1.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, in short, often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe located on the Balkan Peninsula. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city, in the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and the northeast is predominantly flatland. The inland is a larger region and has a moderate continental climate, with hot summers and cold. The southern tip of the country has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a region that traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age, during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations. Culturally, politically, and socially, the country has a rich history, the Ottomans brought Islam to the region, and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country. This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which lasted up until World War I. In the interwar period, Bosnia was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and after World War II, following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the country proclaimed independence in 1992, which was followed by the Bosnian War, lasting until late 1995. The country is home to three ethnic groups or, officially, constituent peoples, as specified in the constitution. Bosniaks are the largest group of the three, with Serbs second and Croats third, a native of Bosnia and Herzegovina, regardless of ethnicity, is identified in English as a Bosnian. The terms Herzegovinian and Bosnian are maintained as a rather than ethnic distinction. Moreover, the country was simply called Bosnia until the Austro-Hungarian occupation at the end of the 19th century, Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three-member Presidency composed of a member of each major ethnic group. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is itself complex and consists of 10 cantons, additionally, the country has been a member of the Council of Europe since April 2002 and a founding member of the Mediterranean Union upon its establishment in July 2008. The name is believed to have derived from the hydronym of the river Bosna coursing through the Bosnian heartland. According to philologist Anton Mayer the name Bosna could be derived from Illyrian Bass-an-as which would be a diversion of the Proto-Indo-European root bos or bogh, meaning the running water. According to English medievalist William Miller the Slavic settlers in Bosnia adapted the Latin designation Basante, to their own idiom by calling the stream Bosna, the name Herzegovina originates from Bosnian magnate Stephen Vukčić Kosačas title, Herceg of Hum and the Coast. Hum, formerly Zahumlje, was a medieval principality that was conquered by the Bosnian Banate in the first half of the 14th century. Bosnia is located in the western Balkans, bordering Croatia to the north and west, Serbia to the east and it has a coastline about 20 kilometres long surrounding the city of Neum. It lies between latitudes 42° and 46° N, and longitudes 15° and 20° E, the countrys name comes from the two regions Bosnia and Herzegovina, which have a very vaguely defined border between them
2.
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the two political entities that compose Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being Republika Srpska. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of 10 autonomous cantons with their own governments and it is inhabited primarily by Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats, which is why it is sometimes informally referred to as the Bosniak-Croat Federation. It is sometimes known by the shorter name Federation of B&H, the Federation was created by the 1994 Washington Agreement, which ended the part of the conflict whereby Bosnian Croats fought with Bosniaks. It established a constituent assembly that continued its work until October 1996, the Federation has a capital, government, president, parliament, customs and police departments, two postal systems and an airline. It had its own army, the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the capital and largest city is Sarajevo with 438,443 inhabitants and the total population of 688,354 in its metropolitan area. The Serb-dominated Yugoslav Peoples Army attacked Croatia from Bosnia and Herzegovina and their first target was Croatian village Ravno that was attacked on 2 November 1991 and completely destroyed. Yugoslavia effected an economic blockade of Bosnia and Herzegovina, thus trying to keep it as part of Yugoslavia, later, Yugoslavia claimed territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina with a Serb majority and the capital Sarajevo. Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was declared on 27 March 1992 with the goal to incorporate parts of Bosnia, because of superiority in armaments, support from Belgrade and an embargo on the importation of arms into Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbs achieved their goals by June 1992. The Bosniak leadership was still indecisive concerning a conflict, so the Croats were the first to participate in the war. They organized military units, Croatian Defence Forces in November 1991 and those units were partly composed of Bosniaks. The Territorial Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina, later Army of the Republic of Bosnia, by November 1992 Serbs had conquered 70% of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina and held Sarajevo in limbo by terrorizing its population by shelling and constant sniper fire. The creation of a Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia was a matter of dispute for Bosniaks, Croats accused Bosniaks of Islamization of the country and attempts to create Bosniak domination in all areas. So they withdrew the ethnic Croat representatives from Parliament, Government, due to expulsions by Bosnian Serbs, Bosniaks moved to other areas and thus disrupted the Croats area and altered their pre-war ratio. Political disputes and minor incidents in central and northern Bosnia and in northern, the Vance-Owen plan was presented in January 1993. It was planned to create 10 cantons on the territory of the whole of Bosnia and this plan increased conflict between Croats and Bosniaks. A number of crimes against civilians were committed on both sides, hostility between Croats and Bosniaks ended with mediation by the United States and the signing of the Washington Agreement on 18 March 1994. The cooperation between Croats and Bosniaks was renewed, and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a Bosniak, there was also a proposal to create a confederation of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Croatia. The joint command of ARBiH, HVO and Croatian Army was established in March 1995, after the Operation Storm, the Serbian hoop around Bihać was broken and Croatian and Bosnian armies continued to liberate western Bosnia
3.
