1.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
2.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
3.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
4.
Eric Adams (politician)
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Eric Leroy Adams is the Borough President of Brooklyn, New York City. On November 5,2013, Adams was elected Brooklyn Borough President, prior to his election to the New York State Senate, Adams served as a police officer in the New York City Police Department for 22 years. Adams graduated from the New York City Police Academy in 1984 as the highest ranked student of his class. He started in the New York City Transit Police and worked in the 6th Precinct in Greenwich Village, the 94th Precinct in Greenpoint, and the 88th Precinct covering Fort Greene and Clinton Hill. While serving, he co-founded 100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care, a group for black police officers. During the 1990s Adams served as president of the Grand Council of Guardians, Adams rose to prominence during the 90s, after a series of friendly fire shootings by white police officers against black officers. Eric Leroy Adams was born in Brownsville, Brooklyn on September 1,1960, Adams was raised in Bushwick, Brooklyn and South Jamaica, Queens. He attended Brooklyn Technical High School before graduating from Bayside High School. He subsequently received an A. A. from the New York City College of Technology, a B. A. from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, in 1994 Adams unsuccessfully ran against Major Owens for the 11th Congressional seat in Central Brooklyn. Adams was first elected to the New York State Senate in 2006, while a state senator, Adams served as co-chair of New Yorks State Legislators Against Illegal Guns. Adams was an opponent of the NYPDs stop and frisk policy. He has sought to stop the NYPD from gathering data about individuals who have been stopped, in 2000, the United States Commission on Civil Rights concluded the City of New York’s street-stop policy constituted racial profiling. Adams supported calling for a investigation into current stop-and-frisk practices. Adams was among the legislators who suggested a pay raise in 2008, Adams and fellow state lawmakers wore hooded sweatshirts in the legislative chamber on March 12,2012, in protest of the shooting of Trayvon Martin, a Florida teen who was killed by George Zimmerman. On December 2,2009, Adams was one of the 24 senators to vote in favor of equality in New York State. Adams spoke in support of the freedom to marry during the debate before the vote, on November 5,2013, Adams was elected Brooklyn borough president with 90.8 percent of the vote, more than any other candidate for borough president that year. Adams, in his role as Brooklyn borough president, appoints the members of each of the 18 Community Boards in Brooklyn, members of community boards represent their neighbors in matters dealing with land use and specific neighborhood needs. Under the New York City Charter, borough presidents must submit Uniform Land Use Review Procedure recommendations on certain uses of land throughout their borough, Adams has introduced policy initiatives on a broad range of issues, Adams formed a partnership with flowthings
5.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
6.
Gale Brewer
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Gale Arnot Brewer is the 27th and current Borough President of the New York City borough of Manhattan and a Democratic politician from the state of New York. She used to be a member of the New York City Council, where she represented the Upper West Side and she was elected Manhattan Borough President on November 5,2013. Brewer obtained her undergraduate degrees from Bennington College and Columbia University and she then earned her Master of Public Administration degree from Harvard Universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government. From 1975 to 1978, Brewer served as director of scheduling for Mary Anne Krupsak, from 1978 to 1990, she was chief of staff to then-New York City Council member Ruth Messinger. From 1990 to 1994, Brewer was director of the New York City Office of Federal Relations in New York in the administration of David Dinkins, from 1994 to 1998, she was Deputy Public Advocate for Intergovernmental Affairs under Mark J. Green. Brewer then served as Project Manager for the NYC Nonprofits Project and worked with the Telesis Corporation and she was a member of Manhattans Community Board 7 and Chair of the New York State chapter of the National Womens Political Caucus. In 2000, she was cited by the New York Daily News as #20 of 50 New Yorkers to Watch, Brewer began serving on the New York City Council in 2002. In each re-election vote in 2003,2005, and 2009, Brewer chaired the Select Committee on Technology in Government from 2002 to 2009 and remains a member of that committee. The report was one of numerous initiatives and events implemented by the Select Committee, which included roundtables, conferences, hearings, Brewer chairs the Committee on Governmental Operations. Other committees on which Council Member Brewer serves include, Aging, Finance, General Welfare, Higher Education, Housing & Buildings, Mental Health, Technology, Transportation, and Waterfronts. In addition, she co-chairs the Manhattan Delegation, sits on the Councils Budget Negotiating Team, Gale also sits on the New York Academy of Medicines Age-Friendly Board. Brewer was ineligible to run for re-election to the City Council in 2013 because of term limits, in February 2013 Brewer announced she would run for Manhattan Borough President. On September 10,2013, Brewer won the Democratic primary, Brewer won the general election on Tuesday, November 5,2013 and assumed office on January 1,2014. Brewer is married to Cal Snyder, official Manhattan Borough President Website Friends of Gale Brewer Gale Brewer Facebook Page Gale Brewer Twitter Profile
7.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
8.
Melinda Katz
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Melinda R. Katz is an American politician from New York City who is currently the Queens Borough President. Katz was a New York City Councilwoman from 2002 to 2009 and she left politics in 2009 to work at Greenberg Traurig, a law firm where she specializes in government affairs and land use. In 2012, she announced her return to politics with a run for Queens Borough President in 2013 and she had previously run for City Comptroller in 2009. Melinda Katz grew up in Forest Hills, Queens, and still there with her two children, fathered through IVF by radio personality and founder of the Guardian Angels Curtis Sliwa. On February 14,2015, the New York Daily News reported they had separated on Election Day 2014 two years after they had announced plans to marry and she comes from a Jewish family with a long history of civic involvement. Her father, the late Maestro David Katz, was founder of the Queens Symphony Orchestra in 1953, and her mother, the late Jeanne Dale Katz, founded the Queens Council on the Arts. Katz graduated from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she was named a Commonwealth Scholar and she was recruited by the law firm Weil, Gotshal & Manges, where she worked as an associate for several years before running for the New York State Assembly. In 1995 the New York Daily News named her one of the one hundred up-and-coming young leaders for the 21st Century, as chair of the committee, Katz oversaw the rezoning of 6,000 city blocks, including the Greenpoint-Williamsburg rezoning in 2005. During her tenure as an Assembly Member, Katz authored sixteen bills that became laws and she wrote the law requiring HMOs to provide women direct access to gynecological care without forcing them to first see a primary care physician. She also was the Chair of the Sub-committee on Urban Health, additionally, she has carried several bills to increase penalties for various forms of assault, and has been a long-time supporter of working men and women. In June 2009 she was the woman running in the Democratic Primary for New York City Comptroller. In 2012 she announced her plans to run for Queens Borough President in 2013 and she was endorsed by Congresswoman Grace Meng, Councilman Leroy Comrie and the 1199 Hospital Workers Union. Katz was in a relationship with Curtis Sliwa, the founder of the Guardian Angels, and separated from him in 2014, they have two children together, conceived in vitro over the previous five years
9.
