1.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
2.
Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Grand Canal Dock railway station
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Grand Canal Dock railway station serves the Grand Canal Dock area in Dublin, Ireland. Like several stations in central Dublin, it is elevated above street level, with steps leading down to Barrow Street in South Lotts, the ticket office is open between 06, 00-00,00 AM, Monday to Sunday. Platform 1 is a terminal platform, which became the Northbound main line on 18 July 2016. Platform 2 is the platform for South Western Commuter trains to Newbridge. Platform 3 is the Southbound main line platform, platforms 1 and 2 are accessed by a footbridge and platform 3 has level access. Grand Canal Dock was built on the site of a locomotive shed at Canal Street, across from the engineering works of the Dublin & Kingstown Railway. This station was opened on 23 January 2001, the first station clerk on duty was Mick OGrady and the senior depot man was Nigel McArdle. Grand Canal Dock was Dublins newest station until Docklands Station opened in March 2007, between November 2014 and July 2016 the station underwent a major refurbishment to prepare it to serve South Western Commuter trains to Newbridge, which commenced operations on 21 November 2016. Irish Rail rebuilt platform 1, resurfaced the other platforms, installed new destination displays, platform 1 lacked overhead electric cables and had a permanent sign reading Do not board any trains at platform 1 that was removed in May 2015. Platform 1 was fitted with cables in November 2015. Irish Rail also added a centre road terminating turn-back facility to accommodate southbound trains, the refurbishment of the station itself was completed in May 2015, although major resignalling and track work took place for one more year. The new signalling was commissioned, along with platform 1, on 18 July 2016, list of railway stations in Ireland Irish Rail Grand Canal Dock Station Website
5.
Live Nation (events promoter)
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Live Nation is an American live-events company based in Beverly Hills, California, focused on worldwide concert and entertainment-show promotions. Live Nation formed in 2005 as a spin-off from Clear Channel Communications, Live Nation signs artists as a record label, but predominantly takes the role of a promoter, rather than music owner. The deal with U2 and Madonna, for example, does not include funding of the artists future recordings, the 2007 deal signed with Jay-Z does, but he still retains full-ownership of his recordings and Live Nation funded Roc Nation. Live Nation signed Colombian singer Shakira, Canadian band Nickelback and Mexican singer Luis Miguel, a prior incarnation of Live Nation, known as SFX Entertainment, was formed in the 1990s by media executive Robert F. X. Sillerman. Its business model involved the acquisition of concert promoters, consolidating them into a single national company. Sillerman sold SFX to Clear Channel Communications in 2000 for $4.4 billion, annually, Live Nation promotes or produces over 22,000 events, including music concerts, with total attendance exceeding 50 million—more than the NBA, NFL, and NHL combined. As of September 30,2005, Live Nation owned or operated 117 venues and these venues include 39 amphitheatres,58 theatres,14 clubs,4 arenas and 2 festival sites. In addition, through equity, booking or similar arrangements Live Nation has the right to book events at 33 additional venues. H and she will be the founding recording artist for the new music division Live Nation Artists, formerly Artist Nation. In July 2008, Shakira signed an estimated $70–100 million contract with Live Nation, in January,2008, Live Nation sold its North American theatrical business to Key Brand Entertainment for $90.4 million. Key Brand Entertainment is an investment company owned by British theater producer John Gore. In April 2008, a deal between Jay-Z and Live Nation for $152 million was confirmed, the deal covers financing of Jay-Zs own entertainment venture, live shows, tours and future recordings for the next 10 years. Blueprint 3 was distributed by Atlantic Records, while his label, Live Nation did not take any ownership stake in Insomniac. In 2006 Live Nation acquired House of Blues, Live Nation is currently constructing a physical recording label, Live Nation Artists, which will be a division of Live Nation International Music. The company is expected to become a rival against Sony Music, Universal Music Group and Warner Music Group with artists such as Madonna, U2, Shakira, Jay-Z. As of July 30,2008, CEO Michael Rapino is considering doing licensing deals on an artist-by-artist basis, a source inside Live Nation said. Under that scenario, Warner Music Group could end up handling the marketing, promotion and distribution of albums by the acts that defected from it to join Live Nation, Nickelback. Rapino wants to outsource everything, said a source close to the situation. He doesnt want to build an infrastructure or carry any overhead, on 31 March 2008, it was confirmed that Live Nation signed a 12-year deal with U2 worth an estimated $100 million
6.
West End theatre
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West End theatre is a common term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of Theatreland in and near the West End of London. Along with New York Citys Broadway theatre, West End theatre is considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London, in 2013, ticket sales reached a record 14.4 million, making West End the largest English speaking audience in the world. Famous screen actors frequently appear on the London stage, helen Mirren received an award for her performance as the Queen on the West End stage, and then stated, theatre is such an important part of British history and British culture. Theatre in London flourished after the English Reformation, the first permanent public playhouse, known simply as The Theatre, was constructed in 1576 in Shoreditch by James Burbage. It was soon joined by The Curtain, both are known to have been used by William Shakespeares company. In 1599, the timber from The Theatre was moved to Southwark and these theatres were closed in 1642 due to the Puritans who would later influence the interregnum of 1649. After the Restoration, two companies were licensed to perform, the Dukes Company and the Kings Company, performances were held in converted buildings, such as Lisles Tennis Court. The first West End theatre, known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, was designed by Thomas Killigrew and built on the site of the present Theatre Royal and it opened on 7 May 1663 and was destroyed by a fire nine years later. It was replaced by a new designed by Christopher Wren and renamed the Theatre Royal. Outside the West End, Sadlers Wells Theatre opened in Islington on 3 June 1683. Taking its name from founder Richard Sadler and monastic springs that were discovered on the property, it operated as a Musick House, with performances of opera, as it was not licensed for plays. In the West End, the Theatre Royal Haymarket opened on 29 December 1720 on a site north of its current location. The Patent theatre companies retained their duopoly on drama well into the 19th century, by the early 19th century, however, music hall entertainments became popular, and presenters found a loophole in the restrictions on non-patent theatres in the genre of melodrama. Melodrama did not break the Patent Acts, as it was accompanied by music, initially, these entertainments were presented in large halls, attached to public houses, but purpose-built theatres began to appear in the East End at Shoreditch and Whitechapel. The West End theatre district became established with the opening of small theatres and halls. South of the River Thames, the Old Vic, Waterloo Road, the next few decades saw the opening of many new theatres in the West End. It abbreviated its name three years later, the theatre building boom continued until about World War I
7.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
8.
Area
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Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane. Surface area is its analog on the surface of a three-dimensional object. It is the analog of the length of a curve or the volume of a solid. The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size, in the International System of Units, the standard unit of area is the square metre, which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long. A shape with an area of three square metres would have the area as three such squares. In mathematics, the square is defined to have area one. There are several formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles, for shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a motivation for the historical development of calculus. For a solid such as a sphere, cone, or cylinder. Formulas for the areas of simple shapes were computed by the ancient Greeks. Area plays an important role in modern mathematics, in addition to its obvious importance in geometry and calculus, area is related to the definition of determinants in linear algebra, and is a basic property of surfaces in differential geometry. In analysis, the area of a subset of the plane is defined using Lebesgue measure, in general, area in higher mathematics is seen as a special case of volume for two-dimensional regions. Area can be defined through the use of axioms, defining it as a function of a collection of certain plane figures to the set of real numbers and it can be proved that such a function exists. An approach to defining what is meant by area is through axioms, area can be defined as a function from a collection M of special kind of plane figures to the set of real numbers which satisfies the following properties, For all S in M, a ≥0. If S and T are in M then so are S ∪ T and S ∩ T, if S and T are in M with S ⊆ T then T − S is in M and a = a − a. If a set S is in M and S is congruent to T then T is also in M, every rectangle R is in M. If the rectangle has length h and breadth k then a = hk, let Q be a set enclosed between two step regions S and T
9.
