1.
Bordentown, New Jersey
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Bordentown is a city in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 3,924. The population declined by 45 from the 3,969 counted in the 2000 U. S. Census, Bordentown is located at the confluence of the Delaware River, Blacks Creek and Crosswicks Creek. The latter is the border between Burlington and Mercer Counties, Bordentown is 5.8 miles southeast from Trenton and 25.3 miles northeast of Philadelphia. Bordentown was originally incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on December 9,1825 and it was reincorporated as a city on April 3,1867, and separated from Chesterfield Township c. Thomas Farnsworth, an English Quaker, was credited with being the first European settler in the Bordentown area in 1682 and he made a new home on the windswept bluff overlooking the broad bend in the Delaware River. The Farnsworths cabin was situated near the northwest corner of Park Street and Prince Street, Farnsworth Landing soon became the center of trade for the region. Farnsworth is also the namesake of one of Bordentowns main street, Joseph Borden, for whom the city is named, arrived in 1717, and by May 1740 founded a transportation system to carry people and freight between New York City and Philadelphia. This exploited Bordentowns natural location as the point on the Delaware River that provided the shortest overland route to Perth Amboy, from which cargo, by 1776, Bordentown was full of patriots. Patience Lovell Wright, Americas first female sculptor, was creating wax busts in King Georges court in England, later, however, Bordentown became a rabble-rousing hotbed. In addition to Joseph Bordens son, who became a colonel during the war, patriots Francis Hopkinson, Colonel Kirkbride, Colonel Oakey Hoagland, due to their well-published activity in Bordentown, the British retaliated. Hessians occupied the town in 1776, and the British pillaged and razed the town during May, other notable people who have lived in the city include Clara Barton, who in 1852 started the first free public school in New Jersey and later founded the American Red Cross. A recreation of her stands at the corner of Crosswicks. The Bordentown School operated from 1894 to 1955 and he lived there for 17 years, entertaining guests of great fame such as Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and the future 6th U. S. President, John Quincy Adams. The residents of Bordentown nicknamed the Count, The Good Mr. Bonaparte and he built a lake near the mouth of Crosswicks Creek that was about 200 yards wide and half a mile long. On the bluff above it he built a new home, Point Breeze, the current Divine Word Mission occupies its former site along Park Street. Today only vestiges of the Bonaparte estate remain, in addition to the rubble of this mansion and some hedges of its elaborate gardens, only the original tunnel to the river and the house of Bonapartes secretary remain. Many descendants of Joachim Murat, King of Naples, also were born or lived in Bordentown, after the Bonaparte dynasty was restored by Napoleon III, they moved back to France and were recognized as princes
2.
U.S. Route 206
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U. S. Route 206 is a 130. 23-mile-long north–south United States highway in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, United States. Only about a half a mile of its length is in Pennsylvania, the Milford-Montague Toll Bridge carries it over the Delaware River into New Jersey, where it is the remainder of the route. The highways northern terminus is near Milford, Pennsylvania at an intersection with US209, some sources and its southern terminus is in Hammonton, New Jersey at an intersection with Route 54 and US30. The route connects several cities and towns, including Bordentown, Trenton, Princeton, Somerville, Netcong, the road is known as the Disabled American Veterans Highway for much of its length. The current routing along pre-1927 Route 2 became a part of US130 in 1926. In the later 1930s, US206 was designated to connect US30 in Hammonton north to US6 and US209 in Milford, the state highways running concurrent with US206 in New Jersey were removed in 1953. In the 1960s, two freeways were proposed for US206 but never built. The first freeway was to connect Hammonton south along the Route 54 corridor toward Route 55, the other US206 freeway was planned in northwestern New Jersey, connecting I-80 in Netcong north to Montague Township. Construction has begun for a bypass of US206 around Hillsborough in 2010 after being planned since 1974, the NJDOT is currently widening the route in Byram Township to alleviate congestion, with completion in 2013. US206 begins at US30 in the town of Hammonton in Atlantic County, New Jersey, heading north-northeast on the two-lane, south of this intersection, the road continues as Route 54. From its southern terminus, US206 runs through farmland, which gives way to the heavily forested Pine Barrens. Within this area, the route continues through the Wharton State Forest, here, the road comes to the eastern terminus of CR536. US206 continues into Shamong Township, Burlington County, passing more of the Pine Barrens. In Shamong Township, the road makes a turn to the north, after running northwest, CR541 splits to the left. After this intersection, US206 heads north out of the Wharton State Forest, at the intersection with CR648, the route briefly widens into a four-lane undivided road before narrowing back to two lanes. Upon intersecting CR622, US206 enters Tabernacle Township, here, CR532 crosses the route at a signalized intersection. Following CR532, residential development increases along the route as it continues into Southampton Township, US206 becomes a three-lane road with one northbound lane and two southbound lanes as it comes to the Red Lion Circle with Route 70. Past the Red Lion Circle, the route becomes two lanes again and passes more rural surroundings with some development, US206 comes to a junction with the eastern terminus of Route 38 and the western terminus of CR530
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
6.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
7.
