1.
Scarification
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Scarifying involves scratching, etching, burning / branding, or superficially cutting designs, pictures, or words into the skin as a permanent body modification. In the process of body scarification, scars are formed by cutting or branding the skin by varying methods, to purposely influence wound healing to scar more, within anthropology, the study of the body as a boundary has been long debated. In 1909, Van Gennep described bodily transformations, including tattooing, scarification, in 1963, Levi-Strauss described the body as a surface waiting for the imprintation of culture. Turner first used the term social skin in his discussion of how Kayapo culture was constructed and expressed through individual bodies. There are also aesthetic, religious, and social reasons for scarification, for example, scarification has been widely used by many West African tribes to mark milestone stages in both men and womens lives, such as puberty and marriage. It is also used to transmit complex messages about identity, such permanent body markings may emphasize fixed social, political, tattoos, scars, brands, and piercings, when voluntarily acquired, are ways of showing a persons autobiography on the surface of the body to the world. Tribe members unwilling to participate in scarification were generally not included in the groups activities, therefore scarification can transform partial tribe members into normal states entirely accepted by the group. Scarification is usually visible on darker skinned people than tattoos. Endorphins can be released in the process that can induce a euphoric state. Scarring on the abdomen of women in many tribes is used to denote a willingness to be a mother and her ability to tolerate the pain of scarring was an indication of her emotional maturity and readiness to bear children. Scarification can be used for healing a patient changing them from a desired state to a more desired state. It may help a patient go from victim to survivor, what is relevant to society varies from culture to culture. Some of the tribes in Northern Ghana who use the markings are the Gonjas, Nanumbas, Dagombas, Frafras, some groups in Northern Ghana like the Dagomba use scarification to treat certain ailments such as convulsions, measles, pneumonia, stomach pains, and so on. Research has also conducted to show a connection in the different anatomical locations between the sexes as linked to pathogen prevalence in their area. Scarification in these areas is thought to be done to show which individuals are pathogen-resistant mates. It is thought that as pathogen severity increase, so should permanent marking of body areas that are attended to for evaluating attractiveness, females were predicted to scarify their breasts and stomachs, both indicative of youthfulness and fertility. Males were predicted to scarify those body parts indicative of sexual maturity and strength, such as the face, shoulders, the findings of this research revealed that pathogen prevalence predicts female stomach scarification independent of polygyny, famine, and social class stratification. The relationship between scarification of body parts and pathogen prevalence was not evident for males and these findings, based upon between-society comparisons, suggest that stomach scarification could act as a signal of female mate quality in societies that encounter a high prevalence of pathogens
2.
Outline of human anatomy
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy, Human anatomy – scientific study of the morphology of the adult human. It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy, gross anatomy is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, and includes histology. While the order is standardized, the relationships in the TA are somewhat vague. John Hunter William Hunter Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard Juan Valverde de Amusco Jeffrey Laitman Eber Landau Joseph Lieutaud Amato Lusitano Niko Miljanić Keith L. 20th edition
3.
Human physical appearance
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Human physical appearance is the outward phenotype or look of human beings. There are infinite variations in human phenotypes, though society reduces the variability to distinct categories, humans are acutely sensitive to their physical appearance. Some differences in appearance are genetic, others are the result of age, lifestyle or disease. Some people have linked some differences, with ethnicity, such as skeletal shape, different cultures place different degrees of emphasis on physical appearance and its importance to social status and other phenomena. Various factors are considered relevant in relation to the appearance of humans. Humans are distributed across the globe with the exception of Antarctica, in adults, average weight varies from around 40 kilos for the smallest and most lightly built tropical people to around 80 kilos for the heavier northern peoples. Size also varies between the sexes, the dimorphism in humans being more pronounced than that of chimpanzees. The colouration of skin, hair and eyes also varies considerably, with darker pigmentation domination in tropical climates and lighter in polar regions. Aging Hair loss Blushing, crying, fainting, hiccup, yawning, laughing, stuttering, sexual arousal, Sweating, shivering, nose bleeding, clothing, including headgear and footwear, some clothes alter or mold the shape of the body. As for footwear, high heels make a person look taller, for example, the same persons appearance can be quite different, depending on whether they use any of the aforementioned modifications. Exercises, for example, bodybuilding Capes Goggles Hair ornaments Hats and caps Headdresses Headphones/Handsfree phone headset Jewelry Masks Prosthetic limbs Sunglasses Watch
4.
Body art
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Body art is art made on, with, or consisting of, the human body. The most common forms of art are tattoos and body piercings. Other types include scarification, branding, subdermal implants, scalpelling, shaping, full body tattoo, Body art is also a sub-category of performance art, in which artists use or abuse their own body to make their particular statements. More extreme body art can involve mutilation or pushing the body to its physical limits, in more recent times, the body has become a subject of much broader discussion and treatment than can be reduced to body art in its common understanding. Important strategies that question the human body are, implants, body in symbiosis with the new technologies, virtual bodies, the Vienna Action Group was formed in 1965 by Herman Nitsch, Otto Muhl, Gunter Brus, and Rudolf Schwarzkogler. They performed several body art actions, usually involving social taboos, vito Acconci once documented, through photos and text, his daily exercise routine of stepping on and off a chair for as long as possible over several months. Acconci also performed Following Piece, in which he followed randomly chosen New Yorkers, in France, body art was termed art corporel and practised by such artists as Michel Journiac and Gina Pane. In Italy in the 1980s, one of the artists in the movement was Ketty La Rocca. Marina Abramović performed Rhythm 0 in 1974, in the piece, the audience was given instructions to use on Abramovićs body an array of 72 provided instruments of pain and pleasure, including knives, feathers, and a loaded pistol. Audience members cut her, pressed thorns into her belly, applied lipstick to her, the performance ended after six hours, when someone held the loaded pistol up to Abramovićs head and a scuffle broke out. Artists whose works have evolved with more directed personal mythologies include Rebecca Horn, Youri Messen-Jaschin, Javier Perez, Body art can also be expressed via writing rather than painting. It can even consist of the arrangement and dissection of preserved bodies in an artistic fashion, scientific research in this area, for example that by Stelarc, can be considered in this artistic vein. A special case of the body art strategies is the absence of body, some artists who performed the absence of body through their artworks were, Davor Džalto, Anthony Gormley, and Andy Warhol. Burning Man festival is annually in the Black Rock Desert of northwest Nevada. Jake Lloyd Jones, a Sydney-based artist, conceived the Sydney Body Art Ride, participants are painted to form a living rainbow that rides to the Pacific Ocean and immerses itself in the waves. Cyborg art Body modification Body painting Temporary tattoos Female cosmetic coalitions Walker, glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945, 3rd. Body art at DMOZ Australian Museums Body Art section CDCs National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Body Art Page
5.
