1.
Champaign, Illinois
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Champaign is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. The city is 135 miles south of Chicago,124 miles west of Indianapolis, Indiana, the United States Census Bureau estimates the city was home to 84,513 people as of July 1,2014. Champaign is the tenth-most populous city in Illinois, and the states fourth-most populous city outside of the Chicago metropolitan area, Champaign is notable for sharing the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign with its sister city of Urbana. Champaign is also the home of Parkland College which serves about 18,000 students during the academic year. Due to the university and a number of well known technology startup companies, it is referred to as the hub, or a significant landmark. Champaign houses offices for Abbott, Archer Daniels Midland, Caterpillar, Deere & Company, Dow Chemical Company, IBM, State Farm, and Intel all of which are Fortune 500 companies, and for Sony. Champaign was founded in 1855, when the Illinois Central Railroad laid its rail track two miles west of downtown Urbana, originally called West Urbana, it was renamed Champaign when it acquired a city charter in 1860. Both the city and county name were derived from Champaign County, during February 1969, Carl Perkins joined with Bob Dylan to write the song Champaign, Illinois, which Perkins released on his album On Top. The two Champaign, Illinois songs are not similar to other, except that Bob Dylan was involved in both of them. On September 22,1985, Champaign hosted the first Farm Aid concert at the University of Illinois Memorial Stadium, the concert drew a crowd of 80,000 people and raised over $7 million for American family farmers. In 2005, Champaign-Urbana was the location of the National Science Olympiad Tournament, the city also hosts the state Science Olympiad competition every year. The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign once again hosted the National competition on May 20–22,2010, in 2013, Champaign was rated fifth best place in the United States for a healthy work-life balance. According to the 2010 census, Champaign has an area of 22.457 square miles. Champaign is located on high ground, providing sources to the Kaskaskia River to the west. Downtown Champaign drains into Boneyard Creek, which feeds the Saline Branch of the Salt Fork Vermilion River, Champaign shares a border with the neighboring city of Urbana, together they are home to the University of Illinois. Champaign, Urbana, and the village of Savoy form the Champaign-Urbana Metropolitan Area also known as Champaign-Urbana. It may also be known as the Twin Cities or Chambana. The following diagram represents localities within a 35 miles radius of Champaign, the city has a humid continental climate, typical of the Midwestern United States, with hot summers and cold, moderately snowy winters
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
American Freedom Party
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The American Freedom Party is a Third Position American political party that promotes white nationalism. In November 2009 it filed papers to get on a ballot in California, the party chairman is Los Angeles attorney William Daniel Johnson. Long Beach State University professor of psychology Kevin B and he placed fifth out of five candidates in the Republican primary, garnering 296 votes. Murdough was the National Political Director for the National Socialist American Labor Party, however, the party failed to qualify and did not get on the 2010 ballot in California or any other state. The party received enough signatures to get Harry Bertram on the ballot for the 2011 West Virginia gubernatorial special election, bertrams campaign ran a television ad emphasizing his desire to advance the interests of white Americans. Bertram was soundly defeated in the election, coming in last place out of 5 candidates on the ballot and netting only 1,111 votes, in January 2012, the American Third Position Party announced Merlin Miller as its presidential nominee for the 2012 presidential election. Virginia Abernethy was announced as his running mate, according to an AmericanFreedomUnion. com posting, they obtained ballot access in Colorado, New Jersey, and Tennessee. Kenn Gividen was nominated by the party as its candidate for president, Gividen resigned from the nomination on 26 July 2015 after holding the role for 4 months, Whitaker then stepped into the role as candidate for president. The front page of the website was defaced with #OpBlitzkrieg. On February 1,2013, the partys website carried an announcement that the party was changing its name to American Freedom Party, although the values and mission would remain unchanged
4.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
5.
Los Angeles Athletic Club
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Los Angeles Athletic Club is a privately-owned athletic club and social club in Los Angeles, California, USA. Established in 1880, the club is today best known for its John R. Wooden Award presented to the mens and womens college basketball player of each year. The Los Angeles Athletic Club was founded on September 8,1880, a 19th Century history indicates that the club had the dual purposes of providing its members with the means of physical development along with the advantages of a gentlemens club. The club relocated for the first time in 1881, moving to more commodious accommodations in the Downey block and it also provided rooms designed for socialization, including an expansive reading room, as well as designated areas for billiards and cards. In 1912 it moved into its own new Los Angeles Athletic Club Building at 431 West Seventh Street in Downtown Los Angeles, the twelve-story Beaux-Arts style clubhouse was designed for the LAAC by John Parkinson and George Bergstrom, and is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument. The building was notable for being the first in Southern California to have a swimming pool built on an upper floor. During its heyday, the LAAC founded a number of institutions, including the California Yacht Club. The club faced significant financial burdens due to World War II, athletes from the LAAC have earned numerous medals in the Summer Olympics, with a particularly high number during the 1932 Los Angeles Olympiad. The total Olympic medal tally for the LAAC is 97 medals, charles F. Lummis, Los Angeles Athletic Club, The Land of Sunshine, vol. Henry Winfred Splitter, Los Angeles Recreation, 1846-1900, Part 1, Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, in JSTOR Henry Winfred Splitter, Los Angeles Recreation, 1846-1900, Part 2, Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, vol. In JSTOR Los Angeles Athletic Club website List of actors who listed LAAC as their residence
6.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
7.
1956 Summer Olympics
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The 1956 Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America. Melbourne is the southernmost city to host the games, equestrian events could not be held in Australia due to quarantine regulations. This was the second Olympics not to be entirely in one country, the first being the 1920 Summer Olympics. Melbourne was selected as the host city over bids from Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Montreal and six American cities on 28 April 1949, at the 43rd IOC Session in Rome, many members of the IOC were sceptical about Melbourne as an appropriate site. Its location in the Southern Hemisphere was a concern, since the reversal of seasons would mean the Games were held during the northern winter. This was thought likely to inconvenience athletes from the Northern Hemisphere, notwithstanding these concerns, the field of candidates eventually narrowed to two Southern Hemisphere cities, these being Melbourne and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Melbourne was selected, in 1949, to host the 1956 Olympics by a one-vote margin, the above problems of the Melbourne Games were compounded by bickering over financing among Australian politicians. Faced with a shortage, the Premier of Victoria refused to allocate money for the Olympic Village. At one point, IOC President Avery Brundage suggested that Rome, as late as April 1955, Brundage was still doubtful about Melbourne, and was not satisfied by an inspection trip to the city. Construction was well under way by then, thanks to a $4.5 million federal loan to Victoria and he still held out the possibility that Rome might have to step in. By the beginning of 1956, though, it was obvious that Melbourne would be ready for the Olympics. Meanwhile, in 1956 the Soviet Union crushed the Hungarian Revolution, and the Soviet presence at the Games led to the withdrawal of the Netherlands, Cambodia, Spain, and Switzerland. Less than two weeks before the 22 November opening ceremony, the Peoples Republic of China chose to boycott the event because the Republic of China had been allowed to compete. Although the number of participating was almost the same as in 1952. Once underway, the Games unfolded smoothly, and became known as the Friendly Games. Betty Cuthbert, an 18-year-old from Sydney, won the 100- and 200-metre dashes and ran a final leg in the 4 x 100-metre relay to overcome Great Britains lead. The veteran Shirley Strickland repeated in the 80-metre hurdles and also ran on the team, running her career total to seven. Australia also did well in swimming and they won all of the freestyle races, mens and womens, and collected a total of eight gold, four silver and two bronze medals
8.
