1.
Leicestershire
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Leicestershire is a landlocked county in the English Midlands. The border with most of Warwickshire is Watling Street, the county has a population of just under 1 million with over half the population living in Leicesters built-up area. Leicestershire was recorded in the Domesday Book in four wapentakes, Guthlaxton, Framland, Goscote and these later became hundreds, with the division of Goscote into West Goscote and East Goscote, and the addition of Sparkenhoe hundred. In 1087, the first recorded use of the name was as Laegrecastrescir, Leicestershires external boundaries have changed little since the Domesday Survey. These actions were reversed on 1 April 1997, when Rutland, Rutland became a distinct Ceremonial County once again, although it continues to be policed by Leicestershire Constabulary. The symbol of the county council, Leicestershire County Cricket Club, Leicestershire is considered to be the birthplace of fox hunting as it is known today. Hugo Meynell, who lived in Quorn, is known as the father of fox hunting, Melton Mowbray and Market Harborough have associations with fox hunting, as has neighbouring Rutland. A large part of the north-west of the county, around Coalville, the highest point of the county is Bardon Hill at 278 metres, which is also a Marilyn. The lowest point is about 24. 8m, north of Bottesford where the River Devon leaves Leicestershire, the population of Leicestershire is 609,578 people. The county covers an area of 2,084 km2 and its largest population centre is the city of Leicester, followed by the town of Loughborough. Other large towns include Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Coalville, Hinckley, Market Harborough, Melton Mowbray, Oadby, Wigston, some of the larger of villages are, Burbage Birstall, Broughton Astley, Castle Donington, Kibworth Beauchamp, Great Glen, Ibstock, Countesthorpe and Kegworth. One of the most rapidly expanding villages is Anstey, which has seen a large number of development schemes. The United Kingdom Census 2001 showed a resident population for Leicester of 279,921. Approximately 62,000 were aged under 16,199,000 were aged 16–74,76. 9% of Leicesters population claim they have been born in the UK, according to the 2001 UK Census. Mid-year estimates for 2006 indicate that the population of the City of Leicester stood at 289,700 making Leicester the most populous city in East Midlands, the population density is 3, 814/km2 and for every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. Of those aged 16–74 in Leicester,38. 5% had no academic qualifications,23. 0% of Leicesters residents were born outside of the United Kingdom, more than double than the English average of 9. 2%. Engineering has long been an important part of the economy of Leicestershire, John Taylor Bellfounders continues a history of bellfounding in Loughborough since the 14th century. In 1881 John Taylors cast the largest bell in Britain, Great Paul, snibston Discovery Park is built on one of three coal mines that operated in Coalville from the 1820s until 1986
2.
Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish
3.
Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards
4.
East Midlands
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The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. The eastern part of the Midlands, it consists of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, the region has an area of 15,627 km2, and was home to over 4.5 million people in 2011. The regions relative proximity to London and its connectivity on the national motorway and it is also the location of East Midlands Airport in north Leicestershire. The high point at 636 m is Kinder Scout, in the Peak District of the southern Pennines in northwest Derbyshire near Glossop. Other upland, hilly areas of 95 to 280 m in altitude, together with lakes and reservoirs, rise in and around the Charnwood Forest north of Leicester, and in the Lincolnshire Wolds. The regions major rivers, the Nene, the Soar, the Trent and the Welland, flow in a direction towards the Humber. The Derwent, conversely, rises in the High Peak before flowing south to join the Trent some 2 miles before its conflux with the Soar, the centre of the East Midlands area lies roughly between Bingham, Nottinghamshire and Bottesford, Leicestershire. The geographical centre of England lies in Higham on the Hill in west Leicestershire, some 88% of the land is rural in character, although agriculture accounts for less than three per cent of the regions jobs. Lincolnshire is the only county of the six, with a true North Sea coastline of about 30 miles due to the protection afforded by Spurn Head. Church Flatts Farm in Coton in the Elms, South Derbyshire, is the furthest place from the sea in the UK, in April 1936 the first Ordnance Survey trig point was sited at Cold Ashby in Northamptonshire. The Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts and The Wildlife Trusts are based next to the River Trent, the National Centre for Earth Observation is at the University of Leicester. The region is home to large quantities of limestone, and the East Midlands Oil Province, Charnwood Forest is noted for its abundant levels of volcanic rock, estimated to be approximately 600 million years old. 25% of the UKs cement is manufactured in the region at three sites in Hope and Tunstead in Derbyshire, and in Ketton Cement Works in Rutland. Of the aggregates that are produced in the region, 25% is from Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire each produce around 30% of the regions sand and gravel output. Barwell in Leicestershire had Britains largest meteorite on 24 December 1965, the 2008 Lincolnshire earthquake was 5.2 magnitude. Rockingham Forest was designated as a hunting forest by William the Conqueror. The National Forest is a project in central England run by The National Forest Company. It stretches from the outskirts of Leicester in the east to Burton upon Trent in the west
5.
Administrative counties of England
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Administrative counties were a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government from 1889 to 1974. They were created by the Local Government Act 1888 as the areas for which county councils were elected, some large counties were divided into several administrative counties, each with its own county council. The administrative counties were abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 and were replaced by the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England, the administrative counties did not exist prior to 1889, see historic counties of England for the history of the English counties before then. In 1888 the government, led by the Tory prime minister Lord Salisbury established county councils throughout England and Wales, many larger towns and cities were given the status of county borough, with similar powers and independent of county council control. Under the Act, each county borough was a county of itself. Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Suffolk, Sussex, and Yorkshire were split up for administrative purposes, additionally there was a County of London which covered the area today known as Inner London. The Isle of Wight was originally included under the county of Hampshire. The structure was once the County of London was divided into metropolitan boroughs in 1900. Some exclaves had been untouched by the 1844 Act, but in 1894 county councils were given the power to adjust county boundaries. For example, the Measham area of Derbyshire was transferred to Leicestershire in 1897, the map shows the counties and the county boroughs. When a county borough expanded into territory of a county that was not the one it came from, monmouthshire, not shown on the map, was reckoned for some legal purposes among the English counties for most of this period. The 1888 Act did not contain a list of counties, it was not until 1933. Unlike the 1888 Act, the 1933 Act did not include county boroughs as administrative counties, in the case of Lancashire and Cheshire the councils were officially the county council of the palatine county. Shropshire was always officially entitled the county of Salop, the right of Berkshire to be described as a royal county was recognised by the monarch in 1958. On 1 April 1959 the administrative county of Southampton was renamed as Hampshire and this system was the basis of the ceremonial counties used for Lieutenancy – except that Cambridgeshire, Hampshire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Suffolk and Sussex were not split for Lieutenancy. The table lists the area and population of administrative county at the censuses of 1891 and 1961. Several county councils had administrative headquarters outside of their area and this was usually because the traditional county town was a county borough. The headquarters of Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire county councils were moved from the county boroughs to locations within their respective administrative counties, the boundaries of the administrative counties changed considerably over time
6.
