Bonnie and Clyde

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Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow^[1][2] (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were an American criminal couple who traveled the Central United States with their gang during the Great Depression, known for their bank robberies although they preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the "Public Enemy Era" between 1931 and 1934, and they are believed to have killed at least nine police officers and several civilians, they were killed in May 1934, during an ambush by law officers near Gibsland, Bienville Parish, Louisiana.

The portrayal in the press of Bonnie and Clyde was sometimes at odds with the reality of their life on the road, especially for Parker, she was present at 100 or more felonies during the two years that she was Barrow's companion,^[3] although she was not the cigar-smoking, machine gun-wielding killer depicted in the newspapers, newsreels, and pulp detective magazines of the day. Nonetheless, numerous police accounts detail her attempts to murder police officers (although gang member W.D. Jones contradicted them at trial);^[4][5] the picture of Parker smoking a cigar came from an undeveloped roll of negatives that police found at an abandoned hideout, and the snapshot was published nationwide. Parker did chain smoke Camel cigarettes, although she never smoked cigars.^{[6][notes 1]} According to historian Jeff Guinn, the photos found at the hideout resulted in Parker's glamorization and the creation of myths about the gang.

The 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde, directed by Arthur Penn and starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway in the title roles, revived interest in the criminals and glamorized them with a romantic aura.^[7]

Bonnie Parker[edit]

Bonnie Elizabeth Parker was born in 1910 in Rowena, Texas, the second of three children. Her father Charles Robert Parker (1884–1914) was a bricklayer who died when Bonnie was four years old,^[8] her widowed mother Emma (Krause) Parker (1885–1944) moved her family back to her parents' home in Cement City, an industrial suburb in West Dallas where she worked as a seamstress.^[9] As an adult, Bonnie wrote poems such as "The Story of Suicide Sal"^[10] and "The Trail's End", the latter more commonly known as "The Story of Bonnie and Clyde".^[11]

In her second year in high school, Parker met Roy Thornton, they dropped out of school and were married on September 25, 1926, six days before her 16th birthday.^[12] Their marriage was marked by his frequent absences and brushes with the law, and it proved to be short-lived, they never divorced, but their paths never crossed again after January 1929. She was still wearing his wedding ring when she died.^{[notes 2]} Thornton was still in prison when he heard of her death, he commented, "I'm glad they went out like they did. It's much better than being caught."^[13]

Parker lived with her mother again after the failure of her marriage, and she worked as a waitress in Dallas. One of her regular customers was postal worker Ted Hinton. In 1932, he joined the Dallas Sheriff's Department and eventually served as a member of the posse that killed Bonnie and Clyde.^[14] Parker briefly kept a diary early in 1929 when she was 19, in which she wrote of her loneliness, her impatience with life in Dallas, and her love of talking pictures.^[15][16]

Clyde Barrow[edit]

Clyde Chestnut Barrow^[17] was born in 1909 into a poor farming family in Ellis County, Texas, southeast of Dallas.^[18][19] He was the fifth of seven children of Henry Basil Barrow (1874–1957) and Cumie Talitha Walker (1874–1942); the family moved to Dallas in the early 1920s, part of a migration pattern from rural areas to the city where many settled in the urban slum of West Dallas. The Barrows spent their first months in West Dallas living under their wagon, until they got enough money to buy a tent.^[20]

Barrow was first arrested at the age of 17 in late 1926, after running when police confronted him over a rental car that he had failed to return on time, his second arrest was with brother Buck soon after, for possession of stolen turkeys. He had some legitimate jobs during 1927 through 1929, but he also cracked safes, robbed stores, and stole cars, he met 19 year-old Parker through a mutual friend in January 1930, and they spent much time together during the following weeks. Their romance was cut short when Barrow was arrested and convicted of auto theft.

Clyde was sent to Eastham Prison Farm in April 1930 at the age of 21. While in prison, he retaliated for repeated sexual assaults by attacking and killing his tormentor with a lead pipe, crushing his skull;^[21] this was his first killing. Another inmate, who was already serving a life sentence, took the blame. In order to avoid hard labor in the fields, Barrow had another inmate chop off two of his toes with an axe; because of this, he walked with a limp for the rest of his life. However, he was set free six days after his intentional injury. Without his knowledge, his mother had successfully petitioned a release for him.^[22]

In 1930, Barrow escaped Eastham Prison Farm, using a weapon which Parker smuggled to him, he was recaptured shortly after, and sent back to prison.^[23] He was paroled on February 2, 1932 from Eastham as a hardened and bitter criminal, his sister Marie said, "Something awful sure must have happened to him in prison because he wasn't the same person when he got out."^[24] Fellow inmate Ralph Fults said that he watched Clyde "change from a schoolboy to a rattlesnake".^[25]

In his post-Eastham career, Barrow robbed grocery stores and gas stations at a rate far outpacing the ten or so bank robberies attributed to him and the Barrow Gang, his favorite weapon was the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR).^[22] According to John Neal Phillips, Barrow's goal in life was not to gain fame or fortune from robbing banks, but to seek revenge against the Texas prison system for the abuses that he suffered while serving time.^[26]

First meeting[edit]

