1.
Emma Dean (musician)
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Emma Kate Dean is an Australian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist from Brisbane, Queensland. Emmas distinctive singing voice, and violin, keyboards and piano playing has featured in Bittersuite, Kate Miller-Heidke Band, her own Emma Dean Band and her many solo shows. The Emma Dean Band was formed in 2005 with Emmas brother, Tony Dean on drums, Dane Pollock on guitar, John Turnbull on bass guitar,2003 to 2006 – Emma played in ARIA award nominee Kate Miller-Heidkes Band during 2003–2006, playing violin, piano and backing vocals. Emma eventually left Miller-Heidkes group to concentrate on her own solo career and she formed the Emma Dean Band with her brother, Tony Dean, on drums, Dane Pollock on guitar, John Turnbull on bass guitar and Rachel Meredith on cello. 2005 – Emma released a self-financed, self-distributed four-track debut EP and she was invited to perform at the International Music Market held in Brisbane. She also wrote and recorded music for Physical Theatre Company Zen Zen Zos production Those With Lucifer,2006 – Emma released her second EP, Face Painter and began touring as a solo performer in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne. She supported Kate Miller-Heidke on her National tour with performances at the Woodford Folk Festival, Port Fairy Folk Festival, Blue Mountains Music Festival, Emma also supported The Dresden Dolls at the Arena with Zen Zen Zo and supported US touring artist Teddy Geiger. She was a finalist in the Jazz and Pop sections of the QSong awards with her song Chai Tea,2007 – Emma was a finalist in the prestigious Grant McLennan Memorial Fellowship. She completed a tour to Berlin and undertook a critically acclaimed solo east coast tour of Australia. Emma also supported Amanda Palmer at the Zoo in Brisbane,2008 – She was a runner-up in the Queensland Courier Mails Peoples Choice awards at the QSong Awards for her song Orange Red. She was also a finalist in the New Artist to Radio Competition for her song Cocaine,2009 – Emma co-wrote the musical Downside Up with Jacob Diefenbach. Downside Up debuted to a sold out crowd at the Judith Wright Centre of Contemporary Arts, Emma was guest composer and performed as Ariel for the critically acclaimed Zen Zen Zo production of the Tempest alongside one of Australias most acclaimed theatre actors, Bryan Nason as Prospero. Emma was also invited to music and perform the role of Medea in the New Dead, Medea Material directed by Kat Henry. Emma was a finalist in the section of the QSong awards for her song When I Touch My Heart which was written for The Tempest. Her official Real Life Computer Game film clip which was directed by Liz Murphy was placed in the top 50 Rage film clips for 2009 and her album Dr Dream and the Imaginary Pop Cabaret was launched at the Old Museum Brisbane in November. As well Emma starred in the Zen Zen Zo cabaret production My Sublime Shadow with Jake Diefenbach, Dale Thorburn, in recognition of her work Emma was awarded the Under Our Wing Award for outstanding cabaret performances. The inaugural winner of award in 2003 was Tim Minchin. Other winners have included Sammy J and Tom Dickins, Emma was named one of ten artists to watch in 2011 by the New York Post
2.
Vincent van Gogh
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Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings and his suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty. Born into a family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling and he turned to religion, and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium. He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881 and his younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter. His early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, in 1886 he moved to Paris, where he met members of the avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and his paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include trees, cypresses, wheat fields. Van Gogh suffered from episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor and he spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-Rémy. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris and his depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died from his injuries two days later, Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime, and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius. His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his style came to be incorporated by the Fauves. The most comprehensive source on Van Gogh is the correspondence between him and his younger brother, Theo. Their lifelong friendship, and most of what is known of Vincents thoughts, Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and provided his brother with financial and emotional support, and access to influential people on the contemporary art scene. Theo kept all of Vincents letters to him, Vincent kept few of the letters he received, after both had died, Theos widow Johanna arranged for the publication of some of their letters. A few appeared in 1906 and 1913, the majority were published in 1914, Vincents letters are eloquent and expressive and have been described as having a diary-like intimacy, and read in parts like autobiography
3.
The Starry Night
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The Starry Night is an oil on canvas by the Dutch post-impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh. Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise. It has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City since 1941 and it is regarded as among Van Goghs finest works, and is one of the most recognized paintings in the history of Western culture. During the year Van Gogh stayed at the asylum, the output of paintings he had begun in Arles continued. The Starry Night was painted mid-June by around 18 June, the date he wrote his brother Theo to say he had a new study of a starry sky. Although The Starry Night was painted during the day in Van Goghs ground-floor studio, the view has been identified as the one from his bedroom window, facing east, a view which Van Gogh painted variations of no fewer than twenty-one times, including The Starry Night. Through the iron-barred window, he wrote to his brother, Theo, around 23 May 1889, above which, in the morning, I watch the sun rise in all its glory. Van Gogh depicted the view at different times of day and under various conditions, including sunrise, moonrise, sunshine-filled days, overcast days, windy days. The hospital staff did not allow Van Gogh to paint in his bedroom, but he was able to make sketches in ink or charcoal on paper, and eventually he would base newer variations on previous versions. The pictorial element uniting all of these paintings is the line coming in from the right depicting the low rolling hills of the Alpilles mountains. In fifteen of the versions, cypress trees are visible beyond the far wall enclosing the wheat field. Van Gogh telescoped the view in six of these paintings, most notably in F717 Wheat Field with Cypresses and The Starry Night, one of the first paintings of the view was F611 Mountainous Landscape Behind Saint-Rémy, now in Copenhagen. Van Gogh made a number of sketches for the painting, of which F1547 The Enclosed Wheatfield After a Storm is typical and it is unclear whether the painting was made in his studio or outside. In his June 9 letter describing it, he mentions he had been working outside for a few days, Van Gogh described the second of the two landscapes he mentions he was working on in a letter to his sister Wil on 16 June 1889. This is F719 Green Field, now in Prague, and the first painting at the asylum he painted outside en plein air. F1548 Wheat field, Saint-Rémy de Provence, now in New York, is a study for it, two days later, Vincent wrote Theo that he had painted a starry sky. The Starry Night is the only nocturne in the series of views from his bedroom window, so the brightest star in the painting, just to the viewers right of the cypress tree, is actually Venus. The moon is stylized, as records indicate that the moon was waning gibbous at the time Van Gogh painted the picture
4.
Body art
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Body art is art made on, with, or consisting of, the human body. The most common forms of art are tattoos and body piercings. Other types include scarification, branding, subdermal implants, scalpelling, shaping, full body tattoo, Body art is also a sub-category of performance art, in which artists use or abuse their own body to make their particular statements. More extreme body art can involve mutilation or pushing the body to its physical limits, in more recent times, the body has become a subject of much broader discussion and treatment than can be reduced to body art in its common understanding. Important strategies that question the human body are, implants, body in symbiosis with the new technologies, virtual bodies, the Vienna Action Group was formed in 1965 by Herman Nitsch, Otto Muhl, Gunter Brus, and Rudolf Schwarzkogler. They performed several body art actions, usually involving social taboos, vito Acconci once documented, through photos and text, his daily exercise routine of stepping on and off a chair for as long as possible over several months. Acconci also performed Following Piece, in which he followed randomly chosen New Yorkers, in France, body art was termed art corporel and practised by such artists as Michel Journiac and Gina Pane. In Italy in the 1980s, one of the artists in the movement was Ketty La Rocca. Marina Abramović performed Rhythm 0 in 1974, in the piece, the audience was given instructions to use on Abramovićs body an array of 72 provided instruments of pain and pleasure, including knives, feathers, and a loaded pistol. Audience members cut her, pressed thorns into her belly, applied lipstick to her, the performance ended after six hours, when someone held the loaded pistol up to Abramovićs head and a scuffle broke out. Artists whose works have evolved with more directed personal mythologies include Rebecca Horn, Youri Messen-Jaschin, Javier Perez, Body art can also be expressed via writing rather than painting. It can even consist of the arrangement and dissection of preserved bodies in an artistic fashion, scientific research in this area, for example that by Stelarc, can be considered in this artistic vein. A special case of the body art strategies is the absence of body, some artists who performed the absence of body through their artworks were, Davor Džalto, Anthony Gormley, and Andy Warhol. Burning Man festival is annually in the Black Rock Desert of northwest Nevada. Jake Lloyd Jones, a Sydney-based artist, conceived the Sydney Body Art Ride, participants are painted to form a living rainbow that rides to the Pacific Ocean and immerses itself in the waves. Cyborg art Body modification Body painting Temporary tattoos Female cosmetic coalitions Walker, glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945, 3rd. Body art at DMOZ Australian Museums Body Art section CDCs National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Body Art Page
5.
Tattoo
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A tattoo is a form of body modification, where a design is made by inserting ink, dyes and pigments, either indelible or temporary, into the dermis layer of the skin to change the pigment. The word tattoo, or tattow in the 18th century, is a loanword from the Polynesian word tatau, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the etymology of tattoo as In 18th c. tattaow, tattow. Before the importation of the Polynesian word, the practice of tattooing had been described in the West as painting, scarring and this is not to be confused with the origins of the word for the military drumbeat or performance — see military tattoo. In this case, the English word tattoo is derived from the Dutch word taptoe, the word tattoo was brought to Europe by the explorer James Cook, when he returned in 1769 from his first voyage to Tahiti and New Zealand. In his narrative of the voyage, he refers to an operation called tattaw, mainstream art galleries hold exhibitions of both conventional and custom tattoo designs such as Beyond Skin, at the Museum of Croydon. Copyrighted tattoo designs that are mass-produced and sent to tattoo artists are known as flash, flash sheets are prominently displayed in many tattoo parlors for the purpose of providing both inspiration and ready-made tattoo images to customers. The most common used for traditional Japanese tattoo designs is Horimono. Japanese may use the word tattoo to mean non-Japanese styles of tattooing, anthropologist Ling Roth in 1900 described four methods of skin marking and suggested they be differentiated under the names tatu, moko, cicatrix, and keloid. According to George Orwell, coal miners could develop characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds and this can also occur with substances like gunpowder. Similarly, a traumatic tattoo occurs when a substance such as asphalt is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or trauma. These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread across several layers of skin, the symbolism and impact of tattoos varies in different places and cultures. Tattoos may show how a person feels about a relative or about an unrelated person, some Māori still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. In Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand, the tattoo is used for protection against evil. Text-based tattoos including quotes, lyrics, personal mottos or scripture are popular in western culture, as an example some Christians might have a Psalm or verse from the Bible tattooed on their body. Popular verses include John 3,16, Philippians 4,13, in the Philippines certain tribal groups believe tattoos have magical qualities, and help to protect their bearers. Most traditional tattooing in the Philippines is related to the accomplishments in life or rank in the tribe. Extensive decorative tattooing is common among members of traditional freak shows, people have also been forcibly tattooed. During registration, the Nazis would pierce the outlines of the serial-number digits onto the prisoners arms, only Auschwitz put tattoos on inmates, of all the Nazi concentration camps
6.