1952 Summer Olympics
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The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland, in 1952. Helsinki had been selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics. It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held and it was also the Olympic Games at which the most number of world records were broken until surpassed by the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The Soviet Union, the Peoples Republic of China, Indonesia, Israel, Thailand, Helsinki was chosen as the host city over bids from Amsterdam and five American cities at the 40th IOC Session on June 21,1947, in Stockholm, Sweden. Minneapolis and Los Angeles finished tied for second in the final voting, the voting results in chart below, These were the final Olympic Games organised under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström. For the first time, a team from the Soviet Union participated in the Olympics, the first gold medal for the USSR was won by Nina Romashkova in the womens discus throwing event. The Soviet womens gymnastics won the first of its eight consecutive gold medals. The Jewish state had been unable to participate in the 1948 Games because of its War of Independence, a previous Palestine Mandate team had boycotted the 1936 Games in protest of the Nazi regime. Indonesia made its Olympic debut with three athletes, the PRC would not return to the Summer Olympics until Los Angeles 1984. The Republic of China withdrew from the Games on July 20, the Olympic Flame was lit by two Finnish heroes, runners Paavo Nurmi and Hannes Kolehmainen. Nurmi first lit the cauldron inside the stadium, and later the flame was relayed to the tower where Kolehmainen lit it. Only the flame in the tower was burning throughout the Olympics, hungary, a country of 9 million inhabitants, won 42 medals at these games, coming in third place behind the much more populous United States and Soviet Union. Hungarys Golden Team won the tournament, beating Yugoslavia 2–0 in the final. Germany and Japan were invited after being barred in 1948, following the post-war occupation and partition, three German states had been established. Teams from the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saarland participated, though they won 24 medals, the fifth-highest total at the Games, German competitors failed to win a gold medal for the only time. Rules in equestrianism now allowed non-military officers to compete, including women, lis Hartel of Denmark became the first woman in the sport to win a medal. Emil Zátopek of Czechoslovakia won three medals in the 5000 m,10,000 m and the Marathon. The India national field hockey team won its fifth consecutive gold, bob Mathias of the United States became the first Olympian to successfully defend his decathlon title with a total score of 7,887 points
9.
1948 Summer Olympics
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The 1948 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in London, England, United Kingdom. After a 12-year hiatus because of World War II, these were the first Summer Olympics since the 1936 Games in Berlin, the 1940 Games had been scheduled for Tokyo, and then for Helsinki, the 1944 Games had been provisionally planned for London. This was the occasion that London had hosted the Olympic Games. The 1948 games were the first of two summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström, the event came to be known as the Austerity Games, because of the economic climate and post-war rationing. No new venues were built for the games, and athletes were housed in existing accommodation in the Wembley area instead of an Olympic Village, as were the 1936 Games and the subsequent 1952 Games. A record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes,3,714 men and 390 women, germany and Japan were refused permission to participate, the USSR was invited but chose not to send any athletes. The United States team won the most total medals,84, the host nation won 23 medals, three of them gold. One of the performers at the Games was Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen. Dubbed The Flying Housewife, the 30-year-old mother of two won four medals in athletics. In the decathlon, American Bob Mathias became the youngest male ever to win an Olympic gold medal at the age of 17, the most individual medals were won by Veikko Huhtanen of Finland who took three golds, a silver and a bronze in mens gymnastics. In June 1939, the International Olympic Committee awarded the 1944 Olympic Summer Games to London, ahead of Rome, Detroit, Budapest, Lausanne, Helsinki, Montreal, World War II stopped the plans and the Games were cancelled so London again stood as a candidate for 1948. Britain almost handed the 1948 games to the USA due to financial and rationing problems. The official report of the London Olympics shows that there was no case of London being pressed to run the Games against its will. As a result, a committee was set up by the British Olympic Council to work out in some detail the possibility of holding the Games. After several meetings they recommended to the council that the Lord Mayor of London should be invited to apply for the allocation of the Games in 1948. In March 1946 the IOC, through a vote, gave the summer Games to London. London was selected ahead of Baltimore, Minneapolis, Lausanne, Los Angeles, London, which had previously hosted the 1908 Summer Olympics, became the second city to host the Olympics twice, Paris hosted the event in 1900 and 1924. It became the first city to host the Olympics for the time when London hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics. E
10.
Pan American Games
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The Pan-American or Pan American Games is a major sporting event in the Americas featuring summer sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The competition is held among athletes from nations of the Americas, the only Winter Pan American Games were held in 1990. The Pan American Sports Organization is the body of the Pan American Games movement, whose structure. The XVII Pan American Games were held in Toronto from July 10–26,2015, since 2007, host cities are contracted to manage both the Pan American and the Parapan American Games, in which athletes with physical disabilities compete with one another. The Parapan American Games are held following the Pan American Games. The Pan American Games Movement consists of sports federations, National Olympic Committees that are recognized by PASO. As the decision-making body, PASO is responsible for choosing the host city for each Pan American Games, the host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the Games consistent with the Olympic Charter and rules. The Pan American Games program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games, is determined by PASO, the celebration of the Games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the flag and torch, and the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 5,000 athletes compete at the Pan American Games in 36 sports, the first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively. At the first Pan American Sports Congress, held in Buenos Aires in 1940, the plans had to be postponed because of World War II. A second Pan American Sports Congress held in London during the 1948 Summer Olympics reconfirmed Buenos Aires as the choice of host city for the inaugural games, countries that were part of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Canada did not compete at the first Pan American Games. The second games were held in Mexico City, Mexico, competitions started on March 12 and included 2,583 athletes from 22 countries, competing in 17 sports. The Pan American Games were held every four years in the cities of Chicago, United States in 1959, São Paulo, Brazil in 1963 and Winnipeg. While the inaugural 1951 Games hosted 2,513 participants representing 14 nations, during the games most athletes and officials are housed in the Pan American Games village. This village is intended to be a home for all the participants. It is furnished with cafeterias, health clinics, and locations for religious expression, PASO allows nations to compete that do not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that other international organizations demand. As a result, colonies and dependencies are permitted to set up their own National Olympic Committees, examples of this include territories such as Puerto Rico and Bermuda which compete as separate nations despite being legally under the jurisdiction of another power. There have been attempts to hold Winter Pan American Games throughout the history of the games, reliable winter snow in the Americas is limited to two countries, the United States and Canada
11.
1951 Pan American Games
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The 1951 Pan American Games were held in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 25 February-9 March 1951. During the Pan American Exposition at Dallas in 1937, a sports program was staged. These included Athletics, Boxing, and Wrestling among others and this program was considered a success and a meeting of Olympic officials from the Americas was held. At the Pan American Sports Conference held in 1940, It was decided to hold the 1st Pan American Games at Buenos Aires, Argentina, the Pan American Sports Committee was formed to govern the games. Avery Brundage, President of the USOC and Vice-President of the IOC, was elected as the first President, however, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought much of the Americas into World War II, thus forcing the cancellation of the 1942 games. A second conference was held in 1948, Avery Brundage was re-elected as the President of the PASC. It was decided that Buenos Aires would still host the 1st Pan American Games, the Greek athlete Aristeidis Roubanis lit the pebble for the first time. The inauguration event was attended by the Argentine President Juan Perón, to sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title. Note ^ The medal counts for Argentina, the United States and Chile are disputed
12.
1955 Pan American Games
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The 2nd Pan American Games opened on March 12,1955, in the University Stadium in Mexico City, Mexico, in front of a capacity crowd of 100,000 spectators. A total number of 2,583 athletes from 22 nations marched in review, the hot sun, combined with the high altitude, caused two members of the U. S. team to collapse. To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, note ^ The medal counts for the United States, Argentina and Chile are disputed
13.