Definition
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A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term. Definitions can be classified into two categories, intensional definitions and extensional definitions. Another important category of definitions is the class of ostensive definitions, a term may have many different senses and multiple meanings, and thus require multiple definitions. In mathematics, a definition is used to give a meaning to a new term. Definitions and axioms are the basis on all of mathematics is constructed. In modern usage, a definition is something, typically expressed in words, the word or group of words that is to be defined is called the definiendum, and the word, group of words, or action that defines it is called the definiens. In the definition An elephant is a large gray animal native to Asia and Africa, the elephant is the definiendum. Note that the definiens is not the meaning of the word defined, there are many sub-types of definitions, often specific to a given field of knowledge or study. An intensional definition, also called a connotative definition, specifies the necessary, any definition that attempts to set out the essence of something, such as that by genus and differentia, is an intensional definition. An extensional definition, also called a denotative definition, of a concept or term specifies its extension and it is a list naming every object that is a member of a specific set. An extensional definition would be the list of wrath, greed, sloth, pride, lust, envy, a genus–differentia definition is a type of intensional definition that takes a large category and narrows it down to a smaller category by a distinguishing characteristic. The differentia, The portion of the new definition that is not provided by the genus, for example, consider the following genus-differentia definitions, a triangle, A plane figure that has three straight bounding sides. A quadrilateral, A plane figure that has four straight bounding sides and those definitions can be expressed as a genus and two differentiae. It is possible to have two different genus-differentia definitions that describe the same term, especially when the term describes the overlap of two large categories, for instance, both of these genus-differentia definitions of square are equally acceptable, a square, a rectangle that is a rhombus. A square, a rhombus that is a rectangle, thus, a square is a member of both the genus rectangle and the genus rhombus. One important form of the definition is ostensive definition. This gives the meaning of a term by pointing, in the case of an individual, to the thing itself, or in the case of a class, to examples of the right kind. So one can explain who Alice is by pointing her out to another, or what a rabbit is by pointing at several, the process of ostensive definition itself was critically appraised by Ludwig Wittgenstein
6.
Earring
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An earring is a piece of jewellery attached to the ear via a piercing in the earlobe or another external part of the ear. Earrings are worn by both sexes, although more common among women, and have used by different civilizations in different times. Locations for piercings other than the earlobe include the rook, tragus, the simple term ear piercing usually refers to an earlobe piercing, whereas piercings in the upper part of the external ear are often referred to as cartilage piercings. Cartilage piercings are more complex to perform than earlobe piercings and take longer to heal, earring components may be made of any number of materials, including metal, plastic, glass, precious stone, beads, wood, bone, and other materials. Designs range from small loops and studs to large plates and dangling items, the size is ultimately limited by the physical capacity of the earlobe to hold the earring without tearing. However, heavy earrings worn over extended periods of time may lead to stretching of the earlobe, Ear piercing is one of the oldest known forms of body modification, with artistic and written references from cultures around the world dating back to early history. Gold, Silver and Bronze hoop earrings were prevalent in the Minoan Civilization and examples can be seen on frescoes on the Aegean island of Santorini, during the late Minoan and early Mycenaean periods of Bronze Age Greece hoop earrings with conical pendants were fashionable. Early evidence of earrings worn by men can be seen in evidence from Persepolis in ancient Persia. The carved images of soldiers of the Persian Empire, displayed on some of the walls of the palace. Howard Carter writes in his description of Tutankhamuns tomb that the Pharaohs earlobes were perforated, the burial masks ears were perforated as well, but the holes were covered with golden discs. That implies that at the time, earrings were worn in Egypt by children. Other early evidence of earring-wearing is evident in the Biblical record, in Exodus 32, 1–4, it is written that while Moses was up on Mount Sinai, the Israelites demanded that Aaron make a god for them. It is written that he commanded them to bring their sons, Earrings became fashionable among courtiers and gentlemen in the 1590s during the English Renaissance. A document published in 1577 by clergyman William Harrison, Description of England, states Some lusty courtiers and gentlemen of courage do wear either rings of gold, among sailors, a pierced earlobe was a symbol that the wearer had sailed around the world or had crossed the equator. The practice of wearing earrings was a tradition for Ainu men and women, Earrings were also commonplace among nomadic Turkic tribes. By the late 1950s or early 1960s, the practice re-emerged, teenage girls were known to hold ear piercing parties, where they performed the procedure on one another. Such an event is depicted in the 1978 motion picture Grease, where Sandy, by the mid-1960s, some physicians offered ear piercing as a service. Simultaneously, Manhattan jewelry stores were some of the earliest commercial, non-medical locations for getting an ear piercing, in the late 1960s, ear piercing began to make inroads among men through the hippie and gay communities, although they had been popular among sailors for decades
7.
Rites of passage
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A rite of passage is a celebration of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. It involves a significant change of status in society, in cultural anthropology the term is the Anglicisation of rite de passage, a French term innovated by the ethnographer Arnold van Gennep in his work Les rites de passage, The Rites of Passage. The term is now fully adopted into anthropology as well as into the literature, in English, Van Genneps first sentence of his first chapter begins, Each larger society contains within it several distinctly separate groupings. In addition, all these groups break down into still smaller societies in subgroups, the population of a society belongs to multiple groups, some more important to the individual than others. Van Gennep uses the metaphor, as a kind of house divided into rooms, a passage occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another, in the metaphor, he changes rooms. Van Gennep further distinguishes between the secular and the sacred sphere, many groups in modern industrial society practice customs that can be traced to an earlier sacred phase. Passage between these requires an ceremony, or ritual hence rite of passage. He is able to find some universals, mainly two, the separation between men and women, and the magico-religious separation between the profane and the sacred. He refuses credit for being the first to recognize type of rites, in the work he concentrates on groups and rites individuals might normally encounter progressively, pregnancy, childbirth, initiation, betrothal, marriage, funerals and the like. He mentions some others, such as the passage, a crossing of borders into a culturally different region. Rites of passage have three phases, separation, liminality, and incorporation, as van Gennep described, in the first phase, people withdraw from their current status and prepare to move from one place or status to another. The first phase comprises symbolic behavior signifying the detachment of the individual or group, from an earlier fixed point in the social structure. There is often a detachment or cutting away from the self in this phase. For example, the cutting of the hair for a person who has just joined the army and he or she is cutting away the former self, the civilian. The transition phase is the period between states, during which one has one place or state but has not yet entered or joined the next. The attributes of liminality or of liminal personae are necessarily ambiguous, in the third phase the passage is consummated the ritual subject. Having completed the rite and assumed their new identity, one society with ones new status. Laboratory experiments have shown that severe initiations produce cognitive dissonance and it is theorized that such dissonance heightens group attraction among initiates after the experience, arising from internal justification of the effort used
8.