Melton Mowbray
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Melton Mowbray is a town in Leicestershire, England,19 miles northeast of Leicester, and 20 miles southeast of Nottingham. The town is on the River Eye and the River Wreake and has a population of 25,554, the town is best known for its culinary speciality, the Melton Mowbray pork pie, and it is also one of the six homes of Stilton cheese. Melton Mowbray is promoted as the Rural Capital of Food, the name comes from the early English word Medeltone – meaning Middletown surrounded by small hamlets. Mowbray is a Norman family name – the name of early Lords of the Manor – namely Robert de Mowbray, there is industrial archaeology including the Grantham Canal and the remains of the Melton Mowbray Navigation. Windmill sites, ironstone working and smelting archaeological evidence suggest that Melton borough was densely populated in Bronze, many small village communities existed and strategic points at Burrough Hill and Belvoir were fortified. There is also evidence to suggest that the site of Melton Mowbray in the Wreake Valley was inhabited before Roman occupation. Other Roman track ways in the locality passed north of Melton along the top of the vale of Belvoir scarp, they linked Market Harborough to Belvoir, evidence of settlement throughout Anglo-Saxon and Danelaw period is reflected in many place names. Along the Wreake Valley, the Danish suffix -by is common, in addition, a cemetery of 50–60 graves, of Pagan Anglo-Saxon origin, was found in Melton Mowbray. All the original crosses were removed or destroyed during the reformation, the effects of the Norman conquest are recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book. The water mills, still in use up to the 18th century, are remembered by the present names of Beckmill Court, Melton Mowbray has been a market town for over 1,000 years. Recorded as Leicestershires only market in the 1086 Domesday Survey, it is the third oldest market in England, tuesday has been market day ever since royal approval was given in 1324. The market was established with tolls before 1077, legacies from the Medieval period include consolidation of village and market town patterns, in Melton Mowbray, Bottesford, Wymondham, and Waltham-on-the-Wolds. The latter had a market in times that continued until 1921. Many buildings in Melton Market Place, Nottingham Street, Church Lane, King Street, alterations to number 16 Church Street revealed a medieval circular stone wall subjected to considerable heat. This is probably the Manor Oven mentioned in 13th century documents, surveys of 5 King Street show it to be part of an early medieval open-halled house. It may be part of the castle or fortified Manor of the Mowbrays, King Richard I and King John visited the town and may have stayed at an earlier castle. In 1549 following the Dissolution of the chantries, monasteries and religious guilds, church plate was sold, resulting rents were used to maintain Melton School, first recorded in 1347 and one of the oldest educational establishments in Britain. Funds were also used to maintain roads, bridges and to repair the church clock, Anne of Cleves house, now a Public House, is a Grade II* listed building
7.
Local government in England
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The pattern of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements. England has, since 1994 been subdivided into nine regions, below the region level and excluding London, England has two different patterns of local government in use. These councils are elected in separate elections, some areas have only one level of local government. Most of Greater London is governed by London borough councils, the City of London and the Isles of Scilly are sui generis authorities, pre-dating recent reforms of local government. There are 57 single tier authorities,55 unitary authorities The City of London Corporation The Council of the Isles of Scilly There are 34 upper tier authorities, the Inner Temple and Middle Temple are also local authorities for some purposes. Below the district level, a district may be divided into civil parishes. Typical activities undertaken by a parish council include allotments, parks, public clocks and they also have a consultative role in planning. Local councils tend not to exist in metropolitan areas but there is nothing to stop their establishment, for example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley. Parishes have not existed in Greater London since 1965, but from 2007 they could legally be created, in addition, among the rural parishes, two share a joint parish council and two have no council but are governed by an annual parish meeting. The current arrangement of local government in England is the result of a range of measures which have their origins in the municipal reform of the 19th century. During the 20th century, the structure of government was reformed and rationalised, with local government areas becoming fewer and larger. The way local authorities are funded has also been subject to periodic, Councils have historically had no split between executive and legislature. Functions are vested in the council itself, and then exercised usually by committees or subcommittees of the council, the post of leader was recognised, and leaders typically chair several important committees, but had no special authority. The chair of the council itself is a position with no real power. This pattern was based on that established for municipal boroughs by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, There was a small exception to this whereby smaller district councils can adopt a modified committee system. In 2012, principle councils began returning to Committee systems, under the Localism Act 2011, There are now 16 directly elected mayors, in districts where a referendum was in favour of them. Several of the mayors originally elected were independents, since May 2002, only a handful of referendums have been held, and they have mostly been negative, with only a few exceptions. The decision to have elected mayors in Hartlepool and Stoke-on-Trent were subsequently reversed when further referendums were held
8.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
9.
Alan Duncan
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Sir Alan James Carter Duncan, KCMG is a British Conservative Party politician. He is the Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, between 2010 and 2014 he was the Minister of State for International Development. Duncan began his career in the oil industry with Royal Dutch Shell, after several minor positions in the government of John Major, he played a key role in William Hagues successful bid for the Conservative leadership in 1997. He was removed from the Cabinet and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael, a return to front-line politics was signalled when his appointment as a minister of state at the Foreign Office was announced on 17 July 2016. He was the first openly gay Conservative Member of Parliament, having come out in 2002. Duncan was born in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, the son of J. G. Duncan OBE, an RAF wing commander, and his wife Anne Duncan, the family travelled much, following Alans father on NATO postings, including in Gibraltar, Italy, and Norway. Duncan was educated at two independent schools, Beechwood Park School in Markyate, and Merchant Taylors School in Northwood, whilst coming from a Liberal family, and running as a Liberal at a school mock election in 1970, Duncan joined the Young Conservatives in 1972. Duncan had two brothers, who also attended Beechwood Park School, Duncan then attended St Johns College at the University of Oxford, where he coxed the college first eight, and was elected President of the Oxford Union in 1979. Whilst there, he formed a friendship with Benazir Bhutto, and he gained a Kennedy Scholarship to study at Harvard University between 1981 and 1982. After graduating from Oxford, he worked as a trader of oil and refined products, first with Royal Dutch Shell, Duncan worked for Rich in London and Singapore. From 1988 to 1992, Duncan used the connections he had built up to be self-employed, acting as a consultant and adviser to governments on oil supplies. In 1989, Duncan set up the independent Harcourt Consultants, which advises on oil and he made over a £1 million after helping fill the need to supply oil to Pakistan after Kuwaits supplies had been disrupted in the Gulf War. Duncan was an member of the Battersea Conservative Association from 1979 until 1984. After Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher resigned in November 1990, he offered his home in Westminster as the headquarters of John Majors leadership campaign, Duncan first stood for Parliament as a Conservative candidate in the 1987 general election, unsuccessfully contesting the safe Labour seat of Barnsley West and Penistone. For the 1992 general election he was selected as the Conservative candidate for Rutland and Melton, a safe Conservative seat, which he retained with a 59% share of the votes cast. In the Labour landslide of 1997, his proportion of the vote was reduced to 46% but has increased to 48% in 2001, 51% in 2005. From 1993 to 1995, Duncan was a member of the Social Security Select Committee and his first governmental position was as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Health, a position he obtained in December 1993. He resigned from the position within a month after it emerged that he had used the programme to make profits on property deals
10.