Skin
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Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton have different developmental origin, structure, the adjective cutaneous means of the skin. In mammals, the skin is an organ of the system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue. Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, all mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals like whales, dolphins, and porpoises which appear to be hairless. The skin interfaces with the environment and is the first line of defense from external factors, for example, the skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, severely damaged skin may heal by forming scar tissue. This is sometimes discoloured and depigmented, the thickness of skin also varies from location to location on an organism. The skin on the palms and the soles of the feet is 4 mm thick, the speed and quality of wound healing in skin is promoted by the reception of estrogen. Primarily, fur augments the insulation the skin provides but can serve as a secondary sexual characteristic or as camouflage. On some animals, the skin is hard and thick. Reptiles and fish have hard scales on their skin for protection. Amphibian skin is not a barrier, especially regarding the passage of chemicals via skin and is often subject to osmosis. For example, a sitting in an anesthetic solution would be sedated quickly. Amphibian skin plays key roles in everyday survival and their ability to exploit a range of habitats. Keratinocytes are the cells, constituting 95% of the epidermis, while Merkel cells, melanocytes. Keratinocytes from the stratum corneum are eventually shed from the surface, the epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished by diffusion from blood capillaries extending to the upper layers of the dermis. The epidermis and dermis are separated by a sheet of fibers called the basement membrane. The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress
7.
Mehndi
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Mehndi or Mehendi is a form of body art from Ancient India, in which decorative designs are created on a persons body, using a paste, created from the powdered dry leaves of the henna plant. Ancient in origin, mehndi is still a form of body art among the women of the Indian Subcontinent, Africa. Mehndi is derived from the Sanskrit word mendhikā, the use of mehndi and turmeric is described in the earliest Hindu Vedic ritual books. It was originally used for only womens palms and sometimes for men, haldi as well as mehndi are Vedic customs, intended to be a symbolic representation of the outer and the inner sun. Vedic customs are centered on the idea of awakening the inner light, Traditional Indian designs are representations of the sun on the palm, which, in this context, is intended to represent the hands and feet. There are many variations and types in mehndi designs which are categorized, such as Arabic mehndi designs, Indian mehndi designs, women usually apply variations of henna or mehndi design patterns on their hands and feet. Botanists believe the plant, Lawsonia inermis, originated in Egypt and was carried regularly to India where it was used since at least 700 AD for decorating hands. Historically henna has also used for medicinal purposes, to dye cloth and leather as well as hair, to color the manes of horses. Mehndi decorations became fashionable in the West in the late 1990s, Mehndi in Indian tradition is typically applied during special Hindu weddings and Hindu festivals like Karva Chauth, Vat Purnima, Diwali, Bhai Dooj and Teej. In Hindu festivals, many women have Henna applied to their hands and feet and sometimes on the back of their shoulders too, as men have it applied on their arms, legs, back, and chest. Some Muslims in the Indian subcontinent also apply Mehndi during festivals such as Eid-ul-Fitr, in the modern age and even due to limited supply of Indian Traditional Mehndi artists, usually people buy ready-made Henna cones, which are ready to use and make painting easy. However, in areas in India, women grind fresh henna leaves on grinding stones with added oil. The term henna tattoo is figurative, because true tattoos are permanent surgical insertions of pigments into the skin, Alta, Alata, or Mahur is a red dye used similarly to henna to paint the feet of the brides in some regions of India, for instance in Bengal. Likely due to the desire for an appearance, some people add the synthetic dye p-Phenylenediamine to henna to give it a black colour. PPD may cause allergic reactions and was voted Allergen of the Year in 2006 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Mehndi is an art form which originated in the ancient Indian subcontinent. It is typically applied during weddings - for brides, in Rajasthan, the grooms are given designs that are often as elaborate as those for brides. In Assam, apart from marriage, it is used by unmarried women during Rongali bihu
8.
Clay
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Clay is a fine-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Geologic clay deposits are composed of phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure. Clays are plastic due to water content and become hard, brittle. Depending on the content in which it is found, clay can appear in various colours from white to dull grey or brown to deep orange-red. Although many naturally occurring deposits include both silts and clay, clays are distinguished from other fine-grained soils by differences in size, silts, which are fine-grained soils that do not include clay minerals, tend to have larger particle sizes than clays. There is, however, some overlap in size and other physical properties. The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline, geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 µm, sedimentologists often use 4–5 μm, and colloid chemists use 1 μm. Geotechnical engineers distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils Atterberg limits, ISO14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger. These solvents, usually acidic, migrate through the rock after leaching through upper weathered layers. In addition to the process, some clay minerals are formed through hydrothermal activity. There are two types of deposits, primary and secondary. Primary clays form as residual deposits in soil and remain at the site of formation, secondary clays are clays that have been transported from their original location by water erosion and deposited in a new sedimentary deposit. Clay deposits are associated with very low energy depositional environments such as large lakes. Depending on the source, there are three or four main groups of clays, kaolinite, montmorillonite-smectite, illite, and chlorite. Chlorites are not always considered to be a clay, sometimes being classified as a group within the phyllosilicates. There are approximately 30 different types of clays in these categories. Varve is clay with visible annual layers, which are formed by deposition of those layers and are marked by differences in erosion. This type of deposit is common in glacial lakes
9.
Pigment
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A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, many materials selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light. Materials that humans have chosen and developed for use as pigments usually have properties that make them ideal for coloring other materials. A pigment must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials it colors and it must be stable in solid form at ambient temperatures. For industrial applications, as well as in the arts, permanence, pigments that are not permanent are called fugitive. Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food, and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the arts are dry colorants. This powder is added to a binder, a neutral or colorless material that suspends the pigment. A distinction is made between a pigment, which is insoluble in its vehicle, and a dye, which either is itself a liquid or is soluble in its vehicle. A colorant can act as either a pigment or a dye depending on the vehicle involved, in some cases, a pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a soluble dye with a metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment, the term biological pigment is used for all colored substances independent of their solubility. In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of inorganic, organic, asia has the highest rate on a quantity basis followed by Europe and North America. By 2020, revenues will have risen to approx, the global demand on pigments was roughly US$20.5 billion in 2009, around 1. 5-2% up from the previous year. It is predicted to increase in a growth rate in the coming years. The worldwide sales are said to increase up to US$24.5 billion in 2015, pigments appear the colors they are because they selectively reflect and absorb certain wavelengths of visible light. White light is an equal mixture of the entire spectrum of visible light with a wavelength in a range from about 375 or 400 nanometers to about 760 or 780 nm. When this light encounters a pigment, parts of the spectrum are absorbed by the molecules or ions of the pigment, in organic pigments such as diazo or phthalocyanine compounds the light is absorbed by the conjugated systems of double bonds in the molecule. Some of the inorganic pigments such as vermilion or cadmium yellow absorb light by transferring an electron from the ion to the positive ion
10.
Tribe
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A tribe is viewed, developmentally or historically, as a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states. A tribe is a group of people, dependent on their land for their livelihood, who are largely self-sufficient. It is perhaps the term most readily understood and used by the general public, stephen Corry defines tribal people as those who. have followed ways of life for many generations that are largely self-sufficient, and are clearly different from the mainstream and dominant society. There are a one hundred and fifty million tribal individuals worldwide. Although nearly all people are indigenous, some are not indigenous to the areas where they now live. The distinction between tribal and indigenous is important because tribal peoples have a special status acknowledged in international law and they often face particular issues in addition to those faced by the wider category of indigenous peoples. Many people used the term tribal society to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of social, especially familial, a customary tribe in these terms is a face-to-face community, relatively bound by kinship relations, reciprocal exchange, and strong ties to place. Tribe is a term due to its roots of being defined by outsiders during the period of colonialism. The word has no shared referent, whether in political form, some argue that it conveys a negative connotation of a timeless unchanging past. To avoid these implications, some have chosen to use the ethnic group. In some places, such as India and North America, tribes are polities that have granted legal recognition. The English word tribe occurs in 12th-century Middle English-literature as referring to one of the tribes of Israel. The Ramnes were named after Romulus, leader of the Latins, Tities after Titus Tatius, leader of the Sabines, according to Livy, the three tribes were squadrons of knights, rather than ethnic divisions. The terms ultimate etymology is uncertain, perhaps from the Proto-Indo-European roots tri-, in 242–240 BC, the Tribal Assembly in the Roman Republic included 35 tribes. The Latin word as used in the Bible translates as Greek phyle, race, tribe, clan, in the historical sense, tribe, race and clan can be used interchangeably. Considerable debate has accompanied efforts to define and characterize tribes, scholars perceive differences between pre-state tribes and contemporary tribes, there is also general controversy over cultural evolution and colonialism. In the popular imagination, tribes reflect a way of life that predates, tribes also privilege primordial social ties, are clearly bounded, homogeneous, parochial, and stable. Tribes are an organization among families, which generates a social and ideological basis for solidarity that is in some way more limited than that of a group or of a nation
11.
