1.
Bois-Colombes
–
Bois-Colombes is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9 km from the center of Paris and it is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. International companies such as Colgate-Palmolive, IBM and AVIVA have their French quarter in Bois Colombes, the current mayor of Bois Colombes is Yves Révillon. The commune of Bois-Colombes was created on 13 March 1896 by detaching its territory from the commune of Colombes, Bois-Colombes is served by two stations on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line, Bois-Colombes and Les Vallées
Bois-Colombes
–
The town hall in Bois-Colombes
Bois-Colombes
–
Notre-Dame de Bon Secours
Bois-Colombes
–
Rue des Bourguignons
2.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
3.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
4.
House music
–
House music is a genre of electronic music created by club DJs and music producers in Chicago in the early 1980s. Early house music was characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals. While house displayed several characteristics similar to music, it was more electronic and minimalistic. House music became popular in Chicago clubs in 1984 and it was pioneered by figures such as Frankie Knuckles, Phuture, Kym Mazelle, and Mr. Fingers, and was associated with African-American and gay subcultures. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, Baltimore, in the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream pop, in the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. House music has also fused with other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the wave of progressive house. The genre has remained popular and fused into other subgenres, for example, ghetto house, deep house. As of 2016, house music popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe. The song structure of music songs typically involves an intro, a chorus, various verse sections, a midsection. Some songs do not have a verse, taking a part from the chorus. The drum beat is one of the important elements within the genre and is almost always provided by an electronic drum machine rather than by a human drummer playing drumkit. The drum beats of house are four on the floor, with bass drums played on every beat, House music is often based on bass-heavy loops or basslines produced by a synthesizer and/or from samples of disco or funk songs. The tempo of most house songs is between 118 and 135 beats per minute, soul music and disco influenced house music. These artists produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings, early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch, using samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines. Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial
House music
–
An honorary
street name sign in
Chicago for house music and
Frankie Knuckles.
House music
–
Building in New York City where the
Paradise Garage nightclub was located
House music
–
Swedish House Mafia performing in 2011.
5.
Reggae fusion
–
Reggae fusion is a fusion genre of reggae that mixes reggae or dancehall with other genres, such as pop, rock, R&B, jazz & drum and bass. Although artists have been mixing reggae with other genres from as early as the early 1970s, artists such as UB40 were described using terms that joined the various genres they performed. It was not until the late 1990s when the term was coined, the subgenre predominantly evolved from late 1980s and early 1990s dancehall music which instrumentals or riddims contained elements from the R&B and hip hop genres. Due to this, some consider dancehall artists such as Mad Cobra, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat, Buju Banton, for some of these artists, such as Buju Banton, reggae fusion became a staple throughout their careers. Therefore, Third World can be seen as arguably the original pioneers of reggae fusion leading the way for such as UB40. This led dancehall artists who were trying to break into the U. S, traditional dancehall acts, such as Shaggy and Beenie Man experienced commercial success in the American markets with the release of their albums in 2000. The early 2000s also saw Sean Paul achieve tremendous success internationally with singles such as Baby Boy, Breathe, Like Glue and Make It Clap, among many others. His albums Dutty Rock & The Trinity altogether spawned five top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits between 2002 and 2006, including number one hits, Get Busy & Temperature. In the early 90s, the evolution of reggae fusion reached another musical style in Europe with the worldwide #1 hits All That She Wants, The Sign, other Eurodance artists such as Dr. Alban, E-Rotic and the Vengaboys regularly fused their style with Reggae as well. The first reggae fusion-influenced riddim was produced in 2005 by Cordell Skatta Burrell, Reggae fusion is now a regular staple on Jamaican radio stations, especially Zip 103 FM, in the form of singles, mixes and remixes. This has led to more reggae fusion hits being produced as well as making waves on the Dancehall charts in Jamaica. One such single, Ramping Shop by Vybz Kartel and Spice, was one of the biggest reggae fusion hits in 2008, not to one of the top singles in Jamaica of that year. Holiday was also nominated and won for the Best Collaboration, in 2011, Shaggy established a reggae fusion record label called Ranch Entertainment. It is intended to be launched in the summer of 2012 and its growth locally, however, has not come without its criticisms as some feel that the subgenre only serves to dilute the raw sound of reggae and their musical culture. While On A Mission was recognized as the official song and was applauded by some. A popular dancehall artist, Mr. Vegas spoke out against the use of the song being quoted as saying It doesnt represent Jamaica 50, it doesnt reflect our culture or where our music is coming from. Stephens believed that due to ska not being at the forefront of Jamaican music for many years, combining it with something fresh could bring it back into the spotlight. Through other Caribbean-born artists such as Sean Paul, Damian Marley, Sean Kingston, Nicki Minaj and Rihanna who emerged during the mid-2000s, later in 2014, Canadian reggae fusion band, Magic
Reggae fusion
–
Genres
6.