Daniel Libeskind
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Daniel Libeskind is a Polish-American architect, artist, professor and set designer of Polish Jewish descent. Libeskind founded Studio Daniel Libeskind in 1989 with his wife, Nina and his portfolio also includes several residential projects. Libeskinds work has exhibited in major museums and galleries around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art, the Bauhaus Archives, the Art Institute of Chicago. On February 27,2003, Libeskind won the competition to be the master architect for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. Born in Łódź, Poland, Libeskind was the child of Dora and Nachman Libeskind. As a young child, Libeskind learned to play the accordion and quickly became a virtuoso and he won a prestigious America Israel Cultural Foundation scholarship in 1959 and played alongside a young Itzhak Perlman. Libeskind lived in Poland for 13 years and can speak, read. In 1957, the Libeskinds moved to Kibbutz Gvat, Israel, in his autobiography, Breaking Ground, An Immigrants Journey from Poland to Ground Zero, Libeskind spoke of how the kibbutz experience influenced his concern for green architecture. In the summer of 1959, the Libeskinds moved to New York City on one of the last immigrant boats to the United States, in New York, Libeskind lived in the Amalgamated Housing Cooperative in the northwest Bronx, a union-sponsored, middle-income cooperative development. He attended the Bronx High School of Science, the print shop where his father worked was on Stone Street in Lower Manhattan, and Libeskind watched the original World Trade Center being built in the 1960s. Libeskind became a United States citizen in 1965, Libeskind met Nina Lewis, his future wife and business partner, at the Bundist-run Camp Hemshekh in upstate New York in 1966. They married a few years later and, instead of a traditional honeymoon, Nina now serves as COO for Studio Daniel Libeskind. In 1968, Libeskind briefly worked as an apprentice to architect Richard Meier, the same year, he was hired to work at Peter Eisenmans New York Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, but he quit almost immediately. Since 2007, Libeskind has been a professor at the Leuphana University Lüneburg in Lüneburg. He is both a U. S. and Israeli citizen, Nina and Daniel Libeskind have three children, Lev, Noam, and Rachel. Libeskind began his career as an architectural theorist and professor, holding positions at institutions around the world. Libeskind completed his first building at the age of 52, with the opening of the Felix Nussbaum Haus in 1998, prior to this, critics had dismissed his designs as unbuildable or unduly assertive. In 1987, Libeskind won his first design competition for housing in West Berlin, but the Berlin Wall fell shortly thereafter, Libeskind won the first four projects competitions he entered
10.
Aedas
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Aedas is an international architectural firm, which is one of the worlds largest. It is world renowned for several projects, such as the Pentominium. Aedas was established in 2002 and has grown from 550 employees in 2002 to over 1,000 in 2008 when it became the seventh largest architectural practicesin the world. In 2014, Aedas employs 1,400 staff at 13 offices in eight countries, in the beginning of 2015, Aedas acquired UK practice RHWL and Arts Team. Aedas has completed more than 100 projects totalling over 100 million square feet of space around the world
11.
Arup Group
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The firm has over 14,000 staff based in 92 offices across 42 countries, and is present in Africa, the Americas, Australasia, East Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Arup has participated in projects in over 160 countries, Arup is owned by trusts, the beneficiaries of which are Arups past and present employees, who receive a share of the firms operating profit each year. The firm was founded in London in 1946, as the Ove N. Arup Consulting Engineers by Ove Arup and he set out to build a firm where professionals of diverse disciplines could work together to produce projects of greater quality than was achievable by them working in isolation. In 1963, together with the architect Philip Dowson, Arup Associates was formed, in 1970, the firm reformed as Ove Arup & Partners. It is best known for its work for the built environment. Projects to which it has contributed include the Sydney Opera House,3, Nevada, USA Druk White Lotus School was built to survive the Ladakhi weather. Kingdom Centre, The third tallest skyscraper in Saudi Arabia, and the second tallest in Riyadh and this group continues to work under the banner of Arup Associates following a streamlining of the Arup brand. Many of Arups modern stadia are designed with a contemporary, distinctive edge, the most notable stadium projects led by Arup remain the City of Manchester Stadium, Allianz Arena, Beijing National Stadium, Donbass Arena and the Singapore Sports Hub. Arups multidisciplinary sports venue design and engineering scope on the Singapore Sports Hub won the 2013 World Architecture Festival Award in the Future Projects, the Casa da Música, Oporto, designed by Arup and Office for Metropolitan Architecture was nominated for the 2007 Stirling Prize. Arup was awarded the Worldaware Award for Innovation for its Vawtex air system in Harare International School, Arup Fire has won the Fire Safety Engineering Design award four times since its creation in 2001. The 2001 inaugural award was won for Arups contribution to the Eden Project in Cornwall, UK, in 2004, the design for Londons City Hall was appointed joint winner. In 2005, the Temple Mills Eurostar Depot won, the 2006 winning entry was for Amethyst House, a nine-storey building with an atrium from the ground to the top, in Manchester, UK. Arup was also awarded Royal Town Planning Institute Consultancy of the award in 2008. Mike Glover is the recipient of the 2008 Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal, the Evelyn Grace Academy, London designed by Zaha Hadid Architects and Arup won the prestigious RIBA Stirling Prize 2011. Arup was named Tunnel Design Firm of the Year at the 2012 ITA AITES International Tunnelling Awards, Arup Fellow is a lifelong honorary title awarded to selected honorary individuals in the firm. It acknowledges the highest design and technical achievements of people, not only within the firm and they are considered role models who possess world-class expertise who put theory into effective practice. Sir Ove Nyquist Arup, structural engineer and philosopher, founder of the company, recipient of the RIBA Royal Gold Medal for Architecture 1966, peter Dunican, structural engineer, first chairman of Ove Arup Partnership, and President of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1977 and 1978. Sir Jack Zunz, civil engineer, and principal designer of the Sydney Opera House
12.
Sisk Group
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Sisk Group is a construction and property company founded in Cork, Republic of Ireland in 1859 with operations in Ireland, United Kingdom, Belgium, Poland and the Middle East. After an apprenticeship as a plasterer and at the age of 22, the company moved to Dublin in 1937. There are two main divisions - Sicon and SHG focusing on healthcare, sisks profits doubled to €85. 4m in 2005. In 2009/10 The Sisk Group established offices in the UAE and they have a partnership and JV with the Nasser & Emirates Contracting Company and in 2010 they won their first job in Abu Dhabi with the expansion of the Al Ain Oasis Hospital. The Sisk Group is still very much a company, with Richard Sisk, J. P. Sisk. Surgical Synapse Medical Tekno Surgical Sisk Group
13.