Several accounts describe Parker and Barrow's first meeting; the most credible states that they met on January 5, 1930 at the home of Barrow's friend Clarence Clay at 105 Herbert Street^[27] in the neighborhood of West Dallas. He was 20 years old, and she was 19. Parker was out of work and staying with a female friend to assist her during her recovery from a broken arm. Barrow dropped by the girl's house while Parker was in the kitchen making hot chocolate.^[28] Both were smitten immediately; most historians believe that Parker joined Barrow because she had fallen in love with him, she remained his loyal companion as they carried out their many crimes and awaited the violent death which they viewed as inevitable.^[29]

Armed robbery and murder[edit]

1932: Early robberies and murders[edit]

Barrow was released from prison in February 1932, and he and Ralph Fults began a series of robberies, primarily of stores and gas stations;^[1] their goal was to collect enough money and firepower to launch a raid against Eastham prison.^[26] On April 19, Parker and Fults were captured in a failed hardware store burglary in Kaufman, Texas in which they had intended to steal firearms.^[30] Parker was released from jail in a few months, after the grand jury failed to indict her; Fults was tried, convicted, and served time, he never rejoined the gang.

The photo of Parker posing with a cigar and a gun became popular:

John Dillinger had matinee-idol good looks and Pretty Boy Floyd had the best possible nickname, but the Joplin photos introduced new criminal superstars with the most titillating trademark of all—illicit sex. Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker were wild and young, and undoubtedly slept together.^[31]

On April 30, Barrow was the driver in a robbery in Hillsboro, Texas during which store owner J.N. Bucher was shot and killed.^[32] Bucher's wife identified Barrow from police photographs as one of the shooters, although he had stayed outside in the car.

Parker wrote poetry to pass the time in jail;^{[33][notes 3]} when the Kaufman County grand jury convened, it declined to indict her and she was released,^[34] and she reunited with Barrow within a few weeks.

Barrow, Raymond Hamilton, and Ross Dyer were drinking alcohol at a country dance in Stringtown, Oklahoma on August 5 when Sheriff C.G. Maxwell and deputy Eugene C. Moore approached them in the parking lot. Barrow and Hamilton opened fire, killing the deputy and gravely wounding the sheriff.^[35][36] Deputy Moore was the first law officer that Barrow and his gang had killed; they eventually murdered nine. On October 11, they allegedly killed Howard Hall at his store during a robbery in Sherman, Texas, though some historians consider this unlikely.^[37]

W. D. Jones had been a friend of the Barrow family since childhood.^[whose?] He joined Parker and Barrow on Christmas Eve 1932 at the age of 16, and the three left Dallas that night;^[38] the next day, Jones and Barrow murdered Doyle Johnson, a young family man, while stealing his car in Temple, Texas.^[39] Barrow killed Tarrant County Deputy Sheriff Malcolm Davis on January 6, 1933 when he, Parker, and Jones wandered into a police trap set for another criminal;^[40] the gang had murdered five people since April.

1933: Buck Barrow joins the gang[edit]

On March 22, 1933, Clyde’s brother Buck was granted a full pardon and released from prison, and he and his wife Blanche set up housekeeping with Bonnie, Clyde and Jones in a temporary hideout at 3347 1/2 Oakridge Drive in Joplin, Missouri. According to family sources,^[41] Buck and Blanche were there to visit; they attempted to persuade Clyde to surrender to law enforcement; the group ran loud, alcohol-fueled card games late into the night in the quiet neighborhood; Blanche recalled that they "bought a case of beer a day".^[42] The men came and went noisily at all hours, and Clyde accidentally fired a BAR in the apartment while cleaning it.^[43] No neighbors went to the house, but one reported suspicions to the Joplin Police Department.

The police assembled a five-man force in two cars on April 13 to confront what they suspected were bootleggers living in the garage apartment; the Barrow brothers and Jones opened fire, killing Detective McGinnis outright and fatally wounding Constable Harryman.^[44][45] Parker opened fire with a BAR as the others fled, forcing Highway Patrol Sergeant G.B. Kahler to duck behind a large oak tree; the .30 caliber bullets from the BAR struck the tree and forced wood splinters into the sergeant's face.^[46] Parker got into the car with the others, and they pulled in Blanche from the street where she was pursuing her dog Snow Ball;^[47] the surviving officers later testified that they had fired only 14 rounds in the conflict;^[48] one hit Jones on the side, one struck Clyde but was deflected by his suitcoat button, and one grazed Buck after ricocheting off a wall.

The group escaped the police at Joplin, but left behind most of their possessions at the apartment, including Buck's parole papers (three weeks old), a large arsenal of weapons, a handwritten poem by Bonnie, and a camera with several rolls of undeveloped film.^[49] Police developed the film at The Joplin Globe and found many photos of Barrow, Parker, and Jones posing and pointing weapons at one another;^[50] the Globe sent the poem and the photos over the newswire, including a photo of Parker clenching a cigar in her teeth and a pistol in her hand, and the gang of criminals became front-page news throughout America as the Barrow Gang.