Staten Island
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Staten Island /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ is one of the five boroughs of New York City in the U. S. state of New York. In the southwest of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park at the tip of the island. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, with a 2015 Census-estimated population of 474,558, Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third-largest in area at 58 sq mi. Staten Island is the borough of New York with a non-Hispanic White majority. The borough is coextensive with Richmond County, and until 1975 was the Borough of Richmond and its flag was later changed to reflect this. Staten Island has been called the forgotten borough by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government. The East Shore is home to the 2. 5-mile F. D. R, Boardwalk, the fourth-longest in the world. The South Shore, site of the 17th-century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement, the West Shore is the least populated and most industrial part of the island. Motor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn via the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey via the Outerbridge Crossing, Goethals Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge. Staten Island has Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus lines and an MTA rapid transit line, the Staten Island Railway, Staten Island is the only borough that is not connected to the New York City Subway system. The free Staten Island Ferry connects the borough to Manhattan and is a popular tourist attraction, providing views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. The landfill is being redeveloped as Freshkills Park, a devoted to restoring habitat. As in much of North America, human habitation appeared in the island fairly rapidly after the retreat of the ice sheet, archaeologists have recovered tool evidence of Clovis culture activity dating from about 14,000 years ago. This evidence was first discovered in 1917 in the Charleston section of the island, various Clovis artifacts have been discovered since then, on property owned by Mobil Oil. The island was abandoned later, possibly because of the extirpation of large mammals on the island. Rossville points are a type of arrowhead that defines a Native American cultural period that runs from the Archaic period to the Early Woodland period. They are named for the Rossville section of Staten Island, where they were first found near the old Rossville Post Office building, at the time of European contact, the island was inhabited by the Raritan band of the Unami division of the Lenape. In Lenape, one of the Algonquian languages, Staten Island was called Aquehonga Manacknong, meaning as far as the place of the bad woods, or Eghquhous, the area was part of the Lenape homeland known as Lenapehoking
10.
James Oddo
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James Steven Oddo is a Republican politician from Staten Island, currently serving as the Borough President of Staten Island. Born on Staten Island as the youngest of four sons in a family of city employees, James Oddo earned a B. A. from Fordham University and a J. D. from New York Law School. He started in politics by working as Chief of Staff to then-councilman John Fusco for seven years and he was first elected in February 1999 in order to fill the seat vacated by John Fusco, and has always been reelected since. After the resignation of Ognibene, he was elected Minority Leader of the City Council with the consent of the three other Republicans on the Council in 2002, on October 20,2010, he announced he would run for the office of Staten Island Borough President in 2013. On November 5,2013, he was elected to office with 48,168 votes and he outran Democratic candidate Lou Liedy, Green Party candidate Henry Bardel, and Libertarian Party candidate Silas Johnson. His percentage of 69% was the highest ever for a non-incumbent winner of the office, Councilman Oddo received attention when a video of the councilman appeared on YouTube around October 5,2007. In the video clip, Oddo is shown being interviewed by a crew from the Norwegian comedy show Rikets røst. The comedians had gained entry to councilman Oddos office by posing as TV journalists who wanted to get the view of a Republican on the upcoming U. S. presidential election, instead, the interviewer, Pia Haraldsen, played the role of an uninformed foreigner. She asked how Barack Obama could run for president, as he is not a U. S. citizen, on the aired clip, Haraldsen cannot refrain from smiling as Oddo starts swearing at and threatening the film crew. One of the crews cameras continues recording the incident, as Oddo, in a profanity-laced tirade. Oddo later apologized, stating the tirade was inappropriate but that the sentiment beneath it was entirely appropriate, Oddo supported scandal-plagued Congressman Vito Fossella stating that he knows what core is about and He is my friend. And I stand with him during the times and I stand with him during the difficult times. Fosella subsequently declined to run for re-election, NYC Council, District 50 - James S. Oddo Longer version of Norwegian show Rikets røst including more of James Oddo interview Exploding New York City Councilman Refuses To Get Punked
11.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
12.
Boroughs of New York City
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New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
13.
Government of New York City
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The government of New York City, headquartered at New York City Hall in Lower Manhattan, is organized under the New York City Charter and provides for a strong mayor-council system. The mayor is elected to a term and is responsible for the administration of city government. The New York City Council is a body consisting of 51 members, each elected from a geographic district. All elected officials are limited to a two consecutive-term limit, the court system consists of two city courts and three state courts. New York City government employs 325,000 people, more than any city in the United States and more than any U. S. state. However, each county retains its own district attorney to prosecute crimes, three main public-library systems represent the citys five boroughs, namely Brooklyn Public Library, New York Public Library, and Queens Public Library. The executive branch of New York City consists of the Mayor, the Mayor also appoints several deputy mayors to head major offices within the executive branch of the city government. The City Record is the journal published each weekday containing legal notices produced by city agencies. The mayor is elected by popular vote for a four-year term. Along with the mayor, the Public Advocate and the Comptroller are the only three directly elected officials in New York City. The Public Advocate is a member of the Council, the Public Advocate stands first in line of succession to the mayoralty. The Comptroller stands second, after the Public Advocate, in the line to succeed a mayor who has become unable to serve, legislative power in the City of New York is vested in the New York City Council. The New York State Constitution empowers local governments to local laws in addition to ordinances, resolutions, rules. The Council is a body consisting of 51 Council members. The Speaker of the Council, selected by the 51 Council members, is considered the second most powerful post in New York Citys government after the Mayor. Bills passed by a majority are sent to the mayor. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a majority vote. The codified local laws of New York City are contained in the New York City Administrative Code, the Council has several committees with oversight of various functions of the city government
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New York State Legislature
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New York State Legislature refers to the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U. S. state of New York. The New York Constitution does not designate an official term for the two houses together and it says only that legislative power is vested in the senate and assembly. The session laws are published in the official Laws of New York, the permanent laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York. The legislature is seated at the New York State Capitol in Albany, legislative elections are held in November of every even-numbered year. Both Assembly members and Senators serve two-year terms, the Assembly consists of 150 members, they are each chosen from a single-member district. The Senate, in accordance with the New York Constitution, varies in its number of members, Senate districts are currently between two and three times more populous than Assembly districts. As of 2009 the New York State Legislature has 2700 employees, the Assembly is headed by the Speaker, while the Senate is headed by the President, a post held ex officio by the State Lieutenant Governor. The Lieutenant Governor, as President of the Senate, has only a casting vote. More often, the Senate is presided over by the Temporary President or by a senator of the Majority Leaders choosing, the Assembly Speaker and Senate Majority Leader control the assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of the agenda in their chambers. The two are considered powerful statewide leaders and along with the Governor of New York control most of the agenda of state business in New York. The New York State Legislature currently have split party control with a Democratic majority in the Assembly, following the 2010 elections, Republicans gained two seats in the Senate to regain control after two years in the minority. Republicans also gained nine seats in the Assembly, fracturing the veto-proof supermajority, to begin the 2009 session, Democrats had a 32-30 seat majority in the State Senate and, in the Assembly, Democrats have a 109-41 seat supermajority. However, the Republicans were able to control of the Senate during a leadership coup. The Democratic Senators regained control of Senate leadership on July 8,2009, until 2009, the State Senate had been in Republican hands for decades. Economic troubles and population loss in upstate New York are also a factor, in the past, Democrats would occasionally switch parties when they ran for the Senate so they could sit with the majority. The Assembly has been dominated by Democrats for about 30 years, between 2002 and 2005, the Republican conference dropped from 53 seats to 45. Republicans even lost some districts that historically have been reliably Republican, the Republican conference was increased by nine seats beginning with the 2011 session. The Legislature is empowered to make law, subject to the power to veto a bill
15.