Greenwich Mean Time
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Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time. Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT1, consequently, the term GMT should not be used for precise purposes. Due to Earths uneven speed in its orbit and its axial tilt, noon GMT is rarely the exact moment the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, noon GMT is the annual average moment of this event, which accounts for the word mean in Greenwich Mean Time. Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon while for almost everyone else it started at midnight, to avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight. Astronomers preferred the old convention to simplify their observational data, so each night was logged under a single calendar date. Today Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1, in some countries Greenwich Mean Time is the legal time in the winter and the population uses the term. For an explanation of why this is, see GMT in legislation below, synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours ahead of GMT or behind GMT and it was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held local mean time to be the official time. On 14 May 1880, a signed by Clerk to Justices appeared in The Times, stating that Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 813 and closed at 413 PM. This was changed later in 1880, GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time, hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant in the process. The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular and constantly slows, on 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by the centre of the instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatorys courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that line which is now the prime meridian of the world. Historically GMT has been used two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours and this contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
Non-metropolitan district
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Non-metropolitan districts, or colloquially shire districts, are a type of local government district in England. As created, they are sub-divisions of non-metropolitan counties in a two-tier arrangement, in the 1990s, several non-metropolitan counties were created that are unitary authorities and also have non-metropolitan district status. A third category is the districts of Berkshire, which are districts that are unitary authorities. Non-metropolitan districts are subdivisions of English non-metropolitan counties which have a structure of local government. Most non-metropolitan counties have a county council, and also have several districts, many districts have borough status, which means the local council is called a Borough Council instead of District Council and gives them the right to appoint a Mayor. Borough status is granted by charter and, in many cases, continues a style enjoyed by a predecessor authority. Some districts such as Oxford or Exeter have city status, granted by letters patent, by 1899, England had been divided at district level into rural districts, urban districts, municipal boroughs, county boroughs and metropolitan boroughs. This system was abolished by the London Government Act 1963 and the Local Government Act 1972, non-metropolitan districts were created by this act in 1974 when England outside of Greater London was divided into metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties. Metropolitan counties were sub-divided into metropolitan districts and the counties were sub-divided into non-metropolitan districts. The metropolitan districts had more powers than their non-metropolitan counterparts, initially, there were 296 non-metropolitan districts in the two-tier structure, but reforms in the 1990s and 2009 reduced their number to 201. A further 55 non-metropolitan districts are now unitary authorities, which combine the functions of county, in Wales, an almost identical two-tier system of local government existed between 1974 and 1996. In 1996, this was abolished and replaced with a unitary system of local government. Since the areas for Wales and England had been enacted separately and there were no Welsh metropolitan areas, a similar system existed in Scotland, which in 1975 was divided into regions and districts, this was also abolished in 1996 and replaced with a fully unitary system. In England 200 out of the 201 non-metropolitan district councils are represented by the District Councils Network, special interest group which sits within the Local Government Association. The network’s purpose is to “act as an informed and representative advocate for districts to government and other bodies, based on their unique position to deliver for ‘local’ people. ”This is a list of non-metropolitan counties. Some non-metropolitan districts are coterminous with non-metropolitan counties, making them unitary authorities and these are excluded from this list as is Berkshire which has no county council. For a full list of districts of all types including unitary authorities, metropolitan districts and London boroughs and this is a list of former two-tier districts in England which have been abolished, by local government reorganizations such as the 2009 structural changes to local government in England. It does not include districts that still exist after becoming an authority or those that transferred from one county to another
13.
Asfordby
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Asfordby is a village and civil parish in the Melton district of Leicestershire, to the west of Melton Mowbray on the A6006 road. The parish consists of Asfordby proper, Asfordby Valley and Asfordby Hill, the villages are to the north of the River Wreake, with Asfordby Hill situated east of Asfordby proper, closer to Melton, and Asfordby Valley to the north. Within Asfordby proper, there are a few shops, mainly convenience shops, however you can find a Fish & Chip shop, an Indian restaurant, as well as a kitchen store and a Co-operative shop. Asfordby was the site of a deep coal pit which was built between 1984 and 1993, but this closed in 1997 due to numerous geological difficulties and the low price of coal at the time. The original Old Dalby test track is owned by BRB Ltd. in the early 2000s it was leased to Alstom Transport Limited who upgraded and electrified the line and used it for testing the UK version of Pendolino tilting trains. After completion of the Pendolino testing in early 2005 the line was mothballed, on 12 February 2007, Metronet announced that they had leased the track and would be refitting part of it to test the next generation of air conditioned tube trains. The Alstom Midlands Test Centre HQ now occupies various buildings at the mine complex at Asfordby. Media related to Asfordby at Wikimedia Commons Asfordby Parish Council The Old Dalby Test Track Asfordby in the Domesday Book
14.
Bottesford, Leicestershire
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Bottesford is a village and civil parish. It lies in the Vale of Belvoir and forms part of the Borough of Melton in Leicestershire, Bottesford is about 20 miles east of Nottingham and 16 miles north of Melton Mowbray. The village is the largest in the Vale of Belvoir and is near to Belvoir Castle, home to the Duke and it had a population of 3587 at the time of the 2011 census. It borders parishes in Leicestershire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire, such as Redmile, Sedgebrook, the local amenities include a post office, railway station, library, church and convenience store, and also three restaurants and four pubs. Bottesford derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon Ford belonging to the botl, historically, Bottesford was closely associated with the Counts, Earls and Dukes of Rutland. The village was built around the river Devon and was named because of the ford at the centre of the village, St Mary the Virgins Church, Bottesford, sometimes known as the Lady of the Vale, is a large medieval church at the centre of the village. As with many churches this is a building with a mixture of architecture added over the centuries, the lower part of the chancel dates from the 12th century with the remainder added during the next three hundred years. The nave roof was completed in 1740. The octagonal crocketed spire is considered to be the tallest in the County at 210 feet, a headstone to Thomas Parker and a table tomb are both grade II listed within the grounds along with the gate piers and gates to the churchyard to the north. The Church is also the place of several earls of Rutland, one of the Rutland tombs is famous for its inscription. Most of the church is 15th century, but the chancel was rebuilt in the 17th century to accommodate the Rutland monuments and these completely fill the chancel and offer a view of changing aristocratic taste in the 16th and 17th centuries. After the Manners family were elevated to the dukedom of Rutland in 1703, they built a mausoleum in the grounds of Belvoir Castle, All the dukes have been buried there. There is a website that covers many sides of Bottesfords local history, including mounting evidence of occupation in Roman times. Bottesford was the venue of one of the countrys early friendly societies and it provided members with sickness and funeral benefits for over 200 years. Eleven contributors from the group produced in 2009 a book on the local history since 1850. During World War II, from December 1941, there was an RAF Bomber Command airfield located to the north near Long Bennington called RAF Bottesford. Initially it hosted No.3 Group RAF, then after being used by USAAFs IX Troop Carrier Command for D-Day, was used by No.5 Group from late 1944 and it is no longer used as an airfield, but the runways can be seen. Entertainers Laurel and Hardy stayed for Christmas 1952 at the Bull Inn and they were appearing at the Empire Theatre in Nottingham
15.
