1.
Clockwork
–
Clockwork refers to the inner workings of either a mechanical clock or other mechanism that works similarly, with a complex series of gears. Clockworks are often powered by a clockwork motor consisting of a mainspring, energy is stored in the mainspring manually by winding it up, turning a key attached to a ratchet which twists the mainspring tighter. Then the force of the turns the clockworks gears, until the stored energy is used up. The adjectives wind-up and spring-powered refer to mainspring-powered clockwork devices, which clocks and watches, kitchen timers, music boxes. Clockwork finally recovered the equivalent of pre-Roman technological levels in the 14th century, as in Greek mythology, there are ambitious automation claims in the legends of other cultures. Its also said that when King Solomon stepped upon the throne, as soon as he stepped upon the first step, a golden ox and a golden lion each stretched out one foot to support him and help him rise to the next step. On each side, the animals helped the King up until he was seated upon the throne. In ancient China, an account of automation is found in the Lie Zi text. Within it there is a description of an earlier encounter between King Mu of Zhou and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an artificer. The latter proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork and it walked with rapid strides, moving its head up and down, so that anyone would have taken it for a live human being. The artificer touched its chin, and it began singing, perfectly in tune and he touched its hand, and it began posturing, keeping perfect time. And, indeed, it turned out to be only a construction of leather, wood, glue and lacquer, variously coloured white, black, red, other notable examples include Archytass dove, mentioned by Aulus Gellius. By the 11th century, clockwork was used for both timepieces and to track events, in Europe. The clocks did not keep time very accurately by modern standards, the same timeline seems to apply in Europe, where mechanical escapements were used in clocks by that time. This became a standard technology along with weight-driven movements, in the mid-16th century, Christiaan Huygens took an idea from Galileo Galilei and developed it into the first modern pendulum mechanism. However, whereas the spring or the weight provided the motive power, the Smithsonian Institution has in its collection a clockwork monk, about 15 in high, possibly dating as early as 1560. From time to time, he brings the cross to his lips and it is believed that the monk was manufactured by Juanelo Turriano, mechanician to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Sometimes clocks and timing mechanisms are used to set off explosives, timers, alarms, the most common examples are mechanical clocks and watches
Clockwork
–
Clockwork of mechanical Prim wrist watch
Clockwork
–
Keys of various sizes for winding up mainsprings on clocks
Clockwork
–
Maquinaria del Reloj Ansonia modelo: C.1904.
Clockwork
–
Movement of a grandfather clock with striking mechanism
2.
Yverdon
–
Yverdon-les-Bains is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district, the population of Yverdon-les-Bains, as of December 2015, was 29,700. Yverdon is located in the heart of a natural setting formed by the Jura mountains, the plains of the Orbe and it is the second most important town in the Canton of Vaud. It is famous for its springs and is an important regional centre for commerce. It was awarded the Wakker Prize in 2009 for the way the city handled and developed the public areas, the heights nearby Yverdon seem to have been settled at least since the Neolithic Age about 5000 BCE, as present archeological evidence shows. The town was at that time only a market place. People began to settle, at first in temporary huts at the water-front, for fishers and merchants, the Celtic Helvetii are said to have been the first permanent settlers of Eburodunum, from about the 2nd century BCE. The imposing Castrum, or stronghold, called Castrum Ebredunense was the second largest in Switzerland, the port served as naval base for the barges supplying the defensive positions along the Rhine, which marked the North-Eastern border of the Empire. Thus the Roman Vicus of Eburodunum developed into an urban centre. The sulphur springs were used for a thermal spa, as attested by excavations. It is even possible that the Helvetii appreciated the beneficial effects of these waters, about a century after the first invasions of the Alemanni, when the Vicus had been completely destroyed, the Romans built a large military stronghold. It covered about 5 acres and was protected by ramparts and 15 masonry towers. The Barbarians invaded Italy in the 5th century, and threatened to assault Rome, in a last desperate effort to save the city, all troops stationed North of the Alps were ordered back to Italy. The garrison and the Roman administration had to abandon the Yverdon camp, the inhabitants of Eburodunum, up to then assigned to live beyond the ramparts, immediately took possession of the Castrum, using it for their own safety. Like this, Eburodunum-Yverdon survived the times, until the 15th century. The Castrum was noted in the Notitia Dignitatum, with the lake receding, the ancient town confined to the Castrum had lost its strategic position, no more direct access to the port, or to the new trade routes alongshore. When Peter II of Savoy gradually extended his rule over the Pays de Vaud, he managed to impose road tolls as well as port and he founded the new town of Yverdon, defended by walls and a castle. Construction works were launched around 1259 and attracted many settlers, the imposing main walls and their four towers were erected within a few years
Yverdon
–
Yverdon-les-Bains
Yverdon
–
The
stone rows in Yverdon-les-Bains (3000 B.C.E.)
Yverdon
–
Yverdon Castle
Yverdon
–
The temple of Yverdon-les-Bains
3.
Switzerland
–
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
Switzerland
–
Founded in 44 BC by
Lucius Munatius Plancus,
Augusta Raurica was the first Roman settlement on the Rhine and is now among the most important archaeological sites in Switzerland.
Switzerland
–
Flag
Switzerland
–
The 1291 Bundesbrief (Federal charter)
Switzerland
–
The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colors are shown the subject territories.
4.
