Cranial Vacancy used audio portions of Driving Instructor in their song titled Quoting Bob & More, abe Lincoln vs. Madison Avenue –7,31 The Cruise of the U. S. S. Codfish –5,01 Merchandising the Wright Brothers –3,12 The Krushchev Landing Rehearsal –4,47 Driving Instructor –8,03 Nobody Will Ever Play Baseball –3,21
10.
The Bob Newhart Show
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The Bob Newhart Show is an American sitcom produced by MTM Enterprises that aired on CBS from September 16,1972, to April 1,1978, with a total of 142 half-hour episodes spanning over six seasons. Comedian Bob Newhart portrays a psychologist having to deal with his patients, the show was filmed before a live audience. The show centers on Robert Hartley, Ph. D. a Chicago psychologist, Carlin was ranked 49th in TV Guides List of the 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time, and Riley reprised the character in guest appearances on both St. Elsewhere and Newhart. Most of the situations involve Newharts character playing straight man to his wife, colleagues, friends, and patients. A frequent running gag on the show is an extension of Newharts stand-up comedy routines, where Newhart played one side of a telephone conversation, in a nod to this, for the first two seasons, the episodes opened with Bob answering the telephone by saying Hello. Emily routinely acts as straight woman to slow-witted Howard, and on occasion to Bob, during the winter of the 1976–77 season, the program moved to 8,30 p. m. EST. For its final season during 1977–78, the moved to 8,00 p. m. EST. The program typically aired following The Mary Tyler Moore Show, which was produced by MTM Enterprises. In 1977, the show received two Emmy nominations – for Outstanding Comedy Series and for Pleshette for Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Comedy Series, Newhart was nominated for Golden Globes as Best TV Actor—Musical/Comedy in 1975 and 1976. In 1997, the episodes Over the River and Through the Woods and Death Be My Destiny were respectively ranked No.9, TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time listed it as No.44. In 2007, Time magazine placed the show on its unranked list of 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME, bravo ranked Bob Hartley 84th on their list of the 100 greatest TV characters. In 2004, TV Land commemorated the show with a statue of Newhart in character as Dr. Hartley, seated and facing an empty couch, the statue was temporarily installed in front of 430 North Michigan Avenue, the building used for exterior establishing shots of Hartleys office. The statue is now located in the sculpture park in front of Chicagos Navy Pier entertainment complex. In 2005, the TV Land Awards honored The Bob Newhart Show with its Icon Award, in 2013, TV Guide ranked the series #49 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time. St. Elsewhere Jack Riley reprised his Elliot Carlin role on a 1985 episode of St. Elsewhere and partnered with Oliver Clark as the amnesiac John Doe Number Six. Carlin and Doe have been committed to the mental ward. Carlin blames his insanity on an unnamed quack in Chicago, while Oliver Clarks recurring portrayal of John Doe Number Six is essentially identical to Mr. Herd, the two are never stated to be the same individual. In a nod to the Mary Tyler Moore Show, John Doe Number Six addresses a character played by Betty White as Sue Ann Nivens, which Betty Whites character denied
11.
Newhart
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Newhart is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from October 25,1982 to May 21,1990, with a total of 184 half-hour episodes spanning over eight seasons. The series stars comedian Bob Newhart and actress Mary Frann as an author and wife who own and operate an inn located in a small, TV Guide, TV Land, and A&E named the Newhart series finale as one of the most memorable in television history. Newhart was recorded on videotape for Season 1, with the remaining seasons shot on film, the theme music for Newhart was composed by Henry Mancini. Dick is a sane, mild-mannered everyman surrounded by a community of oddballs in a town which exists in a world governed by rules that elude him. Near the end of the season, Newhart was retooled. As the series progressed, episodes focused increasingly on Dicks TV career, as the years went by, some characters were dropped and others were added. The series finale of Newhart, titled The Last Newhart, has described as one of the most memorable in television history. The entire town is purchased by a visiting Japanese tycoon, who turns the hamlet into a golf course. Dick and Joanna are the only townspeople who refuse to leave, the others accept huge payoffs and leave in a farewell scene which parodies Fiddler on the Roof. Five years later, Dick and Joanna continue to run the Stratford Inn, the other townspeople, now richer and older than before, unexpectedly return for a reunion. The Darryl brothers also speak for the first time on screen, Dick gets frustrated with the increasingly chaotic scene, eventually storming out shouting Youre all CRAZY. only to be knocked out by a golf ball. The final scene takes place in a previously seen on The Bob Newhart Show. Bob Newhart reprises the role of Dr. Bob Hartley, with Suzanne Pleshette reprising the role of Emily, Hartley wakes and explains his weird dream, apparently revealing that the entire Newhart series was just a dream. Interviews with Newhart, Pleshette, and director Dick Martin reveal that the scene was kept a secret from the cast and most of the crew. A fake ending was written to throw off the tabloids that involved Dick Loudon going to heaven after being hit with a golf ball, Pleshette was kept hidden until her scene was shot. When the scene began, many people in the audience recognized the set as the bedroom from The Bob Newhart Show, Pleshette and Newhart did the scene in one take. In 1991, the cast of The Bob Newhart Show reunited in a primetime special, one of the things they did was analyze Bobs dream. During the discussion, the Hartleys neighbor, Howard Borden, quipped, I dreamed I was an astronaut in Florida for five seasons, while scenes were shown from I Dream of Jeannie, which featured Daily in all five seasons
12.