Ragga
–
Raggamuffin music, usually abbreviated as ragga, is a subgenre of dancehall and reggae music, in which the instrumentation primarily consists of electronic music. Similar to hip hop, sampling often serves a prominent role in raggamuffin music, in the mid-1980s, French Antilles Kassav, the first in the Caribbean to use MIDI technology, took Caribbean music to another level by recording in a digital format. Wayne Smiths Under Mi Sleng Teng was produced by King Jammy in 1985 on a Casio MT-40 synthesizer and is recognized as the seminal ragga song. Sleng Teng boosted Jammys popularity immensely, and other producers quickly released their own versions of the riddim, Ragga is now mainly used as a synonym for dancehall reggae or for describing dancehall with a deejay chatting rather than singjaying or singing on top of the riddim. Ragga originated in Jamaica during the 1980s, at the time that electronic dance musics popularity was increasing globally. One of the reasons for raggas swift propagation is that it is generally easier, Ragga evolved first in Jamaica, and later in Europe, North America, and Africa, eventually spreading to Japan, India, and the rest of the world. Ragga heavily influenced early jungle music, and also spawned the syncretistic bhangragga style when fused with bhangra, in the 1990s, ragga and breakcore music fused, creating a style known as raggacore. The term raggamuffin is a misspelling of ragamuffin, a word that entered the Jamaican Patois lexicon after the British Empire colonized Jamaica in the 17th century. Despite the British colonialists pejorative application of the term, Jamaican youth appropriated it as an ingroup designation, the term raggamuffin music describes the music of Jamaicas ghetto dwellers. In the late 1980s, influential Jamaican rapper Daddy Freddys pioneering efforts in fusing ragga with hip hop music earned him international acclaim while helping to publicize and popularize ragga. In 1987, Daddy Freddy and Asher Ds Ragamuffin Hip-Hop became the first multinational single to feature the word ragga in its title, in 1992, Canadian hip hop group Rascalz released their debut album under the name Ragga Muffin Rascals. Artists like Mad Lion grew in popularity during this early 90s trend, some ragga artists believe that the assimilation of hip hop sensibilities is crucial to the international marketability of dancehall music. Dissertation Thesis at the Zurich University,1986, buchverlag Michael Schwinn, Neustadt, Deutschland,1. 1992 René Wynands, Do The Reggae, Reggae von Pocomania bis Ragga und der Mythos Bob Marley. 1995 ISBN 3-492-18409-X, ISBN 3-7957-8409-3 Online-Version Norman C, stolzoff, Wake the Town and Tell the People. Durham, London, Duke University Press,2000
Ragga
–
Genres
7.