Movie camera
–
The movie camera, film camera or cine-camera is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on an image sensor or on a film. In contrast to a camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time. This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism, the frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the frame rate. While viewing at a frame rate, a persons eyes. Since 2010s, film-based movie cameras have been replaced by digital movie cameras. An interesting forerunner to the camera was the machine invented by Francis Ronalds at the Kew Observatory in 1845. A photosensitive surface was drawn slowly past the diaphragm of the camera by a clockwork mechanism to enable continuous recording over a 12- or 24-hour period. Ronalds applied his cameras to trace the ongoing variations of scientific instruments, the very first patented film camera was the one devised by Wordsworth Donisthorpe in 1876. Another film camera was designed in England by Frenchman Louis Le Prince in 1888 and he built and patented an earlier 16 lens camera in 1887 at his workshop in Leeds. The first 8 lenses would be triggered in rapid succession by an electromagnetic shutter on the sensitive film, according to Adolphe Le Prince, who assisted his father at Leeds, Roundhay Garden was shot at 12 frame/s and Leeds Bridge at 20 frame/s. His camera still exists with the National Media Museum in Bradford and he shot the film on celluloid with 1¾ inch width. Another early pioneer was the British inventor William Friese-Greene and he began to experiment with the use of oiled paper as a medium for displaying motion pictures in 1885 and by 1887 he was experimenting with the use of celluloid. In 1889, Friese-Greene took out a patent for a chronophotographic camera and this was capable of taking up to ten photographs per second using perforated celluloid film. A report on the camera was published in the British Photographic News on February 28,1890 and he gave a public demonstration in 1890 of his device, but the low frame rate combined with the devices apparent unreliability made an unfavourable impression. William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, a Scottish inventor and employee of Thomas Edison, the camera was powered by an electric motor and was capable of shooting with the new sprocketed film. The Lumière Domitor camera was created by Charles Moisson, the mechanic at the Lumière works in Lyon in 1894. The camera used paper film of 35 millimeter width, but in 1895 the Lumière brothers shifted to celluloid film and this they covered with their own Etiquette-bleue emulsion, had it cut into strips and perforated. In 1894 the Polish inventor Kazimierz Prószyński constructed a projector and camera in one, due to the work of Le Prince, Friese-Greene, Edison and the Lumière brothers, the movie camera had become a practical reality by the mid 1890s
Movie camera
–
Director
Robert Tur with an Alexa-Plus digital movie camera on the set of SIS.
Movie camera
–
Charles Kayser of the Edison lab seated behind the Kinetograph. Portability was not among the camera's virtues.
Movie camera
–
Film-gun at the
Institut Lumière, France
Movie camera
–
The
Aeroscope (1910) was the first hand-held movie camera.
5.
16 mm film
–
16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film, with other film gauges including 8 and 35 mm. It is generally used for film making or for low budget motion pictures. It also existed as an amateur or home movie making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film. In 1923, Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm outfit consisting of a camera, projector, tripod, screen, rCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932 and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera, released in 1935. Eastman Kodak introduced 16 mm film in 1923 as a less expensive alternative to 35 mm film. During the 1920s, the format was often referred to as sub-standard by the professional industry, Kodak hired Willard Beech Cook from his 28 mm Pathescope of America company to create the new 16 mm Kodascope Library. In addition to making movies, people could buy or rent films from the library. Intended for amateur use,16 mm film was one of the first formats to use acetate safety film as a film base, Kodak never used nitrate film for the format because of the high flammability of the nitrate base. 35 mm nitrate was discontinued in 1952, the silent 16 mm format was initially aimed at the home enthusiast, but by the 1930s it had begun to make inroads into the educational market. The addition of sound tracks and, most notably, Kodachrome in 1935. Used extensively in WW2, there was an expansion of 16 mm professional filmmaking in the post-war years. Films for government, business, medical and industrial clients created a network of 16 mm professional filmmakers. The advent of television production also enhanced the use of 16 mm film, initially for its advantage of cost and portability over 35 mm. At first used as a format, the 16 mm format was also used to create television programming shot outside the confines of the more rigid television studio production sets. The home movie market gradually switched to the less expensive 8 mm film. 16 mm has been used for television production with light cameras in many countries before portable video cameras appeared. Replacing analog video devices, digital video has made significant inroads in television production use, nevertheless,16 mm is still in use in its Super 16 ratio for low cost productions
16 mm film
–
16 mm sound movie showing a variable width sound track on single perforation film stock
16 mm film
–
16 mm black and white reversal Silent Home Movie on double perforation film stock
16 mm film
–
A 16 mm spring-wound
Bolex camera.
16 mm film
–
A modern 16 mm
Arri camera.
6.
Super 16 mm film
–
16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film, with other film gauges including 8 and 35 mm. It is generally used for film making or for low budget motion pictures. It also existed as an amateur or home movie making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film. In 1923, Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm outfit consisting of a camera, projector, tripod, screen, rCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932 and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera, released in 1935. Eastman Kodak introduced 16 mm film in 1923 as a less expensive alternative to 35 mm film. During the 1920s, the format was often referred to as sub-standard by the professional industry, Kodak hired Willard Beech Cook from his 28 mm Pathescope of America company to create the new 16 mm Kodascope Library. In addition to making movies, people could buy or rent films from the library. Intended for amateur use,16 mm film was one of the first formats to use acetate safety film as a film base, Kodak never used nitrate film for the format because of the high flammability of the nitrate base. 35 mm nitrate was discontinued in 1952, the silent 16 mm format was initially aimed at the home enthusiast, but by the 1930s it had begun to make inroads into the educational market. The addition of sound tracks and, most notably, Kodachrome in 1935. Used extensively in WW2, there was an expansion of 16 mm professional filmmaking in the post-war years. Films for government, business, medical and industrial clients created a network of 16 mm professional filmmakers. The advent of television production also enhanced the use of 16 mm film, initially for its advantage of cost and portability over 35 mm. At first used as a format, the 16 mm format was also used to create television programming shot outside the confines of the more rigid television studio production sets. The home movie market gradually switched to the less expensive 8 mm film. 16 mm has been used for television production with light cameras in many countries before portable video cameras appeared. Replacing analog video devices, digital video has made significant inroads in television production use, nevertheless,16 mm is still in use in its Super 16 ratio for low cost productions
Super 16 mm film
–
16 mm sound movie showing a variable width sound track on single perforation film stock
Super 16 mm film
–
A 16 mm spring-wound
Bolex camera.