Stilton cheese
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Stilton is an English cheese, produced in two varieties, Blue, known for its characteristic strong smell and taste, and the lesser-known White. Thus cheese made in the village of Stilton in Cambridgeshire cannot be so called, traditional legend has it that in 1730, Thornhill discovered a distinctive blue cheese while visiting a small farm near Melton Mowbray in rural Leicestershire – possibly in Wymondham. He fell in love with the cheese and made an arrangement that granted the Bell Inn exclusive marketing rights to Blue Stilton. Soon thereafter, wagon loads of cheese were being delivered to the inn, since the main stagecoach routes from London to Northern England passed through the village of Stilton he was able to promote the sale of this cheese and the fame of Stilton rapidly spread. However, the first known reference to Stilton cheese actually pre-dates this and was in William Stukeleys Itinerarium Curiosum, Letter V. The recipe for a Stilton cheese was published by Richard Bradley, first Professor of Botany at Cambridge University in his 1726 book A General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening. Bradley records a letter from a correspondent, John Warner, which states the cheese is made in Stilton, Blue Stiltons distinctive blue veins are created by piercing the crust of the cheese with stainless steel needles, allowing air into the core. The manufacturing and ripening process takes approximately nine to twelve weeks, for cheese to use the name Stilton, it must be made in one of the three counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire, and must use pasteurised local milk. The manufacturers of Stilton cheese in these counties applied for and received Protected Geographical Status in 1996, as of September 2016 just six dairies are licensed to make Stilton, each being subject to regular audit by an independent inspection agency accredited to European Standard EN45011. Four of the dairies are based in the Vale of Belvoir. Another Leicestershire dairy was located in the grounds of Quenby Hall near the village of Hungarton, Quenby Hall restarted Stilton production in a new dairy in August 2005 but the business folded in 2011. Two former employees set up the Hartington Creamery at Pikehall in Hartington parish which was licensed in 2014, Stilton cheese cannot be produced in the village that gave the cheese its name. Stilton village is not in the three permitted counties, it is in the county of Cambridgeshire, and in the historic county of Huntingdonshire. The Original Cheese Company applied to Defra to amend the Stilton PDO to include the village, to be called Blue Stilton, a cheese must, Be made only in the three counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire from local milk, which is pasteurised before use. Form its own crust or coat, contain delicate blue veins radiating from the centre. Have a taste profile typical of Stilton, minimum 48% milk fat in the dry matter Stilton has a typical fat content of approximately 35%, and protein content of approximately 23%. A number of cheeses are made in a similar way to Blue Stilton. These cheeses get their blue veins and distinct flavour from the use of one or more saprotrophic fungi such as Penicillium roqueforti and Penicillium glaucum
16.
Pork pie
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A pork pie is a traditional British cold meat pie. It consists of chopped pork and pork jelly sealed in a hot water crust pastry. It is normally eaten as a snack or with a salad, the common pie uses cured meat, giving the inside filling a pink colour. They are often produced in moulds or forms, giving the outside of the pie a very regular shape and it is easier, simpler and cheaper to produce in volume, and hence the more common choice for commercial manufacturers. An annual pork pie competition is held in April at The Old Bridge Inn, Ripponden, the Melton Mowbray pork pie is named after Melton Mowbray, a town in Leicestershire. Melton pies became popular among fox hunters in the area in the eighteenth century. The uncured meat of a Melton pie is grey in colour when cooked, the pie is made with a hand-formed crust, giving the pie a slightly irregular shape after baking. As the pies are baked free-standing, the sides bow outwards, a common variation on the common pork pie is the gala pie, a pie in which the pork is mixed with chicken and with a hard boiled egg in the centre. Gala pies are baked in long, loaf-type tins, with multiple eggs arranged along the centre. The so-called long egg in Gala pies is actually made of several eggs, the yolks are separated from the whites and the yolks are then poured into a long tube-shaped mould in which they are cooked. The hard yolk is removed from the mould then put inside a larger tube-shaped mould, the whole thing is then cooked again to harden the whites around the yolk. This is then removed from the mould thus producing one very long hard-boiled egg, a picnic pie is commonly available as smaller varieties and ideal for picnics, usually with additional ingredients added to the pork and jelly filling mixture. Fillings added to the pork include apples, pickles and bacon, in some cases the solid pastry top is replaced by a pastry lattice, allowing the meat filling to be seen. A recent development is to have a layer of Branston pickle inserted under the lattice crust, occasionally the top crust is dispensed with altogether in favour of a layer of cranberries sealed into place with aspic jelly. The Melton Mobray Pork Pie Association, an association of pie makers The Pork Pie Appreciation Society Photos showing the steps in constructing a large pork pie Pork pie in What Am I Eating
17.
Ab Kettleby
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It is situated 3 miles southeast of the border with Nottinghamshire. The village is situated 460 feet above sea level, the neighbouring hamlets of Wartnaby and Holwell form part of the civil parish of Ab Kettleby. A Roman mosaic and pavement were found beneath the present churchyard, Ab Kettleby was first recorded in the Domesday Book as Chetelbi. Ab Kettleby is of Danish origin, its meaning is Ketils homestead later differentiated from Eye Kettleby by Ab, the name Wartnaby is also of Danish origin, meaning Waerenoths homestead. The name Holwell however is of Old English origin meaning spring or stream in a hollow and this may refer to the spring at Holwell Mouth which is close to the Six Hills to Eastwell road. St. Jamess Church has a Norman font, and a memorial to Everard Digby one of the Gunpowder plotters, the remains of the villa, and a ditch running from north to south underneath the nave have caused serious structural problems for the church. The church closed in 2006 due to its problems and, following the raising of over £250,000 for repairs. The church was built in the 13th century but restored in 1852-3. St Michaels Church, Wartnaby was built in the 13th century and it has a double bellcote with a saddleback roof on the tower and medieval wall painting inside. Iron ore was obtained in all three parts of the parish, Holwell was the most important centre. Iron ore was first quarried to the north of Holwell on the side of the narrow part of Landyke Lane in 1875 and continued in various places to the north. From 1931 until 1943 iron ore was mined rather than quarried east of Browns Hill, the mine was a drift mine and the tunnel emerged from the north side of the hill in 1943. Quarrying was resumed at that point and continued until 1962, the last quarrying took place close to the road to Scalford Hall. Quarrying was done by hand with the help of explosives at first, the first quarrying machine was a petrol parrafin digger introduced in 1930. The first diesel digger arrived in 1943 and this branch transported the ore from Holwell as well as some of that from Eaton. The Holwell company built their own iron works close to the Holwell Branch which operated from 1881, the works was called Holwell Works because it was built by the Holwell Company but was actually at Asfordby Hill. The quarries and the mine fed the standard gauge line by means of narrow gauge tramways and these were at first worked by gravity or horses, but diesel locomotives were introduced in 1933. The tramways were replaced by lorries in 1948, part of the quarry area has been smoothed over
18.