Indigenous Australians
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Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to European colonisation. In present-day Australia these groups are divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken, it is estimated that 120 to 145 of these remain in use. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English, a population collapse following European settlement, and a smallpox epidemic spreading three years after the arrival of Europeans may have caused a massive and early depopulation. Since 1995, the Australian Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag have been among the flags of Australia. The word aboriginal has been in the English language since at least the 16th century, to mean, first or earliest known and it comes from the Latin word aborigines, derived from ab and origo. The word was used in Australia to describe its indigenous peoples as early as 1789 and it soon became capitalised and employed as the common name to refer to all Indigenous Australians. Strictly speaking, Aborigine is the noun and Aboriginal the adjectival form, however, use of either Aborigine or Aboriginal to refer to individuals has acquired negative connotations in some sectors of the community, and it is generally regarded as insensitive and even offensive. The more acceptable and correct expression is Aboriginal Australians or Aboriginal people, the term Indigenous Australians, which also includes Torres Strait Islander peoples, has found increasing acceptance, particularly since the 1980s. The broad term Aboriginal Australians includes many groups that often identify under names from local Indigenous languages. Anindilyakwa on Groote Eylandt off Arnhem Land, Palawah in Tasmania and these larger groups may be further subdivided, for example, Anangu recognises localised subdivisions such as Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Luritja and Antikirinya. It is estimated that prior to the arrival of British settlers, the Torres Strait Islanders possess a heritage and cultural history distinct from Aboriginal traditions. The eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea, accordingly, they are not generally included under the designation Aboriginal Australians. This has been another factor in the promotion of the inclusive term Indigenous Australians. Six percent of Indigenous Australians identify themselves fully as Torres Strait Islanders, a further 4% of Indigenous Australians identify themselves as having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal heritage. The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100 islands which were annexed by Queensland in 1879, eddie Mabo was from Mer or Murray Island in the Torres Strait, which the famous Mabo decision of 1992 involved. The term blacks has been used to refer to Indigenous Australians since European settlement, while originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and refers to people of any skin pigmentation. In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley, proudly embraced the term black, the book included interviews with several members of the Aboriginal community including Robert Jabanungga reflecting on contemporary Aboriginal culture
12.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
13.
Pacific Islands
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The Pacific Islands is a term broadly referring to the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Depending on the context, it may refer to countries and islands with common Austronesian origins, islands once or currently colonized, in English, the umbrella term Pacific Islands may take on several meanings. Sometimes it refers to only those islands covered by the continent of Oceania, there are many other islands located within the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean that are not considered part of Oceania. This list includes all islands found in the geographic Pacific Ocean, with an area larger than 10,000 square kilometers
14.
Africa
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Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earths total surface area and 20.4 % of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the human population. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos and it contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states, nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Africas population is the youngest amongst all the continents, the age in 2012 was 19.7. Algeria is Africas largest country by area, and Nigeria by population, afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas, it is the continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. Africa hosts a diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century European countries colonized most of Africa, Africa also varies greatly with regard to environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. However, most present states in Africa originate from a process of decolonization in the 20th century, afri was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa, which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean. This name seems to have referred to a native Libyan tribe. The name is connected with Hebrew or Phoenician ʿafar dust. The same word may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of the province of Africa Proconsularis, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya. The Latin suffix -ica can sometimes be used to denote a land, the later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name. According to the Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while Asia was used to refer to Anatolia, as Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge. 25,4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya, isidore of Seville in Etymologiae XIV.5.2. Suggests Africa comes from the Latin aprica, meaning sunny, massey, in 1881, stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, meaning to turn toward the opening of the Ka. The Ka is the double of every person and the opening of the Ka refers to a womb or birthplace
15.
Henna
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Henna is a flowering plant and the sole species of the Lawsonia genus. The English name henna comes from the Arabic حِنَّاء or, colloquially حنا, the name henna also refers to the dye prepared from the plant and the temporary body art based on those dyes. Henna has been used since antiquity to dye skin, hair and fingernails, as well as fabrics including silk, wool and leather. Historically, henna was used in the Arabian Peninsula, South Asia, parts of South East Asia, Carthage, other parts of North Africa and the Horn of Africa. The name is used in skin and hair dyes, such as black henna and neutral henna. Henna was originally made from the feces of the dromedary, or one-humped camel, which inhabits the Middle East and it is glabrous and multi-branched, with spine-tipped branchlets. The leaves grow opposite each other on the stem and they are glabrous, sub-sessile, elliptical, and lanceolate, acuminate, and have depressed veins on the dorsal surface. Henna flowers have four sepals and a 2 mm calyx tube and its petals are obvate, with white or red stamens found in pairs on the rim of the calyx tube. The ovary is four-celled,5 mm long, and erect, Henna fruits are small, brownish capsules, 4–8 mm in diameter, with 32–49 seeds per fruit, and open irregularly into four splits. The henna plant is native to northern Africa, western and southern Asia and it produces the most dye when grown in temperatures between 35 and 45 °C. During the onset of precipitation intervals, the plant grows rapidly, the leaves gradually yellow and fall during prolonged dry or cool intervals. It does not thrive where minimum temperatures are below 11 °C, temperatures below 5 °C will kill the henna plant. Whole, unbroken henna leaves will not stain the skin, Henna will not stain skin until the lawsone molecules are made available from the henna leaf. Dried henna leaves will stain the skin if they are mashed into a paste, the lawsone will gradually migrate from the henna paste into the outer layer of the skin and bind to the proteins in it, creating a fast stain. Since it is difficult to form intricate patterns from coarse crushed leaves, the dry powder is mixed with one of a number of liquids, including water, lemon juice, or strong tea, and other ingredients, depending on the tradition. Many artists use sugar or molasses in the paste to improve consistency, the henna mix must rest for 1 to 48 hours before use, to release the lawsone from the leaf matter. The timing depends on the crop of henna being used, essential oils with high levels of monoterpene alcohols, such as tea tree, cajeput, or lavender, will improve skin stain characteristics. Other essential oils, such as eucalyptus and clove, are useful but are too irritating
16.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
17.
Bride
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A bride is a woman who is about to be married or who is newlywed. When marrying, the future spouse, or husband is usually referred to as the bridegroom or groom. In Western culture, a bride may be attended by one or more bridesmaids, the word may come from the Proto-Germanic verb root *brū-, meaning to cook, brew, or make a broth, which was the role of the daughter-in-law in primitive families. But Aoife Curran, in Ireland Legends And Folklore, suggests that the bride may be named for Saint Brigit. In Europe and North America, the attire for a bride is a formal dress. Usually, in the white wedding model, the dress is bought specifically for the wedding. For first marriages in Western countries, a wedding dress is usually worn, a tradition started by Queen Victoria. Today, Western brides frequently wear white, cream, or ivory dresses for any number of marriages, outside of Western countries, brides most commonly wear national dress. White wedding dresses are particularly uncommon in Asian traditions, because white is the color of mourning, in many Asian cultures, red is usual for brides, as this colour indicates vibrance and health and has over time been associated with brides. However, in modern times other colours may be worn, or Western styles preferred, regardless of colour in most Asian cultures bridal clothes are highly decorative, often covered with embroidery, beading or gold. In some traditions brides may wear more than one outfit, this is true for example in Japan, parts of India, particular styles of jewelry are often associated with bridal wear, for example wedding rings in most Western cultures, or chura in Punjabi Sikh culture. Hindu brides are presented with a mangalsutra during the wedding ceremony, wedding jewellery has traditionally been used to demonstrate the value of the brides dowry. In addition to the gown, brides wear a veil and carry a bouquet of flowers, a small heirloom such as a lucky coin. In Western countries, a bride may wear something old, something new, something borrowed, and something blue, the term bride appears in combination with many words, some of which are obsolete. Thus bridegroom is a married man, and bride-bell, bride-banquet are old equivalents of wedding-bells. Bridal, originally the wedding-feast itself, has grown into a general descriptive adjective, the cake-eating went out of fashion, but the wheat ears survived. In the Middle Ages they were either worn or carried by the bride, eventually it became the custom for the young girls to assemble outside the church porch and throw grains of wheat over the bride, and afterwards a scramble for the grains took place. In time the wheat-grains came to be cooked into thin dry biscuits, which were broken over the head, as is the custom in Scotland today
18.
Woman
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A woman is a female human. The term woman is usually reserved for an adult, with the girl being the usual term for a female child or adolescent. The term woman is sometimes used to identify a female human, regardless of age. Women with typical genetic development are usually capable of giving birth from puberty until menopause, the spelling of woman in English has progressed over the past millennium from wīfmann to wīmmann to wumman, and finally, the modern spelling woman. In Old English, wīfmann meant female human, whereas wēr meant male human, the medial labial consonants f and m in wīfmann coalesced into the modern form woman, while the initial element, which meant female, underwent semantic narrowing to the sense of a married woman. It is a misconception that the term woman is etymologically connected to womb. Womb is actually from the Old English word wambe meaning stomach, the symbol for the planet Venus is the sign also used in biology for the female sex. It is a representation of the goddess Venuss hand-mirror or an abstract symbol for the goddess. The Venus symbol also represented femininity, and in ancient alchemy stood for copper, alchemists constructed the symbol from a circle above an equilateral cross. Womanhood is the period in a life after she has passed through childhood and adolescence. The word woman can be used generally, to any female human or specifically. The word girl originally meant young person of either sex in English, in particular, previously common terms such as office girl are no longer widely used. Referring to a female human as a woman may, in such a culture, imply that she is sexually experienced. There are various words used to refer to the quality of being a woman, menarche, the onset of menstruation, occurs on average at age 12-13. The earliest women whose names are known through archaeology include, Neithhotep, the wife of Narmer, merneith, consort and regent of ancient Egypt during the first dynasty. She may have been ruler of Egypt in her own right, merit-Ptah, also lived in Egypt and is the earliest known female physician and scientist. Peseshet, a physician in Ancient Egypt, puabi, or Shubad – queen of Ur whose tomb was discovered with many expensive artifacts. Other known pre-Sargonic queens of Ur include Ashusikildigir, Ninbanda, kugbau, a taverness from Kish chosen by the Nippur priesthood to become hegemonic ruler of Sumer, and in later ages deified as Kubaba
19.
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. The term Amerindian is used in Quebec, the Guianas, Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives. Application of the term Indian originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, eventually, the Americas came to be known as the West Indies, a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the blanket term Indies and Indians for the indigenous inhabitants, although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time, although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by peoples, some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico. At least a different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples. The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are the subject of ongoing research. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to northwest North America. Alaska was a glacial refugium because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist, the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska for thousands of years. Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single population, one that developed in isolation. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years, around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets. Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to the south, archeological evidence of the latter would have been covered by the sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age
20.