Modern primitive
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These practices may include body piercing, tattooing, play piercing, flesh hook suspension, corset training, scarification, branding, and cutting. The motivation for engaging in these practices may be personal growth, rite of passage. Roland Loomis, also known as Fakir Musafar, is considered the father of the modern primitive movement, the 1989 RE/Search book Modern Primitives is largely responsible for the promotion of the concept of modern primitivism. Paleolithic diet Paleolithic lifestyle Vale, V, in the Flesh, The Cultural Politics of Body Modification
9.
Pearling (body modification)
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Available in a variety of forms, the balls may be solid, or contain clappers or chimes within. Other, larger versions made of plastic encasing lesser balls are called Duotone balls and they are used by inserting them into the vagina and using the pubococcygeus muscles to hold them in, stimulating movement and/or vibration. Ben Wa balls have a history, their origin and method of construction varies depending upon location. Most information concerning Ben Wa balls is vague and probably apocryphal, usage of Ben Wa balls creates a subtle stimulation, not meant to bring the user to immediate orgasm but rather to tease. It is possible to leave Ben Wa balls in ones vagina all day, or use them while seated in a rocking chair, for an effect that some find pleasurable. Ben Wa balls may also be used to increase the strength of the pelvic floor muscles, much as Taoist sexual practices have been used for centuries. Similar to Kegel exercises, Ben Wa balls and other shaped vaginal weightlifting equipment are recommended by gynecologists and obstetricians to increase vaginal elasticity, vaginal weights come in a spherical shape and are used in increasing weights to strengthen the vagina, which improves sexual performance. Practitioners of such traditions as Tantra and Chinese Taoism believe that Ben Wa Balls are helpful tools to exercise control
10.
Neck ring
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Neck rings or neck-rings are any form of stiff jewellery worn as an ornament around the neck of an individual, as opposed to a loose necklace. Many cultures and periods have made neck rings, with males and females wearing them at various times. Of the two most notable types the first is the torc, a heavy and valuable ornament normally open at the throat. The other type is one or more spiral metal coils of many turns, in a few African and Asian cultures neck rings are worn usually to create the appearance that the neck has been stretched. Padaung women of the Kayan people begin to wear neck coils from as young as age two, the length of the coil is gradually increased to as much as twenty turns. The weight of the coils will eventually place sufficient pressure on the clavicles to cause them to deform, the custom of wearing neck rings is related to an ideal of beauty, an elongated neck. Neck rings push the clavicle and ribs down, the vertebrae do not elongate, though the space between them may increase as the intervertebral discs absorb liquid. The South Ndebele peoples of Africa also wear neck rings as part of their dress and as a sign of wealth. Only married women are allowed to wear the rings, called dzilla, metal rings are also worn on different parts of the body, not just the neck. The rings are made of copper or brass. The rings are not harmful to remove, although women who have them for long periods of time may experience some initial discomfort. Tourism is often considered to encourage the use of rings in Myanmar. Small Kayan girls may wear brass collars from the age of two to five years old, as it is comfortable to deform the collarbone and upper ribs slowly. The alternative, a process at around the age of twelve. Marco Polo first described the practice to Western culture in c.1300, refugee practitioners in Thailand were first accessible to tourists in 1984. Foot binding Page about Karen tradition Page about Kayan Lahwi neck rings Padaung National Geographic film
11.
Implant (body modification)
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In body modification, an implant is a device is placed under the human skin for decorative purposes. Such implants may be subdermal or transdermal, in the context of body modification, some may consider injections of silicone and other substances a type of implant as well. Some types of implants may be performed by doctors or other medical professionals, a very deep piercing that passes beneath the collarbone, and therefore enters the body cavity. These are highly prone to rejection as the placement is a high movement area. Also, because of the depth of the piercing—going deep under the collarbone and through a large amount of flesh, with all the movement in the area the fistula cannot heal properly, and will hurt far worse than a hip piercing. A deep chest piercing is a piercing that passes under the skin of the chest. An eyeball implant, or extraocular implant, is a cosmetic implant involving a piece of decorative jewelry which is implanted within the superficial, interpalpebral conjunctiva of the human eye. Such implants are illegal in the United States, a flesh staple is a type of piercing jewelry or implant in which the middle rather than the end of the jewelry is exposed when worn. The jewelry resembles a staple, the ends of which pierce the skin, a flesh plate works on the same principle, but has a different shape, resembling a flat plate rather than a staple. Flesh pocketing resembles flesh stapling, but instead of staple-like geometry, pocketing has a lower rate of success than stapling. In this modification, small pieces of Teflon, coral or silicone are inserted beneath the skin of the forehead and these can be gradually replaced with larger and larger pieces as the skin stretches, creating larger horns. Coral is no used for larger horns, as it tends to be too brittle. The first set of horn implants were done by Steve Haworth on The Enigma, Steve Haworth invented this type of modification. He currently uses silicone for his horn implants, such implants can, in this way, be employed to convert non-human sensory information, such as sonar/distance, into touch. A scrotal implant is an implant placed into the scrotum, the implants may be designed for this purpose, or be of any implant-grade material. Subdermal implants, objects inserted under the skin, are used in applications such as pacemakers. There is also evidence that some tribal cultures would insert stones or metal underneath the skin for ritualistic purposes. In the early 90s, body modification artist Steve Haworth conceived of inserting 3D art implants in various shapes under the skin to create a decorative appearance
12.