Nassau County, New York
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Nassau County /ˈnæsɔː/ is a suburban county on Long Island in the U. S. state of New York. At the 2010 census, the population was 1,339,532. The county seat is in the Village of Garden City, within the boundaries of the Mineola 11501 zip code, Nassau County is immediately east of New York City, within the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Two cities, three towns,64 incorporated villages, and more than 60 unincorporated hamlets are located within the county, there are 56 public school districts within the county. Post office districts and school use the same names as a city, hamlet, or village within them. In 2012, Forbes magazine, in an article based on the U. S and it also ranks as the most expensive county in America. Nassau County has a police department, fire commission. The county colors are also the colors of the House of Orange-Nassau, several alternate names had been considered for the county, including Bryant, Matinecock, Norfolk, and Sagamore. However, Nassau had the advantage of having at one time been the name of Long Island itself. In 1784, the Town of North Hempstead, was formed through secession by the portions of the Town of Hempstead. When the first European settlers arrived, among the Native Americans to occupy the present area of Nassau County were the Marsapeque, Matinecoc, Dutch settlers in New Netherland predominated in the western portion of Long Island, while English settlers from Connecticut occupied the eastern portion. Until 1664, Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau and Suffolk counties, between the Dutch in the west and Connecticut claiming the east. The Dutch did grant an English settlement in Hempstead, but drove settlers from the present-day eastern Nassau hamlet of Oyster Bay as part of a boundary dispute, in 1664, all of Long Island became part of the English Province of New York within the Shire of York. Present-day Queens and Nassau were then just part of a larger North Riding, in 1683, Yorkshire was dissolved, Suffolk County and Queens County were established, and the local seat of government was moved west from Hempstead to Jamaica. By 1700, very little of Long Island had not been purchased from the native Indians by the English colonists, the courthouse in Jamaica was torn down by the British during the American Revolution to use the materials to build barracks. About 1787, a new Queens County Courthouse was erected in the new Town of North Hempstead, near present-day Mineola, the Long Island Rail Road reached as far east as Hicksville in 1837, but did not proceed to Farmingdale until 1841 due to the Panic of 1837. The 1850 census was the first in which the population of the three western towns exceeded that of the three towns that are now part of Nassau County. Around 1874, the seat of county government was moved to Long Island City from Mineola
16.
Oyster Bay (town), New York
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The Town of Oyster Bay is easternmost of the three towns in Nassau County, New York, in the United States. Part of the New York metropolitan area, it is the town in Nassau County that extends from the North Shore to the South Shore of Long Island. As of the 2010 census, the population was 293,214. There are 18 villages and 18 hamlets within the town of Oyster Bay, the U. S. Postal Service has organized these 36 places into 30 different 5-digit ZIP codes served by 20 different post offices. Each post office has the name as a hamlet or village. Oyster Bay is also the name of a hamlet on the north shore, near this hamlet, in the village of Cove Neck, is Sagamore Hill, the former residence and summer White House of Theodore Roosevelt and now a museum. Succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples had lived in the area for thousands of years, at the time of European contact, the Lenape nation inhabited western Long Island. By 1600 the band inhabiting the area was called the Matinecock after their location. Following European colonization, the became part of the colony of New Netherland. In 1639, the Dutch West India Company made its first purchase of land on Long Island from the local Native Americans, the English also had colonies on Long Island at this time. The Dutch did not dispute English claims to what is now Suffolk County, in 1643, Englishmen purchased land in the present-day town of Hempstead from the Indians that included land purchased by the Dutch in 1639. Nevertheless, in 1644, the Dutch director granted a patent for Hempstead to the English, the Dutch also granted other English settlements in Flushing, Newtown, and Jamaica. Meanwhile, the government of England came under the control of Oliver Cromwell as a republic, in 1653, English settlers made their first purchase of land in Oyster Bay from the local Matinecock tribe, though there were already some rogue English settlements there. The monarchy was restored in England in 1660, and in 1664 King Charles gave Long Island to his brother James, in 1667 the settlement at Oyster Bay received its charter from the new English colony of New York, becoming the Township of Oyster Bay. By 1687, the last piece of land was sold by the Indians, during most of the American Revolution the town was under the control of British forces. The town was part of Queens County, until the western portion of that county was amalgamated into New York City in 1898. In 1918 Glen Cove, to the west, incorporated as a city, following World War II, housing replaced farmland as the population grew from about 40,000 in 1950 to more than 290,000 in 1990. Oyster Bay is home to the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club, one of the oldest yacht clubs in the Western Hemisphere, there are 40 buildings and sites presently named Town of Oyster Bay Landmarks
17.