Burlington County, New Jersey
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Burlington County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. The county is the largest in New Jersey by area, the Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 158th-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the United States as of 2009. Burlington County is part of the Delaware Valley area, located east of the Delaware River, however, the county stretches across the state, and its southeast corner reaches tidal estuaries leading to southern New Jerseys Great Bay, which separates the county from the Atlantic Ocean. Anglo-European records of Burlington County date to 1681, when its court was established in the Province of West Jersey, the county was formed on May 17,1694, by the union of the first and second Tenths. The county was named for Bridlington, a town in England, Burlington County was also the seat of government for the Province of West Jersey until its amalgamation with East Jersey in 1702, forming the Province of New Jersey. The county was larger and was partitioned to form additional counties as the population increased. In 1714 one partition to the north became Hunterdon County, which itself was partitioned to form three additional counties. Increasing industrialization led to improvements in transportation which increased to profitability of agriculture in the county, population increases in the coastal towns due to successful international trade and ship repair led to road improvemnts throughout the county. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 819.84 square miles. Most of the land in the county is coastal and alluvial plain with little relief, the low point is sea level along the Delaware and Mullica rivers. The majority of the land is dotted with rivers, streams, some of the largest and most important rivers in Burlington County include, Rancocas Creek, Assiscunk Creek, Pennsauken Creek, Mullica River, Batsto River, and Wading River. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.92 inches in February to 4.87 inches in August, Burlington County has a humid-subtropical / humid continental transition climate, with relatively cold winters and hot summers. Severe weather is common in the warm months, hurricanes have been known to strike Burlington County on occasion. Tornadoes are uncommon in the county, severe thunderstorms, however, are quite common during the warm season. Snowfall is typical in the winter, with the averages in the county ranging from about 18 to 22 inches. The climate and weather of Burlington county is moderated by the nearby Atlantic Ocean, the county seat receives about 41 inches of rain per year. Due to sandy soil, on clear and dry nights these areas might be 10-15 degrees Fahrenheit colder than the surrounding areas, and there is a shorter frost-free season in these places. The sandy soil of the Pinelands loses heat faster than the other soils or urban surfaces in the region
8.
Municipal corporation
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A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located, often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. A city charter or town charter is a document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages and is considered to be a version of a constitution. Traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system, townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. Towns were often free, in the sense that they were protected by the king or emperor. Today the process for granting charters is determined by the type of government of the state in question, in monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the Crown or the state authorities acting on behalf of the Crown. In federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the level of government such as a state or province. In Brazil, municipal corporations are called municípios and are created by means of legislation at the state level. All municipal corporations must also abide by a municipal law which is passed and amended at the municipal level. In Canada charters are granted by provincial authorities, in Germany, municipal corporations existed since antiquity and through medieval times, until they became out of favour during the absolutism. In order to strengthen the spirit, the city law of Prussia dated 19 November 1808 picked up this concept. It is the basis of municipal law. In India, a Municipal Corporation is a local government body. This standard varies from state to state, according to laws passed by state legislatures, the Corporation of Chennai was the first Municipal Corporation in India. It was established on 29 September 1688 by the British East India Company, the second was Hyderabad Municipal Corporation established in 1869 by the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad State. The third was the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, established in 1876, the Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1888 by the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act. The Delhi Municipal Council was established in 1911 during the Delhi Durbar when New Delhi was proclaimed to be the new Capital of India and it was elevated to Municipal Corporation level on 7 April 1958 by an Act of Parliament which established the Municipal Corporation of Delhi
9.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
10.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
11.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
12.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
13.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
14.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
15.