Tattoo
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A tattoo is a form of body modification, where a design is made by inserting ink, dyes and pigments, either indelible or temporary, into the dermis layer of the skin to change the pigment. The word tattoo, or tattow in the 18th century, is a loanword from the Polynesian word tatau, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the etymology of tattoo as In 18th c. tattaow, tattow. Before the importation of the Polynesian word, the practice of tattooing had been described in the West as painting, scarring and this is not to be confused with the origins of the word for the military drumbeat or performance — see military tattoo. In this case, the English word tattoo is derived from the Dutch word taptoe, the word tattoo was brought to Europe by the explorer James Cook, when he returned in 1769 from his first voyage to Tahiti and New Zealand. In his narrative of the voyage, he refers to an operation called tattaw, mainstream art galleries hold exhibitions of both conventional and custom tattoo designs such as Beyond Skin, at the Museum of Croydon. Copyrighted tattoo designs that are mass-produced and sent to tattoo artists are known as flash, flash sheets are prominently displayed in many tattoo parlors for the purpose of providing both inspiration and ready-made tattoo images to customers. The most common used for traditional Japanese tattoo designs is Horimono. Japanese may use the word tattoo to mean non-Japanese styles of tattooing, anthropologist Ling Roth in 1900 described four methods of skin marking and suggested they be differentiated under the names tatu, moko, cicatrix, and keloid. According to George Orwell, coal miners could develop characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds and this can also occur with substances like gunpowder. Similarly, a traumatic tattoo occurs when a substance such as asphalt is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or trauma. These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread across several layers of skin, the symbolism and impact of tattoos varies in different places and cultures. Tattoos may show how a person feels about a relative or about an unrelated person, some Māori still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. In Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand, the tattoo is used for protection against evil. Text-based tattoos including quotes, lyrics, personal mottos or scripture are popular in western culture, as an example some Christians might have a Psalm or verse from the Bible tattooed on their body. Popular verses include John 3,16, Philippians 4,13, in the Philippines certain tribal groups believe tattoos have magical qualities, and help to protect their bearers. Most traditional tattooing in the Philippines is related to the accomplishments in life or rank in the tribe. Extensive decorative tattooing is common among members of traditional freak shows, people have also been forcibly tattooed. During registration, the Nazis would pierce the outlines of the serial-number digits onto the prisoners arms, only Auschwitz put tattoos on inmates, of all the Nazi concentration camps
13.
Skin
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Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton have different developmental origin, structure, the adjective cutaneous means of the skin. In mammals, the skin is an organ of the system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue. Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, all mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals like whales, dolphins, and porpoises which appear to be hairless. The skin interfaces with the environment and is the first line of defense from external factors, for example, the skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, severely damaged skin may heal by forming scar tissue. This is sometimes discoloured and depigmented, the thickness of skin also varies from location to location on an organism. The skin on the palms and the soles of the feet is 4 mm thick, the speed and quality of wound healing in skin is promoted by the reception of estrogen. Primarily, fur augments the insulation the skin provides but can serve as a secondary sexual characteristic or as camouflage. On some animals, the skin is hard and thick. Reptiles and fish have hard scales on their skin for protection. Amphibian skin is not a barrier, especially regarding the passage of chemicals via skin and is often subject to osmosis. For example, a sitting in an anesthetic solution would be sedated quickly. Amphibian skin plays key roles in everyday survival and their ability to exploit a range of habitats. Keratinocytes are the cells, constituting 95% of the epidermis, while Merkel cells, melanocytes. Keratinocytes from the stratum corneum are eventually shed from the surface, the epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished by diffusion from blood capillaries extending to the upper layers of the dermis. The epidermis and dermis are separated by a sheet of fibers called the basement membrane. The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress
14.
Ohaguro
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Ohaguro is a custom of dyeing ones teeth black. It was most popular in Japan until the Meiji era, tooth painting is also known and practiced in the southeastern parts of China, Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia. Dyeing is mainly done by married women, though occasionally men do it as well and it was also beneficial, as it prevented tooth decay, in a similar fashion to modern dental sealants. In Japan, Ohaguro existed in one form or another for hundreds of years and was seen amongst the population as beautiful until the end of the Meiji period, objects that were pitch black, such as glaze-like lacquer, were seen as beautiful. The word ohaguro was a Japanese aristocratic term, there is an alternate reading for ohaguro, 鉄漿. At the old Imperial palace in Kyoto, it was called fushimizu, among the civilians, such words as kanetsuke, tsukegane and hagurome were used. Traces of blackened teeth can be seen in the buried bones, shōsōin, a treasure house connected to Tōdai-ji in Nara, holds the teachings brought to Japan by Jianzhen in 753. References to ohaguro exist in the The Tale of Genji and Tsutsumi Chūnagon Monogatari, in particular, the imperial family and other high-ranking aristocrats who had finished their hakamaza blackened their teeth and painted their eyebrows. This was done in the household until the end of the Edo era. Relatives and guardians of the bride who blackened their teeth were called kaneoya and it is said that military commanders who were struck in the head on the battlefield and who did not want to be ugly would wear average womens makeup and would blacken their teeth. These faces imitated the Noh masks of women and young boys, after the Edo period, only men of the Imperial House of Japan and the aristocracy blackened their teeth. For rural people, ohaguro was done only at times of special celebrations, such as Japanese festivals, wedding ceremonies, there were also depictions of ohaguro in fairy tales, such as Gon, the Little Fox. On February 5,1870, the government banned ohaguro and the process became obsolete. After the Meiji period, it spread, but it almost entirely died out in the Taishō period. In contemporary times, the places where ohaguro can be seen is in plays, hanamachi, some festivals. Many Westerners, including Engelbert Kaempfer, Philipp Franz von Siebold, and Rutherford Alcock, Alcock conjectured that the purpose of it is chastity by making the women intentionally unattractive to prevent potential extra-marital relationship. Japanese social scientist Kyouji Watanabe disagrees with this theory, the main ingredient was a dark-brown solution of ferric acetate called kanemizu, made by dissolving iron filings in vinegar. Coating the teeth with this liquid helped to prevent tooth decay, the dye had to be applied once a day or once every few days
15.
Transdermal implant
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Transdermal implants is a form of body modification used both in a medical and aesthetic context. In either case, they consist of an object placed partially below and partially above the skin, the skin around it generally heals as if it were a piercing. In the body piercing community, these types of modification are generally called fairly heavy due to the complexity of the procedure, two types of implants can be used. When the procedure is done using an implant, an incision is made a small distance from the site. The skin is then lifted and the implant is passed through, then, a hole is opened at the site for it to pass through, and it is moved so that the top part fills the hole. The implants used for this are generally small and not textured in any way except rounding, if a more graphic implant is desired, it is generally done in two parts. First, the base is inserted the same way a single-part would be and it may either stick out like a bolt, or be inward like a nut. When this is done, the top half is screwed on and this type is usually done for spikes and/or horns. In any case, the part of the implant which passes under the skin generally is somewhat large and has holes, the skin will grow into them, making it more permanent. Microdermals are single point piercings which are a sort of surface piercing and they should not be implanted in hands, feet, wrists, collarbones or any area where it is not flat or that is near a joint. The procedure is performed using a dermal punch or needle. When a dermal piercing is done with a punch, the pouch is made in a different way, when using a needle, the pouch is made by separating the skin. When using a punch, the pouch is made by removing a bit of tissue. A microdermal punch is less painful and therefore commonly used, the process starts by identifying the point of piercing on the sterilized area that will be marked with a surgical marker. The micro dermalpunch is then used to remove skin tissues, the anchor is then placed under the skin and a piece of jewelry is placed using surgical forceps. Microdermal implants are a desirable alternative to surface piercings, as they provide less scarring when removed. They are semi permanent and can be removed with the assistance of a professional, implants should be left alone and covered for the first 3–6 months as they are susceptible to outside damage. Also, the body naturally rejects foreign objects, so it is crucial for the piercings to go as deep as possible
16.