United States Olympic Committee
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Founded in 1894 and headquartered in Colorado Springs, the United States Olympic Committee is the National Olympic Committee for the United States. In addition, the USOC is one of only four NOCs in the world that serve as the National Paralympic Committee for their country. The USOC is responsible for supporting, entering and overseeing U. S, the Olympic Movement is overseen by the International Olympic Committee. Similarly, the National Paralympic Committee is the governing body responsible for the selection. The USOC is one of 204 NOCs and 174 NPCs within the international Olympic and Paralympic Movements, forty-seven NGBs are members of the USOC. Unlike most other nations, the United States does not have a sports ministry, the USOC was reorganized by the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act, originally enacted in 1978. It is a federally chartered nonprofit corporation and does not receive financial support. Pursuant to the Act, the USOC has the right to use and authorize the use of Olympic-related marks, images. The USOC licenses that right to sponsors as a means of generating revenue in support of its mission, in 1921, the committee adopted a constitution and bylaws to formally organize the American Olympic Association. From 1928 to 1953, its president was Avery Brundage, who went on to become the president of the IOC. In 1940, the AOA changed its name to the United States of America Sports Federation and, in 1945, in 1950, federal mandate allowed the USOA to solicit tax-deductible contributions as a private, non-profit corporation. After several constitutional revisions were made to the charter in 1961. The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 established the USOC as the body for all Olympic-related athletic activity in the United States. The provisions protect individual athletes, and provide the USOC’s counsel, virgin Islands, which fall under the authority of separate NOCs and NPCs. U. S. Paralympics, a division of the USOC, was founded in 2001, in 2006, the USOC created the Paralympic Military Program with the goal of providing Paralympic sports as a part of the rehabilitation process for injured soldiers. The USOC moved its headquarters from New York City to Colorado Springs on July 1,1978. S, in October 2007, the ARCO Training Center in Chula Vista, California was closed temporarily due to the Harris Fire, one of many that ravaged southern California. Several national law firms were enlisted to aid, Free of charge, in responding to claims of misconduct in sport. In February 2011 the USOC launched a campaign in conjunction with the Ad Council called Play Asterisk Free aimed at teens
14.
Pole vault
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Pole vaulting is a track and field event in which a person uses a long, flexible pole as an aid to jump over a bar. Pole jumping competitions were known to the ancient Greeks, Cretans and it has been a full medal event at the Olympic Games since 1896 for men and 2000 for women. It is typically classified as one of the four jumping events in athletics, alongside the high jump, long jump. It is unusual among track and field sports in that it requires a significant amount of specialised equipment in order to participate, running speed, however, may be the most important skill required. Artificial draining of these created a network of open drains or canals intersecting each other. To cross these without getting wet, while avoiding tedious roundabout journeys over bridges, venetian gondoliers have traditionally used punting poles for moving to the shore from their boat. Distance pole vaulting competitions continue to be held annually in the lowlands around the North Sea and these far-jumping competitions are not based on height. Other early pole vaulting competitions where height was measured took place at the Ulverston Football and Cricket Club, Lancashire, north of the sands in 1843. Modern competition began around 1850 in Germany, when pole vaulting was added to the exercises of the Turner gymnastic clubs by Johann C. F. GutsMuths, in Great Britain, it was first practiced at the Caledonian Games. Initially, vaulting poles were made from materials such as bamboo or aluminum. The introduction of flexible vaulting poles in the early 1950s made from such as fiberglass or carbon fiber allowed vaulters to achieve greater height. Physical attributes such as speed, agility and strength are essential to pole vaulting effectively, the object of pole vaulting is to clear a bar or crossbar supported upon two uprights without knocking it down. In 2000, IAAF rule 260. 18a was amended, so that records can be set in a facility with or without roof. This rule was not applied retroactively, With many indoor facilities not conforming to outdoor track specifications for size and flatness, today, athletes compete in the pole vault as one of the four jumping events in track and field. Because the high jump and pole vault are both vertical jumps, the competitions are conducted similarly, each athlete can choose what height they would like to enter the competition. Once they enter, they have three attempts to clear the height, if a height is cleared, the vaulter advances to the next height, where they will have three more attempts. Once the vaulter has three consecutive misses, they are out of the competition and the highest height they cleared is their result, a no height, often denoted NH, refers to the failure of a vaulter to clear any bar during the competition. Once the vaulter enters the competition, they can choose to pass heights, similarly, after earning two misses at a height, they could pass to the next height, when they would have only one attempt
15.
Decathlon
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The decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events. The word decathlon is of Greek origin, from δέκα and ἄθλος, events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all. Performance is judged on a system in each event, not by the position achieved. The decathlon is contested mainly by athletes, while female athletes typically compete in the heptathlon. Traditionally, the title of Worlds Greatest Athlete has been given to the person who wins the Olympic decathlon. This began when King Gustav V of Sweden told Jim Thorpe, You, the current decathlon world record holder is American Ashton Eaton, who scored 9045 points at the 2015 IAAF World Championships. The event developed from the ancient pentathlon, pentathlon competitions were held at the ancient Greek Olympics. Pentathlons involved five disciplines – long jump, discus throw, javelin throw, sprint, introduced in Olympia during 708 BC, the competition was extremely popular for many centuries. By the sixth century BC, pentathlons had become part of religious games, the modern decathlon first appeared on the Olympic athletics program at the 1912 Games in Stockholm. The vast majority of international and top level mens decathlons are divided into a competition, with the track. Traditionally, all decathletes who finish the event, rather than just the winner or medal winning athletes, at major championships, the womens equivalent of the decathlon is the seven-event heptathlon, prior to 1981 it was the five-event pentathlon. However, in 2001, the IAAF approved scoring tables for a womens decathlon, the current world record holder is Austra Skujytė of Lithuania. Womens disciplines differ from mens in the way as for standalone events, the shot put, discus and javelin weigh less. The points tables used are the same as for the heptathlon in the shared events, the one-hour decathlon is a special type of decathlon in which the athletes have to start the last of ten events within sixty minutes of the start of the first event. The world record holder is Czech decathlete Robert Změlík, who achieved 7,897 points at a meeting in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, in Masters athletics, performance scores are age graded before being applied to the standard scoring table. This way, marks that would be competitive within an age division can get rated, additionally, like women, the age divisions use different implement weights and lower hurdles. Based on this system, German Rolf Geese in the M60 division, using the same scale, Nadine OConnor scored 10,234 points in the W65 division, the highest decathlon score ever recorded. The decathlon tables should not be confused with the scoring tables compiled by Bojidar Spiriev, on those tables, for example, a decathlon score of 9,006 points equates to 1,265 comparison points, the same number as a triple jump of 18 m
16.