Jagua Tattoo
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Jagua Tattoo is a temporary form of skin decoration resulting from the application of an extract of the fruit Genipa americana, also known as Jagua. This fruit has been used for ornamentation and medicinal purposes in many areas of South America for centuries. It has only recently introduced in North America and Europe as an addition to henna body art, also called Mehendi, Mehandi. The term jagua tattoo is inaccurate because tattoos are defined as permanent surgical insertion of pigments underneath the skin, both mehndi and jagua tattoos penetrate and stain the top skin layer, and in the case of jagua the color develops and darkens over several days until blue-black. While henna tattoos are associated with Indian, African and Middle Eastern cultures, jagua body art was invented by Circum-Caribbean tribes, Genipa americana is a species of Genipa, native to northern South America, the Caribbean and southern Mexico, growing in profusion in rainforests. It is commonly called Huito, the alternate name Jagua may refer to species of Genipa as well. To the Inca, it was known as hawa or wituq, in the British islands of the West Indies, it was called the marmalade box. It is a medium tree growing to 15 m tall. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate to oblong, 20–35 cm long and 10–19 cm broad, glossy dark green, the flowers are white, yellow or red, with a five-lobed corolla 5–6 cm diameter. The fruit is an edible berry 5–8 cm diameter. Indians in the Amazon traditionally use the juice of the fruit for body ornamentation. Certain tribes, such as the Matses Indians of Peru also insert it underneath the skin to create permanent markings on the body, additionally, the fruit is used for a host of purported medicinal purposes. Peoples known to use the Jagua fruit include, The Zapara, Shuar, Tsachila, Emberá-Wounaan, Yucuna, Kuna, Yuqui, Tikuna, Yagua, Arakmbut, Kaapor, Canelos-Quichua, and Shipibo-Conibo. Jagua tattoo is a used by people in the body art industry to refer to a new form of natural temporary tattoo. Designs created with jagua appear blue/black in color on the skin, depending on a variety of factors, the stain on the skin lasts one to two weeks, fading gradually as the skin exfoliates. Several companies selling temporary tattoo kits have introduced products made with jagua as a base, body painting Henna Temporary tattoo Media related to Jagua at Wikimedia Commons
21.
Genipa americana
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Genipa americana is a species of Genipa, native to northern South America, the Caribbean and southern Mexico, growing in rainforests. It is commonly called genipapo, huito, or jagua, although the name jagua is also used for other Genipa species, the Inca called it hawa or wituq. In the British islands of the West Indies, it was called the marmalade box and it is a small tree growing to 15 m tall. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate to oblong, 20–35 cm long and 10–19 cm broad, glossy dark green, the flowers are white, yellow or red, with a five-lobed corolla 5–6 cm diameter. The fruit is an edible berry 5–8 cm diameter. A number of varieties and forms have been described, Genipa americana var. americana Genipa americana var. caruto K. Schum, Genipa americana f. grandifolia Chodat & Hassl. Genipa americana f. parvifolia Chodat & Hassl, the leaves are a food source for the caterpillars of the Fadus Sphinx Moth. Genipa americana is cultivated for its fruit, which are made into drinks, jelly, sherbet. It is also said to be useful for treatment of candiru attacks, South American Indians bathe their legs in the clear liquid obtained from the fruit. The liquid has an astringent effect, when the liquid oxidizes, it stains the skin black. These stains are permanent, but only color the top few layers of skin, and thus disappear after about a fortnight, as South Americans Indians went into battle, they used to paint themselves with Genipa juice and annatto. The juice of the fruit is clear, but induces a chemical reaction on the human skin resulting in a tattoo-like dark blue. Used by rainforest natives as body-painting color, the ripened fruit of Huito is often eaten raw or made into jam. The fruit is brewed into a tea and taken as a remedy for bronchitis, Huito prefers alluvial soils, and grows very quickly, even in heavily flooded fields. This tree can be planted but more often than not it is dispersed by animals or water and it also serves as a very good climbing tree to reach other trees. In Puerto Rico, the fruit is placed in a glass container, folklore states that it contains natural glass. Germplasm Resources Information Network, Genipa americana USDA Plants Profile, Genipa americana Datasheet from Rainforest Conservation
22.
Annatto
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Annatto is an orange-red condiment and food coloring derived from the seeds of the achiote tree. It is often used to impart a yellow or orange color to foods and its scent is described as slightly peppery with a hint of nutmeg and flavor as slightly nutty, sweet and peppery. The color of annatto comes from carotenoid pigments, mainly bixin and norbixin. The condiment is typically prepared by grinding the seeds to a powder or paste, similar effects can be obtained by extracting some of the color and flavor principles from the seeds with hot water, oil, or lard, which are then added to the food. In these uses, annatto is an alternative to synthetic food coloring compounds. Annatto is of commercial value in the United States because the Food. The annatto tree B. orellana is believed to originate from Brazil and it was probably not initially used as a food additive, but for other purposes such as ritual and decorative body painting, sunscreen, and insect repellent, and for medical purposes. It was used for Mexican manuscript painting in the 16th century and it is also called by local names such as achiote, bija, roucou, koesoewe or kusuwe, onoto, atsuete, or colorau. Its use has spread in times to other parts of the world. Ground annatto seeds, often mixed with seeds or spices, are used in form of paste or powder for culinary use, especially in Latin American, Jamaican, Chamorro. Many cuisines traditionally use annatto in recipes of Spanish origin that originally call for saffron, for example, in arroz con pollo, in Venezuela, annatto is used in the preparation of hallacas, perico, and other traditional dishes. Annatto seeds are also a component of some local sauces and condiments, such as recado rojo in Yucatán, Annatto paste is an important ingredient of cochinita pibil, the spicy pork dish popular in Mexico. It is also a key ingredient in the drink tascalate from Chiapas, in the Philippines it is used for the sauce of pancit. Annatto is used currently to impart a yellow or orange color to many industrialized and semi-industrialized foods, in the European Union, it is identified by the E number E160b. Annatto has been a traditional colorant for Gloucester cheese since the 16th century, during the summer, the high levels of carotene in the grass would have given the milk an orange tint which was carried through into the cheese. This orange hue came to be regarded as an indicator of the best cheese, the custom of adding annatto then spread to other parts of the UK, for cheeses such as Chesire and Red Leicester, as well as colored cheddar made in Scotland. Many cheddars are produced in white and red varieties, with the latter being more popular despite the only difference between the two being the presence of annatto as a coloring. That practice has extended to many modern processed cheese products, such as American cheese, the yellow to orange color is produced by the chemical compounds bixin and norbixin, which are classified as carotenoids
23.
Charcoal
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Charcoal is a lightweight, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis- the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen, the whole pile is covered with turf or moistened clay. The firing is begun at the bottom of the flue, the success of the operation depends upon the rate of the combustion. The operation is so delicate that it was left to colliers. They often lived alone in small huts in order to tend their wood piles, for example, in the Harz Mountains of Germany, charcoal burners lived in conical huts called Köten which are still much in evidence today. The massive production of charcoal was a cause of deforestation. The increasing scarcity of easily harvested wood was a factor behind the switch to fossil fuel equivalents, mainly coal. Charcoal made at 300 °C is brown, soft and friable, and readily inflames at 380 °C, made at higher temperatures it is hard and brittle, in Finland and Scandinavia, the charcoal was considered the by-product of wood tar production. The best tar came from pine, thus pinewoods were cut down for tar pyrolysis, the residual charcoal was widely used as substitute for metallurgical coke in blast furnaces for smelting. Tar production led to deforestation, it has been estimated all Finnish forests are younger than 300 years. The end of tar production at the end of the 19th century resulted in rapid re-forestation, the charcoal briquette was first invented and patented by Ellsworth B. A. Zwoyer of Pennsylvania in 1897 and was produced by the Zwoyer Fuel Company. The process was popularized by Henry Ford, who used wood. Ford Charcoal went on to become the Kingsford Company, Charcoal has been made by various methods. The traditional method in Britain used a clamp and this is essentially a pile of wooden logs leaning against a chimney. The chimney consists of 4 wooden stakes held up by some rope, the logs are completely covered with soil and straw allowing no air to enter. It must be lit by introducing some burning fuel into the chimney, if the soil covering gets torn by the fire, additional soil is placed on the cracks. Once the burn is complete, the chimney is plugged to prevent air from entering, the true art of this production method is in managing the sufficient generation of heat, and its transfer to wood parts in the process of being carbonised. A strong disadvantage of this method is the huge amount of emissions that are harmful to human health
24.