Area code 609
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Area code 609 serves telephones in southeastern and central New Jersey, including the cities of Trenton, Long Beach Island, Princeton, Hamilton and Atlantic City. In terms of coverage, it is the largest in the state of New Jersey. In the original North American Numbering Plan, all of New Jersey was served by area code 201 and this division generally followed the dividing line between North Jersey, dominated by proximity to New York City and South Jersey with its proximity to Philadelphia and the Jersey Shore. In 1999, the part of area 609, the area adjacent to Philadelphia, was split off as area code 856. Since that time, the 609 territory covers parts of Central Jersey, South Jersey and the Jersey Shore and it also includes portions of southern Middlesex County in Plainsboro, Cranbury, parts of South Brunswick and the extreme southern part of Monroe. The boundary was drawn in such a way so that several towns were split between area codes, as of October 2014, the area code 609 number pool was expected to be exhausted by the second quarter of 2017, about 15 months later than projected a year before. A new overlay code is proposed for the plan area
16.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
17.
2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
18.
1990 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1990 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1990 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. It was the first census to designate Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander as a group separate from Asians. To increase black participation in the 1990 United States Census, the bureau recruited Bill Cosby, Magic Johnson, Alfre Woodard, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2062. The results of the 1990 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 1992 elections, consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the Electoral College for the 1992 presidential election. Because of population changes, twenty-one states had changes in their number of seats, eight states gained at least one seat, and thirteen states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 19 seats being switched
19.
New Jersey Legislature
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The New Jersey Legislature is the legislative branch of the government of the U. S. state of New Jersey. In its current form, as defined by the New Jersey Constitution of 1947, the Legislature meets in the New Jersey State House, in the state capital of Trenton. Democrats currently hold super majorities in both chambers of the legislature, the New Jersey Legislature was established in 1702 upon the surrender by the Proprietors of East Jersey and those of West Jersey of the right of government to Queen Anne. Annes government united the two colonies as the Province of New Jersey, a colony, establishing a new system of government. It provided for a legislature consisting of an appointed Council. The Provincial Council consisted of members, appointed by and serving at the pleasure of the British crown. With the exception of resignations and those being removed for cause, the former provinces of East and West Jersey were reorganized as the Eastern Division and the Western Division, respectively, of the Province of New Jersey. Councillors were apportioned that six would come from each of the two divisions, in practice, however, this was not always followed. The Assembly initially consisted of 24 members with two each elected in the Cities of Burlington and Perth Amboy, and ten at-large from each of the two divisions, the number of members remained at 24, with a total of twelve from each division. Membership continued at 24 until 1768, when it was expanded to 30 by the addition of two each from Morris, Cumberland and Sussex Counties. This apportionment remained until superseded by the Constitution of 1776, the Governor had the authority to summon the Legislature, and to dissolve the Assembly and call new elections. On December 6,1775, Governor William Franklin prorogued the New Jersey Legislature until January 3,1776, on May 30,1776, Franklin attempted to convene the legislature, but was met instead with an order by the New Jersey Provincial Congress for his arrest. On July 2,1776, the Provincial Congress approved a new constitution which ordered new elections, in 1775, representatives from New Jerseys 13 counties established a Provincial Congress to supersede the Royal Governor. In June 1776, this congress had authorized the preparation of a constitution, which was written five days, adopted by the Provincial Congress. The Constitution of 1776 provided for a legislature consisting of a General Assembly with three members from each county and a Legislative Council with one member from each county. All state officials, including the governor, were to be appointed by the Legislature under this constitution, the Vice-President of Council would succeed the Governor if a vacancy occurred in that office. Accordingly, the first session of the Legislature convened on August 27,1776, Legislative politics was defined in the following years by an intense rivalry between the Federalists, and later the Whigs, and the Democratic Party. The New Jersey Constitution of 1844 provided for a popular election of the governor
20.