Super 16 mm film
–
A modern 16 mm
Arri camera.
Super 16 mm film
–
A strip of single perf 16 mm film with Super 16-sized frames.
7.
Animators
–
An animator is an artist who creates multiple images, known as frames, which give an illusion of movement called animation when displayed in rapid sequence. Animators can work in a variety of fields including film, television, Animation is closely related to filmmaking and like filmmaking is extremely labor-intensive, which means that most significant works require the collaboration of several animators. The methods of creating the images or frames for an animation piece depends on the artistic styles. Other artists who contribute to animated cartoons, but who are not animators, include layout artists, storyboard artists, in hand-drawn Japanese animation productions, such as in Hayao Miyazakis films, the key animator handles both layout and key animation. Some animators in Japan such as Mitsuo Iso take full responsibility for their scenes, one important distinction is between character animators and special effects animators. Usually, a young artist seeking to break into animation is hired for the first time in one of these categories, historically, the creation of animation was a long and arduous process. Each frame of a scene was hand-drawn, then transposed onto celluloid. These finished cels were placed together in sequence over painted backgrounds and filmed. Animation methods have become far more varied in recent years, todays cartoons could be created using any number of interesting methods, mostly using computers to make the animation process cheaper and faster. These more efficient animation procedures have made the job less tedious. Audiences generally find animation to be more interesting with sound. Voice actors and musicians, among other talent, may contribute vocal or music tracks, some early animated films asked the vocal and music talent to synchronize their recordings to already-extant animation. Nowadays, visual development artists will design a character as a 2D drawing or painting, texture artists paint the character with colorful or complex textures, and technical directors set up rigging so that the character can be easily moved and posed. For each scene, layout artists set up cameras and rough blocking. Despite those constraints, the animator is still capable of exercising significant artistic skill, more recently, Chris Buck has remarked that animators have become actors with mice. Some studios bring in acting coaches on feature films to help work through such issues. Each finished film clip is then checked for quality and rushed to a film editor, Animation Computer animation Computer graphics Key frame Sweat box Animation Toolworks Glossary, Who Does What In Animation How An Animated Cartoon Is Made
Animators
–
Experimental animator
Norman McLaren drawing directly on film in 1944
8.
3D film
–
A three-dimensional stereoscopic film is a motion picture that enhances the illusion of depth perception, hence adding a third dimension. The most common approach to the production of 3D films is derived from stereoscopic photography, 3D films are not limited to theatrical releases, television broadcasts and direct-to-video films have also incorporated similar methods, especially since the advent of 3D television and Blu-ray 3D. 3D films became more and more throughout the 2000s, culminating in the unprecedented success of 3D presentations of Avatar in December 2009. The stereoscopic era of motion pictures began in the late 1890s when British film pioneer William Friese-Greene filed a patent for a 3D film process, in his patent, two films were projected side by side on screen. The viewer looked through a stereoscope to converge the two images, because of the obtrusive mechanics behind this method, theatrical use was not practical. Frederic Eugene Ives patented his stereo camera rig in 1900, the camera had two lenses coupled together 1¾ inches apart. On June 10,1915, Edwin S. Porter and William E. Waddell presented tests to an audience at the Astor Theater in New York City. However, according to Adolph Zukor in his 1953 autobiography The Public Is Never Wrong, My 50 Years in the Motion Picture Industry, nothing was produced in this process after these tests. The earliest confirmed 3D film shown to an audience was The Power of Love. The camera rig was a product of the producer, Harry K. Fairall. Whether Fairall used colored filters on the ports or whether he used tinted prints is unknown. After a preview for exhibitors and press in New York City, the film dropped out of sight, apparently not booked by exhibitors, and is now considered lost. Kelley then struck a deal with Samuel Roxy Rothafel to premiere the first in his series of Plasticon shorts entitled Movies of the Future at the Rivoli Theater in New York City. Also in December 1922, Laurens Hammond premiered his Teleview system, Teleview was the first alternating-frame 3D system seen by the public. Using left-eye and right-eye prints and two interlocked projectors, left and right frames were alternately projected, each pair being shown three times to suppress flicker. Viewing devices attached to the armrests of the seats had rotary shutters that operated synchronously with the projector shutters, producing a clean. The show ran for weeks, apparently doing good business as a novelty. In 1922, Frederic Eugene Ives and Jacob Leventhal began releasing their first stereoscopic shorts made over a three-year period, the first film, entitled Plastigrams, was distributed nationally by Educational Pictures in the red-and-blue anaglyph format
3D film
–
Fairall in 1922
3D film
–
Fairall's 3D camera
3D film
–
Audience wearing special glasses watch a 3D "stereoscopic film" at the Telekinema on the South Bank in London during the
Festival of Britain 1951.
3D film
–
Shooting of the film
Hidden Universe 3D with
IMAX camera.
9.