Breast implant
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A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size, shape, and contour of a woman’s breast. They are also used cosmetically to enhance or enlarge the appearance of the breast through breast augmentation surgery, there are three general types of breast implant devices, defined by their filler material, saline solution, silicone gel, and composite filler. Composite implants are not recommended for use anymore and, in fact, their use is banned in the United States and Europe due to associated health risks. For the correction of male breast defects and deformities, the implant is the breast prosthesis used for the reconstruction. Since the late century, breast implants have been used to surgically augment the size, modify the shape. In 1889, surgeon Robert Gersuny experimented with paraffin injections, with disastrous results, in the mid-twentieth century, Morton I. Berson, in 1945, and Jacques Maliniac, in 1950, in 1964, the French company Laboratoires Arion developed and manufactured the saline breast implant, filled with saline solution, and then introduced for use as a medical device in 1964. Today, there are two types of breast implants commonly used for mammoplasty, breast reconstruction, and breast augmentation procedures, Silicone implant filled with viscous silicone gel. The saline breast implant—filled with saline solution —was first manufactured by the Laboratoires Arion company, in France, the contemporary models of saline breast implant are manufactured with thicker, room-temperature vulcanized shells made of a silicone elastomer. Saline breast implants have enjoyed popularity in the rest of the world. The technical goal of saline-implant technology was a less invasive surgical technique for emplacing an empty breast implant device through a smaller surgical incision. As a medical technology, there are five generations of silicone breast implant. The Cronin–Gerow Implant, prosthesis model 1963, was a silicone rubber envelope-sac, shaped like a teardrop, yet, in clinical practice, second-generation breast implants proved fragile, and suffered greater incidences of shell rupture, and of filler leakage through the intact device shell. After reviewing the data, the U. S. S. The third technological development was the double lumen breast implant device, the two-fold, technical goal was, the cosmetic benefits of silicone-gel enclosed in saline solution, a breast implant device the volume of which is post-operatively adjustable. Nevertheless, the complex design of the double-lumen breast implant suffered a device-failure rate greater than that of single-lumen breast implants. The contemporary versions of second-generation breast implant devices are the Becker Expandable models of breast implant, sociologically, the manufacturers of prosthetic breasts then designed and made anatomic models and shaped models that realistically corresponded with the breast- and body- types of women. These implants are commonly referred to as gummy bear breast implants for their firm, pliant consistency, revision and reconstruction, to revise the outcome of a previous breast reconstruction surgery
17.
Subdermal implant
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A subdermal implant refers to a body modification that is placed underneath the skin, therefore allowing the body to heal over the implant and creating a raised design. Such implants fall under the category of body modification. Many subdermal implants are made out of silicone, either carved or mold injected, many people who have subdermal implants use them in conjunction with other types of body modification to create a desired, dramatic effect. This process is known as a 3-D implant, or pocketing. The first subdermal implant was implanted in 1994 and it is generally agreed upon that they were pioneered by Steve Haworth. In his shop, HTC Body Piercing, in Phoenix, Arizona and he concluded that he could put a row of beads under the womans wrist to create the effect she desired. This was followed in 1998 by the scientist Kevin Warwick who experimented with both an RFID and an electrode array implant, since then, many different artists have done many kinds of implants. Some of the names in the industry include Samppa Von Cyborg, Max Yampolskiy, Russ Foxx, Brian Decker, Emilio Gonzales and Stelarc. According to the Church of Body Modification, there are two types of subdermal implants, subdermal implants and transdermal implants. Subdermal implants as defined by the Church of Body Modification are completely buried in the skin, the cosmetic ones can be used to create any shape desired, though usually made of molded silicone, Teflon ones exist as well. Transdermal implants are placed partially under the skin, with the rest exposed and this is done through a process known as dermal punching. First the implant is placed in between the layers of skin and it is necessary for the part of the implant that will be located under the skin to have a proper shape. This must be one with holes in it so that the body will be able to grow around it, once the implant is placed, the part that will protrude out is exposed using a dermal punch. To have one of these implants installed, an incision is made down to the layer of the skin. A dermal elevator, a widely used instrument, separates the subcutis. After the implant is placed, the incision is stitched shut, surgical tape is often applied to minimize movement while the skin fuses around the implant. Local anesthetic is usually available for the extraction, but is not required, subdermal implants placed under the skin of the penis can provide physical stimulation for both sexual partners. The most frequent form is genital beading, using small, round implants, short, curved rods are also used, and are called genital ribs
18.
Hairstyle
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A hairstyle, hairdo, or haircut refers to the styling of hair, usually on the human scalp. Sometimes, this could mean an editing of beard hair. The fashioning of hair can be considered an aspect of personal grooming, fashion, and cosmetics, although practical, cultural, the oldest known depiction of hair braiding dates back about 30,000 years. In ancient civilizations, womens hair was often elaborately and carefully dressed in special ways, in Imperial Rome, women wore their hair in complicated styles. From the time of the Roman Empire until the Middle Ages, during the Roman Empire as well as in the 16th century in the western world, women began to wear their hair in extremely ornate styles. In the later half of the 15th century and on into the 16th century a very high hairline on the forehead was considered attractive, during the 15th and 16th centuries, European men wore their hair cropped no longer than shoulder-length. In the early 17th century male hairstyles grew longer, with waves or curls being considered desirable, the male wig was pioneered by King Louis XIII of France in 1624. Perukes or periwigs for men were introduced into the English-speaking world with other French styles in 1660, late 17th-century wigs were very long and wavy, but became shorter in the mid-18th century, by which time they were normally white. Short hair for men was a product of the Neoclassical movement. In the early 19th century the male beard, and also moustaches and sideburns, from the 16th to the 19th century, European womens hair became more visible while their hair coverings grew smaller. In the middle of the 18th century the style developed. During the First World War, women around the world started to shift to shorter hairstyles that were easier to manage, in the early 1950s womens hair was generally curled and worn in a variety of styles and lengths. In the 1960s, many began to wear their hair in short modern cuts such as the pixie cut, while in the 1970s. In both the 1960s and 1970s many men and women wore their hair long and straight. In the 1980s, women pulled back their hair with scrunchies, during the 1980s, punk hairstyles were adopted by some people. Throughout times, people have worn their hair in a variety of styles. Hairstyles are markers and signifiers of social class, age, marital status, racial identification, political beliefs, only since the end of World War I have women begun to wear their hair short and in fairly natural styles. The Venus of Brassempouy counts about 25,000 years old, in Bronze Age razors were known and in use by some men, but not on a daily basis since the procedure was rather unpleasant and required resharpening of the tool which reduced its endurance
19.