Hempstead, New York
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Hempstead is one of the three towns in Nassau County, New York, United States, occupying the southwestern part of the county, in the western half of Long Island. Twenty-two incorporated villages are completely or partially within the town, hempsteads combined population was 759,757 at the 2010 Census, the majority of the population of the county and by far the most of any town in New York. Also, a village named Hempstead is within the Town, if the town were to be incorporated as a city, it would be the second-largest city in New York behind New York City. It would be the 18th-largest city in the country, behind Charlotte, North Carolina and ahead of Seattle, hofstra Universitys campus is located in Hempstead. The town was first settled around 1644 following the establishment of a treaty between English colonists, John Carman and Robert Fordham, and the Lenape Indians in 1643. Although the settlers were from the English colony of Connecticut, a patent was issued by the government of New Netherland after the settlers had purchased land from the local natives. This transaction is depicted in a mural in the Hempstead Village Hall, in 1664, the settlement under the new Province of New York adopted the Dukes Laws, austere statutes that became the basis upon which the laws of many colonies were to be founded. For a time, Hempstead became known as Old Blue, as a result of the Blue Laws, during the American Revolution, the Loyalists in the south and the American sympathizers in the north caused a split in 1784 into North Hempstead and South Hempstead. Richard Hewlett, who was born in Hempstead, served as a Lieutenant Colonel with the British Army under General Oliver De Lancey in the American Revolution. Afterward, Hewlett departed the United States with other Loyalists and settled in the newly created Province of New Brunswick in what later became Canada, a settlement there was named Hampstead, in Queens County next to Long Island in the Saint John River. The town is headed by the Supervisor, currently Anthony J. Santino, the responsibilities of the office include presiding over meetings of the Town Council and directing the legislative and administrative function of that body. The position also entails creating and implementing the towns budget, Santino succeeds Kate Murray, who was the towns first female supervisor. One famous former supervisor was Republican Alfonse DAmato, who later represented New York in the United States Senate from 1981 to 1999. Caso and Francis T. Purcell, both of whom went on to become the county executive, and then Al DAmato. Having the Presiding Supervisor on the county board along with the Supervisor gave Hempstead—by far the most populous of the three towns and two cities—the most clout on that body. As a result of that ruling, the Board of Supervisors was replaced by a 19-member county legislature, Gregory P. Peterson served as the last Presiding Supervisor, as the position was abolished with the demise of the county board. The Town Council comprises six voting members, elected from a councilmanic district, the clerk is responsible for issuing birth, marriage, and death certificates and is considered the towns record keeper. The clerk is currently Nasrin Ahmad of Salisbury, the Receiver of Taxes is Donald X. Clavin, Jr. of Garden City, New York
18.
Rockaway, Queens
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The Rockaway Peninsula, commonly referred to as The Rockaways or Rockaway, is the name of a peninsula on Long Island, New York. The Rockaway Peninsula is located entirely within the New York City borough of Queens, a popular summer resort area since the 1830s, Rockaway has become a mixture of lower, middle, and upper-class neighborhoods. Its relative isolation from the areas of the city, especially Manhattan, has traditionally made it a popular summer retreat. In the 2010s, it one of the citys most quickly gentrifying neighborhoods. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 14, as of January 1,2007, the peninsulas total population is estimated to be just below 130,000. Rockaway is entirely in New Yorks 5th congressional district, represented by Congressman Gregory Meeks, all ZIP codes in Rockaway begin with the three digits 116 and the central post office is in Far Rockaway. What is now known as Rockaway was inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans, but sold to the Dutch by the Mohegan tribe along with most of Long Island in 1639, finally the land was sold to Richard Cornell, who settled there. The name rockaway is the corruption of a Lenape language word that sounded phonetically something like rack-a-wak-e. It may have meant place of sands, in 1878, the eastern community of Bayswater was laid out. One of Bayswaters early developers was William Trist Bailey, who had purchased the property, in 1893, much of Hog Island, a small sandbar island off the coast of Far Rockaway washed away in a hurricane. The remainder of the island eroded away by 1902, plates, along with older artifacts, still wash up along the shore of Rockaway Beach. The Rockaway Peninsula was originally part of the Town of Hempstead, in 1897, the central peninsular towns of Hammels and Hollands merged, and were incorporated as the Village of Rockaway Beach. The entire borough of Queens was consolidated of Greater New York City in 1898, the village of Rockaway Park became incorporated into the City of Greater New York on January 1,1898. In the early 1900s, the newly built station opened up the community. The wealthy no longer had a monopoly on the peninsula, as various amusement parks, stores, much of the area was developed by James S. Remsen and William Wainwright. In this era, it known as New Yorks Playground. Around this time, Breezy Point in the Rockaways began as summer beach bungalow, even today, some of these remain, converted to provide modern amenities, although the vast majority were razed in urban renewal during the 1960s. In 1900, a New York State judge ordered that the land west of Rockaway Park be put up for auction, Belle Harbor and adjacent Neponsit was bought by Edward P. Hatch, who sold it to the West Rockaway Land Company in 1907
19.
North Hempstead, New York
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The Town of North Hempstead is one of three towns in Nassau County, New York, USA. As of the 2010 census, the population was 226,322. The town occupies the northwest part of the county and its Supervisor is Judi Bosworth, a former Nassau County legislator, who was inaugurated on Jan. A Democrat, she succeeded Interim Supervisor John B, riordan, the former Nassau County Surrogate, who served since the resignation of Jon Kaiman on Sept.23,2013 to work for Gov. Andrew Cuomo. Bosworth is the fifth consecutive Democrat to head the former Republican stronghold since Ben Zwirn was elected in 1989, the area was first settled by Europeans around 1643 and became part of the town of Hempstead. During the American Revolution the southern part of Hempstead was primarily Tory, while the part, having been settled by Yankees. Following the war, the Town of North Hempstead was split off in 1784, the signers, passionate Patriots, declared their independence from the Town of Hempstead, which, in their opinion, had the bad habit of pledging allegiance to the king. Therefore, the northern necks declared themselves a separate and independent beat or district. The beat would officially become the Town of North Hempstead in 1784, during the Revolution, the northern Patriots had their own militia headed by Capt. John Sands of Cow Neck, which invaded South Hempstead in search of arms, the rift caused a north-south animosity that would take years to heal. The first North Hempstead Town Board, headed by Patriot Adrian Onderdonk, had to cope with an impoverished area, the councilmen met in Roslyn taverns and didnt get a permanent home until 1907, when the present town hall opened in Manhasset. North Hempstead became more affluent with the opening of the Long Island Rail Road through to Great Neck, the town of North Hempstead is made up of 30 incorporated villages that had the right to set zoning restrictions to protect their rights and resources. No new villages have been created since 1936, when a county charter denied zoning power to future villages. There are also some unincorporated areas in the town of North Hempstead that are not part of villages, the west town line is the border of Queens County, New York, part of New York City. The north town line, delineated by Long Island Sound, is the border of Bronx County, the town of Oyster Bay is the eastern neighbor. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 69.1 square miles, of which 53.6 square miles is land and 15.5 square miles. Between the 1990 census and the 2000 census, North Hempstead lost some population growth to Queens, as of the census of 2000, there were 222,611 people,76,820 households, and 58,460 families residing in the town. The population density was 4,154.9 people per square mile, there were 78,927 housing units at an average density of 1,473.1 per square mile
20.