Super 8mm
–
Super 8mm film is a motion picture film format released in 1965 by Eastman Kodak as an improvement over the older Double or Regular 8 mm home movie format. The film is nominally 8mm wide, the same as older formatted 8mm film, but the dimensions of the rectangular perforations along one edge are smaller, the Super 8 standard also allocates the border opposite the perforations for an oxide stripe upon which sound can be magnetically recorded. Unlike Super 35, the stock used for Super 8 is not compatible with standard 8mm film cameras. There are several varieties of the system used for shooting. The most popular system by far was the Kodak system and this is enough film for 2.5 minutes at the professional motion picture standard of 24 frames per second, and for 3 minutes and 20 seconds of continuous filming at 18 frames per second for amateur use. In 1973 the system was upgraded with a cartridge, which included film with magnetic sound. In 1975 an even larger 200-foot cartridge became available which could be used in specifically designed cameras, the sound and the 200 foot cartridge system are no longer available, but the 50 foot silent cartridge system is still manufactured. Historically, Super 8 film was a stock for home projection used primarily for the creation of home movies. It became a popular consumer product in the late 1960s through the 1970s. During the mid-to-late 1980s Super 8 began to re-emerge as a method for movie production. This included emulsions from Kodak, Fuji and Ilford, today Super 8 color negative film is the main color stock used. There are also Super 8 reversal films available including 200D Agfa color and black-and-white from Foma, ADOX and ORWO, in addition, coded notches cut into the Super 8 film cartridge exterior allow the camera to recognize the film speed automatically. Not all cameras can all the notches correctly, however. Canon keeps an exhaustive list of their Super 8 cameras with detailed specifications on what film speeds can be used with their cameras, usually, testing one cartridge of film can help handle any uncertainty a filmmaker may have about how well their Super 8 camera reads different film stocks. Color stocks were available only in tungsten, and almost all Super 8 cameras come with a switchable daylight filter built in. The original Super 8 film release was a silent system only, the film with sound had a magnetic soundtrack and came in larger cartridges than the original cartridge in order to accommodate the sound recording head in the film path. Sound film requires a longer path, and a second aperture for the recording head. Sound cameras were compatible with silent cartridges, but not vice versa, Sound film was typically filmed at a speed of 18 or 24 frames per second
Super 8mm
–
Kodachrome 40 KMA464P Super 8 Cartridge
Super 8mm
–
Super 8 and 8 mm film formats. Magnetic sound stripes are shown in gray.
Super 8mm
–
Nizo film-camera
Super 8mm
–
A Super 8 film cartridge beside a
compact audio cassette for scale
10.
Eumig
–
EUMIG was an Austrian company producing audio and video equipment that existed from 1919 until 1982. The name EUMIG is an acronym for the Elektrizitäts und Metallwaren Industrie Gesellschaft, or, translated, EUMIG was founded in 1919 in Vienna, Austria, by Karl Vockenhuber, the engineer Alois Handler and Adolf Halpern, who furnished the bulk of the firms initial financial resources. At its founding, the company produced lighters and cigarette cases, first located at 86 Wienzeile in Mariahilf, the 6th district of Vienna, in the same year EUMIG moved to 42 Schallergasse in the 12th district. In 1921, the company, now with 65 employees, moved again, to 5 Hirschgasse, in 1924, EUMIG began manufacturing two models of radios, the Low Loss Detektor Empfänger and a smaller model, the Eumig Baby. In 1926 Vockenhuber and Handler bought out Halpern, who retired from the company, EUMIG continued production of radio receivers and sound recorders from 1924 until 1962. In 1928, Eumig began producing equipment, and three years later, in 1931 it introduced its first film projector, the Eumig P1. In 1932, the first movie camera Eumig C1 for 9. 5-mm film was introduced, and a second model and this was the first movie camera in the world with semi-automatic tracking exposure control. Still expanding, that year, EUMIG acquired the company Panradio, located at 11-13 Buchengasse. In 1937 it introduced the movie cameras Eumig C3, and the Eumig C4, overall, about 300,000 units of the C-3-series were built. During this period, EUMIG benefitted from its employment of some of the best-known European industrial designers, including Walter Maria Kersting. It became the manufacturer of several models of the well-known Volksempfänger, or Peoples Radio, by 1941 EUMIG had grown to 1,000 employees, and during the war year, in addition to radios and cameras EUMIG also produced military equipment. Its factory on the Buchengasse in Vienna was destroyed in 1945 by bombing, but fortunately, despite the slow economic recovery after the destruction of the Second World War, EUMIG continued to develop new lines of equipment in the 1950s. In 1951 Charles Vockenhuber died, the year that EUMIG began producing individual photographic cameras. Two years later, its successor, the Eumigetta 2, debuted,1954 saw the introduction of the projector Eumig P8, the worlds first home movie projector with a low voltage lighting system. In 1955, EUMIG released its most successful model, the Eumigette. 1956 was a year for EUMIG. It built a new complex, designed by Oswald Haerdtl. Then, on the initiative of junior engineer Karl Vockenhuber, and after 6-week trials, finally, the C16 was introduced for 16-mm film
Eumig
–
A VE301W model Volksempfänger, or "People's Radio Receiver," produced by EUMIG in the 1930s. The cabinet is made of
bakelite, and the speaker screen of
silk.
Eumig
–
Distribution of 500 small receivers (DKE38) manufactured by EUMIG, on the occasion of
Joseph Goebbels ' 41st birthday in the Berlin Radio House in October 1938. The Nazi official with swastika armband distributing them is Werner Wächter, the District Manager for Propaganda.
Eumig
–
Joseph Goebbels examining a EUMIG Volksempfänger at the Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin ("[International] Berlin Radio Show") in August 1938.
Eumig
–
A EUMIG 8mm movie camera from about 1955.
11.