United States presidential election, 1984
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The United States presidential election of 1984 was the 50th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6,1984, the contest was between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan from California, the Republican candidate, and former Vice President Walter Mondale from Minnesota, the Democratic candidate. Reagan carried 49 of the 50 states, becoming one of two candidates to do so. Although Mondale received 40. 6% of the vote, electoral votes are awarded on a winner-take-all basis in each state. Reagans 525 electoral votes is the highest total received by a presidential candidate and his showing ranks fifth by percentage of electoral votes received out of total available electoral votes, just shy of the 523 out of 531 received by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936. Mondales 13 electoral votes is also the second-fewest received by a second-place candidate, in the national popular vote, Reagan received 58. 8% to Mondales 40. 6% and the percentage of his margin of victory ranks 7th of all presidential elections. No candidate since then has managed to equal or surpass Reagans 1984 electoral result, also, no post-1984 Republican candidate has managed to match Reagans electoral performance in the Northeastern United States and in the West Coast states. At 73, Reagan was the oldest president and oldest presidential candidate to win a presidential election, as of 2017, this is the last time Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Hawaii, Rhode Island and Washington voted for the Republican candidate. For the only time in American history, the presidential roll call was taken concurrently with the presidential roll call. Vice President George H. W. Bush was overwhelmingly renominated and this was the last time in the 20th century that the vice presidential candidate of either major party was nominated by roll call vote. Initially, Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy, after a bid to win the 1980 Democratic nomination for president, was considered the de facto front-runner of the 1984 primary. But, after Kennedy ultimately declined to run, former Vice-President Mondale was then viewed as the favorite to win the Democratic nomination, Mondale had the largest number of party leaders supporting him, and he had raised more money than any other candidate. However, both Jackson and Hart emerged as surprising, and troublesome, opponents, Hollings dropped out two days after losing badly in New Hampshire, and endorsed Hart a week later. His disdain for his competitors was at times showcased in his comments and he notably referred to Mondale as a lapdog, and to former astronaut Glenn as Sky King who was confused in his capsule. Glenn and Askew hoped to capture the support of moderate and conservative Democrats, none of them possessed the fundraising ability of Mondale nor the grassroots support of Hart and Jackson, and none won any contests. Jackson was the second African-American to mount a campaign for the presidency. He got 3.5 million votes during the primaries, third behind Hart and he won the primaries in Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana, and split Mississippi, where there were two separate contests for Democratic delegates. Through the primaries, Jackson helped confirm the black electorates importance to the Democratic Party in the South at the time, during the campaign, however, Jackson made an off-the-cuff reference to Jews as Hymies and New York City as Hymietown, for which he later apologized
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President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
18.
Far-right politics
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Far-right politics are right-wing politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right. Far-right politics often involve a focus on tradition, real or imagined, as opposed to policies, right-wing populism, a political ideology often combines laissez-faire, nationalism, ethnocentrism and anti-elitism is often described as far-right. Right-wing populism often involves appeals to common man and opposition to immigration, far-right politics include but are not limited to aspects of authoritarianism, anti-communism, and nativism. Claims that superior people should proportionally have greater rights than people are sometimes associated with the far right. The far right has historically favoured an elitist society based on its belief in the legitimacy of the rule of a supposed superior minority over the inferior masses. However, right-wing populist ideologies which are described by commentators as far-right often use appeals to the common man as opposed to the appeals of the elites. Far-right politics sometimes involves anti-immigration and anti-integration stances towards groups that are deemed inferior, hence, far right politics is associated with Othering. According to Christina Liang, this field is especially peculiar about its terminology. Each label carries with it a specific understanding of family of political parties as well as a particular set of assumptions regarding their origins. In an extensive survey of the literature, academic Cas Mudde found 26 definitions of right-wing extremism that contained 57 different ideological features, there is also debate about how appropriate the labels fascist or neo-Fascist are. Mudde lists nativism, authoritarianism, and populism as core elements of populist radical right political parties, in the United States, the term hard right and Alt-right have been used to describe groups such as the Tea Party movement and the Patriot movement. The term has also used to describe ideologies such as Paleoconservatism, Dominion Theology. The German political scientist Klaus von Beyme describes three phases in the development of far-right parties in Western Europe after World War II. From 1945 to the mid-1950s, far-right parties were marginalised, and their ideologies were discredited due to the recent existence and defeat of Nazism. Thus in the immediately following World War II, the main objective of far-right parties was survival. From the mid-1950s to the 1970s, the so-called populist protest phase emerged with sporadic electoral success, the most common demand-side theories are the social breakdown thesis, the relative deprivation thesis, the modernisation losers thesis and the ethnic competition thesis. The rise of political parties has also been viewed as a rejection of post-materialist values on the part of some voters. This theory which is known as the reverse post-material thesis blames both left-wing and progressive parties for embracing a post-material agenda that alienates traditional working class voters, another study argues that individuals who join far-right parties determine whether those parties develop into major political players or whether they remain marginalized
19.
White nationalism
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White nationalism is a type of nationalism or pan-nationalism which holds the belief that white people are a race and seeks to develop and maintain a white national identity. Its proponents identify with and are attached to the concept of a white nation, White nationalists seek to ensure the survival of the white race, and the cultures of historically white states. They hold that white people should maintain their majority in majority-white countries, maintain their political and economic dominance, White separatism and white supremacy are subgroups of white nationalism. Separatists seek a state, supremacists believe that white people are superior to non-whites. Both subgroups generally avoid the term supremacy because it has negative connotations, White nationalists argue that every race feels a natural affection for its own kind. They advocate racial self-preservation and claim that culture is a product of race, White nationalists seek to ensure the survival of the white race, and the cultures of historically white nations. They hold that white people should maintain their majority in mainly-white countries, maintain their dominance of its political and economic life, and that their culture should be foremost. According to white nationalist Samuel T. Francis, it is a movement that rejects equality as an ideal, Jared Taylor, a white nationalist, claims that similar racial views were held by many mainstream American leaders before the 1950s. According to Samuel P. Huntington, white nationalists argue that the shift in the United States towards non-whites brings a new culture that is intellectually and morally inferior. They argue that with this demographic shift comes affirmative action, immigrant ghettos, most American white nationalists say immigration should be restricted to people of European ancestry. Most white nationalists define white people in a restricted way, some white nationalists draw on 19th-century racial taxonomy. Some white nationalists, such as Jared Taylor, have argued that Jews can be considered white, different racial theories, such as Nordicism and Germanism, define different groups as white, both excluding some southern and eastern Europeans because of a perceived racial taint. The White Australia policy was semi-official government policy in Australia until the mid twentieth century and it restricted non-white immigration to Australia and gave preference to British migrants over all others. The Barton Government, which won the first elections following Federation in 1901, was formed by the Protectionist Party with the support of the Australian Labor Party. Barton argued in favour of the bill, The doctrine of the equality of man was never intended to apply to the equality of the Englishman and the Chinaman. The passage chosen for the test could often be difficult, so that even if the test was given in English. The test enabled immigration officials to exclude individuals on the basis of race without explicitly saying so, although the test could theoretically be given to any person arriving in Australia, in practice it was given selectively on the basis of race. This test was later abolished in 1958, Australian Prime Minister Stanley Bruce supported the White Australia policy, and made it an issue in his campaign for the 1925 Australian Federal election
20.