Hair removal
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Hair removal, also known as epilation or depilation, is the deliberate removal of body hair. Hair typically grows all over the human body, Hair can become more visible during and after puberty and men tend to have thicker, more visible body hair than women. Both men and women have visible hair on the head, eyebrows, eyelashes, armpits, pubic region, arms, Hair does not generally grow on the lips, the underside of the hands or feet or on certain areas of the genitalia. Forms of hair removal are practised for various and mostly cultural, sexual, medical or religious reasons, forms of hair removal have been practised in almost all human cultures since at least the Neolithic era. The methods used to remove hair have varied in different times and regions, each culture of human society has developed social norms relating to the presence or absence of body hair, which has changed from one time to another. Different standards can apply to females and males, people whose hair falls outside a cultures aesthetic standards may experience real or perceived social acceptance problems. For example, for women in several societies, exposure in public of body hair other than hair, eyelashes and eyebrows is generally considered to be unaesthetic, unattractive. In Middle Eastern societies, removal of the body hair has been considered proper hygiene, necessitated by local customs. In the United States, for example, the vast majority of women regularly shave their legs and armpits, people may also remove some or all of their pubic hair for aesthetic or sexual reasons. However, some women in Western cultures choose not to remove hair from their bodies, either as a preference or as an act of defiance against what they regard to be an oppressive ritual. Many men in Western cultures shave their hair, so only a minority of men have a beard. Some men shave because their beards are very coarse, causing itchiness, some men grow a beard or moustache from time to time to change their appearance. A much smaller number of Western women also shave their heads, within the gay, bi and straight male cultures, some men are known to eliminate or trim pubic hair, a practice that is referred to as being a part of manscaping. This custom can be motivated by reasons of potentially increased cleanliness and hygiene, heightened enjoyment during fellatio and analingus, some women also shave their heads for cultural or social reasons. In India, tradition required widows in some sections of the society to shave their heads as part of being ostracized, the outlawed custom is still infrequently encountered mostly in rural areas. The society at large and the government are working to end the practice of ostracizing widows, in addition, it continues to be common practice for men to shave their heads prior to embarking on a pilgrimage. Head-shaving is a part of some Buddhist, Christian, Muslim, Jain, Buddhist and Christian monks generally undergo some form of head-shaving or tonsure during their induction into monastic life, in Thailand monks shave their eyebrows as well. Brahmin children have their heads shaved before beginning school
20.
Clitoral hood reduction
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It is sometimes done as a form of elective surgery where the therapeutic goal is to improve the sexual functioning of the woman, and the aesthetic refinement of her vulva. It is a form of hoodplasty, the reduction of the clitoral prepuce tissues usually is a sub-ordinate surgery within a labiaplasty procedure for reducing the labia minora, and occasionally within a vaginoplasty procedure. The procedures for labiaplasty occasionally include a clitoral hood reduction, one technique for reducing the clitoral hood is the bilateral excision of the prepuce tissues covering the clitoral glans, with especial attention to maintaining the glans in the midline. Another technique cuts away the redundant folds of clitoral prepuce tissue, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists published Committee Opinion No. Circumcision, the reduction of the male prepuce, prepuce removal of either sex can be done with or without consent, and with or without sterile tools
21.
Clitoral hood
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The clitoral hood is also important not only in protection of the clitoral glans, but also in pleasure, as it is an erogenous tissue. The clitoral hood is formed from the tissues that form the foreskin in human males. The clitoral hood is formed during the stage by the cellular lamella. The cellular lamella grows down on the side of the clitoris and is eventually fused with the clitoris. The clitoral hood varies in the size, shape, thickness, some women have large clitoral hoods that completely cover the clitoral glans. Some of these can be retracted to expose the glans, such as for hygiene purposes or for pleasure. Other women have smaller hoods that do not cover the length of the clitoral glans. Normally, the clitoral glans itself is too sensitive to be stimulated directly, the clitoral hood additionally provides protection to the clitoral glans, like foreskin on the penile glans. During sexual stimulation, the hood may also prevent the penis from coming into contact with the glans clitoris. The clitoral glans, like the foreskin, must be lubricated by the naturally provided sebum, if a womans clitoral glans is not lubricated the hood may not caress it during sexual stimulation, or the female may experience pain rather than pleasure. In most of the world, clitoral modifications are uncommon, FGM was performed on many children in Western countries, including previously in the United States, to discourage masturbation and reduce diseases believed to relate to it. One modification that often perform of their free will is to have the hood pierced and insert jewellery. Though much less common, other women opt to have their own hood surgically trimmed or removed so as to expose part or all of the clitoral glans. Frenulum clitoridis, a frenulum surrounding the clitoris Preputial sheath Anatomy photo,41, 02-0202 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - The Female Perineum, The Vulva
22.
Infibulation
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Infibulation is the surgical removal of the external female genitalia and the suturing of the vulva. It can also refer to placing a clasp through the foreskin in men and it is mostly practised in northeastern Africa, particularly Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan. The procedure leaves a wall of skin and flesh across the vagina, by inserting a twig or similar before the wound heals, a small hole is created for the passage of urine and menstrual blood. The procedure is usually accompanied by the removal of the clitoral glans, the legs are bound together for two to four weeks to allow healing. The vagina is usually penetrated at the time of a marriage by her husbands penis. The vagina is opened further for childbirth, and usually closed again afterwards, infibulation can cause chronic pain and infection, organ damage, prolonged micturition, urinary incontinence, inability to get pregnant, difficulty giving birth, obstetric fistula and fatal bleeding. Infibulation also referred to placing a clasp through the male foreskin, in ancient Greece, male athletes, singers and other public performers used a clasp or string to close the foreskin and draw the penis over to one side, in a practice known as kynodesmē. It therefore conveyed the moral worth and modesty of the subject, many kynodesmē are depicted on vases, almost exclusively confined to symposiasts and komasts, who are as a general rule older men. ISBN 978-0-7432-8968-9 Pieters, Guy and Lowenfels, Albert B, infibulation in the Horn of Africa, New York State Journal of Medicine,77, April 1977, pp. 729–731. Whitehorn, James, Oyedeji Ayonrinde, and Samantha Maingay, female Genital Mutilation, Cultural and Psychological Implications, Sexual and Relationship Therapy,17.2, pp. 161–170
23.