National Asset Management Agency
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The National Asset Management Agency is a body created by the government of Ireland in late 2009, in response to the Irish financial crisis and the deflation of the Irish property bubble. As a result of the collapse of the Irish property market, many of the loans are now non-performing due to debtors experiencing acute financial difficulties. Both factors have led to a drop in the value of these loan assets. If the banks were to recognise the value of these loans on their balance sheets. The banks are also suffering a liquidity crisis due, in part, along with their capital requirement problems, this is limiting the banks ability to offer credit to their customers and, in turn, contributing to the lack of growth in the Irish economy. The National Asset Management Agency Bill present format, covers the six institutions which are covered by the Irish governments deposit guarantee scheme. Those institutions are Bank of Ireland, Allied Irish Banks, Anglo Irish Bank, EBS, Irish Life and Permanent, other institutions, such as Ulster Bank, which are not covered may choose to join the scheme. The Minister for Finance, Brian Lenihan, said the banks would have to assume significant losses when the loans, if such losses resulted in the banks needing more capital, then the government would insist on taking an equity stake in the lenders. The assets will be purchased by using government bonds, which may lead to a significant increase in Irelands gross national debt, the CSO sought guidance from Eurostat on how NAMA and the SPV would be classified in national accounts. The SPV will have a majority of private equity and it will fund the purchase of the loan books from financial institutions by issuing securities, most of which will be backed by a guarantee from the Irish Government. The subscribed capital of the Master SPV would be €100m, although the SPV would have its own Board, NAMA will retain a veto over all decisions of the Board that could affect the interests of NAMA or of the Irish government. The Master SPV would be run with the objective of making a profit on the purchase, former Finance Minister the late Brian Lenihan believes that pension funds could be the most appropriate investors in the SPV. The annual dividend, should one be paid, is to be capped at the 10-year Irish Government bond yield at the time the dividend is declared. Lenihan says he is confident that the €51m can be found from suitable investors, in its analysis the Central Statistics Office requested that NAMA be classified as a Government Entity and the Master SPV as a Financial Institution. The likely impact of this classification could be that the debt issued by the SPV, guaranteed by the Irish government, in a letter dated 16 October 2009, Eurostat gave a preliminary view. Eurostat noted that the Minister for Finance will examine at the end of 2012 whether NAMA has met its objectives and it suggested that a rather detailed analysis has to be carried out, especially of the guarantee arrangements. It made no judgement on the draft NAMA business plan but stated that the presence of market investors is reassuring to it and their preliminary conclusion is that the Master SPV may be classified as a financial corporation. However, this is a view and subject to revision
14.
Daniel Liebskind
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Daniel Libeskind is a Polish-American architect, artist, professor and set designer of Polish Jewish descent. Libeskind founded Studio Daniel Libeskind in 1989 with his wife, Nina and his portfolio also includes several residential projects. Libeskinds work has exhibited in major museums and galleries around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art, the Bauhaus Archives, the Art Institute of Chicago. On February 27,2003, Libeskind won the competition to be the master architect for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. Born in Łódź, Poland, Libeskind was the child of Dora and Nachman Libeskind. As a young child, Libeskind learned to play the accordion and quickly became a virtuoso and he won a prestigious America Israel Cultural Foundation scholarship in 1959 and played alongside a young Itzhak Perlman. Libeskind lived in Poland for 13 years and can speak, read. In 1957, the Libeskinds moved to Kibbutz Gvat, Israel, in his autobiography, Breaking Ground, An Immigrants Journey from Poland to Ground Zero, Libeskind spoke of how the kibbutz experience influenced his concern for green architecture. In the summer of 1959, the Libeskinds moved to New York City on one of the last immigrant boats to the United States, in New York, Libeskind lived in the Amalgamated Housing Cooperative in the northwest Bronx, a union-sponsored, middle-income cooperative development. He attended the Bronx High School of Science, the print shop where his father worked was on Stone Street in Lower Manhattan, and Libeskind watched the original World Trade Center being built in the 1960s. Libeskind became a United States citizen in 1965, Libeskind met Nina Lewis, his future wife and business partner, at the Bundist-run Camp Hemshekh in upstate New York in 1966. They married a few years later and, instead of a traditional honeymoon, Nina now serves as COO for Studio Daniel Libeskind. In 1968, Libeskind briefly worked as an apprentice to architect Richard Meier, the same year, he was hired to work at Peter Eisenmans New York Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, but he quit almost immediately. Since 2007, Libeskind has been a professor at the Leuphana University Lüneburg in Lüneburg. He is both a U. S. and Israeli citizen, Nina and Daniel Libeskind have three children, Lev, Noam, and Rachel. Libeskind began his career as an architectural theorist and professor, holding positions at institutions around the world. Libeskind completed his first building at the age of 52, with the opening of the Felix Nussbaum Haus in 1998, prior to this, critics had dismissed his designs as unbuildable or unduly assertive. In 1987, Libeskind won his first design competition for housing in West Berlin, but the Berlin Wall fell shortly thereafter, Libeskind won the first four projects competitions he entered
15.
Broadway theatres
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
16.
Starchitect
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Celebrity status is generally associated with avant-gardist novelty. A key characteristic is that the starchitecture is almost always iconic, as the status is dependent on current visibility in the media, fading media status implies that architects lose starchitect status—hence a list can be drawn up of former starchitects. Buildings are frequently regarded as profit opportunities, so creating scarcity or a degree of uniqueness gives further value to the investment. The balance between functionality and avant-gardism has influenced many property developers, in response, Jencks argued for double coding, i. e. that postmodernism could be understood and enjoyed by the general public and yet command critical approval. M. Stern, Hans Hollein, and James Stirling, as postmodernism went into decline, its avant-gardist credentials suffered due to its associations with vernacular and traditionalism, and celebrity shifted back towards modernist avant-gardism. What this so‑called high-tech architecture showed was that an industrial aesthetic—an architecture characterized as much by urban grittiness as engineering efficiency—had popular appeal. S, thus cities set about reinventing themselves, giving precedence to the value given by culture. Municipalities and non-profit organizations hope the use of a Starchitect will drive traffic and it has even taken on a more scientific aspect, with money made available in the UK to study the significance of the factor. In research carried out in Sussex University, UK, in 2000, interested parties were asked to consider the effect on the mind and the senses of new developments. In an attempt to produce a delight rating for a building, architects, clients. Does it provide a point for the community. The notion of giving celebrity status to architects is not new, the importance of Vasaris book was in the ability to consolidate reputation and status without people actually having to see the works described. The development of media has thus been equally of central importance to architectural celebrity as other walks of life, the heroes of modern architecture, in particular Le Corbusier, were seen as heroic for generating theories about how architecture should be concerned with the development of society. In more recent times Time magazine has also featured Philip Johnson, Peter Eisenman, Rem Koolhaas, corporations have continued to understand the value of bringing in Starchitects to design their key buildings. Objectivity in the question of status would seem questionable, although there are few architects well known to the general public, starchitects are held in the highest esteem by their professional colleagues and the professional media. Such status is marked not only by prestigious commissions but also by various prizes, for example, the Pritzker Prize, awarded since 1979, attempts to increase its own prestige by mentioning how its procedures are modeled on the Nobel Prize. In his 1979 book Architecture and its Interpretation, Juan Pablo Bonta put forward a theory about how buildings, if the text itself receives canonical status, then the status of the architect is further endorsed. For example, in the first edition of Siegfried Giedions book Space Time, in the second edition he received more attention than any other architect, including Le Corbusier, who until then had been understood as the most important modernist architect. M. Pei Kevin Roche Eero Saarinen Robert Venturi Frank Lloyd Wright Zaha Hadid Pritzker Prize Boosterism Tracking Turkey’s First Starchitect
17.
Grand Canal Dock
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Since 2000 the area has undergone significant redevelopment as part of the Dublin Docklands area redevelopment project. The Grand Canal Dock area is somewhat disputed and it is generally understood to be bounded by the Liffey to the north, South Lotts Road to the east, Grand Canal Street to the south and Macken Street to the west. Grand Canal Dock contains Grand Canal Dock railway station, the national Waterways Ireland Visitor Centre, the U2 Tower site, and a number of notable buildings. The area has been dubbed Silicon Docks as it has become a popular location for high-tech multinationals such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, Airbnb. Grand Canal Dock railway station, accessed from Barrow Street, opened in 2001, in early 2014, five new Dublin Bikes stations were opened in the area. The Grand Canal Docks first opened in 1796, at the time they were the worlds largest docks. They fell into decline within just a few decades, due mostly to disuse with the arrival of the railways, the landscape was overwhelmed by Dublin Gas Companys mountains of black coal, along with chemical factories, tar pits, bottle factories and iron foundries. However, bakers and millers maintained business along the edge of the inner basin. By the 1960s, the Grand Canal Docks were almost completely derelict, by 1987, it was decided that Hanover Quay was too toxic to sell. The DDDA spent €52 million decontaminating the land, even though the return was estimated at just €40 million. The decontamination took place under the supervision of the Environmental Protection Agency between 2002 and 2006, the process involved constructing an underground wall eight metres deep around the affected area and the contaminated land dug out and removed. By the time the decontamination was finished, a property bubble and increased demand in the area. The DDDA injected some of its new wealth into the infrastructure including seers, street lighting. On 22 May 2014, it was announced that a planning process was approved by An Bord Pleanala. The authority had forced the band to sell its old riverfront studio on Hanover Quay for a price in 2002 to allow development of the Grand Canal Harbour area. As part of that deal the authority had promised the band the top two floors of the 32-storey tower it was planning to build on an adjacent quay, a project that was put on hold. There will also be three new routes from Barrow St. new civic waterfront square adjacent to the dock. On 12 December 2014, two site plan notices were posted for Targeted Investment Opportunities PLC describing the developments to take place at the former Kilsaran Concrete site at 5 Hanover Quay, one notice is for the construction of a 7 storey office building
18.