David Duke
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David Ernest Duke is an American white nationalist, politician, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, Holocaust denier, and former Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. A former one-term Republican Louisiana State Representative, he was a candidate in the Democratic presidential primaries in 1988, Duke unsuccessfully ran for the Louisiana State Senate, United States Senate, United States House of Representatives, and Governor of Louisiana. Duke speaks against what he describes as Jewish control of the Federal Reserve Bank, the U. S. federal government, David Duke was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to David Duke Sr. and Alice Maxine Crick. As the son of an engineer for Shell Oil Company, Duke frequently moved with his family around the world and they lived a short time in the Netherlands before settling in Louisiana. In the late 1960s, Duke met William Luther Pierce, the leader of the white nationalist and antisemitic National Alliance, Duke joined the Ku Klux Klan in 1967. The same year, to protest lawyer William Kunstlers appearance at Tulane University in New Orleans, picketing and holding parties on the anniversary of Hitlers birth, he became notorious on the LSU campus for wearing a Nazi uniform. Duke says that he spent nine months in Laos, calling it a tour of duty. He actually went to Laos in order to join his father and his father helped him gain a job teaching English to Laotian military officers, from which he was dismissed after six weeks when he drew a Molotov cocktail on the blackboard. He also claimed to have gone behind enemy lines 20 times at night to drop rice to anti-communist insurgents in planes flying 10 feet off the ground, narrowly avoiding receiving a shrapnel wound. Two Air America pilots who were in Laos at that time said that the planes only flew during the day, one pilot suggested that it might have been possible for Duke to have gone on a safe milk run once or twice but no more than that. Duke was also unable to recall the name of the airfield that he had used, Duke graduated from LSU in 1974. Shortly after graduation, Duke founded the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, in January 1972, Duke was arrested in New Orleans for inciting a riot. Thompson and LaCoste dressed in Klan robes for the occasion and placed a Confederate flag at the monument, the Black Panthers began throwing bricks at the pair, but police arrived in time to prevent serious injury. Duke first ran for the Louisiana Senate as a Democrat from a Baton Rouge district in 1975, during his campaign, he was allowed to speak on the college campuses of Vanderbilt University, Indiana University, the University of Southern California, Stanford University, and Tulane University. He received 11,079 votes, one-third of those cast, in October 1979, he ran as a Democrat for the 10th District Senate seat and finished second in a three-candidate race with 9,897 votes. In the late 1970s, Duke was accused by several Klan officials of stealing the organizations money, another Klan official under Duke, Jerry Dutton, told reporters that Duke had used Klan funds to purchase and refurbish his home in Metairie. Duke later justified the repairs by saying most of his home was used by the Klan, Duke allegedly conducted a direct-mail appeal in 1987, using the identity and mailing-list of the Georgia Forsyth County Defense League without permission. League officials described it as a fundraising scam, in 1988, Duke ran initially in the Democratic presidential primaries
21.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, also known as U of I, University of Illinois, UIUC, or simply Illinois, is a public research-intensive university in the U. S. state of Illinois. Founded in 1867 as a land-grant institution in the cities of Champaign and Urbana, it is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system. In fiscal year 2015, total research expedentures at Illinois totaled $640 million, the campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States after Harvard University. The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus, the university comprises 17 colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. Additionally, the university operates an extension that offers programs to more than 1.5 million registrants per year around the state of Illinois. The university holds 647 buildings on 4,552 acres and its operating budget in 2016 was over $2 billion. Even though Illinois is a university, only about 12% of the budget comes from the state. Between several cities, Urbana was selected in 1867 as the site for the new school, the University opened for classes on March 2,1868, and had two faculty members and 77 students. Gregory is largely credited with establishing the University as it is today, Gregorys grave is on the Urbana campus, between Altgeld Hall and the Henry Administration Building. His headstone reads, If you seek his monument, look about you, the Library, which opened with the school in 1868, started with 1,039 volumes. Subsequently, President Edmund J. James, in a speech to the Board of Trustees in 1912 and it is now one of the worlds largest public academic collections. In 1870, the Mumford House was constructed as a farmhouse for the schools experimental farm. The Mumford House remains the oldest structure on campus, the original University Hall was the fourth building built, it stood where the Illini Union stands today. During the Presidency of Edmund J. James, James is credited for building the foundation of the large Chinese international student population on campus, on June 11,1929, the Alma Mater statue was unveiled. The Alma Mater was established by donations by the Alumni Fund, the University replaced the original university hall with Gregory Hall and the Illini Union. After World War II, the university experienced rapid growth, the enrollment doubled and the academic standing improved. This period was marked by large growth in the Graduate College and increased federal support of scientific. During the 1950s and ’60s the university experienced the turmoil common on many American campuses, among these were the water fights of the fifties and sixties
22.
Wheaties
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Wheaties is a brand of General Mills breakfast cereal. It is well known for featuring prominent athletes on the exterior of the package, primarily a wheat and bran mixture baked into flakes, it was introduced in 1924. Wheaties was created in 1922, as a result of a spill of a wheat bran mixture onto a hot stove by a Minnesota clinician working for the Washburn Crosby Company. Soon after, the name was changed to Wheaties as a result of an employee contest won by the wife of an export manager. Other names passed over included Nutties and Gold Medal Wheat Flakes, Wheaties began to be advertised on Minneapoliss WCCO radio station on December 24,1926, with the first-ever commercial jingle. The first such slogan on the new signboard was penned by Knox Reeves, when asked what should be placed on the sign for Wheaties, Reeves sketched a Wheaties box on a pad of paper, thought for a moment, and wrote Wheaties-The Breakfast of Champions. Throughout the 1930s, Wheaties increased in popularity with its sponsorship of baseball broadcasting, during these events, athlete testimonials about Wheaties were used to demonstrate that Wheaties was indeed the breakfast of champions. In 1934 athletes began to be depicted on the Wheaties boxes, starting with baseball star Lou Gehrig, the heyday of Wheaties came in the 1930s and early 1940s, as testimonials peaked from nearly every sport imaginable. Wheaties maintained brand recognition through its association with sports. It became so popular that in the 1939 All-star game,46 of the 51 players endorsed the cereal, in the months following, Wheaties became one of the sponsors of the very first televised sports broadcast to allow commercials. Red Barber was the play-by-play broadcaster, although full commercial television would not be authorized until July 1,1941, the FCC allowed commercials to be inserted in this particular, special event broadcast as a test. Barber had to ad-lib three live commercials, one for each Dodger sponsor, for Procter & Gamble, he held up a bar of Ivory Soap. For Socony, Barber put on a Mobil gas station cap, for General Mills, he poured Wheaties into a bowl, added milk and sugar on top, then proclaimed Now thats the breakfast of champions. There was not a cue card in sight, Barber said, a measure of the products familiarity is the reference in the 1941 baseball song Joltin Joe DiMaggio, performed by Les Brown and his orchestra during DiMaggios record hitting streak. In the song, DiMaggio gets a base hit. He was awarded a paid trip to the Cubs spring training camp in California. This led to his film career, thus the Wheaties claim of perhaps leading Reagan into show business. Due to increasing costs in the 1940s of sponsorship of broadcasting and these were less effective than the overall sponsorship, yet also greatly reduced costs for advertising of the product
23.
CIF California State Meet
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The CIF California State Meet is the annual championship track and field meet for the California Interscholastic Federation. The meet was started in 1915 for boys and 1974 for girls, every athlete in every high school in California has a direct qualification path that can reach the state meet. In recent years a minimum of 27 athletes in each event reach this final meet of the official track, beyond those 27 who can qualify by placing in their individual section finals, at-large standards have been established to allow additional competitors to make the field. The meet and the organization has some changes in format over the years. The city of San Francisco chose not to affiliate with the CIF until 1945, Oakland, no meet was held during World War II 1942-1945. Until 1962, it was a single day meet, while the meet has had years of venue stability, it has also been moved around the various top stadiums throughout the state. Since 2009, the current venue of choice is the centrally located Buchanan High School in Clovis, in 1984, the CIF California State Meet was held at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the test run for logistics before the 1984 Summer Olympics at the same venue. Regardless of the location it has annually been the best, or among the best attended track and field meets in California, frequently with recorded attendance as high as 16,000
24.