George and Leo
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George and Leo is an American sitcom starring Bob Newhart and Judd Hirsch which aired on CBS from September 15,1997 to March 16,1998. Newhart and Hirsch starred as the title characters, widely divergent men who become in-laws when their children get married. Georges son was played by Jason Bateman, bess Meyer initially played Leos daughter, but was replaced after the first eight episodes by Robyn Lively. The series was set on Marthas Vineyard, where George owned a bookstore, one episode, The Cameo Show, featured guest appearances from many of the costars of Newharts and Hirschs previous sitcoms, The Bob Newhart Show, Taxi, Newhart, and Dear John. The series was canceled after 22 episodes due to low ratings. com George & Leo at epguides. com
13.
Catch-22 (film)
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Catch-22 is a 1970 American black comedy war film adapted from the novel of the same name by Joseph Heller. Captain Yossarian, a U. S. Army Air Force B-25 bombardier, is stationed on the Mediterranean base on Pianosa during World War II. Along with his members, Yossarian is committed to flying dangerous missions. As explained, an airman would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didnt, if he flew them he was crazy and didnt have to, but if he didnt, he was sane and had to. Another strange catch in the movie involves Major Major who had recently promoted by Brigadier General Dreedle. Major was promoted to Major Major and put in charge of a squadron, towser that if someone wanted to talk to Major Major, the person had to wait in the waiting room until office hours were over, unless Major wasnt in his office. Then the visitor could go right in, but Major wouldnt be there, lieutenant Nately falls for a prostitute, Major Danby delivers goofy pep talks before every bomb run and Captain Orr keeps crash-landing. Meanwhile, Nurse Duckett occasionally beds Yossarian, Yossarian survives an attempt on his life when an unknown assailant stabs him, the murder attempt is shown in the films start and ending. Main cast, The adaptation changed the books plot, several story arcs are left out, and many characters in the movie speak dialogue and experience events of other characters in the book. Despite the changes in the screenplay, Heller approved of the film, according to a commentary by Nichols and Steven Soderbergh included on a DVD release. According to Nichols, Heller was particularly impressed with a few scenes and bits of dialogue Henry created for the film, and said he wished he could have included them in the novel. The pacing of the novel Catch-22 is frenetic, its tenor intellectual, the novel did not follow a normal chronological progression, rather, it was told as a series of different and often unrelated events, most from the point of view of the central character Yossarian. The film simplified the plot to follow events in chronological order. They appear on screen for approximately 10 minutes, Catch-22 is renowned for its role in saving the B-25 Mitchell aircraft from possible extinction. The films budget accommodated 17 flyable B-25 Mitchells, and one hulk was acquired in Mexico, the aircraft was burned and destroyed in the landing crash scene. The wreck was buried in the ground by the runway. For the film, prop upper turrets were installed, and to represent different models, initially, the camera ships also had mock turrets installed, but problems with buffeting necessitated their removal. Many of the Tallman Air Force fleet went on to careers in films and television, fifteen of the 18 bombers remain intact, including one displayed at the Smithsonian Institutions National Air and Space Museum
14.