Abbey Theatre
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The Abbey Theatre, also known as the National Theatre of Ireland, in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, first opened its doors to the public on 27 December 1904. Despite losing its building to a fire in 1951, it has remained active to the present day. The Abbey was the first state-subsidized theatre in the English-speaking world, since July 1966, the Abbey has been located at 26 Lower Abbey Street, Dublin 1. In its early years, the theatre was associated with the writers of the Irish Literary Revival, many of whom were involved in its founding. The Abbey served as a nursery for many of the leading Irish playwrights and actors of the 20th century, including William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, Seán OCasey and John Millington Synge. In addition, through its programme of touring abroad and its high visibility to foreign, particularly American, audiences. The Abbey arose from three bases, the first of which was the seminal Irish Literary Theatre. Founded by Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and W. B, Yeats in 1899—with assistance from George Moore—it presented plays in the Antient Concert Rooms and the Gaiety Theatre, which brought critical approval but limited public interest. The second base involved the work of two Dublin directors, William and Frank Fay, William worked in the 1890s with a touring company in Ireland, Scotland and Wales, while his brother Frank was involved in amateur dramatics in Dublin. In April 1902, the Fays gave three performances of Æs play Deirdre and Yeats Cathleen Ní Houlihan in a hall in St Theresas Hall on Clarendon Street, the performances played to a mainly working-class audience rather than the usual middle-class Dublin theatregoers. The run was a success, thanks in part to the beauty and force of Maud Gonne. The company continued at the Antient Concert Rooms, producing works by Seumas OCuisin, Fred Ryan, the third base was financial support and experience of Annie Horniman. Horniman was a middle-class Englishwoman with previous experience of production, having been involved in the presentation of George Bernard Shaws Arms. She came to Dublin in 1903 to act as Yeats unpaid secretary and her money helped found the Abbey Theatre and, according to the critic Adrian Frazier, would make the rich feel at home, and the poor—on a first visit—out of place. Encouraged by the St Theresas Hall success, Yeats, Lady Gregory, Æ, Martyn and they were joined by actors and playwrights from Fays company. At first, they staged performances in the Molesworth Hall, on 11 May 1904, the society formally accepted Hornimans offer of the use of the building. As Horniman did not usually reside in Ireland, the letters patent required were granted in the name of Lady Gregory. The founders appointed William Fay theatre manager, responsible for training the actors in the newly established repertory company
19.
National Concert Hall
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The National Concert Hall is a concert hall located on Earlsfort Terrace in Dublin, Ireland, close to St. Stephens Green, and is the principal national venue for classical music concerts in Ireland. When UCD began to relocate to a new campus at Belfield in the 1960s, part of the building was converted, since then, the structure has been shared with UCD. Today the NCH is one of Irelands National Cultural Institutions, under the aegis of the Irish Governments Department of Arts, Sport and Tourism and, the NCH is a statutory corporate body, with a management team, and a Government-appointed Board. In 2011, the National Concert Hall celebrated its 30th Anniversary Although its facade is quite impressive and it is also unsuitable for large-scale opera stagings, lacking full stage facilities. Consequently, calls for a purpose-built venue are made from time to time, plans have been developed in the early 2000s which involve revamping the existing Auditorium, building a larger newer one plus another small auditorium. This comes after the UCD section was bought from the college to enlarge the Concert Hall, the National Concert Hall generally makes a small surplus, unlike most of Irelands National Cultural Institutions. This is despite the fact that although it has a level of attendance, it has only a small public funding element. Due to its location, lunchtime concerts and recitals are common. In summer, outdoor recitals are given in the adjacent Iveagh Gardens, the resident orchestra is the RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra. Other regular performances are made from the rest of the RTÉ Performing Groups, presently, the NCH has three performance areas. The Main Auditorium, seating 1,200, is used for large scale concerts, the Hall was converted from use as an examination hall when the building was the headquarters of UCD. The stage area is considered small, making large opera performances impossible at the NCH, the John Field Room, seating 250, is used for small scale recitals and as an exhibition space. The Carolan Room, seating 100, is used for pre-event talks, receptions, the organ in the NCH was installed by the organ builders Kenneth Jones and Associates in 1991, ten years after the auditorium was built. It features prominently in performances at the NCH. It is one of the largest organs in Ireland with 4 manuals and 50 stops, one of the notable features of the organ is the magnificent State Trumpet, a horizontal reed stop that faces out into the auditorium. The Helix, opened in 2002 and located on the campus of Dublin City University, is a performance space in Dublin. The main auditorium, the Mahony Hall, is a purpose built 1, 260-seater concert hall, list of concert halls National Concert Hall, Dublin website
20.
3Arena
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The 3Arena is an indoor amphitheatre with a capacity of 13,000 located at North Wall Quay in the Dublin Docklands in Dublin, Ireland. The 3Arena opened on 16 December 2008 and it was built on the site of the former Point Theatre, a smaller music venue which operated from 1988–2007, retaining only some of the outer facade. The Point Theatre was branded as The Point Depot, in recognition of its role as a railway goods handling station. From 2008 to 2014, the 3Arena was known as The O2 and its capacity of 13,000, makes it the largest indoor arena in Ireland. The venue was rebranded on 4 September 2014 as the 3Arena due to the takeover of O2 Ireland by Three Ireland, the venue is owned by Live Nation. Following its closure in 2007, the site underwent major redevelopment and was renamed The O2 after the brand, O2. In 2008 O2 paid €25 million for the rights for 10 years. Following the sale of mobile network operator O2 Ireland to rival 3 Ireland in June 2014, the arena has a capacity of 13,000 The furthest seat is 60 metres from the stage,20 metres closer than in The Point. This was achieved by arranging the seats around the stage in a fan formation which the architects likened to the Colosseum of Rome. There are no corporate boxes inside the venue, the backstage area has a substantial loading bay for trucks. Alcohol is available in a high-security area of the venue in an effort to curb under-age drinking, prior to re-development, the seating capacity was 6,300 or 8,500 standing. Mike Adamson claimed that Irish fans had been short-changed when attending events in the previous venue due to size restrictions. It wasnt always possible to get every show touring in Europe into the venue because of restrictions, for example, George Michael could only stage three-quarters of his production in the Point. Were up there now with other venues in Europe, developer Harry Crosbie said that the Point had had a grungy feel which suited Dublin at the time. He claimed that it would be a venue created for a more sophisticated audience. U2 were the first band to play in the venue, when Bono and The Edge performed Van Diemens Land, the first event to take place at the arena was the ChildLine Concert on 16 December 2008. There was a controversial Guns N Roses show in September 2010 during which the band had arrived a substantial amount of time late then had bottles hurled at them, most of the audience then left the building in disgust, but the band later returned to finish the show. U2 performed four homecoming concerts in November 2015, as part of their Innocence + Experience Tour, however, the full U2 stage setup could not be brought to the 3Arena due the venues configuration as an amphitheatre
21.