Electro house
–
Electro house is a form of house music. Electro house is characterized by a prominent bassline and/or kick drum and its origins were influenced by electro, electroclash, electropop, synthpop, and tech house. The term has been used to describe the music of many DJ Mag Top 100 DJs, including Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Hardwell, Skrillex, electro-house is typified by its heavy bass. This is often in the form of buzzing basslines, such as those created with sawtooth waves and it is also often in the form of large bass drum sounds in a four-on-the-floor pattern. The tempo of electro house is usually around 130 beats per minute, electro house sometimes resembles tech house, but it can contain melodic elements and electro-influenced samples and synths. The genre has been described as a genre of house and electro, either in its original form or as fused with electropop and techno in its late-1990s revival. The word electro is now used as an adjective, such as electro-house. Early songs that have been labelled retroactively as electro-house include Dark Invader by Arrivers in 1996, mr. Oizos 1999 hit Flat Beat has also been considered an early example of the genre. Benny Benassi, with his track Satisfaction released in 2002, is seen as the forerunner of electro-house who brought it to the mainstream, by the mid 2000s, electro-house saw an increase in popularity. Since then, electro-house producers such as Feed Me, Knife Party, The M Machine, Porter Robinson, in the early 2010s, a type of electro-house known as big room began to develop, particularly gaining popularity through EDM-oriented events and festivals such as Tomorrowland. Big room now is beginning to subside from the classification of a subgenre of electro house, big room songs resemble Dutch house, often incorporating drops, minimalist percussion, regular beats, sub-bass layered kicks, simple melodies, and synth-driven breakdowns. The layout of a big room track is similar to the layout of a typical electro-house song. Big room is thought of as a subgenre of electro-house, complextro is typified by glitchy, intricate basslines and textures created by sharply cutting between instruments in quick succession. The term, a portmanteau of the complex and electro, was coined by Porter Robinson to describe the sound of the music he was making in 2010. He has cited video game sounds, or chiptunes, as an influence on his style of music along with 1980s analog synth music and it is primarily defined by complex rhythms made from Latin-influenced drum kits, a lower emphasis on basslines, and squeaky, high-pitched lead synths. Influences on the subgenre include Detroit techno, hip hop and other styles of music. It contains influences from Chicago house, Detroit techno, Baltimore club, Kuduro, Pimba, bassline, bouncy techno, dubstep, techstep, hip hop easy listening and world music. Purveyors of the genre include The Bloody Beetroots, AC Slater, Danger, Hervé, Sinden, Jack Beats, the term fidget house was coined by DJs/producers Jesse Rose and Switch, as a joke, which has now gone a little too far
Electro house
–
(From left to right)
Porter Robinson,
Zedd, and
Skrillex perform at the 2012
South by Southwest music festival.
8.
Electronic music
–
In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
Electronic music
–
Telharmonium,
Thaddeus Cahill, 1897
Electronic music
–
Halim El-Dabh at a
Cleveland festival in 2009
Electronic music
–
Karlheinz Stockhausen in the Electronic Music Studio of WDR, Cologne, in 1991
Electronic music
–
Israeli composer
Josef Tal at the Electronic Music Studio in Jerusalem (c. 1965). On the right,
Hugh Le Caine 's sound
synthesizer the Special Purpose Tape Recorder.
9.
Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
Record producer
–
Alan Parsons in an
ESO 50th anniversary video.
Record producer
–
A
Danish recording session
Record producer
–
Mixing Console
10.
Disc-jockey
–
A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
Disc-jockey
–
A DJ performing at an event
Disc-jockey
–
Technics 1200 MK2, Technics 1210 MK2, and Pioneer DJM-500 shown in a common DJ configuration
Disc-jockey
–
A DJ at Sundance Film Festival 2003
Disc-jockey
–
A young woman plays a gramophone in an air raid shelter in north London (1940).
11.