Barkestone-le-Vale
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Barkestone-le-Vale is a village in the northeast of Leicestershire, England. The population is included in the parish of Redmile. The village originated as a 7th-century settlement, and is mentioned as a parish in the 1086 Domesday Book and it is now part of the parish that includes Redmile and Plungar. There are 120 dwellings in Barkestone-le-Vale, the village used to have a small primary school, which was closed in the late 1980s. At the time of its closure it had 11 pupils, the school building has been converted for residential use. The Church of St. Peter and St. Paul dates back at least as far as 1639, the church was restored in 1840. There is a farm house, which lay derelict for many years. The former mill house has also converted to residential use. A number of lead to the village, one of them connecting it to Belvoir Castle. The rural nature of the area makes it suitable for bird-watching, some species that may be observed in the countryside surrounding the village are buzzards, quail, and reed and sedge warblers
19.
Plungar
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Plungar is a village in the Melton district of Leicestershire, England. It is situated approximately 9 miles north from the town of Melton Mowbray,7 miles west from Grantham. The village forms part of the parish of Redmile. In 1936 the adjoining parishes of Barkestone and Redmile were merged with Plungar to form the parish of Redmile. The parish, sometimes known as Barkestone, Plungar and Redmile, had a population of 829 in 2001. To the east of Plungar, in the county of Nottinghamshire, is the site of the disused RAF Plungar. A plaque at Plungar is dedicated to the crew of six of a Lancaster bomber which crashed near Plungar in 1943, an obelisk memorial to the dead of the First and Second World Wars is on Harby Road, Plungar. The parish church of St Helen dates from the 14th century with additions in the 15th. The church was repaired in 1829, and rebuilding work in 1855–56 added a chapel, the church was listed as Grade II* in 1968. The village public house is The Anchor, close to the Grantham Canal, in 1870 Plungar was a village and civil parish, and part of the district of Bingham. Parish area was 1,310 acres with a population of 251, at the time a Wesleyan chapel was recorded. A number of Plungar children were educated at a school in Barkestone. The school was of two rooms with a house for a master and mistress. In 1830 the school had taught 14 children from Barkestone, and 12 from Plungar, the lord of the manor was the Duke of Rutland. There was also the curate and a gentleman. Media related to Plungar, Leicestershire at Wikimedia Commons Barkestone Plungar & Redmile Parish Council web site, Leicestershire and Rutland Parish Councils Plungar, Genuki
20.
Redmile
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Redmile is a village and civil parish in the Melton district of Leicestershire, England, about 10 miles north of Melton Mowbray and 7 miles west of Grantham. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 921. The parish lies in the Vale of Belvoir close to the county boundary with Nottinghamshire to the west, other nearby places are Bottesford, Belvoir, and Stathern. In 1936 the adjoining parishes of Barkestone and Plungar were merged into Redmile. Redmile has a Church of England primary school with about 70 pupils, the original national school opened in 1839. It was rebuilt on the site in 1871, then extended with new classrooms in 1999 and 2001. The most recent Ofsted report, in October 2013, found the school outstanding in all five of the criteria of assessment. The parish is now served by the Vale of Belvoir Team, the building is Grade II* listed. It dates mainly from the 14th century, with additions and restorations in the 15th century, three of the gravestones in the churchyard are also listed. Dating from the late 17th century, they are examples of a type known as Belvoir Angels. One of them is dated 1690, making it the oldest such stone in the Vale itself, the former Methodist Chapel, built in 1869, is now a private residence. There are ten listed buildings in the village, some dating back to the 17th century. Redmile has two pub/restaurants, the Peacock Inn and the Windmill Inn, the 18th-century Peacock also has bed-and-breakfast accommodation. The Windmill featured as the Kings Oak in a number of scenes for the 2001 revival of a television soap Crossroads. It also appeared as a location in the BBC1 TV sitcom series Kiss Me Kate, the village has a weekday daytime bus service to Melton Mowbray and Bottesford. Redmile and Belvoir railway station opened in 1879 but closed to passengers in 1951, the Grantham Canal to Nottingham opened in 1797 and closed in 1936. Short sections have reopened for leisure craft. Thomas Daffy, who became rector of Redmile in 1666, was the inventor of the patent medicine Daffys Elixir in about 1647, the Leicestershire cricketer Frederic Geeson was born in Redmile
21.
Belvoir, Leicestershire
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Belvoir /ˈbiːvər/ BEE-vər is a village and civil parish in the Melton district of Leicestershire, England. It is close to the county boundary with Lincolnshire, the nearest town being Grantham,8 miles east of the village, the parish includes the villages of Belvoir, Knipton and Harston. Nearby places outside the parish are Woolsthorpe by Belvoir, Redmile, the village is the site of Belvoir Castle, which stands on a prominent spur jutting northwards into the Vale of Belvoir. Media related to Belvoir, Leicestershire at Wikimedia Commons
22.
Buckminster
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Richard Buckminster Bucky Fuller was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, and inventor. Fuller published more than 30 books, coining or popularizing terms such as Spaceship Earth, ephemeralization and he also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres, Fuller was the second World President of Mensa from 1974 to 1983. Fuller was born on July 12,1895, in Milton, Massachusetts, the son of Richard Buckminster Fuller and Caroline Wolcott Andrews and he spent much of his youth on Bear Island, in Penobscot Bay off the coast of Maine. He often made items from materials he found in the woods and he experimented with designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small boats. Later in life, Fuller took exception to the term invention, Fuller earned a machinists certification, and knew how to use the press brake, stretch press, and other tools and equipment used in the sheet metal trade. Fuller attended Milton Academy in Massachusetts, and after that studying at Harvard College. He was expelled from Harvard twice, first for spending all his money partying with a vaudeville troupe, by his own appraisal, he was a non-conforming misfit in the fraternity environment. Between his sessions at Harvard, Fuller worked in Canada as a mechanic in a textile mill, and later as a laborer in the meat-packing industry. He also served in the U. S. Navy in World War I, as a radio operator, as an editor of a publication. After discharge, he worked again in the packing industry. In 1917, he married Anne Hewlett, Buckminster Fuller recalled 1927 as a pivotal year of his life. His daughter Alexandra had died in 1922 of complications from polio, Fuller dwelled on her death, suspecting that it was connected with the Fullers damp and drafty living conditions. This provided motivation for Fullers involvement in Stockade Building Systems, a business which aimed to provide affordable, in 1927, at age 32, Fuller lost his job as president of Stockade. The Fuller family had no savings, and the birth of their daughter Allegra in 1927 added to the financial challenges, Fuller drank heavily and reflected upon the solution to his familys struggles on long walks around Chicago. During the autumn of 1927, Fuller contemplated suicide, so that his family could benefit from an insurance payment. Fuller said that he had experienced a profound incident which would provide direction and he felt as though he was suspended several feet above the ground enclosed in a white sphere of light. A voice spoke directly to Fuller, and declared, From now on you need never await temporal attestation to your thought and you do not have the right to eliminate yourself
23.