Spoils system
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Thereafter the spoils system was largely replaced by a nonpartisan merit at the federal level of the United States. Similar spoils systems are common in nations that traditionally have been based on tribal organization or other kinship groups. Before 1829, moderation had prevailed in the transfer of power from one U. S. president to another. Andrew Jacksons first inauguration, March 4,1829, signaled a departure from the past. These promises were honored by a number of removals after Jackson assumed power. At the beginning of Jacksons administration, fully 919 officials were removed from government positions, the hardest changed organization within the federal government proved to be the post office. The post office was the largest department in the federal government, in one year 423 postmasters were deprived of their positions, most with extensive records of good service. By the late 1860s, citizens began demanding civil service reform, running under the Liberal Republican Party in 1872, they were soundly defeated by Ulysses S. Grant. After the assassination of James A. Garfield by a rejected office-seeker in 1881, while few jobs were covered under the law initially, the law allowed the President to transfer jobs and their current holders into the system, thus giving the holder a permanent job. The Pendleton Acts reach was expanded as the two political parties alternated control of the White House every election between 1884 and 1896. After each election the outgoing President applied the Pendleton Act to jobs held by his political supporters, by 1900, most federal jobs were handled through civil service and the spoils system was limited only to very senior positions. The separation between the activity and the civil service was made stronger with the Hatch Act of 1939 which prohibited federal employees from engaging in many political activities. Illinois modernized its bureaucracy in 1917 under Frank Lowden, but Chicago held on to patronage in city government until the city agreed to end the practice in the Shakman Decrees of 1972 and 1983, Modern variations on the spoils system are often described as the political machine. Patronage Political corruption Separation of powers Soft despotism Whig Party Griffith, the Modern Development of the City in the United Kingdom and the United States Hoogenboom, Ari Arthur. Outlawing the Spoils, A history of the civil service reform movement, 1865–1883 Ostrogorski, democracy and the Party System in the United States Rubio, Philip F. A History of Affirmative Action, 1619–2000 University Press of Mississippi Van Riper, History of the United States Civil Service Greenwood Press Civil Service Reform. The Civil Service and the Patronage
21.
Mayor of New York City
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The Mayor of the City of New York is head of the executive branch of New York Citys government. The mayors office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, the budget overseen by the mayors office is the largest municipal budget in the United States at $70 billion a year. The city employs 325,000 people, spends about $21 billion to more than 1.1 million students, levies $27 billion in taxes. The mayors office is located in New York City Hall, it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City, Manhattan, Brooklyn, the mayor appoints a large number of officials, including commissioners who head city departments, and his deputy mayors. The mayors regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules, according to current law, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office. It was changed two to three terms on October 23,2008, when the New York City Council voted 29–22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law. However, in 2010, a referendum reverting the limit to two terms passed overwhelmingly, the current mayor is Democrat Bill de Blasio, who was elected on November 5,2013. In 1665, Governor Richard Nicolls appointed Thomas Willett as the first mayor of New York, for 156 years, the mayor was appointed and had limited power. Between 1783 and 1821 the mayor was appointed by the Council of Appointments in which the governor had the loudest voice. In 1821 the Common Council, which included elected members, gained the authority to choose the mayor, an amendment to the New York State Constitution in 1834 provided for the direct popular election of the mayor. Cornelius W. Lawrence, a Democrat, was elected that year, gracie Mansion has been the official residence of the mayor since Fiorello La Guardias administration in 1942. Its main floor is open to the public and serves as a small museum, the mayor is entitled to a salary of $225,000, but early 21st century mayor Michael Bloomberg, the 16th-richest man in the world, declined the salary and instead was paid $1 yearly. Bloomberg had a net worth of $33 billion as of 2014. In 2000 direct control of the public school system was transferred to the mayors office. In 2003 the reorganization established the New York City Department of Education, tammany Hall, which evolved from an organization of craftsmen into a Democratic political machine, gained control of Democratic Party nominations in the state and city in 1861. It played a role in New York City politics into the 1960s and was a dominant player from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the era of Robert Wagner. The mayor of New York City may appoint several deputy mayors to help oversee major offices within the branch of the city government. The powers and duties, and even the number of deputy mayors, are not defined by the City Charter, the post was created by Fiorello La Guardia to handle ceremonial events that the mayor was too busy to attend
22.
New York City Comptroller
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The Office of Comptroller of New York City is the chief fiscal officer and chief auditing officer of the city. The comptroller is elected, citywide, to a four-year term, the current comptroller is Democrat Scott Stringer, the former Borough President of Manhattan. Stringer was elected on November 5,2013, the comptroller also is the custodian and investment advisor to the Boards of the five pension funds which are collectively referred to as NYC Public Pension Funds or New York City pension funds. The funds collectively amounted to US$158,700,000,000 as of September 30,2014, the comptrollers regulations are compiled in title 44 of the New York City Rules. The office was created as an office in 1801. Thirty years later, the comptroller became head of the department of finance, in 1884 the office became elective, and in 1938 the comptroller became head of a separate, independent department of the Citys government. If vacancies should simultaneously occur in the offices of Mayor of New York City and New York City Public Advocate and these have been the three offices elected citywide, so traditional practice has tried to balance a winning three-candidate ticket among the citys different ethnic, religious and political interests. But, while there is a interaction between the campaigns for the three offices, the actual election results can sometimes differ quite markedly. The Democratic nominee in the 2009 general election, John Liu won 76% of the vote on Tuesday. The Republican nominee, Joseph Mendola, won 19. 3%, the Conservative nominee, Stuart Avrick,2. 5%, former Wall Street financier John Burnett was unopposed as the Republican candidate in 2013. The Libertarian Party has nominated Hesham El-Meligy as their candidate for the office, in a prior convention, since declared invalid, they had nominated Kristin Davis, who decided not to challenge the new conventions outcome. Flagg 1859–1863 Robert T. Haws 1863–1867 Matthew T, brennan 1867–1871 Richard B. Connolly 1871–1876 Andrew H. Green 1876–1881 John Kelly 1881–1883 Allan Campbell 1883–1884 S. Hastings Grant 1884–1888 Edward V. Garelick in The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson NYC Comptrollers New York City Office of the Comptroller Comptroller in the Rules of the City of New York
23.