Chesterfield Township, New Jersey
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Chesterfield Township is a township in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. Construction began in the early 2000s and a significant percentage of the community is now complete, as of 2016 the construction is still on going and there is soon to be Chesterfields first retail outlet, along with more condos and homes. Old York Village was the winner of the American Planning Associations National Outstanding Planning Award in 2004, the land was first settled in 1677, when a group of primarily Quaker immigrants from England established the settlement of Crosswicks, the oldest of the three communities of the township. The village was named after the Crosswicks Creek that separates Burlington, the other two villages were Recklesstown and Plattsburg. Recklesstown was named in honor of one of its founders, Joseph Reckless, until the name was changed in 1888 at the urging of a Congressman. Chesterfield Township was originally formed on November 6,1688 and it was named after the 2nd Earl of Chesterfield whose seat of Chesterfield was in Derbyshire, where many of the townships earliest settlers had lived. Portions of the township were taken to form New Hanover Township, Crosswicks played a role during the American Revolutionary War. On June 23,1778, British soldiers near the Crosswicks Creek shot the horse out from under Elias Dayton, a cannonball from the period remains lodged in the side of the Friends Meeting House. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 21.52 square miles. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Crosswicks, as of the census of 2010, there were 7,699 people,1,539 households, and 1,311 families residing in the township. The population density was 360.9 per square mile, there were 1,601 housing units at an average density of 75.0 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13. 08% of the population,10. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the family size was 3.26. In the township, the population was out with 17. 8% under the age of 18,36. 2% from 18 to 24,24. 4% from 25 to 44,16. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 24.4 years, for every 100 females there were 220.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 268.5 males, the census statistics above include residents of a state youth detention center located at the northwest edge of Chesterfield Township, on the border with Hamilton Township. The Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median income was $113,125. Males had an income of $76,563 versus $58,229 for females
21.
Mansfield Township, Burlington County, New Jersey
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Mansfield Township is a township in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 8,544. The population increased by 3,454 from the 5,090 counted in the 2000 Census, Mansfield was first formed on November 6,1688, and reformed by Royal charter on May 9,1770. Mansfield was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, portions of the township were taken to form Fieldsboro, Bordentown Township and Florence Township. The township was named for Mansfield, England, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 21.907 square miles, including 21.740 square miles of land and 0.167 square miles of water. The township borders the Burlington County municipalities of Bordentown Township, Chesterfield Township, Florence Township, homestead, a retirement village, consists of 1,200 homes in Columbus. Liberty Lake is a 6-acre freshwater spring-fed lake, that allows boating, swimming and fishing, as of the census of 2010, there were 8,544 people,3,401 households, and 2,452 families residing in the township. The population density was 393.0 per square mile, there were 3,529 housing units at an average density of 162.3 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 01% of the population,24. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the family size was 3.01. In the township, the population was out with 20. 6% under the age of 18,5. 4% from 18 to 24,18. 3% from 25 to 44,27. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 48.9 years, for every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 86.0 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $74,671 and the median family income was $97,774. Males had an income of $62,215 versus $57,917 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $38,899, about 2. 5% of families and 2. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 6% of those under age 18 and 3. 6% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 5,090 people,2,077 households, the population density was 234.3 people per square mile. There were 2,122 housing units at a density of 97.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the township was 95. 42% White,1. 91% African American,0. 18% Native American,1. 49% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 22% from other races, and 0. 75% from two or more races
22.