Allied Irish Banks
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Allied Irish Banks is one of the so-called Big Four commercial banks in Ireland. AIB offers a range of personal and corporate banking services. AIB Capital Markets is the division of the company that offers international banking, the bank also offers a range of general insurance products such as home, travel, and health insurance. It offers life assurance and pensions through its wholly owned subsidiary, in December 2010 the Irish government took a majority stake in the bank, which has since grown to 99. 8%. AIBs shares were traded on the Irish Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange. The remaining publicly traded shares of AIB are now listed on the Enterprise Securities Market of the Irish Stock Exchange, AIB also owns Allied Irish Bank in Great Britain and First Trust Bank in Northern Ireland. In November 2010, it sold its 22. 5% stake in M&T Bank in the United States, at the beginning of 2008 AIB entered the Latvian, Estonian and Lithuanian markets by acquiring AmCredit mortgage finance business from the Baltic – American Enterprise Fund. In 2009, Allied Irish Banks along with its competitor Bank of Ireland accepted a 3.5 billion euro bailout from the government of the Republic of Ireland as a part of the Bank Recapitalisation scheme. By March 2011 the total sum of required bailout was expected to climb up to 13.3 billion euro, Allied Irish Banks is usually referred to, both inside and outside the company, simply as AIB and often by its trade name of Allied Irish Bank. Initially, the bank operated under the names of its constituent companies, alongside a new AIB logo. From 1970, these were replaced by Allied Irish Banks, in 1990, AIB introduced a new logo Since then, the bank has preferred to be referred to as AIB, though Allied Irish Banks plc remains its legal name. The bank is referred to colloquially as AIB Bank, an example of a redundant acronym. This is due to the name AIB Bank being adopted for the Republic of Ireland branch banking business at the time of the 1990 rebrand. This version of the logo is no longer used in print advertising, the Trustee Savings Banks similarly rebranded to TSB Bank in 1993. The new logo features a depiction of Noahs Ark, after a carving on a Celtic cross at Killary Church near Lobinstown in County Meath, which dates from the 9th century. Allied Irish Banks Limited was formed in 1966 as a new company acquired three Irish banks, Provincial Bank of Ireland, the Royal Bank of Ireland, and the Munster & Leinster Bank. The banks saw an alliance as the best way to overcome the fragmented nature of the Irish banking industry, Ireland in the mid-1960s was changing fast and the merger strengthened the banks’ position in the emerging global business era. In 1966, AIBs aggregate assets were €323.8 million—as at 31 December 2005,1825 Provincial Bank commenced operations, pioneering joint stock branch banking in Ireland
22.
Live Nation Entertainment
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Live Nation Entertainment is an American global entertainment company, formed from the merger of Live Nation and Ticketmaster. It owns, leases, operates, has booking rights for and/or equity interests in a number of U. S. entertainment venues. The leadership consists of Greg Maffei as chairman and Canadian Michael Rapino as president, the merger initially received regulatory approval in Norway and Turkey in 2009. In October 2009, the United Kingdoms Competition Commission provisionally ruled against the merger, on December 22,2009, the Competition Commission reversed its decision and cleared the proposed merger. The United States Justice Department approved the merger on January 25,2010, AEG was given the option after five years to buy the software, replacing it with something else, or partnering with another ticketing company. Live Nation Entertainment bought AC Entertainment, a Knoxville Tennessee music company in October 2016
23.
Swan Lake
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Swan Lake, Op.20, is a ballet composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875–76. Despite its initial failure, it is now one of the most popular of all ballets, the scenario, initially in two acts, was fashioned from Russian folk tales and tells the story of Odette, a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerers curse. The choreographer of the production was Julius Reisinger. The ballet was premiered by the Bolshoi Ballet on 4 March 1877 at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, for this revival, Tchaikovskys score was revised by the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres chief conductor and composer Riccardo Drigo. Many critics have disputed the original source of the Swan Lake story, the libretto is based on a story by the German author Johann Karl August Musäus, Der geraubte Schleier, though this story provides only the general outline of the plot of Swan Lake. The Russian folktale The White Duck also bears resemblance to the story of the ballet. According to Lopukhov, both the plot of Swan Lake, the image of the Swan and the idea of a faithful love are essentially Russian. However, Geltser was in all probability merely the first person to copy the scenario for publication and this ballet featured the famous Leitmotif known as the Swans Theme. The choreographer assigned to the production was the Czech Julius Reisinger and it is not known what sort of collaborative processes were involved between Tchaikovsky and Reisinger. It seems that Tchaikovsky worked with only the most basic outline from Reisinger of the requirements for each dance, Tchaikovsky likely had some form of instruction in composing Swan Lake, as he had to know what sort of dances would be required. But unlike the instructions that Tchaikovsky received for the scores of The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, when Reisinger began choreographing after the score was completed, he demanded some changes from Tchaikovsky. Whether by demanding the addition or removal of a dance, Reisinger made it clear that he was to be a large part in the creation of this piece. Although the two artists were required to collaborate, each seemed to prefer working as independently of the other as possible, Tchaikovsky studied the music of specialists such as the Italian Cesare Pugni and the Austrian Ludwig Minkus, before setting to work on Swan Lake. Tchaikovsky had a negative opinion of the specialist ballet music until he studied it in detail. Tchaikovsky most admired the music of such composers as Léo Delibes, Adolphe Adam. He would later write to his protégé, the composer Sergei Taneyev, I listened to the Delibes ballet Sylvia. what charm, what elegance, what wealth of melody, rhythm, and harmony. I was ashamed, for if I had known of this music then, Tchaikovsky drew on previous compositions for his Swan Lake score. He made use of material from The Voyevoda, an opera that he had abandoned in 1868, the Grand adage from the second scene of Swan Lake was fashioned from an aria from that opera, as was the Valse des fiancées from the third scene
24.
Naming rights
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For properties like a multi-purpose arena, performing arts venue or an athletic field, the term ranges from three to 20 years. Longer terms are common for higher profile venues such as a professional sports facility. The distinctive characteristic for this type of naming rights is that the buyer gets a marketing property to promote products and services, there are several forms of corporate sponsored names. A presenting sponsor attaches the name of the corporation or brand at the end of a generic, usually traditional, a title sponsor replaces the original name of the property with a corporate-sponsored one, with no reference to the previous name. In a few cases, naming rights contracts have been terminated prematurely, such terminations may be the result of contractual options, sponsor bankruptcy, or scandals. Stadium naming may have shifted in recent years to promoting corporate trade names, the record for the highest amount paid for naming rights belongs to Citi Field and Barclays Center, both located in New York City, US. Each garnered deals of $20 million per year for at least 20 years and it ultimately fell short of that benchmark, with MetLife Stadium earning $17 million annually from its naming rights deal with MetLife. Naming rights in United States may have traced back to 1912 with the opening of Fenway Park in Boston. The stadiums owner had owned a realty company called Fenway Realty, despite this, it is more widely believed to have begun in 1926 when William Wrigley, the chewing gum magnate and owner of the Chicago Cubs, named his teams stadium Wrigley Field. In 1953, Anheuser-Busch head and St. Louis Cardinals owner August Busch, Jr. proposed renaming Sportsmans Park, occupied by the Cardinals, Budweiser Stadium. When this idea was rejected by Ford Frick, the Commissioner of Baseball at that time, the name was readily approved, and Anheuser-Busch subsequently released a new product called Busch Bavarian Beer. The name would later be shifted to the Busch Memorial Stadium in 1966, shortened in the 1970s to Busch Stadium, the public reaction to this practice is mixed. Selling the naming rights to a venue has been notably less successful. The general public continued to call the facility what it had known as for over three decades–i. e. After the agreement with 3Com expired, the rights were resold to Monster Cable, the initiative proved largely ceremonial, however, and it was overturned by the passage of Proposition C in 2009 in response to desperate economic times. The naming rights to the park were never resold and the closed in 2014. Sports stadiums with naming rights deals are not limited to the United States, in cricket, the most famous example is The Oval, home of Surrey County Cricket Club. It has had several sponsors over the years, and is known as The Kia Oval, having originally been known as the Kennington Oval
25.