World Naked Bike Ride
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The dress code motto is bare as you dare. Full or partial nudity is encouraged, but not mandatory, there is no mandate to cover intimate parts, this is a distinguishing feature of the WNBR against other cycling events. Body art, such as painting, are common forms of creative expression, as well as costumes, art bikes, portable sound reinforcement systems. Pre- and post-ride parties for WNBRs have become events unto themselves, often featuring musical bands, DJs, body painting, temporary structures/installation art, political tabling, prior to the World Naked Bike ride in 2004 there were many organizations organizing naked bike rides. In Germany naked bike rides were organized by FKK organizations. In Seattle naked bike rides were organized by the Fremont riders, in Spain rides were organized by the Ciclonudista. In Canada naked rides were organized by Artists Against War. WNBR rapidly started to come to life through collaborations with activist groups, since that time rides have also taken place in February and March. A smaller number of rides have taken place at times of the year. Despite having similar political messages neither of these groups knew of the existence of the other until collaboration began many months before the first WNBR event, initially the message of the WNBR was protesting against oil dependency and celebrating the power and individuality of the human body. In 2006, there was a shift towards simplifying the message, while the ride does include and appeal to participants from social nudity circles, the ride is not focused on promoting social nudity directly as much as cycling. The 2004 WNBR saw events in 28 cities, in ten countries on four continents, by 2010, WNBR had expanded to stage rides in 74 cities, in 17 countries, from the United States to United Kingdom and Hungary to Paraguay. Opposition to large Critical Mass-type events may argue that they induce traffic congestion, to counter, supporters may suggest, We are not stopping traffic, we are traffic. Critical Mass and other biketivist groups promote awareness of cyclists, many cyclists are seriously injured or killed on the highways, participants advocate living streets and bicycle-friendly communities. Participants believe that communities were not designed to take advantage of bicycles. Instead, they believe, society has subordinated community values to the requirements of expensive, dangerous, loud, oil has become a treasured commodity — associated by some with the costs of war and climate change. Participants celebrate the many benefits of a lifestyle, reduced emissions, free parking. Some cycling activists have criticised WNBR for trivialising the issues of oil dependency, cyclists access to roads, organisers may counter that the concepts of having fun and public outreach are not mutually exclusive
25.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
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People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals is an American animal rights organization based in Norfolk, Virginia, and led by Ingrid Newkirk, its international president. A nonprofit corporation with 300 employees, it claims that it has 3 million members and supporters and is the largest animal group in the world. Its slogan is animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, use for entertainment, today it focuses on four core issues—opposition to factory farming, fur farming, animal testing, and animals in entertainment. It also campaigns against eating meat, fishing, the killing of animals regarded as pests, the keeping of chained backyard dogs, cock fighting, dog fighting, the group has been the focus of controversy, both inside and outside the animal rights movement. Newkirk told Salon in 2001 that PETA works toward the ideal, no one, she says, is being exploited. Sexual attraction is a fact of life, and if it can advance the animals cause, Newkirks view is that PETA has a duty to be press sluts. She argues, It is our obligation and we would be worthless if we were just polite and didnt make any waves. Newkirk was born in England in 1949, and raised in Hertfordshire and later New Delhi, India, Newkirk, now an atheist, was educated in a convent, the only British girl there. She became an officer for Montgomery County and then the District of Columbias first woman poundmaster. By 1976, she was head of the division of D. C. s Commission on Public Health. Or I would say, They are stepping on the animals, crushing them like grapes, in the end, I would go to work early, before anyone got there, and I would just kill the animals myself. Because I couldnt stand to let go through that. I must have killed a thousand of them, sometimes every day. Some of those people would take pleasure in making them suffer, driving home every night, I would cry just thinking about it. And I just felt, to my bones, this cannot be right, in 1980, she divorced Steve Newkirk, whom she had married when she was 19, and the same year met Alex Pacheco, a political major at George Washington University. Pacheco had studied for the priesthood, then worked as a member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Societys first ship. It just didnt sound great to me, he told The Los Angeles Times in 1992, I had been active in Europe. And I thought there were just too many formalities, I thought we should just do things ourselves
26.
Demi's Birthday Suit
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As an example of modern body painting artwork, it raised the profile of Gair in pop culture as an artist in that genre. The work is considered to be groundbreaking by some, although there is controversy surrounding its originality, the converse of this image serves as the cover to Gairs second bodypainting book, Body Painting. The photo shoot also let Moore show off the results of her fitness regimen, gene Newman considers the body painting of Moore to be the introduction of modern body painting to the world. Joanne Gair has described the painting as a reference to Botticelli. The Amazon. com product description for Gairs book calls her participation in this photoshoot as her defining moment. Soon after the release of the magazine Gair became such a pop icon that she was considered for an Absolut Vodka Absolut Gair ad campaign according to a story in The New York Times. The work is considered to be an example from the most sophisticated end of the spectrum which extends all the way to Henna tattoos. Some sources have claimed that the work is a derivative of preceding works, playboy published a photo with similar bodypainting, with a necktie, suit jacket and similar pose, in its March 1968 issue, as part of a feature on bodypainting. Gair had worked with Leibovitz and Moore on More Demi Moore, departing Vanity Fair editor Tina Brown felt The only thing to do for the anniversary cover was to reprise it. According to a Houston Chronicle story that quotes both Moore and Brown, about 100 million people had seen the cover, and this cover capitalized on the anniversary. They decided to attempt a body painting during the shoot at the Chateau Marmont Hotel in Los Angeles. Gair was provided with a pinstriped three-piece suit by Richard Tyler as a model to paint onto Moore. Since in those days she did not generally work with assistants and it took 15 hours to apply the suit because it was difficult for Gair to build the proper paint density. Moores body heat melted the paint, stylist Lori Goldstein assisted with the application. Having started rigorous workouts in the final trimester of her pregnancy the year before to prepare for her role in A Few Good Men, thus she appeared in additional nude photos within the magazines cover story. Moore viewed the photos as a chance to show off the results of her workouts, I said I would get better with each baby, the weeklong effort also involved shots taken in Kauai, Hawaii that are included in Gairs second book, Body Painting. Moore felt she looked better on the cover at age 29 than she had in a nine years earlier in Blame It on Rio. Demi Moore had appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair exactly one year earlier in the August 1991 edition in Leibovitzs photograph, More Demi Moore
27.
Mores
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Mores include an aversion for societal taboos, such as incest. The mores of a society usually predicate legislation prohibiting their taboos, often, countries will employ specialized vice squads or vice police engaged in suppressing specific crimes offending the societal mores. Folkways, in sociology, are norms for routine or casual interaction and this includes ideas about appropriate greetings and proper dress in different situations. In short, mores distinguish the difference between right and wrong, while folkways draw a line between right and rude, both mores and folkways are terms coined by William Graham Sumner in 1906. The English word morality comes from the same Latin root mōrēs, however, mores do not, as is commonly supposed, necessarily carry connotations of morality. Rather, morality can be seen as a subset of mores, held to be of importance in view of their content. The Greek terms equivalent to Latin mores are ethos or nomos, as with the relation of mores to morality, ethos is the basis of the term ethics, nomos give the suffix -onomy, as in astronomy. Such religious or sacral customs may vary, coping with the differences between two sets of cultural conventions is a question of intercultural competence. Differences in the mores of various nations are at the root of ethnic stereotype, or in the case of reflection upon ones own mores, autostereotypes
28.
Sensationalist
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Some tactics include being deliberately obtuse, appealing to emotions, being controversial, intentionally omitting facts and information, being loud and self-centered and acting to obtain attention. Furthermore, the content and subject matter typically affect neither the lives of the masses nor society and instead is broadcast, however, newspapers have a duty to report and investigate stories related to political corruption. Such investigative journalism is right and proper when it is backed up with documents, interviews with responsible witnesses, journalists and editors are often accused of sensationalizing scandals by those whose public image is harmed by the legitimate reporting of the scandal. News organizations are not obliged to avoid stories that make local, state. Therefore, any story based on sources who may be assumed to be motivated to act in this way is best interpreted with critical thinking. In extreme cases, mass media may report information that makes a good story without regard for factual accuracy or social relevance. Such stories are perceived as politically partisan or biased towards or against a group or individual because of the sensational nature in which they are reported. A media piece may report on a figure in a biased way or present one side of an issue while deriding another. It may include aspects such as zealots, doomsayers and/or junk science. Complex subjects and affairs are often subject to sensationalism, exciting and emotionally charged aspects can be drawn out without providing the elements needed for the audience to form its own opinions on the subject. Mass media occasionally uses a website as a source, then mistakenly relays the joke as news. One widely reported example involved The Onions story on Harry Potter, in A History of News, author Mitchell Stephens notes sensationalism can be found in the Ancient Roman Acta Diurna. Sensationalism was used in books of the 16th and 17th century, through sensationalism, he claims, the audience was further educated and encouraged to take more interest in the news. The more modern forms of sensationalism developed in the course of the century in parallel with the expansion of print culture in industrialized nations. Scholars in the collection engage in a discussion on popular culture, literature, performance, art history, theory, pre-cinema. Sensationalism is often blamed for the infotainment style of news programs on radio. According to sociologist John Thompson, the debate of sensationalism used in the medium of broadcasting is based on a misunderstanding of its audience. Thompson explains that the term suggests a vast audience of many thousands
29.
Exhibitionism
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Exhibitionism is the act of exposing in a public or semi-public context those parts of ones body that are not normally exposed – for example, the breasts, genitals or buttocks. Exposing oneself only to a partner is normally not regarded as exhibitionism. In law, the act of exhibitionism may be called indecent exposure, exposing ones person, public exhibitionism by women has been recorded since classical times, often in the context of women shaming groups of men into committing, or inciting them to commit, some public action. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus gives an account of exhibitionistic behaviors from the fifth century BC in The Histories, Herodotus writes that, When people travel to Bubastis for the festival, this is what they do. Every baris carrying them there overflows with people, a crowd of them. Some of the women have clappers, while some of the men have pipes which they play throughout the voyage, the rest of the men and women sing and clap their hands. When in the course of their journey they reach a community — not the city of their destination, every riverside community receives this treatment. The development of new such as smartphones and tablets has permitted some exhibitionists to reorient their methods such as with nelfies. Exhibitionism was first described as a disorder in 1877 by French physician, the DSM states that the highest possible prevalence for exhibitionistic disorder in men is 2%-4%. It is thought to be less common in women. In a Swedish survey,2. 1% of women and 4. 1% of men admitted to becoming sexually aroused from the exposure of their genitals to a stranger. A research team asked a sample of 185 exhibitionists, How would you have preferred a person to react if you were to expose your privates to him or her. The most common response was Would want to have intercourse, followed by No reaction necessary at all, To show their privates also, Admiration. Only very few exhibitionists chose Anger and disgust or Fear, various types of behavior are classified as exhibitionism, including, Anasyrma, the lifting of the skirt when not wearing underwear, to expose genitals. Candaulism, when a person exposes his or her partner in a provocative manner. Flashing, the display of bare female breasts by a woman with an up-and-down lifting of the shirt and/or bra or the exposure of a mans or womans genitalia. Martymachlia, a paraphilia which involves attraction to having others watch the execution of a sexual act. Mooning, the display of bare buttocks by pulling down of trousers, the act is most often done for the sake of humour, disparagement, or mockery
30.