Church of the Brethren
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The Church of the Brethren is a Christian denomination with origins in the Schwarzenau Brethren that was organized in 1708 by Alexander Mack in Schwarzenau, Germany. The Brethren movement began as a melding of Radical Pietist and Anabaptist ideas during the Protestant Reformation, the first of its churches in the United States was established in 1723. These church bodies became known as Dunkards, and more formally as German Baptist Brethren. The denomination holds the New Testament as its only creed, historically, the church has taken a strong stance for nonresistance or pacifism—it is one of the three historic peace churches, alongside the Mennonites and Quakers. Distinctive practices include believers baptism by immersion, a threefold love feast consisting of feet washing, a fellowship meal, and communion, anointing for healing. The Church of the Brethren represents the largest body descending from Macks Schwarzenau Brethren church, the church had 122,810 members as of June 2010 and 1,047 congregations in the United States and Puerto Rico as of August 2010. Six liberal arts colleges and one seminary are related to the Church of the Brethren, general offices and the Brethren Press are located in Elgin, Illinois. In 1948, the Church of the Brethren joined the World Council of Churches as a member and was a forming member of the National Council of Churches in 1950. Five men and three women gathered at the Eder, a river that flows through Schwarzenau, to perforrm baptism as an outward symbol of their new faith. One of the members of the group first baptized Mack, who then, in turn and these eight Christians referred to themselves as the New Baptists. The name alluded to the use of the name Täufer by the Mennonites, the denomination reorganized in America and founded its first American congregation on Christmas Day 1723 in Germantown, Pennsylvania, then a village outside Philadelphia. They became known as German Baptists, in 1871, the denomination adopted the name, The German Baptist Brethren Church. Until the early 20th century, Brethren were colloquially called Tunkers or Dunkers, in 1728, Conrad Beissel, a Brethren minister at Conestoga renounced his association with the Brethren and formed his own group in Ephrata, Pennsylvania. They came to be known as the Ephrata Cloister, Beissel practiced a mystical form of Christianity. He encouraged celibacy and a vegetarian diet, after the Beissel split, the Brethren split several times because of doctrinal differences. The most conservative members emphasized consistency, obedience, and the order of the Brethren and they opposed the use of musical instruments, Sunday schools, and worldly amusements. They promoted plain dress, simple living, and church discipline, the progressives in the church focused on grace and acceptance. They promoted higher education, salaried ministers, Sunday schools, the majority of Brethren held a position between the two extremes
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Yelena Isinbayeva
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Yelena Gadzhievna Isinbayeva is a Russian former pole vaulter. She is a two-time Olympic gold medalist, a three-time World Champion, the current world record holder in the event and she retired from athletics in August 2016 after being elected to serve an 8-year term on the IOCs Athletes Commission. Isinbayeva has been a champion on nine occasions. She was also the winner of the IAAF Golden League series in 2007 and 2009. After poor performances at the championships in 2009 and 2010. She became the first woman to clear the five-metre barrier in 2005 and her current world record is 5.06 m outdoors, set in Zurich in August 2009. Her 5.01 m indoors was the record for just over a year. The latter was Isinbayevas twenty-eighth pole vault world record, on 2 March 2013, Jenn Suhr joined Isinbayeva as the only women who have cleared 5 metres. In the process, Suhr took Isinbayevas indoor world record, Isinbayeva was named Female Athlete of the Year by the IAAF in 2004,2005 and 2008, and World Sportswoman of the Year by Laureus in 2007 and 2009. She was given the Prince of Asturias Award for Sports in 2009 and she is one of only nine athletes to win world championships at the youth, junior, and senior level of an athletic event. Born to a Tabasaran father and a Russian mother in Volgograd and she ultimately left the sport because, as she grew, she was considered too tall to be competitive in gymnastics, ultimately attaining a height of 1.74 metres. Six months after having taken up pole-vaulting she won her first major victory at age 16 during the 1998 World Youth Games in Moscow and it was her third athletic competition. She jumped the same height at the 1998 World Junior Championships in Annecy, France, in 1999, Isinbayeva improved on this height at the World Youth Championships in Bydgoszcz, Poland when she cleared 4.10 m to take her second gold medal. At the 2000 World Juniors Isinbayeva again took first place clearing 4.20 m ahead of German Annika Becker, the same year the womens pole vault made its debut as an Olympic event in Sydney, Australia where Stacy Dragila of the United States took gold. In the same event Isinbayeva did not make it out of the qualifying round and she won another gold medal in 2001, this time at the European Junior Championships with a winning height of 4.40 m. 2003 was another year of progression and saw Isinbayeva win the European Under 23 Championships gold with 4.65 m and she ended up winning the bronze medal with Feofanova taking gold and Becker the silver. At a meeting at Donetsk, Ukraine, Isinbayeva set a new world record. Feofanova responded the following week by breaking the record by a centimetre in Heraklion, on 25 July in Birmingham, England, Isinbayeva reclaimed the record jumping 4.89 m and five days later in Crystal Palace, London, added a further centimetre to the record
26.
National Track and Field Hall of Fame
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The stated goal of the Hall is to reflect upon, appreciate, and honor the past by saluting Americans who have made important contributions to the history of Track and Field. Inductees to the Hall of Fame include athletes, coaches, contributors, officials, event directors, journalists, the USA Track & Field has been inducting members into the Hall since 1974. Currently there are 249 people enshrined, the National Track and Field Hall of Fame was founded in Charleston, West Virginia in 1974. The museum moved to Indianapolis, Indiana in 1985 when it came under the auspices of USA Track & Field, the Indianapolis museum closed in 1996 when the exhibits were moved for the 1996 Centennial Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. The exhibits were displayed in Los Angeles, California before touring across the nation as a traveling museum until 2002 when The Armory building was chosen as its permanent location. Exhibits include the original 1976 Nike Waffle Trainers and a singlet, the nomination criteria differs for the type of inductee as follows, Only open class accomplishments are considered. Contributors may also be nominated for having achieved other outstanding accomplishments, also under USATF is the Masters Hall of Fame, created in 1996 and the Officials Hall of Fame created in 2007. The membership of two halls are selected by separate committees of those divisions of USATF for separate achievements in those divisions. As such, there is duplication of names. Those members currently exist as a list of honored names, but have no representation at the hall in New York City. Each February, the National Track & Field Board and Screening Committee begins to actively seek nominations which are due by May 1 each year, on May 15, all nominations are compiled by the national staff of USA Track & Field. All nominations are reviewed by the Hall of Fame Screening Committee which is charged with forwarding the best candidates eligible to the voters. The membership of the Committee is confidential, the Committee has full authority to make nominations to create the best ballot possible. The Staff Coordinator for the Hall of Fame creates the ballot of ten nominees, the ballot is then reviewed by the President of the Hall of Fame and chair of the Screening Committee before being forwarded to the voters near the end of July. The voters include inducted Hall of Famers, the Hall of Fame committee members and selected members of the Track and Field Writers of America. Each voter has one vote and any voter who fails to cast a ballot for two years may be removed from the list of eligible voters until they request and cast a ballot in a subsequent year. All ballots must be returned to the firm responsible for tabulation of votes by August 29. In the beginning of September, Accounting firm, chair of the Screening Committee, located at The Armory Foundation, at 216 Fort Washington Avenue in Washington Heights, New York the museum is split into three levels
27.