Elf (movie)
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Elf is a 2003 American Christmas comedy film directed by Jon Favreau and written by David Berenbaum. It stars Will Ferrell, James Caan, Zooey Deschanel, Mary Steenburgen, Daniel Tay, Edward Asner and it was released in the United States on November 7,2003 by New Line Cinema. The story is one of Santas elves who learns of his true identity as a human and goes to New York City to meet his biological father. The film received reviews from critics and earned $220.4 million worldwide on a $33 million budget. It inspired the 2010 Broadway musical Elf, The Musical and NBCs 2014 stop-motion animated television special Elf, on Christmas Eve in 1973, an orphaned infant boy stows away on Santa Claus sack. When discovered back at the North Pole, he is adopted by Papa Elf, Papa Elf names his son Buddy. Buddy grows up at the North Pole believing he is an elf, when Buddy accidentally learns that he is human, Papa Elf explains that he was born to Walter Hobbs and Susan Wells, and was given up for adoption without Walter knowing. Susan died and Walter works at a book publisher in New York City at the Empire State Building. Santa notes that Walter is on the naughty list due to his greed and selfishness, but suggests Buddy could help redeem him, Buddy has trouble acclimating to the customs of the human world. Buddy finds his fathers office, but Walter has him ejected after Buddy mentions Susan Wells, after following a security guards sarcastic suggestion to go back to Gimbels due to his elf outfit, the Gimbels manager mistakes him for an employee at Santa Land. He meets Jovie, an employee to whom he is attracted. Knowing that Santa will arrive the day, Buddy stays behind and spends the night decorating Santa Land. The next day, Buddy is appalled that the stores Santa is not real and rips off the fake beard, causing them to fight. Walter bails Buddy out of prison and takes him to Dr. Leonardo for a DNA test, the doctor convinces him to take Buddy home to meet his step-mother Emily and 12-year-old half-brother Michael. Walter and Michael are annoyed by Buddys childlike behavior, but Emily insists that they take care of him until he recovers, Buddy wins Michael over by helping him defeat a gang of bullies in a snowball fight and Michael encourages Buddy to ask Jovie out. One night, Buddy goes on a date with Jovie and wins her over, on Christmas Eve, Buddy bursts into Walters office during a meeting with Finch to tell Walter about his love, and mistakes Finch for an elf because of his dwarfism. Finch loses his temper and attacks Buddy before storming out, causing Walter to yell at Buddy, eugene and Morris find a notebook Finch left that is filled with ideas for childrens books. Walter pitches these ideas to Greenway, but Michael bursts in to tell Walter that Buddy ran away, Greenway refuses to reschedule, Walter quits his job and leaves to find Buddy
15.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
16.
The Rescuers
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The Rescuers is a 1977 American animated comedy-drama adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and first released on June 22,1977, by Buena Vista Distribution. The film is based on a series of books by Margery Sharp, most notably The Rescuers, due to the films success, a sequel entitled The Rescuers Down Under was released in 1990, which made this film the first Disney animated film to have a sequel. In an abandoned boat in Devils Bayou, a young orphan named Penny drops a message in a bottle containing a plea for help into the river. The bottle washes up in New York City, where it is recovered by the Rescue Aid Society, the Hungarian representative, Miss Bianca, volunteers to accept the case and chooses Bernard, a stammering janitor, as her co-agent. The two visit Morningside Orphanage, where Penny lived, and meet an old cat named Rufus and he tells them about a woman named Madame Medusa who once tried to lure Penny into her car and may have succeeded in abducting Penny this time. The mice travel to Medusas pawn shop, where they discover that she and her partner, Mr. Snoops, are on a quest to find the worlds largest diamond, the Devils Eye. They also discover that Medusa and Mr. Snoops are at the Devils Bayou with Penny, whom they have indeed kidnapped, with the help of an albatross named Orville, and a dragonfly named Evinrude, the mice follow Medusa to the bayou. There, they learn that Penny was captured to enter a hole that leads down into the cave where the Devils Eye is located. The following morning, Medusa and Mr. Snoops send Penny down into a cave to find the gem, with Miss Bianca. The three soon find the Devils Eye within a skull, as Penny pries the mouth open with a sword, the mice push it out from within. Miss Bianca, Penny, and Bernard barely manage to retrieve the diamond, Medusa plans to keep the diamond for herself, hiding it in Pennys teddy bear while holding Penny and Snoops at gunpoint. When she trips over a set as a trap by Bernard and Bianca, Medusa loses the bear to Penny. The local animals arrive at the riverboat and aid Bernard and Bianca by trapping Brutus and Nero, meanwhile, Penny and the mice commandeer Medusas swamp-mobile, a makeshift airboat. Medusa unsuccessfully pursues them, using Brutus and Nero as water-skis, back in New York, the Rescue Aid Society watch a news report of how Penny found the Devil’s Eye, which has been given to the Smithsonian Institution, and how she has been adopted. The meeting is interrupted when Evinrude arrives with a call for help, sending Bernard, Bob Newhart as Bernard, Rescue Aid Societys timid janitor, who reluctantly tags along with Miss Bianca. He is highly superstitious about the number 13 and dislikes flying, Eva Gabor as Miss Bianca, the Hungarian representative of the Rescue Aid Society. Her Hungarian nationality was derived from that of her voice actress, geraldine Page as Madame Medusa, a greedy, redheaded, wicked pawnshop owner. Michelle Stacy as Penny, a lonely orphan girl, residing at Morningside Orphanage in New York City