Century of Progress
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The theme of the fair was technological innovation. A Century of Progress was organized as an Illinois nonprofit corporation in January 1928 for the purpose of planning and hosting a Worlds Fair in Chicago in 1934. City officials designated three and a half miles of reclaimed land along the shore of Lake Michigan between 12th and 39th streets on the Near South Side for the fairgrounds. Held on a 427 acres portion of Burnham Park the Century of Progress opened on May 27,1933, the fairs opening night began with a nod to the heavens. Lights were automatically activated when the rays of the star Arcturus were detected, the star was chosen as its light had started its journey at about the time of the previous Chicago worlds fair—the Worlds Columbian Exposition—in 1893. The rays were focused on cells in a series of astronomical observatories. The fair buildings were multi-colored, to create a Rainbow City as opposed to the White City of the Worlds Columbian Exposition, the buildings generally followed Moderne architecture in contrast to the neoclassical themes used at the 1893 fair. One famous feature of the fair were the performances of fan dancer Sally Rand, other popular exhibits were the various auto manufacturers, the Midway, and a recreation of important scenes from Chicagos history. One of the highlights of the 1933 Worlds Fair was the arrival of the German airship Graf Zeppelin on October 26,1933, after circling Lake Michigan near the exposition for two hours, Commander Hugo Eckener landed the 776-foot airship at the nearby Curtiss-Wright Airport in Glenview. It remained on the ground for twenty-five minutes then took off ahead of a weather front bound for Akron. This triggered dissension in the days following its visit, particularly within the citys large German-American population, but it was Packard which won the best of show. Marine artist Hilda Goldblatt Gorenstein painted twelve murals for the Navys exhibit in the Federal Building for the fair, the first Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held at Comiskey Park in conjunction with the fair. To cap its record-breaking speed run, the Zephyr arrived dramatically on-stage at the fairs Wings of a Century transportation pageant, the two trains launched an era of industrial streamlining. Both trains later went into revenue service, the Union Pacifics as the City of Salina. The Zephyr is now on exhibit at Chicagos Museum of Science, Frank Buck furnished a wild animal exhibit, Frank Buck’s Jungle Camp. Over two million people visited Buck’s reproduction of the camp he and his native assistants lived in while collecting animals in Asia, after the fair closed, Buck moved the camp to a compound he had created at Amityville, New York. Planning for the design of the Exposition began over five years prior to Opening Day, local architects on the committee included Edward Bennett, John Holabird, and Hubert Burnham. Frank Lloyd Wright was specifically left off the commission due to his inability to work well with others, members of this committee ended up designing most of the large, thematic exhibition pavilions
31.
Max Factor Sr.
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Max Factor, born Maksymilian Faktorowicz, was a Polish-Jewish businessman. Founder of the cosmetics giant Max Factor & Company, he developed the modern cosmetics industry. Factor, of Jewish descent, was born in Zduńska Wola, Poland, to Abraham Factor and his mother died in 1874 and his father, a hard-working grocer, rabbi or textile mill worker, could not afford a formal education for his four children. By the age of eight years, Factor was working as an assistant to a dentist/pharmacist, at the age of nine, he was apprenticed to a Łódź’s wig maker and cosmetician. That experience enabled him to gain a position at Antons of Berlin, by the age of fourteen, he was working at Korpo, a Moscow wig maker and cosmetician to the Imperial Russian Grand Opera. He spent the years from eighteen to twenty-two undertaking his compulsory service in the Russian Army. Upon his discharge, he opened his own shop in the town of Ryazan, selling hand-made rouges, creams, fragrances and he became well-known when a traveling theatrical troupe wore Factor’s cosmetics to perform for Russian nobility. The Russian nobility appointed Factor the official cosmetics expert for the family and the Imperial Russian Grand Opera. He married Esther Rosa and by early 1904 they had produced three children, Freda, Cecilia and Davis, by 1904 concerned about the increasing anti-Jewish persecution developing in Russia he and his wife decided to follow his brother Nathan and uncle Fischel to America. Worried that he would not be released from his royal service, he arranged with the assistance of a friend to take a rest cure at Karlovy Vary. After meeting up with his family traveled in the steerage class on board the S. S. Moltke III and were processed at Ellis Island on February 25,1904. Upon arrival, his name was shortened by the inspector to Factor. in 1902 Factor made a new start in St. Louis. The Factor family never returned to Europe and he sold his rouges and creams at the 1904 World’s Fair, operating under the newly re-spelled name Max Factor. Unfortunately, his partner in the venture stole all of his stock, with assistance from his brother and uncle, Factor recovered and opened a barbers shop. In August 1904 Max and his wife had their fourth child, however, on 17 March 1906, his wife collapsed and died from a brain hemorrhage. Anxious to provide a mother for his four children, he married Huma Helen Sradkowska on 15 August 1906. Despite the birth of Louis on August 29,1907, the marriage was short lived and ended in a court battle. On January 21,1908, Factor married Jennie Cook, a neighbor, later that year Factor moved his family to Los Angeles, California, seeing an opportunity to provide made-to-order wigs and theatrical make-up to the growing film industry
32.
Model (person)
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A model is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art or to pose for photography. Modelling is considered to be different from other types of public performance, although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be modelling. Types of modelling include, fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part, Models are featured in a variety of media formats including, books, magazines, films, newspapers, internet and TV. Fashion models are featured in films, reality TV shows. Celebrities, including actors, singers, sports personalities and reality TV stars, modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by Charles Frederick Worth, the father of haute couture, when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed. The term house model was coined to describe this type of work, eventually, this became common practice for Parisian fashion houses. There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, with the development of fashion photography, the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1950s, one of the first well-known models was Lisa Fonssagrives, who was very popular in the 1930s. Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers, and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York, one of the most popular models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time. During the 1940s and 1950s, Wilhelmina Cooper, Jean Patchett, Dovima, Dorian Leigh, Suzy Parker, Evelyn Tripp, Carmen DellOrefice, dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community, compared to todays models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. Wilhelmina Coopers measurements were 38-24-36 whereas Chanel Imans measurements are 32-23-33, in the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish modelling agencies. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models agents charging them weekly rates for their messages, for the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a persons earnings, with the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws governing modelling in various countries, in the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and fashion magazines but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay and they would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from customs agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in such as La Louisiana in Paris or the Arena in Milan to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas
33.
Sally Rand
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Sally Rand was a burlesque dancer, vedette and actress, most noted for her ostrich feather fan dance and balloon bubble dance. She also performed under the name Billie Beck, hattie Helen Gould Beck was born in the village of Elkton, Hickory County, Missouri. Her father, William Beck, was a West Point graduate and retired U. S. Army colonel, while her mother, Nettie Beck, was a school teacher, the family moved to Jackson County, Missouri while she was still in grade school. Helen got her start on the stage early, working as a chorus girl at Kansas Citys Empress Theater when she was only 13. An early supporter of her talent was Goodman Ace, drama critic for the Kansas City Journal who saw her performing in a Kansas City nightclub, after studying ballet and drama in Kansas City, the teenage Helen decided her future lay in Hollywood. For a short time as she worked her way to the west coast and she also performed in summer stock and traveling theater, including working with a then-unknown Humphrey Bogart. During the 1920s, she acted on stage and appeared in silent films, deMille gave her the name Sally Rand, inspired by a Rand McNally atlas. She was selected as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars in 1927, after the introduction of sound films, she became a dancer, known for the fan dance, which she popularized starting at the Paramount Club, at 15 E. Huron, in Chicago. Her most famous appearance was at the 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair and she also conceived and developed the bubble dance, in part to cope with wind while performing outdoors. She performed the fan dance on film in Bolero, released in 1934, in 1936, she purchased The Music Box burlesque hall in San Francisco, which would later become the Great American Music Hall. She starred in Sally Rands Nude Ranch at the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco in 1939 and 1940. She appeared on television in March 12,1957, in episode 13 of the first season of To Tell the Truth with host Bud Collyer and panelists Polly Bergen, Ralph Bellamy, Kitty Carlisle and she did not stump the panel but was correctly identified by all four panelists. She continued to appear on stage doing her fan dance into the 1970s, describing her 40-year career, Rand said, I haven’t been out of work since the day I took my pants off. Rand died on August 31,1979, at Foothill Presbyterian Hospital, in Glendora, California, aged 75 and she was deeply in debt at her death. Rands adopted son told an interviewer that Sammy Davis, Jr. stepped in, football coaches at the University of Delaware named a football play after Sally Rand. One explanation is that the play misdirected the defense, or in words, like the dancer herself. The name migrated to Canada, where a naked bootleg became known as a Sally Rand and was used to great effect by the B. C, in Tex Averys cartoon Hollywood Steps Out, a rotoscoped Rand performs her famous bubble dance onstage to an appreciative crowd. A grinning Peter Lorre caricature in the front row comments, I havent seen such a beautiful bubble since I was a child, the routine continues until the bubble is suddenly popped by Harpo Marx and his slingshot, with a surprised Rand reacting with shock
34.
Cinema of the United States
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The cinema of the United States, often metonymously referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. The dominant style of American cinema is Classical Hollywood Cinema, which developed from 1917-1960, while the French Lumière Brothers are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema, it is American cinema that soon became the most dominant force in an emerging industry. Since the 1920s, the American film industry has grossed more money every year than that of any other country, in 1878, Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion. In 1894, the worlds first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City, the United States was in the forefront of sound film development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U. S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, Los Angeles, director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of film grammar. Orson Welless Citizen Kane is frequently cited in critics polls as the greatest film of all time. T, the Extra-Terrestrial, Jurassic Park, Titanic, Avatar, The Avengers, Furious 7, Jurassic World, and Star Wars, The Force Awakens. Today, American film studios collectively generate several hundred movies every year, muybridges accomplishment led inventors everywhere to attempt to make similar devices that would capture such motion. In the United States, Thomas Edison was among the first to produce such a device, the history of cinema in the United States can trace its roots to the East Coast where, at one time, Fort Lee, New Jersey was the motion picture capital of America. The industry got its start at the end of the 19th century with the construction of Thomas Edisons Black Maria, in 1909, a forerunner of Universal Studios, the Champion Film Company, built the first studio. They were quickly followed by others who either built new studios or who leased facilities in Fort Lee, such notables as Mary Pickford got their start at Biograph Studios. In New York, the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, was built during the silent film era, was used by the Marx Brothers, the Edison Studios were located in the Bronx. Chelsea, Manhattan was also frequently used, other major centers of film production also included Chicago, Florida, Texas, California, and Cuba. The film patents wars of the early 20th century led to the spread of film companies across the U. S and they started filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles. While there, the decided to explore new territories, traveling several miles north to Hollywood. Griffith then filmed the first movie shot in Hollywood, In Old California, a Biograph melodrama about California in the 19th century. Griffith stayed there for months and made several films before returning to New York, after hearing about Griffiths success in Hollywood, in 1913, many movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by Thomas Edison, who owned patents on the movie-making process. Nestor Studios of Bayonne, New Jersey, built the first studio in Hollywood in 1911, Californias more hospitable and cost-effective climate led to the eventual shift of virtually all filmmaking to the West Coast by the 1930s. In Los Angeles, the studios and Hollywood grew, before World War I, movies were made in several U. S. cities, but filmmakers gravitated to southern California as the industry developed
35.