Fieldsboro, New Jersey
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Fieldsboro is a borough in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. Fieldsboro was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature as Fieldsborough on March 7,1850 and it separated from Bordentown Township as an independent municipality c. The borough was named for the Field family, prominent early settlers in the area, according to the United States Census Bureau, Fieldsboro borough had a total area of 0.269 square miles, all of which was land. The borough borders Bordentown Township and the Delaware River, as of the census of 2010, there were 540 people,206 households, and 140.9 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,007.7 per square mile, there were 221 housing units at an average density of 821.7 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 78% of the population,23. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the family size was 3.13. In the borough, the population was out with 25. 0% under the age of 18,7. 0% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,28. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37.1 years, for every 100 females there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 91.9 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $60,938 and the median family income was $67,500. Males had an income of $68,750 versus $48,500 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $30,284, about 0. 0% of families and 1. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 1% of those under age 18 and 0. 0% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 522 people,189 households, the population density was 1,921.0 people per square mile. There were 204 housing units at a density of 750.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 81. 61% White,15. 90% African American,0. 19% Native American,0. 38% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 49% of the population. 17. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.17. In the borough the population was out with 25. 3% under the age of 18,6. 7% from 18 to 24,38. 3% from 25 to 44,17. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 88.4 males
23.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
24.
Florence Township, New Jersey
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Florence Township is a township in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. Florence was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 7,1872, the township was named for Florence, Italy. The Florence City Company, formed in 1849, organized the original layout of lots and streets in Florence and it also oversaw construction of the Florence Hotel and wharf. The Florence Iron Works was established in 1857 along the Delaware River by Richard Jones and it continued as a major force in the economy of the community, especially after ownership was transferred to Richard D. Wood in 1867. The 1900 United States Census reported that a portion of the workforce was dependent on the foundry. Florence was soon recognized as a vacation spot with sandy beaches. Visitors could also partake of hydrotherapy offered by a center established about 1872 by Dr. Trall of Philadelphia. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 10.177 square miles. Florence CDP and Roebling are unincorporated communities and census-designated places located within the township, as of the 2000 Census, the CDPs population was 8,200. Up to and including the 2000 United States Census, the two CDPs had been combined as Florence-Roebling, which had a population of 8,200 in 2000. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Bustleton, Dobbins, Florence Station, as of the census of 2010, there were 12,109 people,4,775 households, and 3,285 families residing in the township. The population density was 1,238.1 per square mile, there were 5,053 housing units at an average density of 516.6 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 76% of the population,25. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the family size was 3.07. In the township, the population was out with 22. 2% under the age of 18,7. 2% from 18 to 24,26. 7% from 25 to 44,31. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41.0 years, for every 100 females there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 89.8 males, the Census Bureaus 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $75,219 and the median family income was $88,479. Males had an income of $54,010 versus $47,707 for females
25.
Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey
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Hamilton Township is a township in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. The township was the states 9th-largest municipality, after having been ranked 10th in 2000, the township is located immediately east of the city of Trenton, the states capital. Hamilton was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 11,1842, portions of the township were taken to form Chambersburg borough and Wilbur borough. Hamilton Township derives its name from the village of Hamilton Square, in 2006, Hamilton Township was ranked by Morgan Quitno as the eighteenth-safest city in the United States, out of 369 cities nationwide. In the companys 2005 survey, the Township was ranked 15th safest of 354 cities surveyed nationwide. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 40.387 square miles. Although Hamilton is one of the largest townships in New Jersey it doesnt have a true downtown, groveville, Hamilton Square, Mercerville, White Horse and Yardville are all census-designated places and unincorporated communities located within the township. Van Nest Wildlife Refuge is a 98-acre wildlife management area operated by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protections Division of Fish, as of late 2005, much of the new residential development in Hamilton has been geared to accommodating the aging baby boomer generation. New retirement communities and assisted-living facilities outpace that of new residential communities. Such construction has been spurred by several factors, the first being that the public is skeptical of growing school budgets due to its already large size. Hamilton voters have often rejected increases in school budgets in their elections to keep already high taxes from growing higher. As a result, the board has been reluctant to authorize construction of housing that will increase the student population. Another reason is a series of improvements to Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, the hospital is now a highly respected source of care in the state. It is situated next to where most of the land in the township used to be. As of October 2016, significant construction has been done to build up the Hamilton Township area. Multiple new retirement communities have been constructed, as well as new restaurants, banks, gas stations. Hamilton Township continues to expand rapidly to accommodate the increase in citizens residing in the community, as of the census of 2010, there were 88,464 people,34,534 households, and 23,759 families residing in the township. The population density was 2,240.2 per square mile, there were 36,170 housing units at an average density of 915.9 per square mile
26.