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The Rescuers Down Under
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The Rescuers Down Under is a 1990 American animated adventure comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures on November 16,1990. The 29th Disney animated feature film, the film is the sequel to the 1977 animated film The Rescuers, which was based on the novels of Margery Sharp. Set in the Australian Outback, the film centers on Bernard, featuring the voices of Bob Newhart, Eva Gabor, John Candy, and George C. Scott, The Rescuers Down Under was the first animated film sequel produced by Disney. In the Australian Outback, a boy named Cody rescues and befriends a rare golden eagle called Marahuté. Later on, the boy falls in a trap set by Percival C. McLeach, a local poacher wanted by the Australian Rangers, a mouse, the bait in the trap, runs off to a secret outpost. They go to find Orville the albatross who aided them previously, Bernard and Bianca convince Wilbur to fly them to Australia to save Cody. In Australia, they meet Jake, a mouse who is the RAS local regional operative. Jake becomes infatuated with Bianca and starts flirting with her, much to Bernards chagrin and he serves as their tour guide and protector in search of the boy. At the same time, Wilbur is immobilized when his column is bent out of its natural shape. As Wilbur refuses to undergo surgery and flees, his back is unintentionally straightened by the efforts of the medical staff to prevent him from escaping through a window. Cured, Wilbur departs in search of his friends, at McLeachs ranch, Cody has been thrown into a cage with several of McLeachs captured animals after refusing to give up Marahutes whereabouts. Cody tries to himself and the animals, but is thwarted by Joanna. Realizing that Marahutes eggs are Codys weak spot, McLeach tricks Cody into thinking that someone else has shot Marahute, Bernard, Bianca and Jake, knowing that Cody is in great danger, jump onto McLeachs Halftrack to follow him. At Marahutés nest, the three try to warn Cody that he has been followed, just as they do, McLeach arrives and captures Marahute, along with Cody, Jake. On McLeachs orders, Joanna tries to eat Marahutés eggs, only to discover that they are just egg-shaped stones, fearing that McLeach might be angry with her, Joanna drops the stones over the cliff. When she leaves, Bernard crawls out of the nest with the hidden eggs, Wilbur arrives at the nest, whereupon Bernard convinces him to sit on the eagles eggs, so that Bernard can go after McLeach
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The Librarians (2014 TV series)
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The Librarians is an American fantasy-adventure television series developed by John Rogers that is broadcast on TNT, and premiered on December 7,2014. It is a direct spin-off of The Librarian film series, sharing continuity with the films, on February 12,2015, TNT renewed the series for a 10 episode second season, which aired from November 1 to December 27,2015. On December 15,2015, TNT renewed the series for a 10-episode third season, on January 24,2017, TNT renewed the series for a fourth season. In their place, the current Librarian Flynn Carsen is searching for the Library, the second season offered up a pair of new villains, both from fiction, Prospero, from Shakespeares The Tempest, and Moriarty, Sherlock Holmes chief nemesis. The former is positioned as the evil, attempting to use magic to destroy the world in order to remake it more to his liking. Moriarty is more of a gray villain--generally aligned with Prospero but willing to side with the Librarians when it suits his own interests, the third season introduces a new villain, Apep, the Egyptian God of Chaos. While trying to stop Apep, the Librarians actions are being investigated by General Cynthia Rockwell from a new secret government agency. Rebecca Romijn as Colonel Eve Baird, a former NATO agent whom the Library chose as the Guardian, in And Santas Midnight Run, its revealed that her first name is the result of having been born on Christmas Eve. Christian Kane as Jacob Stone, an Oklahoma laborer and genius with an IQ of 190, fearing disapproval from his family, he has hidden his talents from them. While he initially does not trust Cassandra after her betrayal in And The Crown of King Arthur, lindy Booth as Cassandra Cillian, a mathematician who has auditory and sensory hallucinations linked to memory retrieval. She has a tumor, diagnosed in childhood, which causes pain if she thinks hard enough. Because of the pain, Stone has taught her to connect to a peaceful memory during her thoughts. John Harlan Kim as Ezekiel Jones, a thief, master of technologies and he is an expert thief, having hacked the London Polices security network, NSA, and numerous other law enforcement agencies. He prefers to rely on his luck and wit, not showing concern for others until he gets to a point of realizing something important about the current case. John Larroquette as Jenkins, the Annexs reluctant, sometimes cantankerous caretaker and he is also seen to have a connection to Dulaque, as revealed in And the Apple of Discord. It is later explained that they are both immortal because of a spell Dulaque cast 1,000 years earlier after the fall of Camelot and he was known during King Arthurs reign as Sir Galahad, as revealed in And the Loom of Fate. He has also known Morgan le Fay for centuries and considers her to be his archenemy, noah Wyle as Flynn Carsen, a veteran Librarian who occasionally works alongside the team. Matt Frewer as Dulaque, the mysterious leader of the Serpent Brotherhood
19.