Croxton Kerrial
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Croxton Kerrial is a village and civil parish in the Melton borough of Leicestershire, England. It is 6.6 miles to the south-west of Grantham and 7.9 miles north-east of Melton Mowbray –0.5 miles west of Leicestershires boundary with Lincolnshire. The civil parish of Croxton Kerrial, which includes the hamlet of Branston, had a population of 490 in 2001. In medieval times, Croxton Abbey, a Premonstratensian house, lay within the locality, lying across the historic county boundaries of Leicestershire and Lincolnshire from a very early time, Croxton Kerrial once formed an ancient parish within the hundred of Framland. Croxton Kerrial can be described as an area, with the highest point within the locality being 500 ft above sea level. Much of the land surrounding Croxton Kerrial is arable, and has used as farmland for centuries. Nearby places are Knipton and Harston, Belvoir Castle, Hungerton, Eaton and Sproxton, south Croxton is a separate village and civil parish in the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire, named with reference to its situation south of Croxton Kerrial. Croxton Kerrial Church of England Primary School converted to academy status in 2013 under the Leicester Diocese Charitable Trust, an Ofsted report in June 2015 graded the school as good. A local landmark is the Croxton Water Spout, part of an old water system sourced from a spring which was refurbished in 2003 as part of the Millennium celebrations. The local Anglican church – part of the Diocese of Leicester – is dedicated to both Saint Botolph and Saint John the Baptist, there is a former Methodist chapel in the village. South-west of the village at grid reference SK814265 is the disused Croxton Park racecourse and its last meeting was held on 2 April 1914. Croxton Kerrial currently has one football team, CK Dons. Croxton also has a Sunday cricket team, which plays in the GMCA Division 3, Croxton Kerrial, a Leicestershirevillages. com community forum
24.
Branston, Leicestershire
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Branston is a village in the civil parish of Croxton Kerrial and Branston, in Leicestershire, England. It is geographically situated 1 mile north from the A607 road,7 miles south-west from Grantham and 7 miles north-east from Melton Mowbray, the village is at the southern edge of the Vale of Belvoir, and 3 miles south-west from Belvoir Castle. Knipton Reservoir is 700 yards to the north, the population is included in the civil parish of Croxton Kerrial. In the 1086 Domesday account Branston is referred to as Brantestone in the Framland Hundred of north-east Leicestershire and it had 21 households,10 villagers,1 smallholder 6 freemen and 4 slaves, with a meadow of 16 acres and 2 mills. In 1066 Leofnoth of Branston was Lord of the Manor, after 1086 this transferred to Ralph of Kimcote, the Grade II* listed Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Guthlac, originating in the 13th century with alterations up the 15th. New chancel and nave roofs were added in 1895-96 by George Frederick Bodley and Thomas Garner, further Grade II listed buildings are three 18th-century farmhouses, the early 19th-century Old Rectory, and the Village Hall dating from 1843. Iron ore was quarried in two parts of Eastwell, the first was north of the village on the east side of the Barkestone Road. Ore was first obtained in 1915 and the quarrying worked its way southwards, the ore was taken by narrow gauge tramway to the tipping dock at the terminus of the Great Northern Railway Eaton Branch from where it was taken away by railway. The quarries were worked by hand with the aid of explosives at first, a steam digger was introduced in 1923 and diesel diggers in 1936. The tramway was worked by steam locomotives, the second set of quarries was to the west of the village on either side of the Eaton Road. A tramway bridge had been constructed on the road to Lings Hill ready for a new quarry east of the road to be started, quarrying was first done with the aid of steam diggers but diesel machines wre introduced from 1936 onwards. The ore was taken away by steam operated narrow gauge tramway via Eastwell, media related to Branston, Leicestershire at Wikimedia Commons Branston, Genuki. org. uk. Retrieved 4 July 2012 Branston Leicestershire, A Vision of Britain through Time, retrieved 4 July 2012 Croxton Kerrial and Branston Parish Council Croxton Kerrial CP, United Kingdom Census 2001, Statistics. gov. uk
25.
Eaton, Leicestershire
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Eaton is a village and civil parish in Leicestershire, England. It is situated in the Vale of Belvoir and its current population is about 900 people, the population at the 2011 census was 648. Eaton has a church, a hall, a public house called The Castle, a childrens park. The civil parish includes nearby Eastwell, which is to the west of the village, the land surrounding Eaton has at least ten known springs and is the source of the River Devon. It is full of sandstone and in the past a large quarry was formed outside the village, the quarry has since become a woodland area. The land is full of iron ore and was a famous source of iron during the 1800s. The railway bridge under which the iron was transported is still in Eaton today, the church in Eaton is Saint Denys Church, which mostly dates back to the 13th century. Unusually the spire is built of ironstone, the public house in Eaton is The Castle, which serves food and is also a registered campsite. It is also one of the only pubs in England to have a village shop built on the side of it. Eaton also has a hall which was built in 1952. Like most ancient villages Eaton has a few local legends, probably the most famous is the phantom cat which stalks the surrounding countryside at night. There have been over 300 recorded sightings of the cat, said to be a black panther, over 2001 to 2002, people believe there must be more than one cat in the area and there have been sightings of dead herons and dead lambs found in trees. There are also plenty of hiding places for the cats as there are stretches of abandoned railway now covered in trees. The other local story is that of Ash Tree Operations, according to locals, back in the 17th century a band of vigilantes formed an organisation called Ash Tree Operations and built a huge underground hideout somewhere in the Eaton countryside. The entrance to this was an ash tree which gave the organisation its name. The reason this band was formed was that in the 17th century Eaton was a haunt for criminals from the surrounding villages and there were many murders. Eaton was considered too desolate for the police to get involved so ten local men formed Ash Tree Operations and became vigilantes, the incumbents reply to the Articles of Inquiry for the Ecclesiastical Revenues Commission in 1832. Robert Walker, the vicar, gives the population of Eaton as 350 and he was admitted in October 1814
26.
Eastwell, Leicestershire
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Eastwell is a village and ecclesiastical parish in Leicestershire, England. For the purposes of administration Eastwell is part of the parish of Eaton that, in turn. Eastwell lost its own parish status in 1936. Its population in 1931 was recorded as 152, the 1851 census had recorded 158 so the village had not suffered the rural depopulation seen elsewhere. Further back in time, Eastwell is in the Hundred of Framland,6 miles north by East from Melton, the sole proprietor is the duke of Rutland, who has a seat called Eastwell hall. Lord Huntingtower is lord of the manor, the king is patron of the rectory, which has a glebe of 36 acres. The rector receives 85 pounds yearly in lieu of tithes, Eastwell Church is built of ironstone. It dates mostly from the thirteenth century, from the early 14th century to the mid 16th century, Eastwell was the seat of one branch of the Brabazon family. The Hall is a Grade II* listed building It dates from 1634 but has windows, a new Eastwell Village Hall is being built. It is scheduled for a mid-April opening, one factor which may have maintained the population was the extensive iron ore quarrying which took place in the western and southern parts of the parish. Quarrying began west of the road to Harby at the top of the scarp face, quarrying continued at Eastwell. The Eaton and Branston quarries that the tramway served closed in 1957. The last quarry to be worked at Eastwell was on the east side of the Waltham Road, the quarrying was done by hand with the aid of explosives at first but steam diggers were introduced from 1915 and diesel machines from 1936
27.