Labiaplasty
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Labiaplasty is a plastic surgery procedure for altering the labia minora and the labia majora, the folds of skin surrounding the human vulva. The size, colour, and shape of labia vary significantly, in a male-to-female sexual reassignment vaginoplasty for the creation of a neovagina, labiaplasty creates labia where once there were none. According to a 2011 review, also in the Journal of Sexual Medicine, risks include permanent scarring, infections, bleeding, irritation, and nerve damage leading to increased or decreased sensitivity. A change in requirements of publicly funded Australian plastic surgery requiring women to be told about natural variation in labias led to a 28% reduction in the numbers of surgeries performed. Many women have limited knowledge of anatomy, and are unable to say what a normal vulva looks like. At the same time, many images of womens genitals are digitally manipulated, changing the size. However, the noted that research evidence for this speculation was lacking. The external genitalia of a woman are collectively known as the vulva and this comprises the labia majora, the labia minora, the clitoris, the urethra, and the vagina. The labia majora extend from the pubis to the perineum. The size, shape, and color of womens inner labia vary greatly, one is usually larger than the other. They may be hidden by the labia, or may be visible. The size of the labia can change because of childbirth, genital piercing can increase labial size and asymmetry, because of the weight of the ornaments. In the course of treating identical twin sisters, S. P. Davison et al reported that the labia were the size in each woman. In or around 2004, researchers from the Department of Gynaeology, Elizabeth Garret Anderson Hospital, London, the latter should either be counselled or excluded from labioplastic surgery. Davison et al write that it should not be performed when the patient is menstruating to reduce potential hormonal effects, in this procedure, the labiaplasty is usually performed some months after the first stage of vaginoplasty. The original labiaplasty technique was simple resection of tissues at the edge of the labia minora. This procedure is used by most surgeons because it is easiest to perform, moreover, there also exists the possibility of everting the inner lining of the labia, which then makes visible the normally hidden internal, pink labial tissues. The advantages of edge-resection include removal of the hyper-pigmented irregular labial edges with a linear scar, another disadvantage of the trim or amputation method, is that it is unable to excise redundant tissues of the clitoral hood, when present
24.
Labia
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The labia are part of the female genitalia, they are the major externally visible portions of the vulva. In humans, there are two pairs of labia, the labia majora are larger and fattier, while the labia minora are folds of skin between the outer labia, the labia surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Labium is a Latin-derived term meaning lip, labium and its derivatives are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, labium often specifically refers to parts of the vulva. The labia majora often have an appearance, and are thicker towards the anterior. The anterior junction of the labia majora is called the anterior commissure, to the posterior, the labia majora join at the posterior commissure, which is above the perineum and below the frenulum of the labia minora. The labia minora, also called inner labia or inner lips, are two soft folds of fat-free, hairless skin between the labia majora and they enclose and protect the vulvar vestibule, urethra and vagina. The upper portion of each labium minora splits to join both the clitoral glans, and the clitoral hood. The labia minora meet posterially at the frenulum of the labia minora, the fourchette is more prominent in younger women, and often recedes after sexual activity and childbirth. The outer surface of the labia majora is pigmented skin, the inner surface of the labia majora is smooth, hairless skin, which resembles a mucous membrane, and is only visible when the labia majora and labia minora are drawn apart. Both the inner and outer surfaces of the labia majora contain sebaceous glands, apocrine sweat glands, the labia majora have fewer superficial nerve endings than the rest of the vulva, but the skin is highly vascularized. The internal surface of the labia minora is a thin moist skin and they contain many sebaceous glands, and occasionally have eccrine sweat glands. The labia minora have many nerve endings, and have a core of erectile tissue. The color, size, length and shape of the labia can vary extensively from woman to woman. In some women the labia minora are almost non-existent, and in others they can be fleshy and they can range in color from a light pink to brownish black, and texturally can vary between smooth and very rugose. The biological sex of an individual is determined at conception, which is the moment a sperm fertilizes an ovum, the chromosome type contained in the sperm determines the sex of the zygote. A Y chromosome results in a male, and an X chromosome results in a female, a male zygote will later grow into an embryo and form testes, which produce androgens, usually causing male genitals to be formed. Female genitals will usually be formed in the absence of significant androgen exposure, the genitals begin to develop after approximately 4 to 6 weeks of gestation. Initially, the external genitals develop the way regardless of the sex of the embryo
25.
Foreskin restoration
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Foreskin restoration is the process of expanding the skin on the penis to mimic the functionality of the foreskin, which has been removed by circumcision or injury. Foreskin restoration is accomplished through non-surgical methods by stretching the residual skin of the penis. In classical Greek and Roman societies, exposure of the glans was considered improper, Men with short foreskins would wear the kynodesme to prevent exposure. As a consequence of social stigma, an early form of foreskin restoration known as epispasm was practiced among some Jews in Ancient Rome. Again, during World War II some European Jews sought foreskin restoration to avoid Nazi persecution, non-surgical foreskin restoration, accomplished through tissue expansion, is the more commonly used method. Both the skin of the shaft and the mucosal inner lining of the foreskin, if any remains after circumcision. Tissue expansion has long known to stimulate mitosis, and research shows that regenerated human tissues have the attributes of the original tissue. Unlike conventional skin expansion techniques, however, the process of foreskin restoration may take several years to complete. The time required depends on the amount of available to expand, the amount of skin desired in the end. Patience and dedication are needed, support groups exist to help with these, the act of stretching the skin is often described informally as tugging in these groups, especially those on the internet. During restoration via tissue expansion, the remaining penile skin is pulled forward over the glans, many specialized foreskin restoration devices that grip the skin with or without tape are also commercially available. Tension from these devices may be applied by weights, elastic straps, or inflation as a means to push the skin forward on the penis. An example of a device using elastic straps is the T-Tape method, Tissue expansion through inflation devices have gained popularity in recent years among men of the forum www. restoringforeskin. org. Inflation methods involve sealing off the area between the glans and the pulled over it using a clamping device, and either inflating the skin or a balloon placed under the skin. This causes circumferential skin stretch which is thought to stimulate mitosis, the amount of tension produced by any method must be adjusted to avoid causing injury, pain or discomfort, and provides a limit on the rate at which new skin can be grown. There is a risk of seriously damaging tissues from the use of tension or applying tension for too long. If an insufficient amount of skin exists to retain glans coverage with remaining penile skin, Surgical methods of foreskin restoration, known as foreskin reconstruction, usually involve a method of grafting skin onto the distal portion of the penile shaft. The grafted skin is typically taken from the scrotum, which contains the same smooth muscle as does the skin of the penis, one method involves a four-stage procedure in which the penile shaft is buried in the scrotum for a period of time
26.