New York City Council
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The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs, the Council serves as a check against the mayor in a strong mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and makes land use decisions as well as legislating on a variety of other issues. The City Council also has responsibility for approving the city budget. The head of the City Council is called the Speaker, and is currently Melissa Mark-Viverito, the Speaker sets the agenda and presides at meetings of the City Council. Proposed legislation is submitted through the Speakers Office, there are 47 Democratic council members led by Majority Leader Jimmy Van Bramer. The three Republican council members are led by Minority Leader Steven Matteo, the Council has 35 committees with oversight of various functions of the city government. Each council member sits on at least three standing, select or subcommittees, the standing committees meet at least once per month. The Speaker of the Council, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader are all ex members of every committee. Council members are elected every four years, except for two consecutive two year terms every twenty years to allow for redistricting between the terms due to the national census. Council Members currently receive $148,500 a year in base salary, Members receive no additional compensation for serving as a committee chairperson or other officer under the new salary raise. The New York City Charter is the law of the government of New York City including the Council. The New York City Administrative Code is the codification of the laws promulgated by the Council and is composed of 29 titles, the regulations promulgated by city agencies pursuant to law are contained in the Rules of the City of New York in 71 titles. A local law has an equivalent with a law enacted by the Legislature. Each local government must designate a newspaper of notice to publish or describe its laws, the Secretary of State is responsible for publishing local laws as a supplement to the Laws of New York, but they have not done so in recent years. The history of the New York City Council can be traced to Dutch Colonial times when New York City was known as New Amsterdam. On February 2,1653, the town of New Amsterdam, a Council of Legislators sat as the local lawmaking body and as a court of inferior jurisdiction. During the 18th and 19th centuries the local legislature was called the Common Council, in 1898 the amalgamation charter of the City of Greater New York renamed and revamped the Council and added a New York City Board of Estimate with certain administrative and financial powers
24.
Robert F. Wagner Jr.
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Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965. When running for his term, he broke with the Tammany Hall leadership. Wagner was born in Manhattan, the son of Margaret Marie and he attended Taft School and graduated from Yale University in 1933, where he was on the business staff of campus humor magazine The Yale Record and became a member of Scroll and Key. He attended Harvard Business School and the Graduate School of International Studies in Geneva and he graduated from Yale Law School in 1937. In 1942, he was the Exalted Ruler of New York Lodge No.1 of the Benevolent, a residential building is named after him on the Stony Brook University campus. Wagner was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1938, 1939–40 and he resigned his seat on January 13,1942, and joined the Army Air Corps to fight in World War II. After the war he served as City Tax Commissioner, Commissioner of Housing and Buildings and he was Borough President of Manhattan from 1950 to 1953. He also served as delegate to numerous Democratic conventions, and was the Democratic nominee for the U. S. Senate in 1956 and he was the first mayor to hire significant numbers of people of color in city government. His administration also saw the development of the Lincoln Center and brought Shakespeare to Central Park, during his years in office, the city experienced the visit of a number of notables from around the world. In January,1957, President Eisenhower invited King Saud to the United States to discuss strategies for resolving the Suez crisis and he did greet Queen Elizabeth II later in 1957. S. in 1965. By his policies Mayor Wagner pushed long term City Government spending up and up - leading to the bankruptcy of New York City in the 1970s. In 1956, he ran on the Democratic and Liberal tickets for U. S, Senator from New York, but was defeated by Republican Jacob K. Javits. Like his father, Wagner was aligned with Tammany Hall for much of his career, however, when he sought a third term in 1961 Wagner broke with Carmine DeSapio and won the Democratic primary anyway, despite a challenge from Tammanys candidate Arthur Levitt Sr. A Democratic Mayor not aligned with Tammany was a new development, Wagner was mayor at the time of the controversial demolition of the original Penn Station, which began on October 28,1963. In 1965, he signed the law created the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. In February 1962, Wagner quit the New York Athletic Club because it barred blacks and Jews from becoming members. By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in effect by order of Mayor Wagner. The city revoked the licenses of the bars, and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible
25.
Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
26.
Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris
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Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris,489 U. S.688, was a case argued before the United States Supreme Court regarding the structure of the New York City Board of Estimate. Under the charter of the City of Greater New York established in 1898, the case was argued on December 7,1988, and decided on March 22,1989. Justice Byron White delivered the Courts opinion, One Person, One Vote, Is it Time for a New Constitutional Principle. New York Law School Journal of Human Rights
27.
Equal Protection Clause
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The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The meaning of the Equal Protection Clause has been the subject of much debate and this clause was the basis for Brown v. The Equal Protection Clause itself applies only to state and local governments, however, the Supreme Court held in Bolling v. Sharpe that equal protection requirements apply to the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Before and during the Civil War, the Southern states violated the rights of speech of pro-Union citizens, anti-slavery advocates. During the Civil War, the Southern states stripped many white citizens of their citizenship and banished them from the states. Shortly after the Union victory in the American Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment was proposed by Congress and ratified by the states in 1865, many ex-Confederate states then adopted Black Codes following the war. These laws severely restricted the rights of blacks to hold property, including property and many forms of personal property. These codes also created harsher criminal penalties for blacks than for whites, because of the inequality these Black Codes imposed, Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1866. This Act provided that all born in the United States were citizens. Full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, president Andrew Johnson Vetoed the Civil Rights bill of 1866 amid concerns that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to pass such a law. Such doubts were one factor that led Congress to begin to draft, moreover, Congress wanted to protect white Unionists who were under personal and legal attack in the former Confederacy. The effort was led by the Radical Republicans of both houses of Congress, including John Bingham, Charles Sumner, and Thaddeus Stevens, the most important among these, however, was Bingham, a Congressman from Ohio, who drafted the language of the Equal Protection Clause. The Southern states were opposed to the Civil Rights Act, but in 1865 Congress, exercising its power under Article I, section 5, clause 1 of the Constitution, to be the Judge of the. Qualifications of its own Members, had excluded Southerners from Congress, declaring that their states, having rebelled against the Union, could therefore not elect members to Congress. It was this fact that the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted by a rump Congress—that allowed the Equal Protection Clause to be passed by Congress. Its ratification by the former Confederate states was made a condition of their reacceptance into the Union, during the debate in Congress, more than one version of the clause was considered. Here is the first version, The Congress shall have power to all laws which shall be necessary
28.