Una (Sava)
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The Una is a river in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The river has a length of 212 km and watershed area of 9,368 km2. Una river got its name from Romans who first discovered this beautiful gem of nature, the Romans found its beauty so unique that they named it the One. The source of the Una is the Una spring, also known as Vrelo Une, after 4 km the river reaches Bosnia and Herzegovina at the confluence with the Krka River. From here the Una river forms a border between Croatia and Bosnia for the next 8.5 km until it reaches the rail bridge 1.5 km before the Bosnian town of Martin Brod. From the rail bridge the Una enters Bosnia completely and flows for 21 km, from here it forms the border for the next 20 km, all the way to another rail bridge between the villages of Malo Seoce and Užljebić. Here the Una enters Bosnia completely for the time, and near Ripač it winds more north-westwards, entering Bihać. After 85 km of flowing through Bosnia, the Una again marks the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia for the third and final time, near the villages of Dobretin and it maintaining that status for the rest of its course until confluence with the Sava. At this stage, the Una passes by the Bosnian towns of Bosanski Novi, Bosanska Kostajnica, Bosanska Dubica and it spills into the Sava River near small town of Jasenovac. The Una is a tributary of the Sava river and the main tributaries are the Unac River, the Sana, the Klokot River. The hydrological parameters of Una are regularly monitored in Croatia at Kostajnica, over 170 types of medicinal herbs grow by the Una River, a rare plant called Campanula unensis, the Una bluebell, was named after the Una rivers bright turquoise and green colors. 28 kinds of live in this river and the biggest of which is the huchen. The Regatta is a sort of celebration for the river itself, Una National Park was established 2006 around the Upper Una River and Unac River. Its a Bosnia and Herzegovina’s most recently established National Park, of three existing in the country so far. The main purpose of the park is to protect unspoiled Una, the Una’s stunning waterfalls and white water rapids highlight the park. The most famous waterfalls are those at Martin Brod, where the popular International Una Regatta kayaking competition begins, throughout the park, visitors can enjoy prime conditions for rafting, fishing, cycling, hiking, and camping. Jumping from the city bridges in Bihać and Bosanska Krupa is also popular, Una National Park is also noted for its biodiversity, with 30 fish species,130 bird species, and other animals, including lynx, fox, wolf, bear and chamois. Area of the park has rich cultural-historic heritage and numerous archaeological sites, many dating from the prehistoric period
4.
Cazin
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Cazin is a city and municipality in northwest Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Bosanska Krajina region, near the border with Croatia. It is located in the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia, the municipality is often also called Cazinska Krajina. The town of Cazin is located on the road which connects Bihać. Cazin has several places, some dating back to the 14th century. Ostrožac castle and Radetina Tower are located in Cazin, from 1929 to 1941, Cazin was part of the Vrbas Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Cazin uprising of 1950, an armed rebellion of peasants, occurred in Cazin and neighboring Velika Kladuša and Slunj. The peasants revolted against the forced collectivization and collective farms by the Yugoslav government on the farmers of its country, following a drought in 1949, the peasants of Yugoslavia were unable to meet unrealistic quotas set by their government and were punished. The revolt that followed the drought resulted in the killings and persecution of those who organized the uprising and it was the only peasant rebellion in the history of Cold War Europe. The city was defended by the Bosnian Army during the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. bkkrajina. com. ba/ http, //www. cazin. net/ http
5.