The Big Bang Theory
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The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with Steven Molaro. All three also serve as head writers, the show premiered on CBS on September 24,2007. The series tenth season premiered on September 19,2016, in March 2017, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, bringing its total to 12, and running through the 2018–19 television season. The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Pennys social skills, the structure of the original, unaired pilot, developed for the 2006–07 television season, was substantially different from the series current form. The only characters retained in both pilots were Leonard and Sheldon, who are named after Sheldon Leonard, althea was a character featured in both pilots and the first series episode. Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend and they invite her to share their apartment, Test audiences reacted negatively to Katie, but they liked Sheldon and Leonard. The original pilot used Thomas Dolbys hit She Blinded Me with Science as the theme song, the series was not picked up, but the creators were given an opportunity to retool the show and produce a second pilot. They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format, the original unaired pilot has never been officially released, but it has circulated on the Internet. On the evolution of the show, Chuck Lorre said, We did the Big Bang Pilot about two and a half ago, and it sucked. But there were two things that worked perfectly, and that was Johnny and Jim. We rewrote the thing entirely and then we were blessed with Kaley and Simon, as to whether the world will ever see the original pilot on a future DVD release, Lorre said, Wow, that would be something, we will see. The first and second pilots of The Big Bang Theory were directed by James Burrows, the reworked second pilot led to a 13-episode order by CBS on May 14,2007. Prior to its airing on CBS, the episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge. The show premiered on September 24,2007, and was picked up for a full 22-episode season on October 19,2007, the show is filmed in front of a live audience, and is produced by Warner Bros. Production was halted on November 6,2007, due to the Writers Guild of America strike, nearly three months later, on February 4,2008, the series was temporarily replaced by a short-lived sitcom, Welcome to the Captain. The series returned on March 17,2008, in a time slot. After the strike ended, the show was picked up for a season, airing in the 2008–2009 season. With increasing ratings, the received a two-year renewal through the 2010–11 season in 2009
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Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
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English people
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The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
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Germans
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Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci, originally with a meaning foreigner, the English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France. Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity
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St. Catharines
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St. Catharines is the largest city in Canadas Niagara Region and the sixth largest urban area in Ontario, with 96.13 square kilometres of land and 133,113 residents in 2016. It lies in Southern Ontario,51 kilometres south of Toronto across Lake Ontario and it is the northern entrance of the Welland Canal. Residents of St. Catharines are known as St. Cathariners, St. Catharines carries the official nickname The Garden City due to its 1,000 acres of parks, gardens and trails. St. Catharines is located between the Greater Toronto Area and the Fort Erie – US border, manufacturing is the citys dominant industry, as noted by the heraldic motto, Industry and Liberality. General Motors of Canada, Ltd. the Canadian subsidiary of General Motors, was the citys largest employer, TRW Automotive operates a plant in the city, though in recent years employment there has shifted from heavy industry and manufacturing to services. St. Catharines lies on one of the main telecommunications backbones between Canada and the United States, and as a result a number of call centres operate in the city, the city was first settled by Loyalists in the 1780s. The Crown granted them land in compensation for their services and for losses in the United States, early histories credit Serjeant Jacob Dittrick and Private John Hainer, formerly of Butlers Rangers, as among the first to come to the area. They took their Crown Patents where Dicks Creek and 12 Mile Creek merge, although never documented, some local St. Catharines historians speculate that Dicks Creek was named after Richard Pierpoint, a Black Loyalist and former American slave. Secondary to water routes, native trails provided transportation networks, resulting in the present-day radial road pattern from the City centre, the surrounding land was surveyed and Townships created between 1787 and 1789. He did this from his mill, built on the 12 Mile Creek in Power Glen, after his death in 1786, his holdings were forfeited to merchant Robert Hamilton of Queenston. Hamilton tried to operate for profit the already well-established Murrays Distribution Centre, among other ventures, Hamilton became land wealthy, expropriating lands from subsistence Loyalist settlers who were incapable of settling their debts. Murrays distribution centre, later Hamiltons warehouse, and its location have long been a mystery, Hamilton lacked interest in social development and sold his business to Jesse Thompson before the turn of the 18th century. The small settlement was known as The Twelve and as Murrays District to military and civic officials and this is confirmed in St. Catharines’ first history, written by J. P. Merritt, to be historically accurate the name St. Catharines preceded all of these…. The Merritt family arrived after this time, among the later Loyalists to relocate following the American Revolution and they were from the Carolinas, New York state and New Brunswick. In 1796, Thomas Merritt arrived to build on his relationship with his former Commander and Queens Ranger, John Graves Simcoe, at an unknown early date, an inn was built by Thomas Adams on the east side of what is now Ontario Street. It became a community meeting place, election centre, stagecoach stop, and mail delivery deposit. This was preceded by the church and a log school house completed before 1797 and this was an extension of the old Iroquois Trail and was renamed St. Paul Street by the settlers and descendant by the mid-19th century. Several mills, salt works, numerous outlets, a ship building yard, distillery