Reynolds v. Sims
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The case was brought on behalf of voters in Alabama by M. O. Since the industrialization of America and urbanization of the United States from the Gilded Age onwards, state, of the forty-eight states then in the Union, only seven twice redistricted even one chamber of their legislature following both the 1930 and the 1940 Censuses. Oregon did not redistrict between 1907 and 1960, Illinois not between 1910 and 1955, whilst Alabama and Tennessee had at the time of Reynolds not redistricted since 1901. Before Reynolds, urban counties nationwide often had total representations similar to rural counties, voters from Jefferson County, Alabama, home to the state’s largest city of Birmingham, had challenged the apportionment of the Alabama Legislature. The Alabama Constitution provided that there be one state senator per county. Ratio variances as great as 41 to 1 from one district to another existed in the Alabama Senate. Among the more extreme pre-Reynolds disparities claimed by Morris K. Udall, In the Connecticut General Assembly, one House district had 191 people. In the New Hampshire General Court, one township with three people had a Representative in the house, this was the same representation given another district with a population of 3,244. In the Utah State Legislature, the smallest district had 165 people, in the Vermont General Assembly, the smallest district had 36 people, the largest 35,000. Los Angeles County, California, then with six people, had one member in the California State Senate. In the Idaho Senate, the smallest district had 951 people, in the Nevada Senate, seventeen members represented as many as 127,000 or as few as 568 people. The eight justices who struck down state senate inequality based their decision on the principle of “one person, one vote. ”In his majority decision, Chief Justice Earl Warren said “Legislators represent people, legislators are elected by voters, not farms or cities or economic interests. Justice Tom C. Clark wrote a concurring opinion, interestingly, the Court soon extended “one person, one vote” to all U. S. congressional districts in Wesberry v. Sanders, but not to the senate. Since the ruling applied different representation rules to the states than was applicable to the federal government, Senator Everett Dirksen of Illinois led a fight to pass a constitutional amendment allowing legislative districts based on land area, similar to the United States Senate. He warned that, “the forces of our national life are not brought to bear on public questions solely in proportion to the weight of numbers. Under the Courts new decree, California could be dominated by Los Angeles and San Francisco, Michigan by Detroit. ”In many ways, Senator Dirksens fears have come to pass, numerous states had to change their system of representation in the state legislature. For instance, South Carolina had elected one senator from each county. It devised a reapportionment plan and passed an amendment providing for home rule to counties
29.
New York City Panel for Educational Policy
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The members of the board are appointed by the mayor and by the five borough presidents. There are 13 members of the panel, each of the five borough presidents appoints one member, and the remaining eight are appointed by the mayor. Prior to Mayor of New York City Michael Bloombergs securing control of New York City schools, on June 30,2002, Mayor Bloomberg secured authority over the schools from the New York State legislature, which began the era of mayoral control over the city schools. The New York Supreme Court ellaborates, By chapter 91 of the Laws of 2002, five Board members are selected by the Borough Presidents. On June 30,2009, the New York State Senate declined to renew the mayors full authority over the school system, in particular, State Senate Democrats leader John Sampson, of Brooklyn, opposed the extension of mayoral control. The authority reverted for a time to the Board of Education, the actual city agency running the schools remains the New York City Department of Education. Samuel A. Lewis, elected a member in 1868 Notes New York City Board of Education/New York City Department of Education Archives in 1998
30.
New York City Economic Development Corporation
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New York City Economic Development Corporation is a not-for-profit corporation that promotes economic growth across New York Citys five boroughs. It is the Citys official economic development corporation, charged with using the Citys assets to drive growth, create jobs, the agency has its headquarters in Lower Manhattan. As of November 2014, NYCEDC’s Board of Directors has 21 members, the Mayor directly appoints seven members, including the Chairperson. Ten additional members are appointed by the Mayor from nominees of the Borough Presidents, each Borough President nominates one member and the Speaker of the City Council nominates five. Ten members are appointed by the Chairperson from a list of persons approved by the Mayor, NYCEDC is not a City Agency. Kyle Kimball was appointed President by Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg in August 2013, prior to joining NYCEDC, Kimball worked at Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan as a Vice President. Kimball received his masters degree in Public Policy from Harvard Universitys Kennedy School of Government, maria Torres-Springer was appointed President and CEO by Mayor Bill de Blasio in July 2015. Prior to her appointment to NYCEDC, Torres-Springer served as Commissioner of the New York City Department of Small Business Services and she received her bachelors degree in ethics, politics, and economics from Yale University and a masters in public policy from Harvard Universitys Kennedy School of Government. As of 2007, the NYCEDC had a role in setting rates of business taxation, specifically, the Corporation was charged with negotiating firm-specific tax incentives with businesses as encouragement to either relocate to, or remain in, New York City. The NYCEDC also, Develops real estate, using partnerships between the public and private sectors to stimulate the economy, provides business, economic, and policy advice to the City, not-for-profit, and for-profit private sectors to help attract and retain world-class companies and professionals. Manages City properties and assets, including manufacturing and distribution hubs, invests in and provides financial tools that allow businesses and not-for-profits to grow and generate new jobs and revenue. Conducts research, collects input from stakeholders, and launches initiatives designed to spur, NYCEDC was formed in 1991 as the result of a merger of two major not-for-profit and a handful of minor corporations which performed economic development services for the City. PDC was responsible for construction of the Nassau Street Mall, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, Jamaica Center, the second major merger partner was the Financial Services Corporation which had been formed in 1980 to administer government financing programs that promote business expansion in New York City. Formation of the NYCEDC followed recommendations from the consulting firm McKinsey & Company, carl Weisbrod, formerly of PDC prior to its merger with FSC, was the first president of NYCEDC under the Dinkins administration. Robert C. Lieber was appointed in January 2007 and served until Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg appointed him as Deputy Mayor for Economic Development & Rebuilding in December 2007, seth Pinsky served as President from February 2008 to August 2013. CET pilots nearly 100 initiatives that support entrepreneurship across all sectors and it provides access to capital, incubators, and affordable workspaces, and helps legacy industries like media, fashion, and manufacturing transition to new business models. Steven Strauss created CET as a Managing Director of NYCEDC, the Center for Economic Transformation also publishes research reports on the future of key NYC industries and related topics. The management-consulting firm Oliver Wyman, represented by Martin Kon, was the partner for this research
31.