Ministry of Sound
–
Ministry of Sound Group is a multimedia entertainment business based in London with a nightclub, worldwide events operation, music publishing business and fitness studio. James Palumbo is the co-founder and former Chairman and CEO of the Group, in 2008, he handed over the day-to-day running of the business to Lohan Presencer. 2016 saw Presencer become Chairman, handing over running of the group to former Clear Channel Executive. Ministry of Sound began as the idea of Justin Berkmann, inspired by New York’s Paradise Garage, Berkmann set out to create London’s first club devoted to the American house music scenes of 1980s New York City, Chicago and Detroit. As opposed to striking a balance between the typical hallmarks of a music venue, Ministry of Sound was conceived as an arena purely dedicated to sound. Berkmann stated, My concept for Ministry was purely this, 100% sound system first, lights second, design third, Berkmann was introduced to James Palumbo, who was working in property finance at the time, by Humphrey Waterhouse to realise the concept. The site, a bus garage, is located in Elephant & Castle in Southwark. The club opened on 21 September 1991 and has remained in this location since, with opening sets from American house DJs Larry Levan, David Morales, Roger Sanchez and Tony Humphries, Ministry of Sound grew as a clubbing venue. It now attracts around 300,000 clubbers per year and has hosted sets from popular DJs including, Adam Beyer, DJ Harvey, Dixon, Marshmello and it has won the IDMA ‘World’s Best Sound System’ award four years in a row - every year they ran the category. As a venue, Ministry of Sound in London operates 3 weekly club nights, fridays feature Lock n Load brand The Gallery which are primarily trance music, whilst Saturdays host a number of club nights which are primarily house music. In 2016, these included Defected, Glitterbox, Rinse FM, Hospitality, on Tuesday the club hosts a student session called Milkshake, established in 2002. Ministry of Sound’s existence has been threatened on a number of occasions by nearby redevelopment in Elephant & Castle, the most notable concerned the redevelopment of Eileen House, a tower block opposite the nightclub’s entrance. From 2009 to 2014, Ministry of Sound fought various campaigns to save the club from the threat of closure. These culminated in a hearing before then Mayor of London Boris Johnson at City Hall in November 2013, on 19 December 2013, a landmark legal deal was agreed between Ministry of Sound and the developer Oakmayne to enable Eileen House to be redeveloped without jeopardizing the club’s future. In 2016 Ministry of Sound partnered with Dolby Laboratories to bring surround sound Dolby Atmos to the nightclub, the Box, Ministry of Sound’s main room, now boasts a 64-speaker, 22-channel sound system, allowing the artists to control where certain sounds are sent across the space. Under its Ministry of Sound and Hed Kandi brands, the business hosts approximately 500 international events annually across the world, in 2017 the brand will feature as part of the stage line-up at festivals including, The Ark, Adria Summer Festival and Ultra Europe. Ministry does Fitness is the name of Ministry of Sound’s new high intensity interval training experience. Previously the club’s back-of-house vault where the alcohol was stored, The Arches studio opened in February 2017, the concept takes a club-style sound system and lighting rig and pairs it with a bespoke, instructor-led workout
Ministry of Sound
–
Ministry of Sound lights
Ministry of Sound
–
Ministry of Sound
Ministry of Sound
–
Bar in Ministry of Sound
12.
French people
–
The French are an ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France. This connection may be legal, historical, or cultural, modern French society can be considered a melting pot. To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of origin, race. The debate concerning the integration of this view with the underlying the European Community remains open. A large number of foreigners have traditionally been permitted to live in France, indeed, the country has long valued its openness, tolerance and the quality of services available. Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries, the European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector. Seeing itself as a nation with universal values, France has always valued. However, the success of such assimilation has recently called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves, the 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration, the name France etymologically derives from the word Francia, the territory of the Franks. The Franks were a Germanic tribe that overran Roman Gaul at the end of the Roman Empire, in the pre-Roman era, all of Gaul was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes. Gaul was militarily conquered in 58-51 BCE by the Roman legions under the command of General Julius Caesar, the area then became part of the Roman Empire. Over the next five centuries the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture, the Gaulish vernacular language disappeared step by step to be replaced everywhere by Vulgar Latin, which would later develop under Frankish influence into the French language in the North of France. With the decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture, the Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as laeti, already during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day Netherlands, at the beginning, they served in the Roman army and reached high commands. Their language is spoken as a kind of Dutch in northern France. Another Germanic people immigrated massively to Alsace, the Alamans, which explains the Alemannic German spoken there and they were competitors of the Franks, thats why it became at the Renaissance time the word for German in French, Allemand. By the early 6th century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France, the Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to Christianity in the process
French people
–
Louis XIV of France "The Sun-King"
French people
–
Row 1:
Joan of Arc
French people
–
Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix
French people
–
French people in Paris, August 1944
13.
Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
Disc jockey
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A DJ performing at an event
Disc jockey
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Technics 1200 MK2, Technics 1210 MK2, and Pioneer DJM-500 shown in a common DJ configuration
Disc jockey
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A DJ at Sundance Film Festival 2003
Disc jockey
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A young woman plays a gramophone in an air raid shelter in north London (1940).
14.