Mythology
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Mythology refers variously to the collected myths of a group of people or to the study of such myths. Myths are the people tell to explain nature, history. Myth is a feature of every culture, mythologizing continues, as shown in contemporary mythopoeia such as urban legends and the expansive fictional mythoi created by fantasy novels and comics. A cultures collective mythology helps convey belonging, shared and religious experiences, behavioral models, the study of myth began in ancient history. Rival classes of the Greek myths by Euhemerus, Plato and Sallustius were developed by the Neoplatonists, the nineteenth-century comparative mythology reinterpreted myth as a primitive and failed counterpart of science, a disease of language, or a misinterpretation of magical ritual. Recent approaches often view myths as manifestations of psychological, cultural, or societal truths, the term mythology predates the word myth by centuries. It first appeared in the fifteenth-century, borrowed from the Middle French term mythologie, the word mythology, comes from Middle French mythologie, from Late Latin mythologia, from Greek μυθολογία mythología from μῦθος mythos and -λογία -logia. The word mythología appears in Plato, but was used as a term for fiction or story-telling of any kind, combining mỹthos. From Lydgate until the seventeenth or eighteenth-century, mythology was similarly used to mean a moral, fable, from its earliest use in reference to a collection of traditional stories or beliefs, mythology implied the falsehood of the stories being described. It came to be applied by analogy with similar bodies of traditional stories among other cultures around the world. The Greek loanword mythos and Latinate mythus both appeared in English before the first example of myth in 1830, in present use, mythology usually refers to the collected myths of a group of people, but may also mean the study of such myths. For example, Greek mythology, Roman mythology and Hittite mythology all describe the body of myths retold among those cultures, dundes defined myth as a sacred narrative that explains how the world and humanity evolved into their present form. Lincoln defined myth as ideology in narrative form, scholars in other fields use the term myth in varied ways. In a broad sense, the word can refer to any traditional story, due to this pejorative sense, some scholars opted for the term mythos. Its use was similarly pejorative and now commonly refers to its Aristotelian sense as a plot point or to a collective mythology. The term is distinguished from didactic literature such as fables. Main characters in myths are usually gods, demigods or supernatural humans, however, many exceptions or combinations exist, as in the Iliad, Odyssey and Aeneid. Myths are often endorsed by rulers and priests and are linked to religion or spirituality
36.
Rebecca Horn
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She directed the films Der Eintänzer, La ferdinanda, Sonate für eine Medici-Villa and Busters Bedroom. Horn presently lives and works in Paris and Berlin, Rebecca Horn was born on 24 March 1944 in Michelstadt, Germany. She was taught to draw by her Romanian governess and became obsessed with drawing with expression because it was not as confining or labeling as oral language, living in Germany after the end of World War II greatly affected the liking she took to drawing. We had to learn French and English and we were always traveling somewhere else, speaking something else. But I had a Romanian governess who taught me how to draw, I did not have to draw in German or French or English. Horn spent most of her childhood in boarding schools and at nineteen rebelled against her parents plan of studying economics. In 1963 she attended the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg, a year later she had to pull out of art school because she had contracted severe lung poisoning. In 1964 I was 20 years old and living in Barcelona, I was working with glass fibre, without a mask, because nobody said it was dangerous, and I got very sick. For a year I was in a sanatorium, after experiencing this isolation until she felt that her life was over before it had begun, she walked out of the hospital. She was still too ill, however, to life as a student or work with fiberglass. She had to take masses of antibiotics and sleep long hours to have enough energy to operate normally and she could, however, work with softer materials, and when in bed she drew with colored pencils, which are still her favorite drawing tools. She also began to break out of her self-imposed isolation and began to create sculpture and strange extensions with balsa wood. I began to produce my first body-sculptures, I could sew lying in bed. Her goal then was to quash her loneliness by communicating through bodily forms, Horn lived in Hamburg until 1971, in London for a brief time, and since 1973 has lived in Berlin. Horn is one of a generation of German artists who came to prominence in the 1980s. She practices body art, but works in different media, including art, installation art, sculpture. Sometimes her poetry is influenced by her work, and on occasions it has inspired her work. When Horn returned to the Hamburg academy she continued to make cocoon-like things and she worked with padded body extensions and prosthetic bandages
37.
Youri Messen-Jaschin
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Youri Messen-Jaschin is an artist of Latvian origin, born in Arosa, Switzerland, in 1941. He often combines oils and gouaches and his favourite colors are, strong reds, yellows, greens, and blue. He also works in painting, exhibiting his works in nightclubs. He created three stamps in optical art for Swiss Post, in 2010, between 1958 and 1962 Youri Messen-Jaschin studied Fine art at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts and History of art at the École pratique des hautes études, both in Paris. Between 1962 and 1965, he attended the École cantonale dart de Lausanne and he worked with engraver and painter Ernest Pizzotti. He exposed his kinetic glass and acrylic sculptures in Lausanne in 1964 and he worked two years at the Center of Contemporary Engraving in Geneva and then in Zürich, where he collaborated with the painter Friederich Kuhn. Between 1968 and 1970, he studied at the School of Design and Crafts in Göteborg and he started to increasingly integrate movement and geometric shapes in his textiles and oil paintings. In 1968, he received the first prize for Swiss contemporary engraving art as well as a scholarship from the Swedish government, in 1970, he worked in Hamburg, collaborating with North German artists on monumental projects, and created a kinetic sculpture for Gould in Eichstetten, Germany. In 1984 in Caracas, he staged theatre and choreography of his own works at the Ateneo, the Eugenio Mendoza Foundation, the Asociación Cultural Humboldt, and at the Alliance française. After a stay of several months in New York, he returned to Switzerland in 1971, where he took up residence in Bern, during his stay, he frequently exhibited at the Kunsthalle and other local museums. He currently lives in Lausanne, Switzerland and he participated in many international exhibitions. His works are in collections, in national and international museums
38.
Jacob Alexander Figueroa
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Jacob Alexander Figueroa, also known as Zander, is a predominantly Minneapolis-based body painter of Minnesota. Primarily a self-taught artist born in St. Jacob Alexander became known for gathering several artists together for his Shadows, often the exhibitions served as benefits for larger causes, such as for Cystic Fibrosis when a friend of his was in need of a lung transplant. He signed the lease for what would become the first home for his company Karnak Gallery & Studio LLC when he was only 23 years old, the gallery struggled with several figures seeking to control the development of the space. City Pages writer Andrew Flanagan described Karnak Gallery as a forward-thinking-and-still-fun space, the documentary was also screened at the Minneapolis Underground Film Festival on December 4,2011. It later won awards including Highway 61 Film Festival Best Featured Documentary. His works are described as vibrant, intricately placed colors incorporated into exuberant designs with meticulous detail. Many of his most notable artworks portray a fusion of futuristic landscapes and transformative ethereal dream worlds, the Key to Life is Love was one work exemplifying a more luminous, ambient and esoteric feel within Alexanders work. NYArts has published some of his mixed media works channel his fellow post-abstract expressionist. Jacob Alexander only began painting after years of creating mixed media artworks. He carried his abstract, romanticized style from his media work to his body painting ventures. He is presumed to be one of the first notable body painters to arise from MN, being painted in nothing but a thong—or nothing at all—requires a great deal of confidence on the part of the model, and Figueroa is acutely aware of the sensitivity of the situation. It’s a leap of faith, he says and you expose yourself and you’re hoping we’ll make you look like you’ve never looked before. But without trust, without confidence, it just doesn’t look as good and his X Fashion combined body painting with aluminum tin foil, as well as other materials. While Zander still body paints often for events, he is a key contributing member to a group of artists, musicians, and software developers. The group formed in 2013 when a friend introduced Zander and Norell to a fellow musician, artist. That very first spontaneous improvised session was recorded and simultaneously live-streamed over the Internet. They continued to record in a manner for several sessions thereafter. The Band Famous is the first and only band in the world to live-stream free in-app concerts through an app that they develop themselves
39.
Burberry
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Burberry Group, Inc. is a British luxury fashion house headquartered in London, England. Its main fashion house focuses on and distributes ready-to-wear outerwear, fashion accessories, fragrances, sunglasses, the first shop opened up in the Haymarket, London, in 1891. Burberry was an independent family controlled company until 1955, when it was reincorporated, the fashion house has dressed notable actors, world leaders, musicians, and athletes. Its distinctive check pattern has one of its most widely copied trademarks. Burberry is most famous for its trench coat, Burberry has branded stores and franchises around the world and sells through concessions in third-party stores. Christopher Bailey has been the CEO and Chief Creative Officer since 2014, the company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. In 2015, Burberry ranked 73rd in Interbrands Best Global Brands report, ahead of Ralph Lauren, Burberry has more than 500 stores in over 50 countries. Burberry was founded in 1856 when 21-year-old Thomas Burberry, a drapers apprentice, opened his own store in Basingstoke, Hampshire. By 1870, the business had established itself by focusing on the development of outdoors attire, in 1879, Burberry introduced in his brand the gabardine, a hardwearing, water-resistant yet breathable fabric, in which the yarn is waterproofed before weaving. Burberry was the name, but then the company soon switched to using the name Burberrys. In 1999, it reverted to its old name, Burberry, the name Burberrys of London is still visible on many older Burberry products. In 1891, Burberry opened a shop in the Haymarket, London, in 1901, the Burberry Equestrian Knight Logo was developed containing the Latin word Prorsum, meaning forwards, and later registered it as a trademark in 1909. In 1911 they became the outfitters for Roald Amundsen, the first man to reach the South Pole, and Ernest Shackleton, a Burberry gabardine jacket was worn by George Mallory on his attempt on Mount Everest in 1924. Adapted to meet the needs of military personnel, the coat was born during the First World War. After the war, the coat became popular with civilians. The iconic Burberry check has been in use since at least the 1920s, Burberry also specially designed aviation garments. In 1937, A. E. Clouston and Betty Kirby-Green broke the record for the fastest return flight from London to Cape Town in The Burberry plane – which was sponsored by the brand. Burberry was an independent family controlled company until 1955, when it was taken over by Great Universal Stores, stars of the modern world began wearing the Burberrys brand
40.