Mercer County, New Jersey
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Mercer County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. Its county seat is Trenton, the state capital, as of the 2016 Census estimate, the countys population was 371,023, making it the states 12th-most populous county, an increase of 1. The county was formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 22,1838, from portions of Burlington County, Hunterdon County, the old Keith Line bisects the county and is the boundary between municipalities that previously had been separated into West Jersey and East Jersey. It was named for Continental Army General Hugh Mercer, who died as a result of wounds received at the Battle of Princeton on January 3,1777. The Mercer Oak, against which the dying general rested as his men continued to fight, appears on the county seal and stood for 250 years until it collapsed in 2000. Founded February 22,1838, from portions of surrounding counties, on the night of December 25–26,1776, General George Washington led American forces across the Delaware River to attack the Hessian barracks in Trenton on the morning of December 26. Following the battle, Washington crossed back to Pennsylvania and he crossed a third time in a surprise attack on the forces of General Charles Cornwallis at the Second Battle of Trenton on January 2,1777, and at the Battle of Princeton on January 3. The successful attacks built morale among the pro-independence colonists, Mercer County has the distinction of being the famed landing spot for a fictional Martian invasion of the United States. In 1938, in what has one of the most famous American radio plays of all time. His imaginary aliens first landed at what is now West Windsor Township, a commemorative monument is erected at Grovers Mill park. There were 27 Mercer County residents killed during the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks in Lower Manhattan. A 10-foot long steel beam weighing one ton was given to the county by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in March 2011 and is now displayed at Mercer County Park. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 228.89 square miles. The county is flat and low-lying on the inner coastal plain with a few hills closer to the Delaware River. Baldpate Mountain, near Pennington, is the highest hill, at 480 feet above sea level, the lowest point is at sea level along the Delaware. The population density was 1,632.2 per square mile, there were 143,169 housing units at an average density of 637.6 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15. 09% of the population,26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the family size was 3.16
27.
Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Falls Township is a township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 34,300 at the 2010 census, portions of Fairless Hills and Levittown, Pennsylvania, are located in the township. Portions of Falls Township are called Morrisville and Yardley, due to the location of the Morrisville Post Office outside the Borough of Morrisville in Falls Township, dutch settlements here were established as early as 1616. A number of colonists came to Falls Township before William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681, Fallsington is the only settlement of this period which has been in continuous use. Fallsington is an example of a village typical of the time. The Bucks County Courthouse, established in 1663, is said to have located in Fallsington until it was moved to Bristol in 1705. Also in 1690, Thomas Janney donated 72 acres of land to be used as the Quaker burial grounds for Falls Monthly Meeting, William Penn donated a tract of 120 acres, for a Falls commons. The Township itself was established in 1692, numerous villages were located within the township, with Fallsington being the center of social and commercial activity in the township. Morrisville was another prominent village, until it was partitioned as a borough in 1804, tullytown was also a village until it was partitioned as a borough in 1891. Other villages, now gone, included Tyburn, Penn Valley, Wheatsheaf, Slickville, Dogtown, Penns Manor and Oxford Valley. The growth of Fallsington continued, with the construction of homes, an inn, public buildings, stores, until the construction of Fairless Hills and Levittown, it was the largest village in the Township, and functioned for many years as a commercial center. In 1682, William Penn began construction of his official residence, the 8, 431-acre site in Falls Township was chosen for its easy access to Philadelphia along the Delaware River. This island was sold by Penns heirs and the last original building was destroyed in 1864. In 1932, a portion of the original site was purchased by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Pennsbury is now a site, open to the public. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, the proximity of major transportation systems influenced much of the Townships development. The earliest of these was the Delaware River, the Township is located at the upper end of the navigable portion of the river. In 1686, the Provincial Council ordered the construction of the Kings Highway, which ran from Philadelphia to Trenton along an existing Indian trail, through Bristol, Falls, the Kings Highway still exists today as U. S. Route 13, flowing closely the original configuration
28.