Sample (music)
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In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece. Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, by the late 1960s, the use of tape loop sampling influenced the development of minimalist music and the production of psychedelic rock and jazz fusion. Hip hop music was the first popular music based on the art of sampling – being born from 1970s DJs who experimented with manipulating vinyl on two turntables and an audio mixer. Historically, sampling was most often done with a sampler — a specialized piece of hardware — but today, however, vinyl emulation software may also be used, and turntablists continue to sample using traditional methods. Often samples consist of one part of a song, such as a rhythm break, for instance, hip hop music developed from DJs looping the breaks from songs to enable continuous dancing. Samples can also consist of words and phrases, including those in non-musical media such as movies, TV shows. Sampling does not necessarily mean using pre-existing recordings, a number of composers and musicians have constructed pieces or songs by sampling field recordings they made themselves, and others have sampled their own original recordings. The use of sampling is controversial legally and musically, in the 1970s, when hip hop was confined to local dance parties, it was unnecessary to obtain copyright clearance in order to sample recorded music at these parties. Aside from legal issues, sampling has been championed and criticized. Hip-hop DJs today take different approaches to sampling, with critical of its obvious use. Some critics, particularly those with a rockist outlook, have expressed the belief all sampling is lacking in creativity, while others say sampling has been innovative and revolutionary. Those whose own work has been sampled have also voiced a variety of opinions about the practice. Once recorded, samples can be edited, played back, or looped, types of samples include, The drums and percussion parts of many modern recordings are really a variety of short samples of beats strung together. Many libraries of such beats exist and are licensed so that the user incorporating the samples can distribute their recording without paying royalties, such libraries can be loaded into samplers. Though percussion is an application of looping, many kinds of samples can be looped. A piece of music may have an ostinato which is created by sampling a phrase played on any kind of instrument, there is software which specializes in creating loops. Whereas loops are usually a phrase played on a musical instrument, Music workstations and samplers use samples of musical instruments as the basis of their own sounds, and are capable of playing a sample back at any pitch. Many modern synthesizers and drum machines also use samples as the basis of their sounds, most such samples are created in professional recording studios using world-class instruments played by accomplished musicians
Sample (music)
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DJ Premier looking for samples he can use
Sample (music)
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Girl Talk Producing Sample-Based Music Live
15.
Disco
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Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
Disco
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A
disco ball
Disco
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Major disco clubs had lighted dance floors, with the light flashing according to the beat.
Disco
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Man wearing Disco Sucks T-shirt.
Disco
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Students from
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City performing disco during a cultural event on campus
16.
Love Generation (song)
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Love Generation is a song by French music producer and DJ Bob Sinclar featuring vocals by Gary Pine. The single was released in October 2005 through the Defected label and this song is the first track to be released from Sinclars fourth full album, Western Dream. It was a hit all over Europe and in Australia. It was less popular in the United Kingdom, but still reached number 12 there, in 2006, a new version that featured the 2006 FIFA World Cup mascot Goleo VI was released. Both videos feature children riding their bicycle across different locations, greeting the people and sampling the local cultures. The music video, which appears to have shot at various locations in the United States. He gets himself ready and goes out on his bike to school and he arrives outside the entrance and pauses, apparently in thought. Then he rides the bike on, past the school, and partakes on a trip to different and exotic locations all over the USA including New York City. He waves to people he passes, rests occasionally for refreshments and to admire his surroundings, the man watering his lawn is Bob Sinclar. Eventually he ends up back at his home at the time he gets back from school. He embraces and chats animatedly to his mother, and she brings him to bed later and he looks thoughtfully at the globe at his bedside table, before rolling over to sleep. Overall the video has a very upbeat story, an adventure in the wild outdoors, the special release Bob Sinclar presents Goleo VI featuring Gary Nesta Pine was on 9 December 2005 to coincide with the draws for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The song was used throughout the World Cup event the following year, the animated mascot Goleo VI and Pille appear both on the cover of FIFA single release and in the music video launched
Love Generation (song)
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"Love Generation"
17.
Western Dream
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Western Dream is a 2006 studio album by Bob Sinclar. The album features guest vocal performances from Worlds Greatest Lover singer Farrell Lennon, Reggae artist Gary Nesta Pine, Steve Edwards, Ron Carroll and MZ Toni. It was released on July 11,2006 in North America, and was meant to be released in the UK, Japan and China on July 10,2006, for Australia and New Zealand, a release date of May 1 was chosen. In Europe, the album was released earlier, in the Netherlands on April 24, April 10 in France, and May 12 in Germany
Western Dream
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Western Dream
18.