Grant Thornton International
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Grant Thornton International Ltd is a not-for-profit, non-practising, international umbrella membership entity organised as a private company limited by guarantee. Grant Thornton International Ltd is incorporated in London, United Kingdom, according to Grant Thornton International Ltd, member firms within the global organisation operate in over 130 countries. Combined global revenues from member firms in 2015 were US$4.6 billion, there are over 2,500 member firm partners and total member firm personnel of over 42,000. The earliest origins of the date back to 1904, when the UK firm of Thornton. Through a series of changes this firm merged in 1959 with another UK firm, Baker & Co. In the US, 26-year-old Alexander Richardson Grant founded Alexander Grant & Co in Chicago in 1924, Grant had been a senior accountant with Ernst & Ernst. Alexander Grant was committed to providing services to mid-sized companies, when Grant died in 1938, Alexander Grant & Co survived the change in leadership and continued to grow nationally. In 1969, Alexander Grant & Co joined with firms from Australia, Canada, and this organisation operated successfully for 10 years. In 1980 Alexander Grant & Co and Thornton Baker, firms with similar qualities, clients, personnel numbers and values, joined with 49 other firms to form a global organisation, Grant Thornton. In 1986, Alexander Grant & Co and Thornton Baker changed their names to Grant Thornton, reflecting their mutual affiliation, in July 2013, Grant Thornton Johannesburg merged with the local PKF member firm. Although many of the firms now carry the Grant Thornton name, each member firm is a separate national entity, and governs itself and manages its administrative matters independently on a local basis. This is similar to professional services networks. Grant Thornton member firms service international work through their local International Business Centres—located in 40 major commercial centres throughout the world, Grant Thornton Moldova has been accused of incompetence after being the auditor for three of Moldova’s banks involved in the Moldovan bank fraud scandal. The theft was discovered in November 2014 at Unibank, Banca de Economii and Banca Sociala, stephane Bride, one of the managing partners of Grant Thornton in Moldova, was appointed as the Moldovan Minister of Economy after the scandal broke out. Allegedly, the money was embezzled and spirited out of the country in complex financial transactions, the authorities had to rescue the three banks with a bailout equivalent to half the annual budget. None of these allegations have proven and Grant Thornton Moldova did qualify the audit reports for these banks
26.
CBRE Group
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CBRE Group, Inc. is an American commercial real estate company with headquarters in Los Angeles, California. As of its successful 2011 bid to acquire part of ING, CBRE was ranked at 363 in the Fortune 500 in 2014 and was the highest-ranked company in the real estate sector. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Tucker, Lynch & Coldwell was established on August 27,1906, following CB Commercial’s 1998 acquisition of Richard Ellis International Limited, which traced its roots to London in 1773, the company changed its name to CB Richard Ellis. In June 2004, CBRE began trading on the New York Stock Exchange, in 2005, CBRE was first recognized as a Fortune 1000 company, and in 2006 it was added to the S&P500. In late 2006, CBRE merged with Trammell Crow Company in a transaction valued at $2.2 billion, the agreement also included INGs listed securities business. The company changed its name to CBRE Group, Inc. on October 3,2011 and this change was made to bring the formal name of the company into alignment with the well recognized CBRE brand. In January 2017, CBRE Group acquired Floored, a New York-based commercial real estate software company, on January 31,2017, CBRE Global Investment Partners disclosed that it would invest $450 million in a portfolio of retail property on the West Coast. In real estate, as of 2011, CBREs approach has been to invest in properties that need upgrading before they are sold, real estate investment operations reside in CBRE Investors, a wholly owned subsidiary of CBRE Group. As of 2011, the CBRE Investors unit had US$37,600,000,000 of assets under management
27.
EBITDA
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EBITDA is a financial measurement of cash flow from operations that is widely used in mergers and acquisitions of small businesses and businesses in the middle market. It is not unusual for adjustments to be made to EBITDA to normalize the measurement allowing buyers to compare the performance of one business to another, a negative EBITDA indicates that a business has fundamental problems with profitability and with cash flow. A positive EBITDA, on the hand, does not necessarily mean that the business generates cash. This is because EBITDA ignores changes in working capital, in capital expenditures, in taxes, warren Buffett famously asked, Does management think the tooth fairy pays for capital expenditures. EBITDA margin refers to EBITDA divided by total revenue, over time, EBITDA has mostly been used as a calculation to describe the performance in its intrinsic nature, which means ignoring every cost that does not occur in the normal course of business. In spite of the fact this simplification can be useful, it is often misused, since it results in considering too many cost items as unique. Instead, in case these sort of unusual costs get downsized, the resulting calculation ought to be called adjusted EBITDA or similar
28.
The Lion King (musical)
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The show is produced by Disney Theatrical Productions. On June 13,2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the version of Mary Poppins. It is Broadways third longest-running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time, the show debuted in the West Ends Lyceum Theatre on October 19,1999, and is still running. The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008, as the sun rises, Rafiki the mandrill calls the animals to Pride Rock. She greets King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi before presenting their cub to the gathered animals, elsewhere, Mufasas brother, Scar, laments his lost chance at becoming king. Back at her baobab tree, Rafiki paints an image of the cub and asks the spirits to conjure the new princes name, time passes and Simba grows into a lively young cub. Mufasa shows Simba the Pride Lands from the top of Pride Rock, Mufasa warns Simba not to stray beyond the boundaries of the Pride Lands, pointing out a shadowy area in the distance. Zazu, a hornbill who acts as Mufasas advisor, arrives, Simba goes to see his uncle Scar. The scheming lion piques the cubs curiosity by mentioning the elephant graveyard, Simba arrives and asks his best friend, a female cub named Nala, to come with him to the elephant graveyard. He lies to the lionesses about where they are going, and Sarafina and Sarabi allow the cubs to go, Simba and Nala formulate a plan and manage to lose Zazu, while Simba brags about his future position. The cubs go to the graveyard and begin to explore, Zazu catches up, but they are confronted by three hyenas, Shenzi, Banzai and Ed. The hyenas intend to eat the trespassers and gloat about their find, Mufasa rescues the cubs and frightens off the hyenas. Mufasa is disappointed and angry at Simbas reckless disobedience, and explains the difference between bravery and bravado, Mufasa tells Simba about the great kings of the past and how they watch over everything from the stars. Mufasa says that he always be there for his son. Later he discusses Simbas behavior with Zazu, who reminds Mufasa that he had the tendency to get into trouble at Simbas age. Back at the elephant graveyard, Scar tells the hyenas of his plan to kill Mufasa and he raises an army of hyenas, promising that they will never go hungry again if they support him. Scar takes Simba to a gorge and tells him to wait there, on Scars signal, the hyenas start a wildebeest stampede into the gorge. Scar tells Mufasa that Simba is trapped in the gorge, Mufasa leaps into the stampede and manages to save his son, but as he tries to escape, Scar throws him off the cliff back into the stampede, killing him
29.