Meatotomy
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A meatotomy is a form of penile modification in which the underside of the glans is split. The procedure may be performed by a doctor to alleviate meatal stenosis or urethral stricture, other techniques include cauterisation, cutting with a scalpel, or by using existing fistulas from it to tie off the area to be cut. Depending on the anatomy of the individual and the extent of the split, meatotomy performed with a scalpel may involve heavy bleeding, while crush, regardless of the procedure used, meatotomies, like other genital modifications and genital piercings, heal quickly. Unlike other genital modifications, the glans tissue does not have a tendency to re-adhere to itself or heal closed, a meatotomy may be extended to subincision or genital bisection, which are both much more complex and serious modifications. Aside from the exposure of internal tissues, the newly enlarged urethral opening may hinder the ability to control the direction. This may result in messy urination and require that the meatotomized individual sit while urinating, however, the larger urethral opening may also reduce the velocity of ejaculate, thereby reducing distance of ejaculation. Repair of a meatotomy can be painful and difficult, and is similar to hypospadias repair
27.
Orchiectomy
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Orchiectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both testicles are removed. The removal of both testicles is the form of male castration. There are three types of orchiectomy, simple, subcapsular, and inguinal. The first two types are usually done under local or epidural anesthesia, and take about 30 minutes to perform, an inguinal orchiectomy is sometimes done under general anesthesia, and takes from 30 minutes to an hour to complete. A simple orchiectomy is commonly performed as part of sex reassignment surgery for transgender women, the patient lies flat on an operating table with the penis taped against the abdomen. The nurse will shave a small area for the incision, after anesthetic has been administered, the surgeon makes an incision in the midpoint of the scrotum and cuts through the underlying tissue. The surgeon removes the testicles and parts of the cord through the incision. The incision is closed with two layers of sutures and covered with a surgical dressing, if the patient desires, a prosthetic testicle can be inserted before the incision is closed to present an outward appearance of a pre-surgical scrotum. A subcapsular orchiectomy is commonly performed for treatment of prostate cancer. The operation is similar to that of a simple orchiectomy, with the exception that the tissue that surrounds each testicle is removed rather than the entire gland itself. This type of orchiectomy is done primarily to keep the appearance of an ordinary scrotum, inguinal orchiectomy, is performed when an onset of testicular cancer is suspected, in order to prevent a possible spread of cancer from the spermatic cord into the lymph nodes near the kidneys. An inguinal orchiectomy can be unilateral or bilateral. The surgeon makes an incision in the groin area. The entire spermatic cord is removed, as well as the testicle, a long, non-absorbable suture may be left in the stump of the spermatic cord in case later surgery is deemed necessary. After the cord and testicle have been removed, the surgeon washes the area with saline solution and closes the various layers of tissues, the wound is then covered with sterile gauze and bandaged. List of surgeries by type Castration Vasectomy Sex reassignment surgery Gender reassignment therapy List of transgender-related topics Index of oncology articles
28.
Penectomy
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Penectomy is penis removal through surgery, generally for medical or personal reasons. Cancer, for example, sometimes necessitates removal of part or all of the penis, the amount of penis removed depends on the severity of the cancer. Some men have only the tip of their penis removed, for others with more advanced cancer, the entire penis must be removed. In rare instances, botched circumcisions have also resulted in full or partial penectomies, fournier gangrene can also be a reason for penectomy and/or orchiectomy. Because of the rarity of cancers which require the partial or total removal of the penis, for instance, the American Cancer Societys Cancer Survivors Network website provides information for finding support networks. Phalloplasty is also an option for surgical reconstruction of a penis, sexual support therapists and specialists are available nationally in the USA and can be accessed through the specialist cancer services. Many surgeons or hospitals will provide this information post operatively. Local government health services departments may be able to provide advice, names, genital surgical procedures for trans women undergoing sex reassignment surgery do not usually involve the complete removal of the penis. Instead, part or all of the glans is usually kept and reshaped as a clitoris, when procedures such as this are not possible, other procedures such as colovaginoplasty are used which may involve the removal of the penis. Some trans women have undergone penectomies, however this is much rarer, males who consider themselves third sex will sometimes want an emasculation by choosing to have their penis, testicles, or both removed. Male members in the sect of skoptsy were required to become castrated, penis transplantation Metoidioplasty List of surgeries by type
29.
Penile subincision
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The slit can be of varying lengths. Disadvantages include the risks inherent in the procedure itself, which is often self-performed, the ability to impregnate may also be decreased. Subincisions can greatly affect urination and often require the male to sit or squat while urinating. The scrotum can be pulled up against the open urethra to quasi-complete the tube and allow an approximation to normal urination, while a few subincised men carry a tube with which they can aim. Subincision is widespread in the cultures of Indigenous Australians, and is well documented among the peoples of the central desert of Australia such as the Arrernte. The Arrernte word for subincision is arilta, and occurs as a rite of passage ritual for adolescent boys and it was given to the Arrernte by Mangar-kunjer-kunja, a lizard-man spirit being from the Dreamtime. A subincised penis is thought to resemble a vulva, and the bleeding is likened to menstruation and this type of modification of the penis was also traditionally performed by the Lardil people of Mornington Island, Queensland. The young men who chose to endure this custom were the ones to learn a simple ceremonial language. In later ceremonies, repeated throughout adult life, the penis would be used as a site for ritual bloodletting. According to Ken Hale, who studied Damin, no ritual initiations have been carried out in the Gulf of Carpentaria for half a century, another indigenous Australian term for the custom is mika or the terrible rite. Indigenous cultures of the Amazon Basin also practise subincision, as do Samburu herdboys of Kenya, a subincized penis can be penetrated by another penis, provided the latter is sufficiently small. In some Australian cultures, one traditional practice involved the penetration of an elders subincized penis by the penis of a young boy who was usually under age 7. Some authors have theorized that this was the purpose of subincision. Genital bisection Modern primitive Body modification General Roheim, G´esa, bettelheim, Bruno Symbolic Wounds, Puberty Rites and the Envious Male. Farb, Peter Mans Rise to Civilization New York, E. P. Dutton p98-101, Polynesia Firth, Raymond, We the Tikopia, A Sociological Study of Kinship in Primitive Polynesia. Martin, John Tonga Islands, William Mariner’s Account, diamond, M. Selected Cross-Generational Sexual Behavior in Traditional Hawai’i, A Sexological Ethnography, in Feierman, J. R. Pedophilia, Biosocial Dimensions. New York, Springer-Verlag, p422-43 Melanesia Kempf, Wolfgang, the Politics of Incorporation, Masculinity, Spatiality and Modernity among the Ngaing of Papua New Guinea. Hogbin, Ian The Island of Menstruating Men, Religion in Wogeo, prospect Heights, IL, Waveland Australia Basedow H. Subincision and Kindred Rites of the Australian Aboriginal
. PMID 15173357.