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Mundelein, Illinois
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Mundelein is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States and a northern suburb of Chicago. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,064. It is approximately thirty-five miles northwest of Chicago, the community now known as Mundelein has been inhabited since at least 1650, when the Potawatomi people were known to have been trading with French fur traders. The first European inhabitants reached the area in the early 19th century, peter Shaddle was the first known settler, building a log cabin in the area now owned by St. Mary of the Lake Seminary in 1835. The next settlers were escaping from Englands industrial depression, who became farmers in the Mundelein area. In honor of their professions, they named the city Mechanics Grove, and built schools, churches. The community grew and changed its name to Holcomb, in honor of John Holcomb, as Holcomb, the community added a railway station and a post office. The Holcomb area incorporated in February 1909 under a new name, Rockefeller, the name Rockefeller was short lived, however. In July 1909, the community became Area and this name change was requested by a local educational entrepreneur named Arthur Sheldon, who bought 600 acres near town and built a school on it. The school taught sales techniques, including the philosophy of AREA, which stood for Ability, Reliability, Endurance, at one time, it boasted 10,000 students, many of them women. On December 10,1924, the Village Board held a meeting with representatives from the Soo Line Railroad. The board voted to make the change and asked the Illinois Secretary of State to make the name change and they received permission in April 1925, and the Village Board passed an ordinance changing the villages name to Mundelein. Cardinal Mundelein donated the village its first new fire truck, a 1925 Stoughton, the fire truck was officially turned over to the village at a ceremony held at the St. Mary of the Lake Seminary on July 17,1925. The original Village Hall, built in 1929 with a few additions over the years, was used until June 2014, Mundelein is located at 42°1547. 0N 88°0014. 4W. According to the 2010 census, Mundelein has an area of 9.969 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 30,935 people,9,858 households, the population density was 3,587.5 people per square mile. There were 10,167 housing units at a density of 1,179.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 78. 68% White,1. 60% Black,0. 28% Native American,6. 60% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,10. 66% from other races, and 2. 11% from two or more races
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St. Ignatius College Prep
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Saint Ignatius College Prep is a private, coeducational Jesuit high school located in the Near West Side neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The school was founded in Chicago in 1869 by Fr, a Belgian missionary to the United States. The school is coeducational, Catholic, college preparatory, and sponsored by the Society of Jesus, the school enjoys a strong academic reputation within a faith-supportive school community. The schools main building was designed by the Canadian architect Toussaint Menard in the Second Empire architecture style and it is one of the five extant, public buildings in Chicago that predate the Great Fire of 1871. Its construction was begun in 1869, a fact commemorated on the schools façade, the main edifice is on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a Chicago Landmark on March 1987. The 19 acre campus is located on Chicagos Near West Side, features of the campus, besides the 1869 building, include the Richard H. Driehaus 1895 Building, the Chicago Walsh-Slattery Center, and the James and Genevieve McLaughlin Center. The latter features a 380-seat McLaughlin Theatre and Bob Newhart stage, with an interior modeled after still-extant, the Grand Gallery on the fourth floor of the 1869 building features a marble plaque commemorating Saint Ignatius alumni who fought in the American wars. The richly paneled Brunswick Room, originally a history museum, holds a notable archive of the schools. Saint Ignatius curriculum includes literature, language, math, computer science, art and music, science, tuition for the 2013–2014 school year is $15,300, however, there is a $5,700 gap between the cost of education and tuition. Saint Ignatius students received over $2.5 million in need-based grants for 2009–2010, for the 2010–2011 year, students who receive financial aid receive an average of $8,000. These are funded, primarily, through the school’s fund-raising efforts and from its endowments interest, over 25% of enrolled students receive some financial aid. Saint Ignatius College Prep, a Jesuit Catholic school in the heart of Chicago, is a community dedicated to educating men and women for lives of faith, love, service. Through outstanding teaching and personal formation, the school challenges its talented student body to intellectual excellence, integrity, inspired by the Gospel of Jesus, this community strives to use Gods gifts to promote social justice for the greater glory of God. A Jesuit priest from Belgium, recruited to work with Native Americans in the Dakotas by Fr, peter De Smet, S. J. was first assigned to Chicago to start a parish for Irish immigrants on Chicagos near-West Side, then an area of sprawling prairie. Construction of Holy Family Church was completed in 1857, damen, with the help of Jesuits in his community, developed five elementary schools for the children of his parish, now grown to about 25,000 people. It became clear that at least some of the children needed further education, damen undertook to begin a secondary school and a college program for young men. At approximately the time the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary began a secondary school for young women about five blocks away. Supported by loans and many gifts, construction of the main building of Saint Ignatius commenced in 1869
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Loyola University Chicago