Track and field
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Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC
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Masters athletics
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Masters athletics is a class of the sport of athletics for veteran athletes in the events of track and field, road running and cross country running. The competitions feature five-year age groups beginning at age 35, men as old as 105 and women in their 100s have competed in running, jumping and throwing events. Masters are sometimes known as veterans, since at least the early 1930s, middle-aged athletes in Europe, Australia and New Zealand have competed with younger athletes, especially in cross country and road races. Some were active into their 50s, and on the track, Briton Don Finlay recorded a 14. 4-second mark in the 120-yard high hurdles in 1949 at age 40, according to the biennial handbook published by World Masters Athletics. In 1966, San Diego civil lawyer David Pain began organizing what he called masters miles at indoor and outdoor track meets and he and others soon launched the U. S. National Masters Championships, where everyone 40 and over competed together. The inaugural meet, at San Diegos Balboa Stadium, was held July 19–20,1968, the second U. S. masters nationals, July 3–6,1969, drew 200 athletes and introduced 10-year age groups for all events. Inspired by these first nationals, participants founded their own masters meets across the United States, also helping light a fire under sedentary seniors was retired Air Force Maj. Kenneth H. Cooper, a physician whose 1968 book Aerobics created a running craze, in December 1973, another tour by the Pains, with 51 athletes, traveled to the South Pacific and Oceania for more age-group competitions. Former Chilean decathlete Hernán Figueroa instigated development of organizations across South America, the first World Masters Championships were held August 11–16,1975, in Toronto, Ontario. Men and women from 32 nations took part, a meeting at the University of Toronto saw the election of a steering committee to plan an international governing body for masters track. The inaugural Americas Masters Games is being held in Vancouver in 2016, World Masters Athletics is the worldwide governing body for Masters athletics. It provides a standard of rule modifications for athletes of a certain age. Each individual country governs its own affairs with a governing body that is an affiliate to WMA. The World Association of Veteran Athletes was founded August 9,1977, at the second World Masters Athletics Championships in Gothenburg, World masters championships have been held outdoors every two years ever since, and a biennial World Masters Indoor Championships debuted in March 2004 in Sindelfingen, Germany. The most recent outdoor world meet was in 2011 in Sacramento, the most recent Indoor Championships were held in Jyväskylä, Finland in April 2012. WAVA, as it was known, later changed its name to World Masters Athletics, WMA has been working to coordinate its outdoor championship schedule with the International Masters Games Association, which holds the multisport World Masters Games every four years. The first official Age-Graded Tables were compiled by WAVA and published by National Masters News in 1989, revisions were released in 1991,1994,2006 and 2010. The tables can be applied to five-year age groups or individual ages from 8 to 100, the only official use of the Age-Graded Tables by WMA is in scoring multi-event competitions
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Gordon, Texas
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Gordon is a city in Palo Pinto County, Texas, United States. The population was 478 at the 2010 Census, Gordon is located at 32°32′39″N 98°21′58″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.0 square mile. Gordons history begins in 1864 with the founding of the community of Hampton, the town of Gordon was planned by the Texas and Pacific Railway one mile south of Hampton in 1874. The new town was named Gordon after the engineer responsible for surveying the townsite land. The railroad was built through the area in 1880, and the following year Hampton was moved to meet the railroad. The first classes at the Gordon School were held in 1882, Gordon High School was built in 1887, and by 1889 Gordon possessed five general stores, three drug stores, three hotels, three cotton gins, and a reported population of 300 residents. By 1901, Gordon had telephone service and the city got its own plant in 1912. The city has managed to survive as a point of commerce and shipping for local ranching, as of the 2000 Census, Gordon claimed 451 residents. As of the census of 2000, there were 451 people,190 households, the population density was 467.2 people per square mile. There were 228 housing units at a density of 236.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 23% White,1. 11% Native American,0. 44% Pacific Islander,1. 11% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 10% of the population. 30. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.93. In the city, the population was out with 25. 9% under the age of 18,7. 8% from 18 to 24,22. 2% from 25 to 44,23. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 79.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.5 males, the median income for a household in the city was $33,056, and the median income for a family was $41,750. Males had an income of $40,156 versus $20,781 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,307, about 8. 1% of families and 13. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21. 4% of those under age 18 and 15. 3% of those age 65 or over
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American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
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Anthology series
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An anthology series is a radio or television series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode or season/series. Some anthology series, such as Studio One, began on radio, many popular old-time radio programs were anthology series. On some series, such as Inner Sanctum Mysteries, the constant was the host. One of the earliest such programs was The Collier Hour, broadcast on the NBC Blue Network from 1927 to 1932, as radios first major dramatic anthology, it adapted stories and serials from Colliers Weekly in a calculated move to increase subscriptions and compete with The Saturday Evening Post. Weird The Haunting Hour The Sealed Book Mystery in the Air The Weird Circle Quiet, the stars would own the studio and the program, as Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz had done successfully with Desilu studio. Powell had intended for the program to feature himself, Charles Boyer, Joel McCrea, when Russell and McCrea backed out, David Niven came on board as the third star. The fourth star was initially a guest star, CBS liked the idea, and Four Star Playhouse made its debut in fall of 1952. It ran on alternate weeks only during the first season, alternating with Amos n Andy and it was successful enough to be renewed and became a weekly program from the second season until the end of its run in 1956. Ida Lupino was brought on board as the de facto fourth star, though unlike Powell, Boyer, American television networks would sometimes run summer anthology series which consisted of unsold television pilots. Beginning in 1971, the long-run Masterpiece Theatre drama anthology series brought British productions to American television. k. a. Billy Roses Playbill Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre The Bold Ones Broadway Television Theatre Buick-Electra Playhouse Cameo Theatre Camera Three The Campbell Playhouse, Campbell Soundstage and Campbell Summer Soundstage Cavalcade of America CBS Playhouse CBS Summer Playhouse CBS Television Workshop CBS Workshop, a. k. a. CBS Repertoire Workshop Celanese Theatre Celebrity Playhouse Center Stage Cheer Television Theatre The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre a. k. a, Chevrolet on Broadway Chevron Hall of Stars Chevron Theatre Climax. Gruen Guild Theatre The Gulf Playhouse Hallmark Hall of Fame Hollywood Opening Night Hollywood Premiere Theatre, Hollywood Theatre Time International Playhouse John Waters Presents Movies That Will Corrupt You The Joseph Cotten Show, a. k. a. k. a. Max Liebman Presents Medallion Theatre, a. k. a, grimms Fairy Tale Classics Happily Ever After, Fairy Tales for Every Child The Harveytoons Show KaBlam. Late Night, Black and White Legends of Bikini Bottom Liquid Television The Looney Tunes Show Mickey Mouse Works Mickeys Mouse Tracks O Canada Off the Air Oh Yeah. Cartoons The Pink Panther Show The Popeye Show The Porky Pig Show Princes et princesses Random. M. k. a. Terribles House of Horrible The Eddie Cantor Comedy Theatre El Chapulín Colorado Ripping Yarns George Burns Comedy Week Good Heavens Human Remains Inside No. k. a. k. a. k. a. k. a, orson Welles Great Mysteries Out of the Fog Panic. Way of Life Family Theater Insight Lamp Unto My Feet Look Up, the Fisher Family Alcoa Presents, One Step Beyond Amazing Stories American Horror Story Are You Afraid of the Dark. L. k. a
32.
Cavalcade of America
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It was initially broadcast on radio from 1935 to 1953, and later on television from 1952 to 1957. Originally on CBS, the series pioneered the use of drama for company audio advertising. Cavalcade of America documented historical events using stories of courage, initiative and achievement. The series was intended to improve DuPonts public image after World War I, the show started as part of a successful campaign to reinvigorate DuPont. In the early 1930s, the Nye Committee investigations concluded that DuPont had made a fortune profiteering in World War I, the company stood accused of encouraging an arms race between World War I enemies, after being heavily subsidized by the Allies to increase black powder production. The negative effects of the left the company demoralized, directionless. DuPonts products were not for public consumption, so there was no purpose in promoting them through advertising. As a solution to DuPonts troubles, Roy Durstine, then director of Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn. This was to be an important element in the successful re-branding of DuPont as an American legacy engaged in making products for the well-being of Americans, DuPonts image problems led the company to promote some pacifist and socialist ideals. For scripts, the program was able to attract such prominent writers as Maxwell Anderson, Stephen Vincent Benét, Carl Sandburg. This is the cast listing according to The Concise Encyclopedia of American Radio, narrator Walter Huston Actors, Cavalcade of America made a major impact in radio advertising during its run on the air. This forced Cavalcade of America to fall in line with avoiding the use of many radio cliches of the day, including gunfire and depicting blacks on the radio. The writers of Cavalcade of America supported this move by DuPont, with new writers and a world-class PR firm, DuPont was able to shake the “merchant of death” label and remained a sponsor for a top radio program. Cavalcade of America was an exercise in corporate image-building. DuPont promoted itself as a hero for America and this type of propaganda was shrewd but effective, it put a corporate image behind the real-life heroes that lived a century before. This was not necessarily advertising, since individuals could not go to the store, the series also gave history and chemistry more prestige than it would have otherwise had. By making the show thrilling, but not over-sensationalized, DuPont was able to better its own branding, on May 15,1940 DuPont made nylon womens hosiery available to the public and began an advertising blitz. The day was designated N-day by DuPonts marketeers, and an episode of Cavalcade of America was markedly different, DuPont selected a typical housewife to interview G. P
33.