Chinon Industries
–
Chinon Industries Inc. was a Japanese camera manufacturer. Kodak took a majority stake in the company in 1997, and made it a fully owned subsidiary of Kodak Japan, Kodak Digital Product Center, as a subsidiary, it continues to develop digital camera models. They manufactured many cameras, such as the CG-5, which was one of the first cameras ever to use an Auto Focus lens and they were cumbersome and had two infra-red eyes on the top. They would connect by a bayonet fitting similar to the Pentax K fitting and it also used a split-image prism for determining when an image was properly focused. The CM-1 was sold through discount retailers such as K-Mart during the 1980s, Chinon branded products were sold in the UK through the Dixons high-street chain in the same period. Most of Chinons SLR cameras used the Pentax K-mount, which was promoted by Pentax as a mount and therefore Pentax allowed. This helped to expand the range of offerings for both Chinon and Pentax cameras. Chinon also was a manufacturer of CD-ROM drives, scanners, electronic pocket calculators and they even dabbled in VR with Cybershades for the PC, launched in the US market in 1995 for $199. More Information on Chinon 35mm and point and shoot cameras Information on Chinon Model 357,502,506 & 506-L,5.25 and 3.5 Floppy Drive Models
Chinon Industries
–
AUTO CHINON 28MM
Chinon Industries
–
Chinon CE-3 memotron labeled as Revueflex AC 1
Chinon Industries
–
Chinon CP-9 AF with Autofocusobjectiv 35-135mm
12.
Kickstarter
–
Kickstarter is an American public-benefit corporation based in Brooklyn, New York, that maintains a global crowdfunding platform focused on creativity. The companys stated mission is to bring creative projects to life. People who back Kickstarter projects are offered tangible rewards and/or experiences in exchange for their pledges and this model traces its roots to subscription model of arts patronage, where artists would go directly to their audiences to fund their work. Kickstarter launched on April 28,2009, by Perry Chen, Yancey Strickler, the New York Times called Kickstarter the peoples NEA. Time named it one of the Best Inventions of 2010 and Best Websites of 2011, Kickstarter reportedly raised $10 million funding from backers including NYC-based venture firm Union Square Ventures and angel investors such as Jack Dorsey, Zach Klein and Caterina Fake. The company is based in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn, andy Baio served as the sites CTO until November 2010, when he joined Expert Labs. Lance Ivy has been Lead Developer since the website launched, on February 14,2013, Kickstarter released an iOS app called Kickstarter for the iPhone. The app is aimed at users who create and back projects and is the first time Kickstarter has had an official mobile presence, and in Spain on May 19,2015. Kickstarter is one of a number of crowdfunding platforms for gathering money from the public, project creators choose a deadline and a minimum funding goal. If the goal is not met by the deadline, no funds are collected, Kickstarter applies a 5% fee on the total amount of the funds raised. Their payments processor applies an additional 3–5% fee, unlike many forums for fundraising or investment, Kickstarter claims no ownership over the projects and the work they produce. The web pages of projects launched on the site are permanently archived, after funding is completed, projects and uploaded media cannot be edited or removed from the site. Kickstarter advises backers to use their own judgment on supporting a project and they also warn project leaders that they could be liable for legal damages from backers for failure to deliver on promises. Projects might also fail even after a fundraising campaign when creators underestimate the total costs required or technical difficulties to be overcome. Asked what made Kickstarter different from other crowdfunding platforms, co-founder Perry Chen said, or, if there’s even an agreed upon definition of what it is. We haven’t actively supported the use of the term because it can provoke more confusion, in our case, we focus on a middle ground between patronage and commerce. People are offering cool stuff and experiences in exchange for the support of their ideas, people are creating these mini-economies around their project ideas. So, you aren’t coming to the site to get something for nothing, on June 21,2012, Kickstarter began publishing statistics on its projects
Kickstarter
–
At $8.5 million, the
Ouya is the 5th largest successful Kickstarter campaign.
13.
SXSW Film Festival
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South by Southwest is an annual conglomerate of film, interactive media, and music festivals and conferences that take place in mid-March in Austin, Texas, United States. It began in 1987, and has continued to grow in scope and size every year. In 2011, the conference lasted for 10 days with SXSW Interactive lasting for 5 days, Music for 6 days, SXSW is run by the company SXSW, LLC which organizes conferences, trade shows, festivals, and other events. SXSW Music is the largest music festival of its kind in the world, SXSW Music offers artist-provided music and video samples of featured artists at each festival via their official YouTube channel. The music event has grown from 700 registrants in 1987 to over 28,000 registrants, SXSW Film and SXSW Interactive events have grown every year, most recently bringing over 51,000 registrants to Austin every March. Bands must cover their own expenses for travel and lodging at the event, All performers are offered a cash payment or a wristband package that allows access to all music events. SXSW Film Conference spans five days of conference panels and sessions, programming consists of keynote speakers, panels, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers and industry leaders. In 2015, the SXSW Film Conference programmed over 250 sessions with 735 speakers, the SXSW Film Festival runs nine days, simultaneously with the SXSW Film Conference, and celebrates raw innovation and emerging talent both behind and in front of the camera. The SXSW Film Awards, which occur on the last day of the Film Conference, honor films selected by the Feature, in 2015, the SXSW Film Festival programmed 150 feature films and 106 short films, selected from 7,361 submissions. Past notable world premieres include Furious 7, Neighbors, Chef,21 Jump Street, The Cabin in the Woods, Bridesmaids and Insidious, and the TV series Girls, Silicon Valley and Penny Dreadful. SXSW Interactive is focused on emerging technology, a focus which has earned the festival a reputation as a ground for new ideas. The festival includes a show, speakers, parties. According to a festival organizer Louis Black, SXSW Interactive has probably been the biggest of its kind in the world since 2007, Louis Meyers, a booking agent and musician, was also brought on board. Black came up with the name, as a play on the name of the Alfred Hitchcock film North by Northwest, the event was first held in March 1987. The organizers considered it an event and expected around 150 attendees to show up, but over 700 came. Meyers left Austin and the festival in the early 1990s, but Black, Barbaro, singer-songwriter Michelle Shocked was the keynote speaker at the 1992 South by Southwest. In 1993, SXSW moved into the Austin Convention Center, where it is still held, in 1994, SXSW added a component for film and other media, named the SXSW Film and Multimedia Conference. Johnny Cash was the keynote speaker and that year, the three brothers of the band Hanson were brought to SXSW by their father in order to perform impromptu auditions for music executives, in the hopes of getting industry attention
SXSW Film Festival
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A view of
6th Street in downtown Austin, Texas, during SXSW 2013
SXSW Film Festival
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The official logo for SXSW 2013
SXSW Film Festival
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Conan O'Brien promoting
Conan O'Brien Can't Stop at SXSW 2011
14.