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Loyola University Chicago is a private American Catholic research university located in Chicago, Illinois. Founded in 1870 by the Jesuits, today Loyola is one of the largest Catholic universities in the nation, comprising eleven colleges and schools, Loyola offers over 80 undergraduate and 140 graduate/professional programs and enrolls approximately 16,000 students total. Loyola has six campuses located across the Chicago metropolitan area, as well as a campus in Rome and guest programs in Beijing and Ho Chi Minh City. The flagship Lake Shore Campus is located along the shores of Lake Michigan in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods of Chicago, Loyolas athletic teams, nicknamed the Ramblers, compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Missouri Valley Conference. Loyola won the 1963 NCAA mens basketball championship, and remains the school from Illinois to do so. The Ramblers are also two-time NCAA champions in mens volleyball, Loyola alumni have won Emmy, Grammy, Peabody, and Pulitzer awards, as well as Guggenheim and MacArthur fellowships. Loyola was established as St. Ignatius College on June 30,1870 by Jesuit priest and educator Fr. At that time Chicago was a smaller but rapidly growing city just shy of 300,000 people. To meet the needs of Chicago, Loyola established professional schools in law, medicine, business. The Chicago College of Dental Surgery became part of the university in 1923, a downtown campus was founded in 1914, and with it the School of Sociology. As the predecessor to the Social of Social Work it enrolled Loyolas first female students, Loyola Academy, a college prep high school, occupied Dumbach Hall on the Lake Shore Campus until it was relocated to north suburban Wilmette in 1957. The current Water Tower Campus opened in 1949, in 1962, Loyola opened a campus in Rome near the site of the 1960 Summer Olympics. The university legally separated from the Jesuits in 1970, and today is under lay control, Loyola purchased neighboring Mundelein College in 1991. Major capital campaigns since the turn of the century have greatly enhanced Loyolas academic profile, in 2005 the Loyola University Museum of Art was established on the Water Tower Campus, and the Rome campus was renamed in honor of Director Emeritus John P. Felice. The $50 million gift is the largest in Loyola history, in 2010, Loyola purchased the Resurrection Retreat Center in Woodstock, which became the schools fifth campus for retreat and ecological study. In 2012, Loyola alumnus Michael R. Quinlan donated $40 million to the business school, during this time over 200,000 square-feet of LEED-certified sustainable spaces have been built on the Lake Shore Campus alone, along with significant mixed-use developments on the Water Tower Campus. Today, Loyola ranks among the top 100 universities in the nation and she is the first female president in the history of the university. Loyolas flagship Lake Shore Campus is located along the shores of Lake Michigan in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods on the side of Chicago
27.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
28.
Korean War
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The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
29.
USG Corporation
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USG Corporation, also known as United States Gypsum Corporation is an American company which manufactures construction materials, most notably drywall and joint compound. The company is the largest distributor of wallboard in the United States and it is also a major consumer of synthetic gypsum, a byproduct of flue-gas desulfurization. Its corporate offices are located at 550 West Adams Street in Chicago, in the 1890s, gypsum manufacturers perfected a method of strengthening plaster by adding a retarder, which controlled the setting time, thus creating a viable competitor to traditional lime plaster. On December 27,1901,30 gypsum and plaster companies merged to form the United States Gypsum Company, the new company combined the operations of 37 mining and calcining plants producing agricultural and construction plaster. In 1909, USG purchased the Sackett Plaster Board Company, inventor of Sackett Board, by 1917, a new manufacturing process produced boards with a single layer of plaster and paper that could be joined flush along a wall with a relatively smooth surface. Originally called Adamant Panel Board, the became known as SHEETROCK. By the 1930s, the policy of diffusion of manufacturing facilities, vertical integration. The 1933 Chicago World’s Fair featured buildings made almost entirely out of SHEETROCK panels, following the end of World War II, the residential building market boomed with the returning GIs and the emerging tract housing projects such as Levittown. The 1950s and 1960s saw expansion into Mexico and other international markets, Recession and its effect on the bottom line dominated the 1980s and led to a restructuring of the company. On January 1,1985, USG Corporation was formed as a holding company — a reverse merger in which United States Gypsum Company became one of just nine operating subsidiaries, other existing operations were substantially rebuilt or modernized, including the wallboard manufacturing plant in East Chicago, IN. In 2001, the company entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings to resolve legacy asbestos lawsuits, asbestos was a minor ingredient in some specialty products that the company had stopped selling almost 40 years earlier, in the 1970s. The companys operations remained healthy and profitable while it was in chapter 11, when the bankruptcy was completed in 2006, all creditors were repaid in full and USG shareholders retained equity in the company. In a Wall Street Journal article dated February 15,2006, Warren Buffett said, a $3.95 billion trust was created to handle all existing and potential future asbestos lawsuits, thus permanently resolving the asbestos litigation issue. USG managed through the Great Recession, which hit the residential and commercial markets in mid-2006, by cutting costs and closing older. Foote, the companys CEO for almost 20 years, retired in 2010, the company returned to profitability in the first quarter of 2013, posting net earnings of $2 million, followed by $26 million in net income in the second quarter of 2013. USG Corporation has the following significant subsidiaries, United States Gypsum Company USG Interiors, LLC Otsego Paper, Inc USG Foreign Investments, USG Latin America, LLC USG Holding de Mexico S. A. de C. V. In 1992, USG moved its headquarters from 101 South Wacker Drive to 125 S. Franklin Street in Chicago. Known as the USG building, the structure is part of the dual-tower AT&T Corporate Center, the building was designed by Adrian D. Smith, FAIA, RIBA Design Partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and constructed by Morse Diesel within its $110 million construction budget
30.