Yves Klein
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Yves Klein was a French artist considered an important figure in post-war European art. He is the member of the French artistic movement of Nouveau réalisme founded in 1960 by art critic Pierre Restany. Klein was a pioneer in the development of art, and is seen as an inspiration to. Klein was born in Nice, in the Alpes-Maritimes department of France and his parents, Fred Klein and Marie Raymond, were both painters. From 1942 to 1946, Klein studied at the École Nationale de la Marine Marchande, at this time, he became friends with Arman and Claude Pascal and started to paint. During the years 1948 to 1952, he traveled to Italy, Great Britain, Spain, and Japan. In Japan, at the age of 25, he became a master at judo receiving the rank of yodan from the Kodokan and he also stayed in Japan in 1953. Klein later wrote a book on judo called Les Fondements du judo, in 1954, Klein settled permanently in Paris and began in earnest to establish himself in the art world. Parodying a traditional Catalogue raisonné, the featured a series of intense monochromes linked to various cities he had lived in during the previous years. Yves Peintures anticipated his first two shows of oil paintings, at the Club des Solitaires, Paris, October 1955 and Yves, Proposition monochromes at Gallery Colette Allendy, February 1956. From the reactions of the audience, realized that. viewers thought his various, uniformly colored canvases amounted to a new kind of bright, abstract interior decoration. Discovered with the help of Edouard Adam, a Parisian paint dealer, the optical effect retained the brilliance of the pigment which, Klein later deposited a Soleau envelope for this recipe to maintain the authenticity of the pure idea. This colour, reminiscent of the lapis lazuli used to paint the Madonnas robes in medieval paintings, was to become known as International Klein Blue, the paintings were attached to poles placed 20 cm away from the walls to increase their spatial ambiguities. The show was a critical and commercial success, traveling to Paris, Düsseldorf, the Parisian exhibition, at the Iris Clert Gallery in May 1957, became a seminal happening. To mark the opening,1001 blue balloons were released and blue postcards were sent out using IKB stamps that Klein had bribed the postal service to accept as legitimate, concurrently, an exhibition of tubs of blue pigment and fire paintings was held at Galerie Collette Allendy. Thanks to a publicity drive,3,000 people queued up. The art historian Olivier Berggruen situates Klein as one who strove for total liberation, Klein had studied judo in Japan between 1952 and 1954, and also displayed an interest in Zen Buddhism. Recently my work with color has led me, in spite of myself, to search little by little, with assistance, for the realization of matter
41.
Joanne Gair
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She is considered the worlds leading trompe-lœil body painter and make-up artist, and she became famous with a Vanity Fair Demis Birthday Suit cover of Demi Moore in a body painting in 1992. Her Disappearing Model was featured on the highest rated episode of Ripleys Believe It or Not and she is the daughter of George Gair. She is also considered a fashion and art trendsetter, and for a time she was associated with Madonna. In 2001, she had her first retrospective and in 2005, at the peak of her pop culture fame after the Vanity Fair cover, she was seriously considered for an Absolut Vodka Absolute Gair ad campaign. She has done editorial work, and in 2005, she became a photographer of her own body paintings in both books and magazines. Gair, who is New Zealand-born and was raised in Auckland, in 1977, she began teaching dance at a New Zealand primary school. She moved from New Zealand at the age of 21 and had a variety of stops on her way to Los Angeles. Most of the time was spent in Australia and Amsterdam, until she ventured to Los Angeles at the time of the 1984 Summer Olympics, with the help of the Cloutier Agency she obtained a work permit. She then approached the Chanel and Gaultier beauty salons to offer her already well-respected make-up artist services and her early work in the music industry included album cover and music video work for David Lee Roth, Tina Turner, Grace Jones, Annie Lennox, and Mick Jagger. One of her early successes was being employed to do Roths 1986 Eat Em and these experiences led to work with Madonna, which started with music videos for Express Yourself and Vogue. She has also work on music videos for Aerosmith and Nine Inch Nails. Her work on the 1997 Nine Inch Nails video for The Perfect Drug won her the makeup portion of the best hair/makeup in a video at the Music Video Production Awards. She had also won awards for Madonnas Frozen, among the other notable musicians she has worked with is Gwen Stefani, who won Most Stylish Video at the 1999 VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards working with Gair on the video for No Doubts song New. Gair also worked on ad campaigns and for features in efforts to exhibit the artistic visions of others. Eventually she expanded beyond make-up artistry to body painting to express her own artistic vision, exactly one year later, she returned to the cover of the same magazine nude as a product of Gair and Leibovitz in a nearly equally as shocking body painting, Demis Birthday Suit. Gair was the primary body painter of art and the magazine cover art propelled Gair to fame. Fifteen years later, it continues to be considered the most well-known example of body painting. The 1992 cover that entailed a thirteen-hour sitting for Gair and her team of artists was a commemoration of the August 1991 photo
42.
Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
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The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue is published annually by American Sports Illustrated magazine. The cover photograph features fashion models wearing swimwear in exotic locales, all models featured on the cover of the swimsuit issue in the magazines history have been women. According to some, the magazine is the arbiter of supermodel succession, the swimsuit issue of the magazine carries advertising that, in 2005 amounted to US$35 million in value. New issues come out around the middle of February or later, first published in 1964, it is credited with making the bikini, invented in 1946, a legitimate piece of apparel. The issue that got the most letters was the 1978 issue, the best selling issue was the 25th Anniversary Issue with Kathy Ireland on the cover in 1989. Other models within its pages, but not on its cover, include Cindy Crawford, Stephanie Seymour, Niki Taylor, Angie Everhart, the eight models featured on the cover of the 2006 issue were featured in a coffee-table book called Sports Illustrated, Exposure. Photographed by Raphael Mazzucco and produced by Diane Smith, the unprecedented reunion shoot featured 139 pages of previously-unpublished images, in 2006, the issue expanded publishing to handheld devices. In 2007, the issue was first available in China. The swimsuit issue was invented by Sports Illustrated editor Andre Laguerre to fill the winter months and he asked fashion reporter Jule Campbell to go on a shoot to fill space, including the cover, with a beautiful model. The first issue, released in 1964, entailed a cover featuring Babette March, however, the issue did not exclusively feature models until 1997. In the 1950s a few appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated. In 1997, Tyra Banks was the first black woman on the cover and that years issue was the first that was a stand-alone edition, separate from the regular weekly magazine. Female athletes have appeared in swimsuit shoots, in the 2003 issue, tennis player Serena Williams and figure skater Ekaterina Gordeeva were featured inside the magazine. In 2016, UFC fighter Ronda Rousey became the first female athlete to appear on the cover, however, Anna Kournikova appeared in an inset on the 2004 cover, and had a photo spread within its pages. In 2005, Olympic gold medalists Amanda Beard and Jennie Finch, along with Lauren Jackson, maria Sharapova appeared in an inset on the 2006 cover and had a spread inside. In spring 2006, Sports Illustrated chose music as the theme for the 2007 issue, Swimsuit editor Diane Smith wanted Grammy-winner Beyoncé Knowles to pose. In 2006, Beyoncé launched a line under her House of Deréon clothing label. Beyoncé Knowles became the first singer, and first non-model, to appear on the cover in 2007, in 2008, NFL cheerleaders appeared for the first time
43.
Vanity Fair (magazine)
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Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States. The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936, the imprint was revived in 1983, and came to include four European editions of the magazine. The current editor is Graydon Carter, Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the mens fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913 and it continued to thrive into the twenties. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues, although its circulation, Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue as of the March 1936 issue. Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S. I. Newhouse, the first issue was released in February 1983, edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue and he was followed by editors Tina Brown and Graydon Carter. Regular writers columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, in addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled The Man Who Knew Too Much, the article was later adapted into a movie The Insider, which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. S. The magazine also features interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. The magazine was the subject of Toby Youngs book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success, from 1995, the book has been made into a movie, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter. There are currently five international editions of Vanity Fair being published, namely in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, the British Vanity Fair was first published in 1991. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013, Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million, then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nasts biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, a French version started in June 2013. The Spanish version of the magazine was first published in Spain in 2008, in April 2015 Condé Nast México y Latinoamerica was to launch Vanity Fair Mexico. As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, during its first years, the magazines Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Mortons in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower
44.
Demi Moore
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Demi Gene Guynes, professionally known as Demi Moore, is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of school at age 16 to pursue an acting career. After making her debut later that year, she appeared on the soap opera General Hospital and subsequently gained recognition for her work in Blame It on Rio. Her first film to both a critical and commercial hit was About Last Night. Which established her as a Hollywood star, in 1990, Moore starred in Ghost, the highest-grossing film of that year, for which she received a Golden Globe nomination. She had a string of additional successes in the early 1990s, including A Few Good Men, Indecent Proposal. In 1996, Moore became the actress in film history when she was paid a then-unprecedented fee of $12.5 million to star in Striptease. Her next major role, G. I. Moore was born on November 11,1962 in Roswell and her biological father, Air Force airman Charles Harmon, Sr. left her mother, Virginia, after a two-month marriage, before Moore was born. When Moore was three months old, her mother married Dan Guynes, an advertising salesman who frequently changed jobs, as a result. Moore said in 1991, My dad was Dan Guynes, there is a man who would be considered my biological father who I dont really have a relationship with. Moore learned of him at age 13, when she found her mother and stepfathers marriage certificate, Dan Guynes committed suicide in October 1980 at age 37, two years after he separated from Moores mother. Charles Harmon appeared on Inside Edition in 1995, making an appeal to see his grandchildren, Virginia Guynes had a long record of arrests for crimes, including drunk driving and arson. Moore broke off contact with her in 1990, when Guynes walked away from a rehab stay Moore had paid for at the Hazelden Foundation in Minnesota. Guynes posed nude for the magazine High Society in 1993, where she spoofed Moores Vanity Fair pregnancy and bodypaint covers, Moore and Guynes briefly reconciled shortly before Guynes died of cancer in July 1998 at age 54. Moore was cross-eyed as a child, this was corrected by two operations. She also suffered from kidney dysfunction, at age 15, Moore moved to West Hollywood, California, where her mother worked for a magazine-distribution company. Moore attended Fairfax High School there, and recalled, I moved out of my familys house when I was 16 and left high school in my junior year. In August 1979, three months before her 17th birthday, Moore met musician Freddy Moore who was married and at the leader of the band Boy