Viewfinder
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In photography, a viewfinder is what the photographer looks through to compose, and, in many cases, to focus the picture. Most viewfinders are separate, and suffer parallax, while the single-lens reflex camera lets the use the main optical system. Viewfinders are used in many cameras of different types, still and movie, film, analog, a zoom camera usually zooms its finder in sync with its lens, one exception being rangefinder cameras. Before the development of microelectronics and electronic devices, only optical viewfinders existed. Direct viewfinders are essentially miniature Galilean telescopes, the eye was placed at the back. A declining minority of point and shoot cameras use them, parallax error results from the viewfinder being offset from the lens axis, to point above and usually to one side of the lens. The error varies with distance, being negligible for distant scenes, viewfinders often show lines to indicate the edge of the region which would be included in the photograph. Cameras with interchangeable lenses had to indicate the field of view of each lens in the viewfinder, more usually, such viewfinders were integrated into box cameras, and fitted to the side of folding cameras. These viewfinders were fitted to inexpensive cameras, for many sports and press applications optical viewfinders gave too small an image and were inconvenient to use for scenes that were changing rapidly. This was fast and convenient to use, but not particularly accurate, twin-lens reflex cameras had a large lens above the taking lens, and a large mirror at 45°, projecting an image onto a ground glass screen viewable from above, with the camera at waist level. The viewfinder lens was of size and focal length to the taking lens, though the optical quality was less critical. These cameras were expensive, the Rolleiflex and cheaper sister Rolleicord were the pioneers. Both single- and twin-lens reflexes allowed focussing by adjusting the lens until the image was sharp, single-lens reflex cameras viewed the scene through the taking lens. Early SLRs were plate cameras, with a mechanism to insert a mirror between the lens and the film reflected the light upwards, where it could be seen at waist level on a ground glass screen. When ready to take the picture, the mirror was pivoted out of the way, later SLRs had a mechanism which flipped the mirror out of the way when the shutter button was pressed, followed immediately by the shutter opening. Instead of an arrangement, a prism was used to allow the camera to be held to the eye. The big advantage of the SLR was that any lens, or other device, could be used. The live preview feature of digital cameras share this advantage of the SLR, as they show the image exactly as it will be recorded
Viewfinder
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Built-in viewfinder of a
Nikon D90 camera.
Viewfinder
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Leica IIIf viewfinder camera, 1951
Viewfinder
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Early 21st century digicam with viewfinder
Viewfinder
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Child's waist-view box camera
15.
David Lynch
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David Keith Lynch is an American director, screenwriter, producer, painter, musician, and photographer. He has been described by The Guardian as the most important director of this era, allMovie called him the Renaissance man of modern American filmmaking, while the success of his films has led to him being labelled the first popular Surrealist. He moved to Los Angeles, where he produced his first motion picture, meanwhile, Lynch embraced the Internet as a medium, producing several web-based shows, such as the animated DumbLand and the surreal sitcom Rabbits. Lynch has received three Academy Award nominations for Best Director and a nomination for best screenplay. He has won Frances César Award for Best Foreign Film twice, as well as the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival, the French government awarded him the Legion of Honor, the countrys top civilian honor, as a Chevalier in 2002 and then an Officier in 2007. Blue Velvet and Mulholland Drive are widely considered by critics to be among the greatest films of their respective decades, Lynch was born in Missoula, Montana on January 20,1946. His father, Donald Walton Lynch, was a research scientist working for the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lynchs maternal great-grandparents were Finnish, and had immigrated to the United States from Finland in the 19th century. The Lynch family often moved around according to where the USDA assigned Donald and it was here that Lynchs sister Martha was born. The family then moved to Durham, North Carolina, then Boise, Idaho, Lynch found this transitory early life relatively easy to adjust to, noting that he found it fairly easy to meet new friends whenever he started attending a new school. Commenting on much of his life, Lynch has remarked, Alongside his schooling, Lynch joined the Boy Scouts, although he would later note that he only became so I could quit. He rose to the highest rank of Eagle Scout and it was through being an Eagle Scout that he was present with other Boy Scouts outside of the White House at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy, which took place on Lynchs birthday in 1961. They had some hopes that in Europe they could train with the expressionist painter Oskar Kokoschka at his school. Upon reaching Salzburg, however, they found that he was not available and, Back in the United States, Lynch returned to Virginia, but since his parents had moved to Walnut Creek, California, he stayed with his friend Toby Keeler for a while. He decided to move to the city of Philadelphia and enroll at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, after advice from Jack Fisk and it was here that he began a relationship with a fellow student, Peggy Reavey, and they were married in 1967. The following year, Peggy gave birth to their daughter Jennifer, later describing this situation, Peggy stated that definitely was a reluctant father, but a very loving one. Hey, I was pregnant when we got married, later describing living there, Lynch stated that We lived cheap, but the city was full of fear. A kid was shot to death down the street and we were robbed twice, had windows shot out and a car stolen. The house was first broken into three days after we moved in
David Lynch
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Lynch in 2009
David Lynch
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Screenshot from
Six Men Getting Sick (Six Times). The film was an animation based upon Lynch's paintings.