Sanski Most
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Sanski Most is a city in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located on the Sana River in Bosanska Krajina, between Prijedor and Ključ, administratively it is part of the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located on the Sana River in Bosanska Krajina, between Prijedor and Ključ, administratively it is part of the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1878 the little town of Sanski Most was described as Muslim by Croatian historian Vjekoslav Klaić, from 1929 to 1941, Sanski Most was part of the Vrbas Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During World War II it was part of the Axis Independent State of Croatia, at the beginning of May 1941 in several villages south-east of Sanski Most the first armed conflict between the Ustaše and insurgent Serbs occurred. The event is known as the Đurđevdan uprising, in 2004, Serb-inhabited Oštra Luka was split from Sanski Most and ceded to the Republika Srpska entity. The football club of the town is NK Podgrmeč, Sanski Most is home to many different types of stores, and in the city center Konzum is located, part of a food chain from Croatia. There is also a store of the Tuš-chain of foodstores, there are many cafés in the city as well as many bakeries. There are several organisations in Sanski Most. Center for Peacebuilding, in the local language Centar za Izgradnju Mira has been active in the city since 2004, the Fenix Center, Centar Fenix provides humanitarian aid to the persons in need in the local community. The size of the area more than doubled after 1961. Therefore, the population rose quite a bit, the city of Sanski Most itself had 50,421 residents in 2014. sanskimost. com/ http, //www. sanski-most. info http, //www. sanskaognjista. org
6.
Republika Srpska
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Republika Srpska is one of two constitutional and legal entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The administrative centre is Banja Luka, in Serbo-Croatian, Republika Srpska means Serb Republic. The second word is an adjective derived by adding the suffix -ska to srb-. The -ps- sequence rather than -bs- is a result of voicing assimilation, in a session on 14–15 October 1991, the Peoples Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina approved the Memorandum on Sovereignty, as had already been done by Slovenia and Croatia. The Union of Reform Forces soon ceased to exist but its members remained in the assembly as the Independent Members of Parliament Caucus, on 9 January 1992, the assembly proclaimed the Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina, declaring it part of Yugoslavia. The republic was part of Yugoslavia and could enter into union with political bodies representing other peoples of Bosnia, the referendum had a 64% turnout and 92. 7% or 99% voted for independence. On 6 March the Bosnian parliament promulgated the results of the referendum, the republics independence was recognized by the European Community on 6 April 1992 and by the United States on 7 April. On the same day the Serbs assembly in session in Banja Luka declared a severance of ties with Bosnia. The name Republika Srpska was adopted on 12 August 1992, the political controversy escalated into the Bosnian War, which would last until the autumn of 1995. The boundary lines between the entities were delineated in Annex 2 of the Agreement, between 1992 and 2008, the Constitution of Republika Srpska was amended 121 times. The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina resulted in changes in the country. Some two million people, about half the population, were displaced. In 1996 there were some 435,346 ethnic Serb refugees from the Federation in Republika Srpska, in 1991, 27% of the non-agricultural labor force was unemployed in Bosnia and this number increased due to the war. By 2009, the unemployment rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina was estimated at 29%, ethnic cleansing reduced the numbers of other groups. Serb police, soldiers, and irregulars attacked Bosniaks and Croats, though on the other side, Bosniaks and Croats did the same atrocities to the Serbian population in the region of Herzegovina and the villages surrounding Srebrenica. Some were killed on the spot, others were rounded up and killed elsewhere, the number of Croats was reduced by 135,386, and the number of Bosniaks by some 434,144. Some 136,000 of approximately 496,000 Bosniak refugees forced to flee the territory of what is now Republika Srpska have since returned home, in the early 2000s, discrimination against non-Serbs was alleged by NGOs and the Helsinki Commission. The International Crisis Group reported in 2002 that in parts of Republika Srpska a non-Serb returnee is ten times more likely to be the victim of violent crime than is a local Serb
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