The group ranged from Texas as far north as Minnesota for the next three months. In May, they tried to rob the bank in Lucerne, Indiana,^[51] and robbed the bank in Okabena, Minnesota,^[52] they kidnapped Dillard Darby and Sophia Stone at Ruston, Louisiana in the course of stealing Darby's car; this was one of several events between 1932 and 1934 in which they kidnapped police officers or robbery victims.^{[notes 4]} They usually released their hostages far from home, sometimes with money to help them return home.^[5][53]

Stories of such encounters made headlines, as did the more violent episodes; the Barrow Gang did not hesitate to shoot anyone who got in their way, whether it was a police officer or an innocent civilian. Other members of the Barrow Gang who committed murder included Raymond Hamilton, W.D. Jones, Clyde’s brother Buck, and Henry Methvin. Eventually, the cold-bloodedness of their murders opened the public's eyes to the reality of their crimes, and led to their ends.^[54]

The photos entertained the public for a time, but the gang was desperate and discontented, as described by Blanche in her account written while imprisoned in the late 1930s.^{[55][notes 5]} With their new notoriety, their daily lives became more difficult, as they tried to evade discovery. Restaurants and motels became less secure; they resorted to incampfire cooking and bathing in cold streams;^[56] the unrelieved, round-the-clock proximity of five people in one car gave rise to vicious bickering.^{[57][notes 6]} Jones was the driver when he and Barrow stole a car belonging to Dillard Darby in late April, and he used that car to leave the others, he stayed away until June 8.^[58]

Clyde did not see warning signs at a bridge under construction on June 10, while driving with Jones and Parker near Wellington, Texas, and the car flipped into a ravine.^[5][59] Sources disagree on whether there was a gasoline fire^[60] or if Parker was doused with acid from the car's battery under the floorboards,^{[61][notes 7]} but she sustained third-degree burns to her right leg, so severe that the muscles contracted and caused the leg to "draw up".^[62] Jones observed: "She'd been burned so bad none of us thought she was gonna live; the hide on her right leg was gone, from her hip down to her ankle. I could see the bone at places."^[63]

Parker could hardly walk; she either hopped on her good leg or was carried by Barrow, they got help from a nearby farm family, then kidnapped two local police officers. The three rendezvoused with Buck and Blanche, and hid in a tourist court near Fort Smith, Arkansas, nursing Parker's burns. Buck and Jones bungled a robbery and murdered Town Marshal Henry D. Humphrey in Alma, Arkansas;^[64] the criminals had to flee, despite Parker's grave condition.^[65]

Platte City and Dexfield Park[edit]

In July 1933, the gang checked in to the Red Crown Tourist Court^[66] south of Platte City, Missouri, it consisted of two brick cabins joined by garages, and the gang rented both.^[66] To the south stood the Red Crown Tavern, a popular restaurant among Missouri Highway Patrolmen, and the gang seemed to go out of their way to draw attention.^[67] Blanche registered the party as three guests, but owner Neal Houser could see five people getting out of the car, he noted that the driver backed into the garage "gangster style" for a quick getaway.^[68] Blanche paid for their cabins with coins rather than bills, and did the same later when buying five dinners and five beers;^{[69][notes 8]} the next day, Houser noticed that his guests had taped newspapers over the windows of their cabin; Blanche again paid for five meals with coins. Her outfit of jodhpur riding breeches^[70] also attracted attention; they were not typical attire for women in the area, and eyewitnesses still remembered them 40 years later.^[68] Houser told Captain William Baxter of the Highway Patrol, a patron of his restaurant, about the group.^[66]

Clyde and Jones went into town^{[notes 9]} to purchase bandages, crackers, cheese, and atropine sulfate to treat Parker's leg;^[71] the druggist contacted Sheriff Holt Coffey, who put the cabins under surveillance. Coffey had been alerted by Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas law enforcement to watch for strangers seeking such supplies; the sheriff contacted Captain Baxter, who called for reinforcements from Kansas City, Missouri, including an armored car.^[66] Sheriff Coffey led a group of officers toward the cabins at 11pm, armed with Thompson submachine guns.^[72]

In the gunfight which ensued, the .45 caliber Thompsons proved no match for Clyde's .30 caliber Browning Automatic Rifles (BAR), stolen on July 7 from the National Guard armory at Enid, Oklahoma.^[73] The gang escaped when a bullet short-circuited the horn on the armored car^{[notes 10]} and the police officers mistook it for a cease-fire signal, they did not pursue the retreating Barrow vehicle.^[66]

The gang had evaded the law once again, but Buck had sustained a bullet wound that blasted a large hole in his forehead skull bone and exposed his injured brain, and Blanche was nearly blinded by glass fragments in both her eyes.^[66][74]

The Barrow Gang camped at Dexfield Park, an abandoned amusement park near Dexter, Iowa, on July 24.^[5][75] Buck was sometimes semiconscious, and he even talked and ate, but his massive head wound and loss of blood were so severe that Clyde and Jones dug a grave for him.^[76] Local residents noticed their bloody bandages, and officers determined that the campers were the Barrow Gang. Local police officers and approximately 100 spectators surrounded the group, and the Barrows soon came under fire.^[75] Clyde, Parker, and Jones escaped on foot.^[5][75] Buck was shot in the back, and he and his wife were captured by the officers. Buck died of his head wound and pneumonia, after surgery five days later at Kings Daughters Hospital in Perry, Iowa.^[75]