David Lynch
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Lynch's Eraserhead, featuring Henry Spencer (
Jack Nance)
David Lynch
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Lynch at the 1990
Emmy Awards ceremony
16.
Terry Gilliam
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Terrence Vance Terry Gilliam is an American-born British screenwriter, film director, animator, actor, comedian and member of the Monty Python comedy troupe. Gilliam has directed 12 feature films, including Monty Python and the Holy Grail, Time Bandits, Brazil, The Fisher King,12 Monkeys, the only Python not born in Britain, he became a naturalised British citizen in 1968 and formally renounced his American citizenship in 2006. Gilliam was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Beatrice and his father was a travelling salesman for Folgers before becoming a carpenter. Soon after, they moved to nearby Medicine Lake, Minnesota, the family moved to the Los Angeles neighbourhood of Panorama City in 1952. Gilliam attended Birmingham High School, where he was the president of his class and he was voted Most Likely to Succeed and achieved straight As. During high school, he began to avidly read Mad magazine, then edited by Harvey Kurtzman, Gilliam graduated from Occidental College in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science. It was 66–67, it was the first police riot in Los Angeles, in college my major was political science, so my brain worked that way. And I drove around this little English Hillman Minx—top down—and every night Id be hauled over by the cops, up against the wall, and all this stuff. They had this monologue with me, it was never a dialogue and it was that I was a long-haired drug addict living off some rich guys foolish daughter. And I said, No, I work in advertising, I make twice as much as you do. Which is a thing to say to a cop. And it was like an epiphany, I suddenly felt what it was like to be a black or Mexican kid living in L. A. Before that, I thought I knew what the world was like, I thought I knew what people were. And I got more and more angry and I just felt, Thats why so much of the U. S. is still standing. Gilliam began his career as an animator and strip cartoonist, one of his early photographic strips for Help. Featured future Python cast member John Cleese, folded, Gilliam went to Europe, jokingly announcing in the very last issue that he was being transferred to the European branch of the magazine, which, of course, did not exist. Moving to England, he animated sequences for the childrens series Do Not Adjust Your Set, which also featured Eric Idle, Terry Jones, Gilliam was a part of Monty Pythons Flying Circus from its outset, credited at first as an animator and later as a full member. His cartoons linked the shows together and defined the groups visual language in other media
Terry Gilliam
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Gilliam at the 36th Deauville American Films Festival.
Terry Gilliam
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Terry Gilliam at Cannes, 2001
Terry Gilliam
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Terry Gilliam at an
IFC Center on 4 October 2006
Terry Gilliam
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Gilliam at the 41st Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, April 2006
17.
Will Vinton
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Will Vinton is an American director and producer of animated films. He has won an Oscar for his work, and several Emmy Awards, during the 1960s, Vinton studied physics, architecture and filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was influenced by the work of Antoni Gaudí. Two more films about student protest followed, Berkeley Games and First Ten Days, as well a narrative short Reply, Vinton and Gardiner parted ways during the production of their second short film, Mountain Music completed by Vinton in 1976. Gardiner focused on producing PSA spots for local issues while Vinton established Will Vinton Productions in Portland to capitalize on his animation technology. Quickly expanding his studio by hiring new animators, Vinton produced dozens of commercials for regional and these films were later released theatrically under the umbrella title Trilogy, and later to video as The Little Prince and Friends. In 1978 Vinton produced the documentary Claymation, Three Dimensional Clay Animation a 17-minute film featuring the behind-the-scenes technical processes used, the term Claymation was later trademarked by Vinton, and has become synonymous with clay animation in general. VHS video compilations of films were released in the 1980s as Festival of Claymation and Son of Combo II. Vinton, no longer performing animation himself, later produced special effects scenes for TV shows and movies and his studios animation effects for Disneys Return to Oz were also nominated for a special effects Oscar. Prominent among his hundreds of now international commercial creations were the California Raisins, the Dominos Pizza Noid, and the M&Ms Red, Yellow, and Green characters. The California Raisins first big hit was the song I Heard It Through the Grapevine in the first of their series of TV spots for the California Raisin Advisory Board. They became such a phenomenon that they went on to star in their own pair of primetime specials for CBS television, Meet the Raisins. A couple music albums of songs from the specials, produced by Nu Shooz pop-rock band leader John Smith were also released, CBS also commissioned three more prime-time specials, A Claymation Christmas Celebration, The Claymation Comedy of Horrors a 1991 Halloween special, and A Claymation Easter. All were later released to video and DVD, during the 1990s, the Vinton Studios produced the animated series The PJs for the FOX TV network. The series was conceived and executive-produced by Eddie Murphy, another animated series was produced for the UPN TV network by the Vinton studio, Gary and Mike, now a cult favorite. Both series used a refinement in Vintons style of dimensional animation, Vinton soon coined a new term for this process, Foamation. In the 1990s a variety of Vintons 400 + animators and technicians helped with new creations, craig Bartlett created his Arnold Escapes From Church short film which later spawned Hey Arnold. A cel-animated series for Nickelodeon and generated two more clay-animated short films, The Arnold Waltz and Arnold Rides a Chair, the mid-1990s also saw Vinton adding computer animation to his output, used most visibly for his M&Ms character commercials. A short CGI film, Fluffy, directed by Doug Aberle, was created during this time, other CGI films — some combined with clay and stop-motion animation — soon followed
Will Vinton
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Will Vinton at Anifest 2012
18.