Hello (Martin Solveig song)
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Hello is a song performed by French DJ and record producer Martin Solveig and Canadian synthpop band Dragonette, taken from the formers fifth studio album, Smash. The song was released as the lead single on 6 September 2010 by Mercury Records. It is Solveigs most successful single to date, peaking at one in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic. It also reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart in the United States, additionally, the song charted at number 46 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 2011, becoming Solveigs and Dragonettes first appearance on the chart. It has since been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 500,000 units, the song has been featured in 90210, The Vampire Diaries, Gossip Girl and in Tim Hortons 2013 ad for their Roll up the Rim to Win promotion. It also used as the theme to the TV series Cheer. on CMT. The song appears in the video game Dance Central 3, the music video is a tennis match scene played out on the grounds of the French Open tournament in Paris. The long version of the video is divided into two chapters. The first chapter is a dialogue and back story involving two of the main characters, a tennis player named Martin Solveig and his tennis coach or manager called Lafaille. Chapter 2 is the part where the song plays through a tennis match. This is taking place at the stadium court of the Roland Garros complex. In the tennis match, Martin Solveig faces fellow DJ Bob Sinclar as an opponent, other characters include Martins love interest called She, and apparent Bob Sinclar supporter/girlfriend cheering on from the players box. As the match progresses Solveig struggles to gain any points, and is unable to win a game, with the score at 6–0, 6–0, 5–0, Sinclar is about to serve for matchpoint when She enters the crowd, and Solveig decides he must win to impress her. He returns the serve but a lineswoman calls the ball out, novak Djokovic enters the arena and convinces the referee to overturn the call after he sees the mark on the clay court, proving that the ball was clearly in. Solveig then proceeds to make a comeback, rallying to match point. However, Gaël Monfils comes into the stadium and kisses Solveigs love interest, Solveig sees this and decides to throw in the towel. The video ends with to be continued displayed on the screen and this is a re-cut of the second part of the long video, beginning as Martin Solveig and Bob Sinclar emerge on the courts from the main courts catacombs. There are several differences, as many of the characters introduced in part one of the long version were introduced differently
Hello (Martin Solveig song)
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"Hello"
19.
III (Bob Sinclar album)
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Bob Sinclar is a French record producer, house music DJ, remixer and the owner of the record label Yellow Productions. Christophe Le Friant began DJing in the 1980s under the name Chris the French Kiss, during this time he was more influenced by hip-hop and jazz music and created music projects such as The Mighty Bop and Reminiscence Quartet, this one with an ensemble of musicians. Le Friant used the alias Desmond K in the Reminiscence Quartet, Le Friant adopted the new name of Bob Sinclar in 1998. He became known for popularising the French touch of music with heavy use of sampled and filtered disco strings. He describes his style as inspired by peace, love. Several of Sinclars songs have become hits, being particularly popular in Europe. Some of his most popular hits include Love Generation and World, Hold On, in 2006, Bob Sinclar received the TMF Award Best Dance International
III (Bob Sinclar album)
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Bob Sinclar at the
NRJ Music Awards in 2011
20.
World, Hold On (Children of the Sky)
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World, Hold On is a song by French music producer and DJ Bob Sinclar, featuring Steve Edwards. It was released as the major single from Sinclars Western Dream album. An E-Smoove-produced remix of the song was nominated for a 2007 Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, the track ended 2006 as the 15th most played track in Mexico. The song is included in the film Noahs Arc, Jumping the Broom, the song was also picked up by Guess for their 2010 web campaign. The music video includes the boy from Sinclars Love Generation. In the video, the boy wakes up and notices on the news and he decides to build a space ship of his own and takes his dog with him in the space ship. The boy takes no notice of either the toys or Bob Sinclar, the boy then launches the space ship and shoots through the Solar System. The Solar System looks exactly like the poster in the boys room, all the planets are labeled with information including diameter and other facts. In outer space, he sees the approaching the earth. He fires hundreds of basketballs at the meteor, destroys it and he then lands the spaceship in his room. Back on earth, he gets a reward and media coverage, while he is getting praise, his mother comes and kisses him on the cheek. This wakes him up and causes him to realize that it was all a dream, the song was also a success for Bob Sinclars career. It was a number 1 hit in Italy and made the top ten in other countries such as Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Finland, Netherlands. It made the top twenty in Australia, Austria, Germany, Norway, Spain, Sweden and it also became Bob Sinclars first number-one single in the Billboards Hot Dance Club Play. List of number-one dance singles of 2006
World, Hold On (Children of the Sky)
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"World, Hold On (Children of the Sky)"
World, Hold On (Children of the Sky)
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David Beaudoin making a plan to rescue the earth.