The Lincoln Academy of Illinois
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The Lincoln Academy of Illinois is a not-for-profit and non-partisan organization dedicated to recognizing contributions made by living Illinoisans. The Academy administers the Order of Lincoln, the highest award given by the U. S. State of Illinois, each year several people are presented the award at a ceremony presided over by the Academy President, the Governor of Illinois. Several prominent individuals have received the award, after visiting the Illinois exhibit at the 1964 Worlds Fair in New York, theater producer Michael Butler was inspired to start an organization to honor distinguished Illinoisans. Butler, who was head of the states Organization for Economic Development, submitted a proposal to this effect to Governor Otto Kerner. The Governor accepted the proposal and named Butler the first Chancellor of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois on December 2,1964, the first convocation to honor Lincoln Laureates was held on February 12,1965, at the Chicago Historical Society. Since that time, over 300 Illinoisans have received the award, the Academy began awarding Student Laureate awards to outstanding college students in 1975. The Academy is overseen by the President, who is always the incumbent Governor of Illinois, all other officers are elected for four-year terms by a panel of 18 Regents, who act as the Board of Directors. The chief executive officer is known as the Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor performs the duties of the Chancellor in his/her absence. Major administrative duties are carried out by the Executive Director, finances are handled by a Treasurer, and meeting minutes are certified by a Secretary. The organization also has three types of trustees, General Trustees, Academic Trustees, and Rectors, there are 60 General Trustees, each of whom is appointed for six-year terms by the President of the Academy or current Trustees. There are ten Rectors, who represent each of the categories of endeavor from which the Academy selects its award recipients, the Lincoln Academy elects several Laureates each year to the Order of Lincoln, the highest award given by the State of Illinois. The award is presented at a public ceremony presided over by the President of the Academy. The ceremony rotates every three years between Springfield, Chicago, and other areas of the state, honorees are presented with the Badge of the Academy and a citation listing the reasons for their selection as Laureates. Nominees for the award must be Illinoisans either by birth or residence, Laureates are then selected at a meeting of the Regents and Trustees. Each student, nominated by his/her respective institution, is named a Student Laureate and receives the Lincoln Medal, a certificate of merit, and a civic engagement monetary award. Student Laureates are chosen by the executive officers of their respective institutions. Student Laureates are honored for their excellence in curricular and extracurricular activities. The ceremony is held in the Old State Capitol, and is followed by a luncheon with the Governor at the Executive Mansion
34.
ESPN
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ESPN is a U. S. -based global cable and satellite sports television channel owned by ESPN Inc. a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and the Hearst Corporation. ESPN broadcasts primarily from studio facilities located in Bristol, Connecticut, the network also operates offices in Miami, New York City, Seattle, Charlotte, and Los Angeles. John Skipper currently serves as president of ESPN, a position he has held since January 1,2012, as of February 2015, ESPN is available to approximately 94,396,000 paid television households in the United States. In 2011, ESPNs history and rise was chronicled by These Guys Have All the Fun, Bill Rasmussen conceived the concept of ESPN in late May 1978, after he was fired from his job with the World Hockey Associations New England Whalers. One of the first steps in Bill and his son Scotts process was finding land to build the channels broadcasting facilities, the Rasmussens first rented office space in Plainville, Connecticut. However, the plan to base ESPN there was put on hold because a local ordinance prohibiting buildings from bearing rooftop satellite dishes and this helped the credibility of the fledgling company, however there were still many doubters to the viability of their sports channel concept. ESPN launched on September 7,1979, beginning with the first telecast of what would become the flagship program. Taped in front of a live audience inside the Bristol studios. ESPNs next big break came when the acquired the rights to broadcast coverage of the early rounds of the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament. It first aired the NCAA tournament in March 1980, creating the modern day television event known as March Madness. The channels tournament coverage also launched the career of Dick Vitale. In April of that year, ESPN created another made-for-TV spectacle, the next major stepping stone for ESPN came over the course of a couple of months in 1984. During this time period, the American Broadcasting Company purchased 100% of ESPN from the Rasmussens, for years, the NFL, NBA and Major League Baseball refused to consider cable as a means of broadcasting some of their games. However, with the backing of ABC, ESPNs ability to compete for major sports contracts greatly increased, later in 1984, the U. S. ESPNs Sunday Night Football games would become the highest-rated NFL telecasts for the next 17 years. In 1992, ESPN launched ESPN Radio, a sports talk radio network providing analysis. It became the fastest growing cable channel in the U. S. during the 1990s, ownership of ABC, and in effect control of ESPN, was acquired first by Capital Cities Communications in 1985, and then by The Walt Disney Company in 1996. In 2012, ESPN generated more revenue for Disney than any of its other properties combined, alongside its live sports broadcasts, ESPN also airs a variety of sports highlight, talk, and documentary-styled shows. 30 for 30 started airing in 2009 and continues airing to this day, each episode is through the eyes of a well known filmmaker and has featured some of the biggest directors in Hollywood
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30 for 30
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30 for 30 is the umbrella title for a series of documentary films airing on ESPN, its sister networks, and online highlighting interesting people and events in sports history. This includes three volumes of 30 episodes each, a 13-episode series under the ESPN Films Presents title in 2011–2012, the series has also expanded to include Soccer Stories, which aired in advance of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The idea for the series began in 2007 from ESPN. com columnist and Grantland. com founder Bill Simmons, Volume I premiered in October 2009 and ran through December 2010, chronicling 30 stories from the ESPN era, beginning with the networks founding in 1979. Subsequent films, including Volume II and online-only shorts, expanded the series beyond the ESPN era, in 2010, John Dahl, Connor Schell and Simmons served as 30 for 30s executive producers. Unless otherwise noted, the films are all 60 minutes in length. Other films were announced for Volume I of the series but were not included. These films, which began airing in 2011, are a continuation of 30 for 30, according to 30 for 30 producer Bill Simmons, Were spinning off the 30 for 30 series next year into something that will probably be called 30 for 30 Presents or something like that. Were going to be putting out 4–5 sports docs per year on the level of the best 30 for 30 docs and we have some terrific ideas in the hopper. So even though the SMU doc will be the 30th one dont think the spirit of the series is going away. These additional films include, On May 15,2012, it was announced that the 30 for 30 series would return in October 2012, the documentaries were integrated with Grantland. com by podcasts, feature stories and oral histories. Unless otherwise noted, the films are all 90 minutes in length. In September 2015, it was announced that 30 for 30 would return for a volume of 30 films. Made in America, which was directed by Ezra Edelman, was billed as an event in the 30 for 30 series. The five-part documentary series examines the life of O. J and it ultimately received the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 89th Academy Awards. Additionally, a 10-part vignette series, titled Coraçao, about Brazils rich history, on September 7,2016, it was announced that ESPN Films and ESPN Audio would produce 30 for 30 Podcasts, set to launch in early 2017. The series will report on new stories using a narrative podcasting approach. The series had a slow beginning, the first film, Peter Bergs Kings Ransom, a chronicle of Wayne Gretzkys trade from the Edmonton Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings, premiered on October 6,2009 to poor ratings. Kings Ransom drew a 0.5 national rating and a viewership of 645,000.5 rating
36.
Documentary film
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A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