Wicked (musical)
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Wicked, The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz and book by Winnie Holzman. Produced by Universal Stage Productions in coalition with Marc Platt, Jon B and its original stars included Idina Menzel as Elphaba, Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, and Joel Grey as the Wizard. The original Broadway production won three Tony Awards and six Drama Desk Awards, while its original cast album received a Grammy Award, Wicked celebrated its tenth anniversary on Broadway on October 30,2013. On December 4,2016, Wicked performed its 5, 462nd performance with a 2,00 p. m. matinee, making Wicked the 9th longest-running Broadway show, passing Beauty, a typical performance runs for approximately two hours and 30 minutes, plus a 15-minute intermission. Since its 2003 debut, Wicked has broken box office records around the world, currently holding weekly-gross-takings records in Los Angeles, Chicago, St. Louis, and London. In the week ending January 2,2011, the London, Broadway, in the final week of 2013, the Broadway production broke this record again, earning $3.2 million. The West End production and the North American tour have each been seen by two million patrons. Maguire, however, had released the rights to Universal Pictures, persuaded, Platt signed on as joint producer of the project with Universal and David Stone. The novel, described as a political, social and ethical commentary on the nature of good and evil, takes place in the Land of Oz, in the years leading to Dorothys arrival. It is designed to set the reader thinking about what it really is to be Wicked, Schwartz considered how best to condense the novels dense and complicated plot into a sensible script. While the draft followed Maguires idea of retelling the story of the 1939 film from the perspective of its main villain, the book, lyrics and score for the musical were developed through a series of readings. For these developmental workshops, Kristin Chenoweth, the Tony Award–winning actress whom Stephen Schwartz had in mind while composing the music for the character, stephanie J. Block played Elphaba in all of the workshops, before fellow performer Idina Menzel was cast in the role in late 2000. In early 2000, the creators recruited New York producer David Stone, by April 2003, a full cast had been assembled and the show readied its debut. On May 28,2003, the first performance of Wicked was held at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, after officially opening on June 10,2003, it ran there for the month and finished on June 29,2003. Audience reaction was positive and although critics tended to compliment the aesthetic and spectacle of the show, they disparaged the state of its book, score. Noting mixed response, the team started making extensive changes. Winnie Holzman stated, Stephen wisely had insisted on having three months to rewrite in-between the time we closed in San Francisco and when we were to go back into rehearsals in New York. That was crucial, that was the thing that made the biggest difference in the life of the show and that time is what made the show work
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Blood Brothers (musical)
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Blood Brothers is a musical with book, lyrics, and music by Willy Russell. The twins different backgrounds take them to opposite ends of the spectrum, one becoming a councillor. They both fall in love with the girl, causing a tear in their friendship and leading to the tragic death of both brothers. Russell says that his work was based on a play that he read as a child about two babies switched at birth. It became the seed for Blood Brothers, originally developed as a school play, Blood Brothers debuted in Liverpool before Russell transferred it to West End for a short run in 1983. The revival ran for more than 24 years in the West End and it finally closed in November 2012. The musical has been produced with success on tour, on Broadway and elsewhere, Willy Russell originally wrote and presented Blood Brothers as a school play in 1982, in conjunction with Merseyside Young Peoples Theatre. He then wrote about a score and developed the musical for a production at the Liverpool Playhouse, in 1983, starring Barbara Dickson, Andrew Schofield, George Costigan and it was only a modest success. This was followed by a 1984 UK tour, ONeill won an Olivier Award for his performance, and Dee was nominated. It opened on 28 July 1988 and moved out of theatre on 16 November 1991. The musical transferred to the Phoenix Theatre on 21 November 1991 and it played more than 10,000 performances in London, making it the third longest-running musical to ever play in the West End. The UK tour continued until 2013, the central role of Mrs. Stephanie Lawrence played the role more times than anyone else. Mickey has been played by ONeill, Stephen McGann, Paul Crosby, Antony Costa, Stefan Dennis and David Cassidy, notable actors to play Eddie include Hutchinson and Shaun Cassidy. Narrators include Evans, Carl Wayne, Adrian Zmed, David Soul, Alex Harlan played the small role of the postman in more than 4,000 performances. In August 1995, the musical was staged for the first time in the United Kingdom, in 2008, a new revival starred Marti Webb. In 2009, another version was staged, starring Melanie C as Mrs Johnstone and she starred on Blood Brothers until the end of 2010 and was named as best actress in the thirty-fourth edition of Laurence Olivier Award. Other tours included Niki Evans as Mrs. Johnston, the 2012 tour featured Maureen Nolan as Mrs Johnstone. Warwick Evans reprised the role of Narrator and Sean Jones played Mickey, Warwick, Johnstone, and David Soul as the Narrator
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War Horse (play)
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War Horse is a play based on the book of the same name by childrens writer Michael Morpurgo, adapted for stage by Nick Stafford. Originally Morpurgo thought they must be mad to try to make a play from his best-selling 1982 novel, nonetheless, a captured foal is brought to Devon in the United Kingdom to be auctioned. Hoping to give it to his son Billy, Arthur Narracott bids on the foal, instead, his brother Ted competes with him and bids 30 guineas—an exorbitant amount for the poor farmer, winning the horse. The local drunkard, Ted is considered to be a coward, at the auction, Ted used money reserved to pay his farm mortgage. Teds wife Rose fears they will lose their farm and their son Albert promises to raise the foal and train him for sale. The boy names the foal Joey, and forms a bond with him during training. Jealous of his cousin Albert, Billy convinces his father to get Ted drunk and make a bet, if Joey can be taught to plough within a week, Arthur will pay Ted 39 guineas, if Joey wont plough, Billy gets the horse. Albert successfully teaches Joey to pull the plough and gets to keep him, news of the outbreak of World War I reaches Devon. When Ted sells Joey to the cavalry, Albert is crushed, lieutenant James Nicholls, who often sketched Albert riding the hunter, promises that he will personally look after the fine horse. At the same time, Arthur enlists Billy to fight despite his protests, Arthur gives Billy his grandfathers knife for protection. Joey and Topthorn are shipped to France, the charges of the British cavalry are overwhelmed by the fire from German machine guns, representing their new technology. During the first charge, Nicholls is shot and killed, Billy is assigned to ride Joey into battle and is captured by German troops. Nichollss sketchbook is sent to Albert, who learns Joey is serving unprotected in France and he lies about his age, enlists in the army and goes to France. There he befriends Private David Taylor, a fellow soldier, the Germans have taken Billy to a French farm being used as a makeshift hospital. He is killed brandishing his knife, Emilie, the girl of the farm family, is nearly killed in the altercation. German officer Friedrich Muller is reminded of his own left in Germany. He and Emilie share a love of horses and, with Emilies mother, they take care of the horses Joey and Topthorn, when a shell kills most of his comrades, Friedrich switches his coat and identity with an enlisted medic, hoping to survive to return home. His subterfuge is discovered but Friedrich enables Emilie and her mother to escape, when the Germans force the two fine horses to work as draft horses, Joey inspires Topthorn to pull in order to survive
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Miss Saigon
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Miss Saigon is a musical by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil, with lyrics by Boublil and Richard Maltby, Jr. It is based on Giacomo Puccinis opera Madame Butterfly, and similarly tells the tale of a doomed romance involving an Asian woman abandoned by her American lover. The musical was premièred at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, on 20 September 1989, closing after over four thousand performances and it opened on Broadway at the Broadway Theatre in 1991 and subsequently played in many other cities and embarked on tours. Prior to the opening of the 2014 London revival, it was claimed that Miss Saigon had set a record for opening day ticket sales. The musical represented Schönberg and Boublils second major success, following Les Misérables in 1985, as of September 2015, Miss Saigon remains Broadways thirteenth longest-running show. The musicals inspiration was reportedly a photograph, which Schönberg found inadvertently in a magazine, Schönberg considered this mothers actions for her child to be The Ultimate Sacrifice, an idea central to the plot of Miss Saigon. In April 1975 at Dreamland, a Saigon bar and brothel, shortly before the end of the Vietnam War, the seventeen-year-old peasant girl is hauled in by the Engineer, a French-Vietnamese hustler who owns the joint. Backstage, the girls ready themselves for the show, jeering at Kims inexperience. The U. S. Marines, aware that they will be leaving Vietnam soon, Chris Scott, a sergeant disenchanted by the club scene, is encouraged by his friend John Thomas to go with a girl. The girls compete for the title of Miss Saigon, and the winner is raffled to a Marine, Gigi Van Tranh wins the crown for the evening and begs the marine who won the raffle to take her back to America, annoying him. The showgirls reflect on their dreams of a better life, John buys a room for Chris and the virgin Kim. Kim is reluctant and shy, but dances with Chris, Chris tries to pay her to leave the nightclub. When the Engineer interferes, thinking that Chris does not like Kim, Chris, watching Kim sleep, asks God why he met her just as he was about to leave Vietnam. When Kim wakes up, Chris tries to give her money, touched to learn that Kim is an orphan, Chris offers to take her to America with him. Chris tells John that he is taking leave to spend time with Kim, John warns him that the Viet Cong will soon take Saigon, but then reluctantly agrees to cover for Chris. Chris meets with the Engineer to trade for Kim, but the Engineer tries to include an American visa in the deal, Chris forces the Engineer at gunpoint to honour the original arrangement for Kim. The bargirls hold a ceremony for Chris and Kim, with Gigi toasting Kim as the real Miss Saigon. Thuy, Kims cousin, to whom she was betrothed at thirteen and he has since become an officer in the North Vietnamese Army and is disgusted to find her with a white man