Freeby
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Freeby is a village and civil parish in the Melton district of Leicestershire, England, about three miles east of Melton Mowbray. The parish has a population of about 300, the population at the 2011 census was measured at 244. As well as the village of Freeby the parish includes the villages of Saxby, Wyfordby, Brentingby, Isaac Watts would have preached at the Congregational Church. This did not become the United Reformed Church until early 1970s, the village was once a part of Melton Mowbray parish. At the time of Edward the Confessor it was known as Fretheby and it was referred to as Frieby as late as 1816. All the properties, except the United Reformed Church, still belong to the Freeby estate and it was granted as a manor to Hugh Despencer in the 13th century and is still a manor estate. The estate later passed to Lord de Ros, presumably at the demise of the Despensers, in 1568 the lord of the manor of Freeby was Edward, 3rd Earl of Rutland. Thirty years later the manor passed to Thomas Hartopp of that ancient family of Leicestershire, Sir John Hartopp, 3rd Baronet became M. P. for Leicestershire, employed the non-conformist Isaac Watts and left an endowment for the education of dissenting ministers. The estate was sold by Sir J. W. Cradock Hartopp, Bart. to Mr. Daniel Thwaites upon whose death in 1888 it passed to his daughter, Elma Amy. The estate was part of many owned by Mrs Yerburgh. Mrs. Yerburgh died in 1946 and from 1955 the estates and brewery were managed separately from adjacent offices at Eanam, the buildings in the village show a certain similarity of age and construction commensurate with estate management. This can be seen in window frames and doors, the use of ironstone, at the T junction to the west of the village, set upon a bank, is a terrace of six houses known as Sykes Row. The red brick and tiled roof construction with decorative window arches are striking, ivy House Farm, the Old Barn and Woodbine Cottage are opposite and as the road dips down into the village the church can be glimpsed behind the mature trees that border its north and west walls. As the visitor proceeds along the road such cottages as Primrose, Highfield and Laburnum Cottage grace the sides with their red brick and tile construction. Further along Manor Farm and Glen Farm, working farms, display wonderful building features such as working sash windows, the Manor Farmhouse is Grade 2 listed. Since 1994 Freeby has been under the protection of the Freeby Conservation Area which covers 3.38 hectares sand was designated by Melton Borough Council. The settlement is relatively unspoilt as a village, certainly worthy of preservation and its buildings. Most of the village, other than some farm buildings, are encompassed in the conservation area, the church dates from the 14th Century and is a grade one listed building mostly in the Early English style
28.
Frisby on the Wreake
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Frisby on the Wreake is a village located near Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire, England. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 557. The name of the village was coined by Danish invaders in the 9th or 10th centuries, the on the Wreake suffix was added later to distinguish the village from another Frisby, near Billesdon, about 8 mi to the south east. Wreake refers to the River Wreake, the name of the river has its origins in a Danish word referring to the meandering nature of the river. The oldest building in the village is the Anglican church, Saint Thomas of Canterbury, at the time of its foundation the main road from Leicester to Melton Mowbray passed through the village, entering from Hoby with Rotherby to the south and leaving by Kirby Bellars to the north. The village was bypassed to the east when the turnpike, now the primary route A607, was built in the 18th century, the new route passed a medieval cross that was perhaps a preaching place in early medieval times. This is still visible, though it is eroded and damaged. There is another medieval market cross in the village centre, Frisby Mill was situated on the River Wreake and was operating at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086. The mill was rebuilt several times, though fell into disuse at the beginning of the 20th century, the channels to divert the river water to the mill may still be seen in the fields to the northwest of the village. Farming was organised on the field system. Each landowner was awarded a series of strips in the three different fields and this ensured everyone shared the best and worst land. The remains of the strips can still be seen, over a thousand years since they were first created, when the great fields were enclosed in the late 18th century, landowners were compensated by the award of blocks of land. The poorer owners often sold their holdings, which were very small. The existing farms in the fields were all created at this time. Originally the village lands were all worked from homes in the village itself, as in many other Leicestershire villages, the new, consolidated blocks of land were planted with hawthorn hedges, Thus, most hedges between the Frisby fields are not more than 250 years old. Those by the roadside and along the boundary are likely to be much older, as these were the lines that marked the medieval limits of the parish. In the 18th century the village enjoyed a period of notoriety when the local clergyman agreed to marry couples from some distance away. This was at a time when wedding ceremonies were closely controlled by the church and it is likely that many of the marriages of couples from elsewhere went against the agreement of close relatives
29.
Gaddesby
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Gaddesby is a village and civil parish in the Melton borough of Leicestershire, England. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 762. It is located around 5.5 miles southwest of Melton Mowbray and 8 miles northeast of Leicester, recent housing development has made Gaddesby a popular, rural dormitory for Leicester. Gaddesbys name is derived from the Old Norse words gaddr and by and it is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Gadesbi, a mainly pastoral village with a mill, within the hundred of Goscote. St. Lukes Church was originally built as a Norman chapel - a single space without a tower and it was part of the soke of Rothley from the tenth century. The two aisles, North and South, the tower and the Chancel were added in the thirteenth century and elaborated in the next two hundred years. The church is reputed to have some of the finest examples of fourteenth century stonework in the country which adorn the South West corner on the outside of the Knights Templars chapel, the oak pews in the nave are probably fifteenth century and the limestone font dates from 1320. There is a peal of eight bells, the earliest dated 1562, the size of the church attests to the importance of the village during the period of its development. Gaddesby had grown as a result of the importance of the industry in East Leicestershire. Indeed, it had a market and an annual fair from the fourteenth century. As the wool industry declined and the Western half of the county rose in prominence during the Industrial Revolution so Gaddesby settled back into being a rural backwater. Gaddesby Hall was built on the site of a house called Paske Hall which was surrounded by a moat. This old Hall was pulled down in 1744 and the present Hall erected, the houses in the village formed part of the estate of Gaddesby Hall. Over the years the Hall had several owners including the Nedham, Ayre, the estate was put up for sale in 1917 at which time the celebrated statue of Colonel Cheney was moved into St. Lukes. After suffering neglect and from its use by the American Armed Forces during the Second World War the Hall was reduced in size, the village had many springs, and there are still two water pumps in Chapel Lane. On the corner of Chapel Lane and Cross Street a large boulder called the stone marks a spot from which John Wesley is reputed to have preached. The Methodist chapel was demolished in 1966, many listed and older properties, including former hunting lodges, still exist. An old windmill remains just outside Gaddesby
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Garthorpe, Leicestershire
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Garthorpe is a village and civil parish in Leicestershire, England, in the Melton district. It is about five miles east of Melton Mowbray, the parish includes the villages of Garthorpe and Coston, and is near Saxby, Wymondham, Buckminster and Sproxton. The parish has a population of about 100, the civil parish had a population of 418 at the 2011 census
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Grimston, Leicestershire
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Grimston is a village and civil parish in the Melton District, in the English county of Leicestershire. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 294. Grimston has a pub, a place of worship and once had a station called Grimston railway station. The 13th-century parish church of St John the Baptist, restored in 1856, is a Grade II* listed building
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Goadby Marwood