For the next six weeks, the remaining perpetrators ranged far afield from their usual area of operations, west to Colorado, north to Minnesota, southeast to Mississippi; yet they continued to commit armed robberies.^{[77] [notes 11]} They restocked their arsenal when Barrow and Jones robbed an armory at Plattville, Illinois on August 20, acquiring three BARs, handguns, and a large quantity of ammunition.^[78]

By early September, they risked a run to Dallas to see their families for the first time in four months. Jones parted company with them, continuing to Houston where his mother had moved,^{[5][75][notes 12]} he was arrested there without incident on November 16, and returned to Dallas. Through the autumn, Barrow committed several robberies with small-time local accomplices, while his family and Parker's attended to her considerable medical needs. On November 22, they narrowly evaded arrest while trying to meet with family members near Sowers, Texas. Dallas' Sherriff Smoot Schmid, Deputy Bob Alcorn, and Deputy Ted Hinton lay in wait nearby; as Barrow drove up, he sensed a trap and drove past his family's car, at which point Schmid and his deputies stood up and opened fire with machine guns and a BAR. The family members in the crossfire were not hit, but a BAR bullet passed through the car, striking the legs of both Barrow and Parker,^[79] they escaped later that night.

On November 28, a Dallas grand jury delivered a murder indictment against Parker and Barrow for the murder - in January of that year - of Tarrant County Deputy Malcolm Davis;^[80] it was Parker's first warrant for murder.

1934: Final run[edit]

On January 16, 1934, Barrow orchestrated the escape of Raymond Hamilton, Henry Methvin, and several others in the "Eastham Breakout";^[26] the brazen raid generated negative publicity for Texas, and Barrow seemed to have achieved what historian Phillips suggests was his overriding goal: revenge on the Texas Department of Corrections.^{[notes 13]}

Joe Palmer shot Major Joe Crowson during his escape, and Crowson died a few days later in the hospital;^[81] this attack attracted the full power of the Texas and federal government to the manhunt for Barrow and Parker. As Crowson struggled for life, prison chief Lee Simmons reportedly promised him that all persons involved in the breakout would be hunted down and killed.^[26] All of them eventually were except for Methvin, who preserved his life by setting up the ambush of Barrow and Parker.^[26]

The Texas Department of Corrections contacted former Texas Ranger Captain Frank Hamer and persuaded him to hunt down the Barrow Gang, he was retired, but his commission had not expired.^[82] He accepted the assignment as a Texas Highway Patrol officer, secondarily assigned to the prison system as a special investigator, and given the specific task of taking down Bonnie, Clyde, and the rest of the Barrow Gang.

Hamer was tall, burly, and taciturn, unimpressed by authority and driven by an "inflexible adherence to right, or what he thinks is right".^[83] For 20 years, he had been feared and admired throughout Texas as "the walking embodiment of the 'One Riot, One Ranger' ethos",^[84] he "had acquired a formidable reputation as a result of several spectacular captures and the shooting of a number of Texas criminals".^[85] He was officially credited with 53 kills, and suffered 17 wounds.^[86] Prison boss Simmons always said publicly that Hamer had been his first choice, although there is evidence that he first approached two other Rangers, both of whom declined because they were reluctant to shoot a woman.^[87] Starting on February 10, Hamer became the constant shadow of Barrow and Parker, living out of his car, just a town or two behind them. Three of his four brothers were also Texas Rangers; brother Harrison was the best shot of the four, but Frank was considered the most tenacious.^[88]

Barrow and Methvin killed highway patrolmen H.D. Murphy and Edward Bryant Wheeler on Easter Sunday, April 1, 1934 at the intersection of Route 114 and Dove Road, near Grapevine, Texas (now Southlake).^[89][90] An eyewitness account said that Barrow and Parker fired the fatal shots, and this story got widespread coverage^[91] before it was discredited. Methvin later admitted that he fired the first shot, after assuming that Barrow wanted the officers killed; he also said that Parker approached the dying officers intending to help them, not to administer the coup de grâce as described by the discredited eyewitness. Barrow joined in, firing at Patrolman Murphy, it has long been assumed that Parker was asleep in the back seat when Methvin started shooting, and took no part in the assault.^[53]

During the spring season, the Grapevine killings were recounted in exaggerated detail, affecting public perception; all four Dallas daily papers seized on the story told by the eyewitness, a farmer who claimed to have seen Parker laugh at the way that Patrolman Murphy's head "bounced like a rubber ball" on the ground as she shot him;^[92] the stories claimed that police found a cigar butt "with tiny teeth marks", supposedly those of Parker.^[93] Several days later, Murphy's fiancée wore her intended wedding dress to his funeral, attracting photos and newspaper coverage;^[94] the eyewitness's ever-changing story was soon discredited, but the massive negative publicity increased the public clamor for the extermination of the Barrow Gang. The outcry galvanized the authorities into action, and Highway Patrol boss L.G. Phares offered a reward of $1,000 for "the dead bodies of the Grapevine slayers" — not their capture, just the bodies.^[95] Texas governor Ma Ferguson added another reward of $500 for each of the two killers, which meant that, for the first time, "there was a specific price on Bonnie's head, since she was so widely believed to have shot H.D. Murphy".^[96]