Unemployment benefits
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Unemployment benefits are social welfare payments made by the state or other authorized bodies to unemployed people. Benefits may be based on a compulsory para-governmental insurance system, depending on the jurisdiction and the status of the person, those sums may be small, covering only basic needs, or may compensate the lost time proportionally to the previous earned salary. Unemployment benefits are generally only to those registering as unemployed. In some countries, a significant proportion of unemployment benefits are distributed by trade/labour unions, the first unemployment benefit scheme was introduced in the United Kingdom with the National Insurance Act 1911 under the Liberal Party government of H. H. Asquith. The popular measures were to combat the influence of the Labour Party among the countrys working-class population. The Act gave the British working classes a contributory system of insurance against illness and it only applied to wage earners, however, and their families and the unwaged had to rely on other sources of support, if any. Key figures in the implementation of the Act included Robert Laurie Morant, the scheme was based on actuarial principles and it was funded by a fixed amount each from workers, employers, and taxpayers. It was restricted to particular industries, particularly more volatile ones like shipbuilding, after one week of unemployment, the worker was eligible for receiving 7 shillings/week for up to 15 weeks in a year. By 1913,2.3 million were insured under the scheme for unemployment benefit, the Unemployment Insurance Act 1920 created the dole system of payments for unemployed workers. Unemployment benefits were introduced in Germany in 1927, and in most European countries in the period after the Second World War with the expansion of the welfare state, Unemployment insurance in the United States originated in Wisconsin in 1932. Through the Social Security Act of 1935, the government of the United States effectively encouraged the individual states to adopt unemployment insurance plans. In Australia, social security benefits, including unemployment benefits, are funded through the taxation system, there is no compulsory national unemployment insurance fund. Rather, benefits are funded in the annual Federal Budget by the National Treasury and are administrated and distributed throughout the nation by the government agency, Benefit rates are indexed to the Consumer Price Index and are adjusted twice a year according to inflation or deflation. There are two types of payment available to those experiencing unemployment, the first, called Youth Allowance, is paid to young people aged 16–20. Youth Allowance is also paid to students aged 16–24. For single people under 18 years of age living with a parent or parents the basic rate is A$91.60 per week, for over-18- to 20-year-olds living at home this increases to A$110.15 per week. For those aged 18–20 not living at home the rate is A$167.35 per week, there are special rates for those with partners and/or children. The second kind of payment is called Newstart Allowance and is paid to unemployed people over the age of 21, the rate of Newstart allowance as at the 12th January 2010 for single people without children is A$228 per week, paid fortnightly
31.
Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
32.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
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Double act
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If the audience identifies primarily with one character, the other will often be referred to as a comic foil. The term feed comes from the way a man is wont to set up jokes. Despite the names given to the roles, the straight man need not be humorless. Where the straight man serves no personal comic purpose but acts as a device to make the comic look good and this is sometimes considered a derogatory term. Most often, however, the humor in a double act comes from the way the two personalities play off other, rather than from the individuals themselves. In many successful acts the roles are interchangeable, the template for the modern double act began in the British music halls and the American vaudeville scene of the late nineteenth century. Here, the man was a necessity, as he would repeat the lines of the comic. This was done simply because the audience would be noisy, soon the dynamic developed so that the straight man became a more integral part of the act, setting up jokes to which the comic could then deliver the punchline. At various stages, acts such as George Burns and Gracie Allen, Abbott and Costello, Flanagan and Allen, Gallagher and Shean, the dynamic continued to develop, with Abbott and Costello using a modern and recognizable formula in routines such as Whos On First. In the 1930s and Flanagan and Allen using cross talking, by the 1920s, double acts were beginning to attract worldwide fame more readily through the silent era. However, because of the restrictions, the comedy was not derived from cross talk or clever verbal exchanges but through slapstick routines. The first double act to gain fame through film was Laurel. Before meeting, the pair had never worked together on stage, though both had worked in vaudeville—Stan Laurel with Charlie Chaplin as part of Fred Karnos Army and Oliver Hardy as a singer. Laurel could loosely be described as the comic, though the pair were one of the first not to fit the mold in the way that many double acts do, the pair first worked together as a double act in the 1927 film Duck Soup. The first Laurel and Hardy film was called Putting Pants on Philip though their characters had not yet been established. The first film both appeared in was Lucky Dog in 1917. Indeed, they were one of the few silent acts who made a successful transition to spoken word pictures in the 1930s. The year 1940 saw the release of Laurel and Hardys Saps at Sea, their film for long-term producer
34.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