21.
Sound of Freedom
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Sound of Freedom is a song by French music producer and DJ Bob Sinclar. It was released in April 2007 as the single from his studio album Soundz of Freedom. The song features Gary Pine and Dollarman and it also contains an interpolation of Everybodys Free by Rozalla. List of number-one dance singles of 2007 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Sound of Freedom
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"Sound of Freedom"
22.
Rock the Boat (Bob Sinclar song)
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Rock the Boat is a song by French music producer and DJ Bob Sinclar, featuring Pitbull, Dragonfly and Fatman Scoop. It was released on 19 December 2011, the single peaked at number 22 on the French charts. Digital download Rock the Boat –3,54 Rock the Boat –3,086 track CD single - X Energy Italy - X12384, Pitbull does not appear on the video. The singers are the French Bob Sinclair, the Colombian Dragonfly, Bob Sinclar – Producer, keyboards, arranger, instrumentation, recording and mixing Armando C
Rock the Boat (Bob Sinclar song)
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"Rock the Boat"
23.
Heart of Glass (song)
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Heart of Glass is a song by the American new wave band Blondie, written by singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein. In December 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the song number 255 on its list of the 500 greatest songs of all time and it was ranked at number 259 when the list was updated in April 2010. Slant Magazine placed it at number 42 on their list of the greatest dance songs of all time, currently, Heart of Glass is ranked at number 56 in the UKs official list of biggest selling singles of all-time with sales of 1.3 million copies. French music producer and DJ Bob Sinclar and Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen recorded a version of Heart of Glass in 2014 that became an international European hit. The song was recorded for H&M clothing stores 2014 advertising campaign, proceeds from download sales were donated to UNICEF. Debbie Harry and Chris Stein wrote a version of Heart of Glass, called Once I Had a Love. This earlier version was recorded as a demo in 1975. The song had a slower, funkier sound with a disco beat. For this reason the band referred to it as The Disco Song, the song was re-recorded in a second demo with the same title in 1978, when the song was made a bit more pop-oriented. Harry said that Heart of Glass was one of the first songs Blondie wrote, wed tried it as a ballad, as reggae, but it never quite worked, and that the lyrics werent about anyone. They were just a plaintive moan about lost love and it was only when the band met with producer Mike Chapman to start work on Parallel Lines that Harry recalled Chapman asked us to play all the songs we had. At the end, he said, Have you got anything else and we sheepishly said, Well, there is this old one. He liked it – he thought it was fascinating and started to pull it into focus, exactly who decided to give the song a more pronounced disco vibe is subject to differing recollections. On some occasions, the producer Mike Chapman has stated that he convinced Harry, on other occasions, Chapman has credited Harry with the idea. As a band, Blondie had experimented with disco before, both in the predecessors to Heart of Glass and in cover songs that the band played at shows. Bassist Gary Valentine noted that the set list for early Blondie shows often included disco hits such as Honey Bee or My Imagination, thats the kind of stuff that I want to do. A notable example of type of musical experimentation occurred when Blondie covered Donna Summers I Feel Love at the Blitz Benefit on May 7,1978. It was arguably the first time in New York, in the middle of the great rock versus disco split, Blondie went on to record Heart of Glass, other groups recorded other danceable songs, and dance rock was born
Heart of Glass (song)
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"Heart of Glass"
Heart of Glass (song)
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UK edition of the "Heart of Glass" single with alternative cover art
Heart of Glass (song)
24.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
25.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
26.
MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
MusicBrainz