Public hostility increased five days later, when Barrow and Methvin murdered 60 year-old Constable William "Cal" Campbell, a widower and father, near Commerce, Oklahoma,^[97] they kidnapped Commerce police chief Percy Boyd, crossed the state line into Kansas, and let him go, giving him a clean shirt, a few dollars, and a request from Parker to tell the world that she did not smoke cigars. Boyd identified both Barrow and Parker to authorities, but he never learned Methvin's name; the resultant arrest warrant for the Campbell murder specified "Clyde Barrow, Bonnie Parker and John Doe".^[98] Historian Knight writes: "For the first time, Bonnie was seen as a killer, actually pulling the trigger — just like Clyde. Whatever chance she had for clemency had just been reduced."^[95] The Dallas Journal ran a cartoon on its editorial page, showing an empty electric chair with a sign on it saying "Reserved", adding the words "Clyde and Bonnie".^[99]

Deaths[edit]

Barrow and Parker were killed on May 23, 1934, on a rural road in Bienville Parish, Louisiana.^[75][100] Texas officers Frank Hamer, B.M. "Maney" Gault, Bob Alcorn, and Ted Hinton, and Louisiana officers Henderson Jordan and Prentiss Morel Oakley formed the posse.^[101] Hamer led the posse, and he had begun tracking them on February 12, he studied the gang's movements and found that they swung in a circle skirting the edges of five midwestern states, exploiting the "state line" rule which prevented officers from pursuing a fugitive into another jurisdiction. Barrow was consistent in his movements, so Hamer charted his path and predicted where he would go; the gang's itinerary centered on family visits, and they were due to see Methvin's family in Louisiana.

On May 21, the four posse members from Texas were in Shreveport, Louisiana when they learned that Barrow and Parker were to go to Bienville Parish that evening with Methvin. Barrow had designated the residence of Methvin's parents as a rendezvous, in case they were separated, and Methvin did get separated from them in Shreveport; the full posse set up an ambush at the rendezvous point along Louisiana State Highway 154 south of Gibsland toward Sailes. Hinton recounted that their group was in place by 9pm, and waited through the whole of the next day (May 22) with no sign of the perpetrators^[102] Other accounts said that the officers set up on the evening of the 22nd.^[103]

At approximately 9:15 am on May 23, the posse were still concealed in the bushes and almost ready to concede defeat, when they heard Barrow's stolen Ford V8 approaching at a high speed, their official report had Barrow stopping to speak with Methvin's father, who had been planted there with his truck that morning, to distract Barrow and force him into the lane closer to the posse. The lawmen opened fire, killing Barrow and Parker while shooting about 130 rounds. Oakley fired first, probably before any order to do so.^{[102][104][105]} Barrow was killed instantly by Oakley's head shot, but Hinton reported hearing Parker scream as she realized that Barrow was dead, before the shooting began in her direction;^[102] the officers emptied all their weapons at the car.^[106] Nearly any of their wounds would have been fatal, yet the two had survived many bullets over the years in their confrontations with the law.^[107]

According to statements made by Hinton and Alcorn:

Each of us six officers had a shotgun and an automatic rifle and pistols. We opened fire with the automatic rifles, they were emptied before the car got even with us. Then we used shotguns. There was smoke coming from the car, and it looked like it was on fire. After shooting the shotguns, we emptied the pistols at the car, which had passed us and ran into a ditch about 50 yards on down the road, it almost turned over. We kept shooting at the car even after it stopped. We weren't taking any chances.^[100]

Researchers have said that Barrow and Parker were shot more than 50 times each;^[26] others claim closer to 25 each, or 50 in total.^[108] Officially, the 1934 report by parish coroner Dr. J. L. Wade, listed 17 separate entrance wounds on Barrow's body and 26 on that of Parker,^[109] including several headshots on each, and one that had snapped Barrow's spinal column. Undertaker C.F. "Boots" Bailey had difficulty embalming the bodies because of all the bullet holes.^[110]

The deafened officers inspected the vehicle and discovered an arsenal of weapons, including stolen automatic rifles, sawed-off semi-automatic shotguns, assorted handguns, and several thousand rounds of ammunition, along with 15 sets of license plates from various states.^[106] Hamer stated: "I hate to bust the cap on a woman, especially when she was sitting down, however if it wouldn't have been her, it would have been us."^[111] Word of the deaths quickly got around when Hamer, Jordan, Oakley, and Hinton drove into town to telephone their respective bosses. A crowd soon gathered at the spot. Gault and Alcorn were left to guard the bodies, but they lost control of the jostling, curious throng; one woman cut off bloody locks of Parker's hair and pieces from her dress, which were subsequently sold as souvenirs. Hinton returned to find a man trying to cut off Barrow's trigger finger, and was sickened by what was occurring.^[102] Arriving at the scene, the coroner said that he saw the following:

Nearly everyone had begun collecting souvenirs such as shell casings, slivers of glass from the shattered car windows, and bloody pieces of clothing from the garments of Bonnie and Clyde. One eager man had opened his pocket knife, and was reaching into the car to cut off Clyde's left ear.^[112]