Delaware River
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The Delaware River is a major river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Its watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles in five U. S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, not including Delaware Bay, the rivers length including its two branches is 388 miles. The Delaware River is one of nineteen Great Waters recognized by the Americas Great Waters Coalition, the Delaware River rises in two main branches that descend from the western flank of the Catskill Mountains in New York. The West Branch begins near Mount Jefferson in the Town of Jefferson in Schoharie County, the rivers East Branch begins at Grand Gorge near Roxbury Delaware County. These two branches flow west and merge near Hancock in Delaware County and the waters flow as the Delaware River south. The river meets tide-water at the junction of Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, the rivers navigable, tidal section served as a conduit for shipping and transportation that aided the development of the industrial cities of Trenton, Camden, and Philadelphia. The mean freshwater discharge of the Delaware River into the estuary of Delaware Bay is 11,550 cubic feet per second, in 1609, the river was first visited by a Dutch East India Company expedition led by Henry Hudson. Hudson, an English navigator, was hired to find a route to Cathay. Early Dutch and Swedish settlements were established along the section of river. Both colonial powers called the river the South River, compared to the Hudson River, lord de la Warr waged a punitive campaign to subdue the Powhatan after they had killed the colonys council president, John Ratcliffe, and attacked the colonys fledgling settlements. Lord de la Warr arrived with 150 soldiers in time to prevent colonys original settlers at Jamestown from giving up, the name of barony is pronounced as in the current spelling form Delaware and is thought to derive from French de la Guerre. It has often reported that the river and bay received the name Delaware after English forces under Richard Nicolls expelled the Dutch. However, the river and bay were known by the name Delaware as early as 1641, the state of Delaware was originally part of the William Penns Pennsylvania colony. In 1682, the Duke of York granted Penns request for access to the sea and leased him the territory along the western shore of Delaware Bay which became known as the Lower Counties on the Delaware. The Delaware Rivers watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles and encompasses 42 counties and 838 municipalities in five U. S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. This total area constitutes approximately 0. 4% of the mass in the United States. In 2001, the watershed was 18% agricultural land, 14% developed land, there are 216 tributary streams and creeks—an estimated 14,057 miles of streams and creeks—in the watershed. The waters of the Delaware Rivers basin are used to fishing, transportation, power, cooling, recreation
29.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
30.
Delaware and Raritan Canal
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The Delaware and Raritan Canal is a canal in central New Jersey, United States, built in the 1830s that served to connect the Delaware River to the Raritan River. The idea of a canal between the Raritan and Delaware Rivers had a history, going back to William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. Such a canal would shorten the journey from Philadelphia to New York by 100 miles, randel spent two months surveying this route and, with the aid of a millwright, estimating water flow. They came to the conclusion that the canal would require less than an eighteenth of the passing through the local streams. Despite Randels report, and the advantage of having such a canal. On February 4,1830, the New Jersey legislature passed legislation that created the charter for the D&R Canal, the charter for the Camden and Amboy Rail Road and Transportation Company was passed the same day. The D&R charter allocated $1.5 million of stock for construction which was required to be completed within eight years, the canal was to be considered a public highway although the corporation would be allowed to collect tolls and transit duties for passengers and cargo transported along the canal. The canal system was dug mostly by hand tools, mostly by Irish immigrants, work began in 1830 and was completed in 1834, at an estimated cost of $2,830,000. When the canal first opened, teams of mules were used to tow boats through it. The canals greatest usage occurred during the 1860s and 1870s, when it was used primarily to coal from Pennsylvania to New York City. On May 18,1872, the D&R Canal Company was merged with several parallel railroads into the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company, and leased by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Over time, the importance of the D&R Canal waned as railroads were used to perform, more rapidly, the function as canals. The main section of the runs from Bordentown on the Delaware to New Brunswick on the Raritan. A feeder canal section stretches 22 miles northward from Trenton, upstream along the east bank of the Delaware to Bulls Island near Frenchtown, the total length of the entire canal system was approximately 66 miles. The main section was 44 miles long,75 feet wide and 8 feet deep, a section of the main D&R Canal in Trenton has been covered over by the Trenton Freeway and is inaccessible to public use. The portion of the canal that provided access to the Delaware River in Bordentown is also abandoned, in Trenton it has been covered by NJ Route 129, which opened in 1996. Another section south of Trenton is located in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, Locks were used to overcome elevation differences along the D&R canal. Many of the locks are still present along the route, however