Economic development
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Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people. The term has been used frequently by economists, politicians, and others in the 20th, the concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries. Modernization, Westernization, and especially Industrialization are other people have used while discussing economic development. Economic development has a relationship with the environment and environmental issues. Whereas economic development is a policy intervention endeavor with aims of economic and social well-being of people, economic growth is a phenomenon of market productivity, consequently, as economist Amartya Sen points out, economic growth is one aspect of the process of economic development. The scope of development includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political. The University of Iowas Center for International Finance and Development states that, Economic development is a term that economists, politicians, the concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries. Modernization, Westernisation, and especially Industrialisation are other people have used while discussing economic development. Economic development has a relationship with the environment. Although nobody is certain when the concept originated, some agree that development is closely bound up with the evolution of capitalism. Economic development can also be considered as a theory that documents the state of an economy at a certain time. According to Schumpeter and Backhaus, the changes in equilibrium state to document in economic theory can only be caused by intervening factors coming from the outside. Economic development originated in the period of reconstruction initiated by the United States. Their food is inadequate, they are victims of disease and their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history humanity possesses the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people, greater production is the key to prosperity and peace. And the key to production is a wider and more vigorous application of modem scientific. There have been several phases of development theory since 1945
32.
New York City Borough President elections, 2013
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The 2013 elections for Borough Presidents were held on November 5,2013 and coincided with elections for Mayor, Public Advocate, Comptroller, and members of the New York City Council. Primary elections were held on September 10,2013, incumbent Bronx Borough President Rubén Díaz, Jr. is seeking reelection. Díaz was first elected Bronx Borough President in 2009 and these parties have automatic ballot access. Mark Escoffery-Bey Carl Lundgren Diaz won the election with 89. 4% of the vote, perri earned 7. 9%, Escoffery-Bey garnered 1. 6% and Lundgren received 1. 1%. Incumbent Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz cannot run again because of term limits, Markowitz has served three terms as Brooklyn Borough President. Eric Adams, New York State Senator Domenic Recchia, New York City Councilman Carlo Scissura, President of the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce, john Gangemi, former New York City Councilman Letitia James, New York City Councilwoman Brad Lander, New York City Councilman N. These parties have ballot access. Adams won the election with 90. 8% of the vote, incumbent Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer is not seeking reelection but is instead running for New York City Comptroller in the 2013 election. David Casavis Brewer won the election with 82. 9% of the vote, incumbent Queens Borough President Helen Marshall could not run again due to term limits. Marshall has served three terms as Queens Borough President, tony Avella Everly Brown Melinda Katz, former New York City Councilwoman Peter Vallone, Jr. Everly Brown Katz won the election with 80. 3% of the vote. Arcabascio garnered 17. 1% and Brown earned 2. 6%, incumbent Staten Island Borough President James Molinaro cannot run again because of term limits. Molinaro has served three terms as Staten Island Borough President and these parties have automatic ballot access. Henry Bardel Any candidate not among the qualified New York parties must petition their way onto the ballot, silas Johnson Oddo won the election with 69. 1% of the vote. Liedy garnered 29. 7%, Bardel earned. 7% and Johnson received. 5% of the vote, Borough President Government of New York City
33.
Timeline of Brooklyn
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This is a timeline and chronology of the history of Brooklyn, New York. Brooklyn is the most populous of New York Citys boroughs, and was settled in 1646,1646 – Village of Breuckelen on the western end of Long Island authorized by the colonizing Dutch West India Company for their North American colony of New Netherland. Named after the town of Breukelen in the province of Utrecht in the Netherlands,1652 – The Wyckoff House is estimated to have been built in 1652, one of the first structures built by Europeans on Long Island. Only a small section remains from 1652 and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967. and is owned by New York City but is operated by a nonprofit agency. 1658 Old Gravesend Cemetery – National Register of Historic Places, a cemetery, was founded about 1658 and contains the graves of a number of the original patentees and settlers with their families. 1664 – Dutch Peter Stuyvesant surrenders the colony to the Royal Navys English fleet under the authority of the James, New Netherland becomes the Province of New York. 1677 New Utrecht Reformed Church established of the Dutch Reformed Church and is the fourth oldest church in Brooklyn, both the church and the cemetery are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. 1700 – New Utrecht Reformed Church built,1744 – Joost Van Nuyse House, original section was built in 1744 and enlarged between 1793 and 1806. It was moved to its present site in 1925 and it is a 1 1⁄2-story frame house with a steeply pitched flared roof. And was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006,1766 – Wyckoff-Bennett Homestead is believed to have been built before 1766. During the American Revolution, it housed Hessian soldiers for the British Army) and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. 1776 – August 27 – The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle in the American Revolutionary War starts, British Army wins and later occupies New York, but General George Washington escapes to begin the New York and New Jersey campaign. 1780 – Fort Brooklyn constructed in Brooklyn Heights area along east bank of the East River by the British Army, then occupying New York Town and Manhattan, later razed for housing development by 1823–1825. 1783 – Evacuation Day, November 25, British forces leave New York, gen. George Washington and his officers of the Continental Army march south from Westchester County to resume American control. 1786 – Erasmus Hall High School – oldest public school in the city with antecedents founded as Erasmus Hall Academy. Later joined by free academy in the 1840s as the first public high school, wooden schoolhouse was opened in 1787. Later wings were added to the Academy building and removed,1788 – New York State debates and ratifies the new Constitution to replace the previous Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. 1790 – Small population recorded for the villages of Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights on the end of Long Island in the first decennial United States Census of 1790
34.
New Haven, Connecticut
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New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