The coroner enlisted Hamer for help in controlling the "circus-like atmosphere", and got people away from the car.^[112]

They towed the Ford, with the dead bodies still inside, to the Conger Furniture Store & Funeral Parlor in downtown Arcadia, Louisiana. Barrow had been shot in the head by a .35 Remington Model 8. Preliminary embalming was done by Bailey in a small preparation room in the back of the furniture store, as it was common for furniture stores and undertakers to share the same space;^[113] the population of the northwest Louisiana town reportedly swelled from 2,000 to 12,000 within hours. Curious throngs arrived by train, horseback, buggy, and plane. Beer normally sold for 15 cents a bottle but it jumped to 25 cents, and sandwiches quickly sold out.^[114] Henry Barrow identified his son's body, then sat weeping in a rocking chair in the furniture section.^[113]

H.D. Darby was an undertaker at the McClure Funeral Parlor in nearby Ruston, and Sophia Stone was a home demonstration agent from Ruston. Both of them came to Arcadia to identify the bodies^[113] because the Barrow gang had kidnapped them^[115] in Ruston in 1933. Parker reportedly had laughed when she discovered that Darby was an undertaker, she remarked that maybe someday he would be working on her;^[113] Darby did assist Bailey in the embalming.^[113]

Funeral and burial[edit]

Bonnie and Clyde wished to be buried side by side, but the Parker family would not allow it, her mother wanted to grant her final wish to be brought home, but the mobs surrounding the Parker house made that impossible.^[116] More than 20,000 attended Parker's funeral, and her family had difficulty reaching her gravesite,^[116] her services were held on May 26.^[113] Dr. Allen Campbell recalled that flowers came from everywhere, including some with cards allegedly from Pretty Boy Floyd and John Dillinger;^[113] the largest floral tribute was sent by a group of Dallas city newsboys; the sudden end of Bonnie and Clyde sold 500,000 newspapers in Dallas alone.^[117] She was buried in the Fishtrap Cemetery, although she was moved in 1945 to the new Crown Hill Cemetery in Dallas.^[113]

Thousands of people gathered outside both Dallas funeral homes, hoping for a chance to view the bodies. Barrow's private funeral was held at sunset on May 25,^[113] he was buried in Western Heights Cemetery in Dallas, next to his brother Marvin. The Barrow brothers share a single granite marker with their names on it and an epitaph selected by Clyde: "Gone but not forgotten."^[118]

The bullet-riddled Ford and the shirt that Barrow was wearing have been in the casino of Whiskey Pete's in Primm, Nevada since 2011; previously, they were on display before that at the Primm Valley Resort and Casino;^[119] the American National Insurance Company of Galveston paid the insurance policies in full on Barrow and Parker. Since then, the policy of payouts has changed to exclude payouts in cases of deaths caused by any criminal act by the insured.^[120]

The six men of the posse were each to receive a one-sixth share of the reward money, and Dallas Sheriff Schmid had promised Hinton that this would total some $26,000,^[121] but most of the organizations that had pledged reward funds, suddenly reneged on their pledges. In the end, each lawman earned $200.23 for his efforts, and collected memorabilia.^[122]

By the summer of 1934, new federal statutes made bank robbery and kidnapping federal offenses; the growing coordination of local authorities by the FBI, plus two-way radios in police cars, combined to make it more difficult to carry out series of robberies and murders than it had been just months before. Two months after Gibsland, Dillinger was killed on the street in Chicago; three months after that, Pretty Boy Floyd was killed in Ohio; and one month after that, Baby Face Nelson was killed in Illinois.^[123]

Differing accounts[edit]

The members of the posse came from three organizations: Hamer and Gault were both former Texas Rangers then working for the Texas Department of Corrections (DOC), Hinton and Alcorn were employees of the Dallas Sheriff's office, and Jordan and Oakley were Sheriff and Deputy of Bienville Parish, Louisiana; the three duos distrusted one another and kept to themselves,^[124] and each carried their own agenda into the operation and brought differing narratives out of it. Simmons, the head of the Texas DOC, brought another perspective, having effectively commissioned the posse.

Dallas Sheriff Schmid had tried to arrest Barrow in Sowers, Texas in November 1933. Schmid called "Halt!" and gunfire erupted from the outlaw car, which made a quick U-turn and sped away. Schmid's Thompson submachine gun jammed on the first round, and he could not get off one shot. Pursuit of Barrow was impossible because the posse had parked their own cars at a distance to prevent their being seen.^[125]

Hamer's posse discussed calling "halt" but the four Texans "vetoed the idea",^[126] telling them that the serial killers' history had always been to shoot their way out,^[104] as had occurred in Platte City, Dexfield Park, and Sowers;^[127] when the ambush occurred, Oakley stood up and opened fire, and the other officers opened fire immediately after.^[104] Jordan was reported to have called out to Barrow;^[128] Alcorn said that Hamer called out;^[129] and Hinton claimed that Alcorn did.^[102] In another report, each said that they both did;^[130] these conflicting claims might have been collegial attempts to divert the focus from Oakley, who later admitted firing too early, but that is merely speculation.^[131]

In 1979, Hinton's account of the saga was published posthumously as Ambush: The Real Story of Bonnie and Clyde,^[132] his version of the Methvin family's involvement in the planning and execution of the ambush was that the posse had tied Methvin's father Ivy to a tree the previous night to keep him from warning off the serial killers.^[102] Hinton claimed that Hamer made a deal with Ivy: if he kept quiet about being tied up, his son would escape prosecution for the two Grapevine murders.^[102] Hinton alleged that Hamer made every member of the posse swear that they would never divulge this secret.