Maya Deren
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Maya Deren, born Eleanora Derenkowskaia, was one of the most important American experimental filmmakers and entrepreneurial promoters of the avant-garde in the 1940s and 1950s. Deren was also a choreographer, dancer, film theorist, poet, the function of film, Deren believed, like most art forms, was to create an experience, each one of her films would evoke new conclusions, lending her focus to be dynamic and always-evolving. She combined her interests in dance, Haitian Vodou and subjective psychology in a series of surreal, perceptual, black, perhaps one of the most influential experimental films in American cinema was her collaboration with Alexander Hammid on Meshes of the Afternoon. She also appeared in a few of her films but never credited herself as an actress, Deren was born in Kiev, Ukraine, into a Jewish family, to psychologist Solomon Derenkowsky and Marie Fiedler, who supposedly named her after Italian actress Eleonora Duse. In 1922, the family fled the USSR because of anti-Semitic pogroms and moved to Syracuse and her father shortened the family name to Deren shortly after they arrived in New York. He became the staff psychiatrist at the State Institute for the Feeble-Minded in Syracuse, in 1928, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Her mother moved to Paris, France to be with her daughter while she attended the League of Nations International School of Geneva in Switzerland from 1930 to 1933. Deren began college at Syracuse University, where she studied journalism, through the YPSL she met Gregory Bardacke, whom she married at the age of 18. After his graduation in 1935, she moved to New York City and she and her husband became active in various socialist causes in New York City. She graduated from New York University with a degree in literature. The divorce was finalized in 1939 and she attended the New School for Social Research and received a masters degree in English literature at Smith College. Her masters thesis was titled The Influence of the French Symbolist School on Anglo-American Poetry, after graduation from Smith, Deren returned to New York’s Greenwich Village, where she joined the European émigré art scene, and worked as an editorial assistant and free-lance photographer. She became known for her European-style handmade clothes, wild, curly hair, dunhams fieldwork influenced Derens studies of Haitian culture and Voudoun mythology. At the end of a tour, the Dunham dance company stopped in Los Angeles for several months to work in Hollywood and it was there that Deren met Alexandr Hackenschmied, a celebrated Czech-born photographer and cameraman who would become her second husband in 1942. Hackenschmied had fled from Czechoslovakia in 1938 after Hitlers advance and they lived together in Laurel Canyon where he helped her with her still photography which focused on local fruit pickers and the surrealism of Los Angeles. In 1943, Deren purchased a used 16 mm Bolex camera with some of the money after her fathers death from a heart attack. This camera captured her first and best-known film, Meshes of the Afternoon, Meshes of the Afternoon is recognized as a seminal American avant-garde film. It is the first narrative film in avant-garde American film, which critics have said took on an autobiographical tone - for women, originally a silent film with no dialogue, music for the film was composed by Derens third husband Teiji Itō in 1952
Maya Deren
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Maya Deren
19.
Spike Lee
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Shelton Jackson Spike Lee is an American film director, producer, writer, and actor. His production company,40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks, has produced over 35 films since 1983, Lee has acted in ten of his own films. Lees movies have examined race relations, colorism in the community, the role of media in contemporary life, urban crime and poverty. Lee was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Jacqueline Carroll, a teacher of arts and black literature, and William James Edward Lee III, a jazz musician and composer. Lee also had three younger siblings Joie, David, and Cinqué, who all worked in different positions in Lees films. Director Malcolm D. Lee is his cousin, when he was a child, the family moved to Brooklyn, New York. His mother nicknamed him Spike during his childhood and he attended John Dewey High School in Brooklyns Gravesend neighborhood. Lee enrolled in Morehouse College, a black college, where he made his first student film. He took film courses at Clark Atlanta University and graduated with a B. A. in mass communication from Morehouse and he did graduate work at New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts, where he earned a Master of Fine Arts in film & television. In 1991, Lee taught a course at Harvard about filmmaking and it was there that he received his Master of Fine Arts and was appointed Artistic Director in 2002. Lees independent film, Joes Bed-Stuy Barbershop, We Cut Heads, was the first student film to be showcased in Lincoln Centers New Directors/New Films Festival, in 1985, Lee began work on his first feature film, Shes Gotta Have It. With a budget of $175,000, he shot the film in two weeks, when the film was released in 1986, it grossed over $7,000,000 at the U. S. box office. Lees 1989 film Do the Right Thing was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1989, many people, including Hollywoods Kim Basinger, believed that Do the Right Thing also deserved a Best Picture nomination. Driving Miss Daisy won Best Picture that year, after the 1990 release of Mo Better Blues, Lee was accused of antisemitism by the Anti-Defamation League and several film critics. They criticized the characters of the club owners Josh and Moe Flatbush, Lee denied the charge, explaining that he wrote those characters in order to depict how black artists struggled against exploitation. Lee said that Lew Wasserman, Sidney Sheinberg or Tom Pollock and he said he could not make an antisemitic film because Jews run Hollywood, and thats a fact. His 1997 documentary 4 Little Girls, about the killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham. On May 2,2007, the 50th San Francisco International Film Festival honored Spike Lee with the San Francisco Film Societys Directing Award and he received the 2008 Wexner Prize
Spike Lee
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Lee at the 2009
Tribeca Film Festival
Spike Lee
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Lee in 2007
Spike Lee
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Lee in September 2011
Spike Lee
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Lee with his
Peabody Award, 2011
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