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Photovoltaic system
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A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It may also use a tracking system to improve the systems overall performance and include an integrated battery solution. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the part of the PV system. Moreover, PV systems convert light directly into electricity and shouldnt be confused with other technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling. PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to tens of kilowatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems only account for a portion of the market. A rooftop system recoups the energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years. Due to the growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined in recent years. However, they vary by market and the size of the system, a photovoltaic system converts the suns radiation into usable electricity. It comprises the solar array and the balance of system components, other distinctions may include, systems with microinverters vs. central inverter, systems using crystalline silicon vs. thin-film technology, and systems with modules from Chinese vs. About 99 percent of all European and 90 percent of all U. S. solar power systems are connected to the grid, while off-grid systems are somewhat more common in Australia. PV systems rarely use battery storage and this may change soon, as government incentives for distributed energy storage are being implemented and investments in storage solutions are gradually becoming economically viable for small systems. A solar array of a typical residential PV system is rack-mounted on the roof, rather than integrated into the roof or facade of the building, utility-scale solar power stations are ground-mounted, with fixed tilted solar panels rather than using expensive tracking devices. Crystalline silicon is the predominant material used in 90 percent of worldwide produced solar modules, about 70 percent of all solar cells and modules are produced in China and Taiwan, leaving only 5 percent to European and US-manufacturers. S. Which are less opposed to ground-mounted solar farms and cost-effectiveness is more emphasized by investors, driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics is declining continuously. There are several million PV systems distributed all over the world, mostly in Europe, in exceptionally irradiated locations, or when thin-film technology is used, the so-called energy payback time decreases to one year or less. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have greatly supported installations of PV systems in many countries. As of 2015, the fast-growing global PV market is approaching the 200 GW mark – about 40 times the installed capacity of 2006
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Public Service Enterprise Group
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The companys largest subsidiary retains the old PSE&G name. New Jerseys oldest and largest investor owned utility, Public Service Electric and Gas Company is a regulated gas, the Public Service Corporation was formed in 1903 by amalgamating more than 400 gas, electric and transportation companies in New Jersey. It was renamed Public Service Electric and Gas Company in 1948, the transportation operations of PSE&G were purchased by New Jersey Transit in 1980, leaving PSE&G exclusively in the utility business. In 1985, Public Service Enterprise Group formed as a holding company, in 2000, PSE&G split its unregulated national power generation assets to form PSEG Power, while PSE&G continued operating in New Jersey as a regulated gas and electric delivery company. In 2009, PSEG began installing solar panels on 200,000 utility poles in its area in a project costing $773 million. The Solar 4 All project increased the capacity for energy in New Jersey and was completed in 2013. In addition, PSEG is building four solar farms in Edison, Hamilton, Linden, PSEG Nuclear operates three nuclear reactors at two facilities in Lower Alloways Creek Township. PSEG owns one reactor at Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station and operates two reactors at Salem Nuclear Power Plant where PSEG Nuclear holds a 57 percent stake, exelon also operates two reactors at Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station in a 50/50 joint venture with PSEG. PSEG Long Island provides electricity to 1.1 million customers in Nassau and Suffolk counties, and this system operates under an agreement with the Long Island Power Authority, the state agency that owns the system, that went into effect January 1,2014. PSEGs transmission line voltages are 500,000 volts,345,000 volts,230,000 volts and 138,000 volts with interconnections to utilities in Pennsylvania, Delaware, the companys subtransmission voltages are 69,000 volts and 26,000 volts. PSEGs distribution voltages are 13,000 volts and 4,160 volts, major pollutants indicated by the study include manganese, chromium and nickel salts, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. Public Service Railway Newark Public Service Terminal Official website
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1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
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1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
United States
New Jersey
Media related to Bordentown Township, New Jersey at Wikimedia Commons
Bordentown Township