Other accounts, however, place Ivy at the center of the action, not tied up but on the road, waving for Barrow to stop.^[95][133] Hinton's memoir suggests that Parker's cigar in the famous "cigar photo" had been a rose, and that it was retouched as a cigar by darkroom staff at the Joplin Globe while they prepared the photo for publication.^{[134][notes 14]} Guinn says that some people who knew Hinton suspect that "he became delusional late in life".^[135]

Aftermath[edit]

The posse never received the promised bounty on the perpetrators, so they were told to take whatever they wanted from the confiscated items in their car. Hamer appropriated the arsenal^[136] of stolen guns and ammunition, plus a box of fishing tackle, under the terms of his compensation package with the Texas Department of Corrections.^{[notes 15]} In July, Clyde's mother Cumie wrote to Hamer asking for the return of the guns: "You don't never want to forget my boy was never tried in no court for murder, and no one is guilty until proven guilty by some court so I hope you will answer this letter and also return the guns I am asking for."^[137] There is no record of any response.^[137]

Alcorn claimed Barrow's saxophone from the car, but he later donated it to the Barrow family.^[138] Posse members also took other personal items, such as Parker's clothing; the Parker family asked for them back but were refused,^[106][139] and the items were later sold as souvenirs.^[140] The Barrow family claimed that Sheriff Jordan kept an alleged suitcase of cash, and writer Jeff Guinn claims that Jordan bought "barn and land in Arcadia" soon after the event, thereby hinting that the accusation had merit — despite the complete absence of any evidence to the existence of such a suitcase.^[138] Jordan did attempt to keep the death car for his own, but Ruth Warren of Topeka sued him because she was the owner of the car when Barrow stole it on April 29;^[141] Jordan returned it to her in August 1934, still covered with blood and human tissue.^{[142][notes 16][143]}

In February 1935, Dallas and federal authorities arrested and tried 20 family members and friends for aiding and abetting Barrow and Parker; this became known as the harboring trial and all 20 either pleaded guilty or were found guilty. The two mothers were jailed for 30 days; other sentences ranged from two years' imprisonment (for Floyd Hamilton, brother of Raymond) to one hour in custody (for Barrow's teenage sister Marie).^[144] Other defendants included Blanche Barrow, W.D. Jones, Methvin, and Parker's sister Billie.

Blanche was permanently blinded in her left eye during the 1933 shootout at Dexfield Park, she was taken into custody on the charge of "assault with intent to kill". She was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison, but was paroled in 1939 for good behavior, she returned to Dallas, leaving her life of crime in the past, and lived with her invalid father as his caregiver. In 1940, she married Eddie Frasure, worked as a taxi cab dispatcher and a beautician, and completed the terms of her parole one year later, she lived in peace with her husband until he died of cancer in 1969. Warren Beatty approached her to purchase the rights to her name for use in the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde, and she agreed to the original script. However, she objected to her characterization by Estelle Parsons in the final film, describing the actress's Academy Award-winning portrayal of her as "a screaming horse's ass". Despite this, she maintained a firm friendship with Beatty, she died from cancer at age 77 on December 24, 1988 and was buried in Dallas's Grove Hill Memorial Park under the name "Blanche B. Frasure".^[145]

Barrow cohorts Raymond Hamilton and Joe Palmer, who escaped Eastham in January 1934, were recaptured. Both were convicted of murder and executed in the electric chair at Huntsville, Texas on May 10, 1935.^[146] Jones had left Barrow and Parker, six weeks after the three of them evaded officers at Dexfield Park in July 1933,^[147] he reached Houston and got a job picking cotton, where he was soon discovered and captured. He was returned to Dallas, where he dictated a "confession" in which he claimed to have been kept a prisoner by Barrow and Parker; some of the more lurid lies that he told concerned the gang's sex lives, and this testimony gave rise to many stories about Barrow's ambiguous sexuality.^[148] Jones was convicted of the murder of Doyle Johnson and served a lenient sentence of 15 years, he gave an interview to Playboy magazine during the excitement surrounding the 1967 movie, saying that in reality it had not been glamorous.^[149] He was killed on August 4, 1974 in a misunderstanding by the jealous boyfriend of a woman whom he was trying to help.^[150]

Methvin was convicted in Oklahoma of the 1934 murder of Constable Campbell at Commerce, he was paroled in 1942 and killed by a train in 1948. He fell asleep drunk on the train tracks, although some have speculated that he was pushed by someone seeking revenge,^[151] his father Ivy was killed in 1946 by a hit-and-run driver,^[152] and there was talk^{[by whom?]} of foul play in this instance, also.^{[citation needed]} Parker's husband Roy Thornton was sentenced to five years in prison for burglary in March 1933, he was killed by guards on October 3, 1937 during an escape attempt from Eastham Farm prison.^[13]