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Goadby Marwood is a village in the north of the English county of Leicestershire. It is about 6 miles north of Melton Mowbray and a few miles from the Vale of Belvoir, the population is included in the civil parish of Eaton. Most of the houses are built from locally mined ironstone and some, including Goadby Hall, there is only one road into, and out of, the village. Goadby Marwood has no house or shop, but has a post office with limited opening hours. In the 1950s the remains of a Roman villa were discovered in a field on the ridge of a hill overlooking the village, named the Wycomb Villa it was field-walked in 1979,1981 and 1985 and numerous tesserae were found. In 2002 a resistivity survey showed the position of the villa walls, excavations in 2003 and 2004 found pottery fragments, part of a mortarium, a number of wall foundations, and building debris. One room was found to have a hypocaust, and a area of complete mosaic was uncovered. The mosaic was dated to the fourth century, and other finds indicated that the site as a whole had been occupied from the late first century. Goadby Marwood Village website Some details Map sources for Goadby Marwood
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Harby, Leicestershire
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Harby is a village and civil parish in the English county of Leicestershire. Harby is in the far north-east of the county in the Vale of Belvoir,9.4 miles north of the town of Melton Mowbray, the population at the 2011 census was included in the civil parish of Clawson, Hose and Harby. Although the village is in Leicestershire, the county town of Leicester is 21.4 miles away, the village is situated on the south side of the Grantham Canal. Apart from Harby in Leicestershire there is a Harby, Nottinghamshire, Hårby in Denmark, the seat of the Duke of Rutland, Belvoir Castle is 6 miles north east from Harby. Harby has a post office, village shop and cafe, all located at the garage on Nether Street. The village was served by Harby and Stathern railway station, opened in 1879, Harby is on the now-defunct Grantham Canal. A wharf was used to ship grain from the village mill on Colston Lane. Harby is in the Rutland and Melton constituency, the current Member of Parliament is Alan Duncan. Harby shares its parish council with Long Clawson, Leicestershire. The borough council is Melton Borough Council, and the county council is Leicestershire County Council, old names for the village include Hereby, Herdby, Hedeby, and Harteby. The first element Har either derives from the old Scandinavian hiorth meaning herd, flock or the old Norse personal name Herrothr, the second element is the old Scandinavian by meaning a village or homestead. The Domesday book of 1086 listed Harby as part of the possessions of and he owned 17 carucates of land at Harby. In the time of Edward the Confessor it was 14 ploughs, three of these carucates were held directly by Robert with 8 slaves. 13 of the ploughs were leased to 24 freemen,7 villagers and 3 smallholders, There were meadows measuring 5 furlongs long and 5 furlongs wide. This land now brought in £5 a year, it used to be £4, Robert de Bucy owns 1 carucute of land at Harby and leases it to Gerard. The land takes 1 plough to work it, Gerard sub-leases it to 2 freeman and 3 smallholders. In 1622 William Burton described Harby on page 127 of his book The Description of Leicester Shire, Harby, in olde deedes written Herdeby in the Hundred of Framland, standing in the Vale of Bever upon the border of Nottinghamshire. Yeere of Edward the third, William Lord Ros, and John de Oreby held lands heere, yeere of Edward the third, Roger Delaware was Lord of this Mannor
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Hoby with Rotherby
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Hoby with Rotherby is a civil parish in Leicestershire, England. In the 2001 census it had a population of 594, reducing to 556 at the time of the 2011 census and it includes the villages of Hoby, Rotherby, Ragdale and Brooksby. The parish is part of Melton local government district, and within the Rutland and they have been growing on the site since 1988, producing top quality plants. They also grow for local garden centres, nurseries, landscapers and designers offering a range of hardy plants. Media related to Hoby with Rotherby at Wikimedia Commons Leicestershire Parish Councils, Hoby with Rotherby
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Kirby Bellars
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Kirby Bellars is a village and civil parish near Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire, England. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 369. The village is recorded in the Domesday Book under the name of Chirchebi, the ancient Church of England parish church, dedicated to Saint Peter, is built of ironstone and has a tall spire. It is now a Grade I listed building, station, 2¾ miles WSW of Melton-Mowbray. The manor belongs to the Rev. E. Manners, Kirby Park was a hunting seat of Sir Francis Burdett, Bart. and is now occupied by a farmer. A college, for a warden and twelve priests, was founded in the parish, by Roger de Beler, in 1319, fossil bones of elephants and other animals were found in 1821. The parish is a meet for the Quorndon hounds, the living is a p. curacy in the diocese of Peterborough. The church is handsome, and has a tower, with lofty spire, part of the district of Melton, Kirby Bellars also has its own elected parish council. The Village Hall in the Main Street, opposite to Hunters Rise, is used for local purposes. The pub is called The Flying Childers after the undefeated 18th century racehorse, in Gaddesby Lane are the kennels of the Quorn Hunt, which claims to be the most famous fox hunt in the United Kingdom. Near the village is an area called Priory Lakes, where the Leicestershire Wildfowlers Association has its office. The Kirby Bellars Group of Artists has existed since the 1980s, Kirby Bellars at leicestershirevillages. com Kirby Bellars at meltononline. co. uk Kirby Bellars maps and photos at francisfrith. com
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Scalford
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Scalford is a village and civil parish in the Melton borough of Leicestershire, England. It lies 4 miles to the north of Melton Mowbray at the end of the Vale of Belvoir. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 608, the name of the village is derived from Old English and originally meant shallow ford. In addition to Scalford village, the parish includes two hamlets, Wycomb and Chadwell. The latter has a tiny C of E church, St Marys, the church is again used for services, the nearest alternative places of C of E worship being the churches in Chadwell and Waltham on the Wolds. The Vicar is responsible for a number of parishes in addition to Scalford. The church hosts weddings, Christenings and funerals, the village hall is available for after event meetings or receptions as is the local Kings Arms pub. The church is available as a public space for choral and music recitals, art exhibitions. The Scalford Methodist Church, built in 1844 and recently redecorated throughout, has its own minister, is active and is currently the only place of weekly Christian worship in Scalford. It is a picturesque setting for weddings as all the internal pine pews, organ, fixtures. It serves an area extending into the Vale of Belvoir and has members from Eastwell to the north, Waltham on the Wolds to the east, Ab Kettleby to the west, and Melton Mowbray to the south. It hosts a group every term-time morning, has a luncheon club monthly on Fridays. Services and other services for festivals. It is unusual in that it has a garden and its own cemetery and it also hosts choir rehearsal sessions, the Womens Institute meetings and from time to time Scout and Guide weekends. There are war graves at the chapel and also at the church also has a fine war memorial to the first. Fund raising takes place also at the Village Hall, like many villages, Scalford has lost a number of industries and amenities over the years. There used to be a dairy which produced Stilton cheese, three bakers, a blacksmith, stonemasons, builders, a shoemender, a range of shops, a garage and a second pub, The Plough, all now gone. There were also flourishing brickyards around 1875 to 1930 and bricks with the Scalford imprint burned in can still be found, the masters house remains and is called Lion House after the company name
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Somerby, Leicestershire
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Somerby is a small village and civil parish 5 1⁄2 miles south of Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 812. Somerby is a country village containing a parish church, a primary school, a Doctors surgery, a pub, a small shop/post office. The population is close to 500, the surrounding countryside is very attractive and is often referred to as High Leicestershire. Much of the Parish is several hundred feet above sea level, although predominately a rural community there are a significant number of successful business enterprises in the local area. During World War II, the village was used as a station and testing ground for Operation Market Garden. John O Gaunt Media related to Somerby, Leicestershire at Wikimedia Commons