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Easter Rising
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The Easter Rising, also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week, April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and it was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798, and the first armed action of the Irish revolutionary period. Organised by a seven-man Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Rising began on Easter Monday,24 April 1916, the British Army brought in thousands of reinforcements as well as artillery and a gunboat. There was fierce fighting on the routes into the city centre. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles. The main rebel positions were surrounded and bombarded with artillery. Germany had sent a shipment of arms to the rebels, Volunteer leader Eoin MacNeill had then issued a countermand in a bid to halt the Rising, which greatly reduced the number of rebels who mobilised. With much greater numbers and heavier weapons, the British Army suppressed the Rising, Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 29 April, although sporadic fighting continued until Sunday, when word reached the other rebel positions. After the surrender the country remained under martial law, about 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British, many of whom had played no part in the Rising, and 1,800 of them were sent to internment camps or prisons in Britain. Most of the leaders of the Rising were executed following courts-martial, the Rising brought physical force republicanism back to the forefront of Irish politics, which for nearly 50 years had been dominated by constitutional nationalism. It, and the British reaction to it, led to increased support for Irish independence. In December 1918, republicans, represented by the reconstituted Sinn Féin party and they did not take their seats, but instead convened the First Dáil and declared the independence of the Irish Republic, which led to the War of Independence. 485 people were killed in the Easter Rising, about 54% were civilians, 30% were British military and police, and 16% were Irish rebels. Many of the civilians were killed as a result of the British using artillery and heavy machine guns, others were caught in the crossfire in a crowded city. The shelling and the fires it caused left parts of inner city Dublin in ruins, from early on, many Irish nationalists opposed the union and the ensuing exploitation and impoverishment of the island, which led to a high level of depopulation. Opposition took various forms, constitutional, social and revolutionary, the Irish Home Rule movement sought to achieve self-government for Ireland, within the United Kingdom. In 1886, the Irish Parliamentary Party under Charles Stewart Parnell succeeded in having the First Home Rule Bill introduced in the British parliament, the Second Home Rule Bill of 1893 was passed by the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords. After the fall of Parnell, younger and more radical nationalists became disillusioned with parliamentary politics, the Gaelic Athletic Association, the Gaelic League and the cultural revival under W. B
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Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
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Ticketmaster
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Ticketmaster Entertainment, Inc. is an American ticket sales and distribution company based in West Hollywood, California, with operations in many countries around the world. In 2010 it merged with Live Nation to become Live Nation Entertainment, as a primary ticket outlet, most US ticket sales for US venues are fulfilled at Ticketmasters two main fulfillment centers located in Charleston, West Virginia, and Pharr, Texas. Typically, Ticketmasters clients control their events, and Ticketmaster acts as an agent, in January 2009, Ticketmaster acquired a UK ticket exchange site, Getmein. com. Getmein is a ticket exchange site that allows sellers to list the tickets at whatever price they choose, on 10 February 2009, Ticketmaster and Live Nation, the largest concert promoter, officially announced their merger deal. After almost a year of review, the two merged on 25 January 2010, under the name Live Nation Entertainment. To satisfy one of the United States Department of Justices conditions of approval for the merger, Ticketmaster sold Paciolan to Comcast Spectacor in March 2010, much of the price for a ticket advertised by Ticketmaster is earmarked for its own service fees. Some consumers find these markups excessive, because there are instances where no alternative purchase method is offered that would allow avoidance of the fees. This business practice, along with a dearth of competitors, has led many to view Ticketmaster as monopolistic, alternative ticketing companies have emerged, but, due to Ticketmasters exclusive agreements with a large percentage of venues, the company does not need to lower service fees. In some instances customers may be able to buy directly from the venue. Typical fees added to a face value include, Service Charge – This is Ticketmasters charge for the general service they provide. The amount paid may depend upon the method of payment, building Facility Charge – This is determined by the venue, and not Ticketmaster. Processing Charge – This is Ticketmasters charge for processing an order, the charge for printing out the ticket at home is often higher than the fee to have the ticket mailed. In other sectors, such as airline ticketing, companies usually do not charge, in some instances service charges amount to up to 50% of a tickets face value. That dispute then spilled over into a lawsuit filed in 2010 against Ticketmaster’s liability insurance carrier Illinois Union Insurance Company. Ticketmaster has been the subject of complaints of high ticket service charges, notably, in the 1990s, Pearl Jams complaints about Ticketmaster led the U. S. Department of Justice to open an antitrust investigation into the companys practices. In 2008, an anonymous source alleged that TicketsNow, a subsidiary of Ticketmaster. Ticketmaster is the ticket seller for 27 of the 30 NHL teams and 28 of 30 NBA teams. MLB sells approximately 75,000,000 baseball tickets per year, Ticketmaster has historically had limited success in the secondary ticketing market
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DF Concerts
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DF Concerts also owns and manages King Tuts Wah Wah Hut, in Glasgow. It is one of the three major promoters in Scotland, the others being Regular Music and CPL, DF Concerts organised the Papal Mass in Bellahouston Park for the Popes visit in 2010. The current CEO of DF Concerts is Geoff Ellis, who took over from founding CEO Stuart Clumpas in 2001, since 2008, DF Concerts have been majority-owned by LN-Gaiety Investments, a joint venture between Live Nation and Denis Desmond, an Irish music promoter
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Festival Republic
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Festival Republic is a UK music promoter. It was founded as Mean Fiddler Group in 1982 by Irish born chairman John Vincent Power, as a venue-management and its move into festivals started when they took control of the Reading Festival from Harold Pendleton at the end of the 1980s. The group was founded in 1982 by Irish born chairman John Vincent Power, after acquiring the LA2 in Charing Cross Road in 2000, it was renamed to become the Mean Fiddler Music Group. Melvin Benn is the current managing director, in April 2005, they accepted a takeover bid from Hamsard Ltd, a co-operative company 50. 1% owned by Live Nation UK and 49. 9% owned by Irish event organiser MCD. In 2006, the Mean Fiddler Music Group reduced its touring and it maintained control of the successful Reading and Leeds festivals and announced a new addition – Latitude Festival. In 2007, the Mean Fiddler Music Group was sold along with several venues to Mama Group Plc in order to allow Festival Republic to concentrate fully on promoting festivals, as part of the sale, the Mama Group has acquired the rights to the Mean Fiddler trademark. Festival Republics flagship events are the Reading and Leeds Festivals and these are a pair of annual events which take place simultaneously on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August bank holiday weekend, sharing the same bill. In addition they run the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, the Wireless Festival and the Community Festival in London, EDC UK in Milton Keynes. In Ireland they organize the Longitude Festival and Electric Picnic, in Norway they run the Hove Festival. In Germany they have expanded from running the Berlin Festival to running the first European Lollapalooza
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