Prentiss Oakley admitted to friends that he had fired prematurely,^[131] he succeeded Henderson Jordan as sheriff of Bienville Parish in 1940.^[131]

Hamer returned to a quiet life as a freelance security consultant for oil companies. According to Guinn, "his reputation suffered somewhat after Gibsland"^[153] because many people felt that he had not given Barrow and Parker a fair chance to surrender, he made headlines again in 1948 when he and Governor Coke Stevenson unsuccessfully challenged the vote total achieved by Lyndon Johnson during the election for the Senate. He died in 1955 at the age of age 71, after several years of poor health.^[154] Bob Alcorn died on May 23, 1964, 30 years to the day after the Gibsland ambush.^[152]

The bullet-riddled Ford became a popular traveling attraction, it was displayed at fairs, amusement parks, and flea markets for three decades, and became a fixture at a Nevada race track. There was a charge of one dollar to sit in it, it was sold between casinos after being displayed in a Las Vegas car museum in the 1980s; it was shown in Iowa, Missouri, and Nevada.

Texas Rangers, troopers, and DPS^{[clarification needed]} staff honored patrolman Edward Bryan Wheeler on April 1, 2011, the 77th anniversary of the Grapevine murders, when the Barrow gang murdered Wheeler on Easter Sunday. They presented the Yellow Rose of Texas commendation to his last surviving sibling, 95-year old Ella Wheeler-McLeod of San Antonio, giving her a plaque and framed portrait of her brother.^[155]

In popular culture[edit]

Films[edit]

Hollywood has treated the story of Bonnie and Clyde several times, most notably:

• William Witney directed the film The Bonnie Parker Story (1958) starring Dorothy Provine.^[156]
• Arthur Penn directed Bonnie and Clyde (1967) which starred Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway.^[156] This movie has the pair outsmarting the police and followed a romanticised story of the criminals.^[157]
• John Lee Hancock directed the Netflix film The Highwaymen (2019), showing the Texas Rangers on a successful hunt. The film starred Kevin Costner as Frank Hamer and Woody Harrelson as Maney Gault.^[158][159]

Music[edit]

• Many pop songs have been produced about Bonnie and Clyde, including Serge Gainsbourg and Brigitte Bardot's 1967 "Bonnie and Clyde", which conveys a highly romanticized account of the pair, Georgie Fame's 1967 single "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde", Mel Torme's 1968 song "A Day in the Life of Bonnie and Clyde", Merle Haggard's 1968 "The Legend of Bonnie and Clyde", Die Toten Hosen's "Bonnie & Clyde" and Jay Z and Beyonce's 2002 'Bonnie & Clyde"

• In November 2009, the musical Bonnie & Clyde premiered at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego. It ran for five weeks at the Asolo Repertory Theatre in Sarasota, Florida in 2010. In the autumn of 2011, it opened on Broadway ^[160]and ran for 69 performances.^[161]

• A Korean adaptation of the Bonnie & Clyde musical ran at Chungmu Arts Hall in Seoul from September to October 2013.^[162]

Television[edit]

• In the television film Bonnie & Clyde: The True Story (1992), Tracey Needham played Bonnie and Dana Ashbrook played Clyde.^[163]
• Bruce Beresford directed the television miniseries Bonnie & Clyde, which aired on Lifetime, History Channel, and A&E on December 8 and 9, 2013. Emile Hirsch played Clyde and Holliday Grainger played Bonnie. ^[164]
• In March 2009, Bonnie and Clyde were the subject of a program in the BBC series Timewatch, based in part on gang members' private papers and previously unavailable police documents.^[165]
• In the December 5, 2016 episode of Timeless (Season 1, Episode 9 Last Ride of Bonnie & Clyde), Sam Strike portrays Clyde Barrow and Jacqueline Byers portrays Bonnie Parker.^[166]

Books[edit]

Books that are regarded as non-fictional are listed in the bibliography section.

• Side By Side: A Novel of Bonnie and Clyde by Jenni L. Walsh is the fictionalized account of Bonnie and Clyde's crime spree, told through the perspective of Bonnie Parker. Published in 2018 by Forge Books (Macmillan Publishers).^[167]

Podcasts[edit]

• Bonnie and Clyde's life and crimes were covered in a three-part series on the popular true crime podcast, The Last Podcast on the Left. (Episode 369 "Part 1 - Once you go short", Episode 370 "Part 2 - Give me the Money Now", Episode 371 "Filthy, Smelly, and Surly")The podcast was hosted by Marcus Parks, Ben Kissel, and Henry Zebrowski.

See also[edit]

• 1910 US Census with Clyde Barrow in Ellis County, Texas
• Hybristophilia, also known as "Bonnie and Clyde Syndrome"
• List of Depression-era outlaws
• The Gouffé Case

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bonnie and Clyde.

• FBI files on Bonnie and Clyde, covering 1933–1944
• The Poems of Bonnie Parker
• Unauthenticated Barrow letter to Henry Ford
• The Clyde Barrow Gang collection from the Dallas Police Department Archives
• Bonnie Elizabeth Parker at Find a Grave
• Clyde Barrow at Find a Grave