1.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
2.
Boston Manor
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Boston Manor was one of the ancient manors of Middlesex. It has now been assimilated into the London Borough of Hounslow west London and its Jacobean manor house of 1622 still stands in what is now Boston Manor Park. The earliest reference to Boston was around the 1170s and it may mean Bords tun or farm by the stone. It was situated towards the end of the Manor Boston. The lord of the Manor is recorded as Ralph de Brito, there is no record as to where he built his manor house. He founded a chapel at the end of the Manor called St. Lawrence on a site that is now derelict. The ecclesiastical boundary under this chapel was — or became over time — conterminous with that of the manor boundary. Today, this boundary would have been approximately to the east side of Boston Manor tube stations railway sidings, turning south, it followed the Brent down to the Thames. After a very short distance east, it turned north following Half Acre Road, then up along Boston Manor Road, the northern extent of the manor was marked by a boundary stone. Later a tree to the west of it came to be the local Gospel Oak, here the old pagan custom of blessing the field and crops took place whilst beating the bounds. Thus, the boundary of chapelry of St. Lawrence not only coexisted with that of the manor but was also a subdivision of the Parish of Hanwell, then in about 1280 King Edward I granted this area of the township to the prioress of St Helens Bishopsgate. It is at point that one can consider that it becomes a district in its own right. For under the system, lands could be divided up according to use, ownership, possession. The prioress received what amounted to both constructive possession and ‘ownership, things stayed this way until 1539 when under Henry VIII the convent was dissolved and these manor holdings returned to the Crown. It passed out of the control of the Crown in 1547 and into the hands of Edward Seymour and he went on to found the Royal Exchange. As Gresham died without issue, the property went via his wife, to his stepson Sir William Reade, as Reade resided in nearby Osterley, he too had to obtain a Patent of Possession from James I so that he could legally administer the estate. He married Mary Goldsmith and immediately after his death she built Boston Manor House in 1622/3 and she then married Sir Edward Spencer of Althorp. As Sir William’s second wife he didnt let her inherit the legal ownership, instead she came into possession of the property
3.
London Borough of Hounslow
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The London Borough of Hounslow is a London borough in west London, England, forming part of Outer London. Landmarks include Osterley Park, Gunnersbury Park, Syon House, the London Museum of Water & Steam, the local authority is Hounslow London Borough Council. 3% of the boroughs population is White,34. 4% is Asian, and 11. 6% is Black. Meanwhile, the wards, consisting of the areas of Hounslow, Hounslow West, Hounslow Heath, Cranford. In terms of religion, 42% identify themselves as Christian, 14% Muslim,10. 3% Hindu, at nine percent, Hounslow has the largest proportion of Sikhs in London, and the third highest in England before Slough and Wolverhampton. In addition, 18% of the population are not religious, unemployment is highest in the Heston West, Brentford and Hounslow Central wards. Population density is highest in Hounslow West and Hounslow Central wards, elections across the London Boroughs are currently held every four years. Since the Hounslow borough was formed it has controlled by the Labour Party on all. The 2006 local elections produced a no overall control result, between 1998 and 2006 Independents were elected to the London Borough of Hounslow from the area. The first Independent Community Group Councillor was elected in 1998 as Isleworth Community Group in Isleworth, in 2002 three ICG Councillors were elected in Isleworth. In 2006 six ICG Councillors were elected, and former Labour Leader of the Council John Connelly was re-elected as an Independent in Hounslow Heath ward. All seven of the Independents were defeated in the elections held on 6 May 2010 by, in their respective wards. Since then one Conservative councillor has become an Independent and four Conservative Councillors have defected to UKIP, see for the history of each The town of Hounslow, which has existed since the 13th Century, is located at the centre of the Borough of Hounslow. The name Hounslow means Hunds mound, the personal name Hund is followed by the Old English hlaew meaning mound or barrow and it was recorded in the Domesday Book as Honeslaw. This outer borough of Greater London lies on the Middlesex bank of the River Thames and was the site of the first stop on an important coach route to Southampton, Bath, Bristol and Exeter. The A30 Great South West Road trunk road, which runs down to Penzance in Cornwall, Hounslow town developed on either side of the main Great West Road from London to the West of England, causing a large number of inns to be built to serve the travellers. A few, such as The Bell retain their names, although the buildings have largely been replaced, the Bell marks the former junction of the coaching routes. Little known is that aviation dates to the early 1900s here when one of Londons earliest airfields was situated on Hounslow Heath because of the flat terrain. The Great West Road, which crosses the borough from Chiswick to Heathrow, at one time served nationally and globally famous manufacturers including Firestone, Gillette, as a result, the area became known as the Golden Mile
4.
District Railway
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The Metropolitan District Railway was a passenger railway that served London from 1868 to 1933. Established in 1864 to complete the circle, an underground railway in London. The Metropolitan Railway operated all services until the District introduced its own trains in 1871, the railway was soon extended westwards through Earls Court to Fulham, Richmond, Ealing and Hounslow. After completing the circle and reaching Whitechapel in 1884, it was extended to Upminster in Essex in 1902. To finance electrification at the beginning of the 20th century, American financier Charles Yerkes took it over, Electric propulsion was introduced in 1905, and by the end of the year electric multiple units operated all of the services. On 1 July 1933, the District Railway and the other UERL railways were merged with the Metropolitan Railway, today, former District Railway tracks and stations are used by the London Undergrounds District, Piccadilly and Circle lines. In 1863, the Metropolitan Railway opened the worlds first underground railway, the line was built from Paddington beneath the New Road, connecting the main line railway termini at Paddington, Euston and Kings Cross. Then it followed Farringdon Road to a station at Farringdon Street in Smithfield, the Mets early success prompted a flurry of applications to parliament in 1863 for new railways in London, many competing for similar routes. The House of Lords established a committee that recommended an inner circuit of railway that should abut, if not actually join. Proposals to extend west and then south from Paddington to South Kensington, initially, the District and the Met were closely associated and it was intended that they would soon merge. The District was established as a company to enable funds to be raised independently of the Met. The District also had permission to extend westward from Brompton station and, on 12 April 1869. There were no stations and this service initially operated as a shuttle. By summer 1869 additional tracks had been laid between South Kensington to Brompton and from Kensington to a junction with the line to West Brompton, during the night of 5 July 1870 the District secretly built the disputed Cromwell curve connecting Brompton and Kensington. East of Westminster, the section ran in the newly constructed Victoria Embankment built by the Metropolitan Board of Works along the north bank of the River Thames. The line was opened from Westminster to Blackfriars on 30 May 1870 with stations at Charing Cross, The Temple, the Met initially operated all services, receiving 55 per cent of the gross receipts for a fixed level of service. The District were also charged for any extra trains and the Districts share of the income dropped to about 40 per cent, the Districts level of debt meant that merger was no longer attractive to the Met and its directors resigned from the Districts board. To improve its finances, the District gave the Met notice to terminate the operating agreement, on Saturday 1 July 1871, an opening banquet was attended by the Prime Minister William Gladstone, who was also a shareholder
5.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
6.
Tramlink
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Tramlink is a light rail tram system serving Croydon and surrounding areas in South London, England. It began operation in 2000, the first tram system in London since 1952 and it is owned by London Trams, an arm of Transport for London, and operated by FirstGroup. The Tramlink is the fourth-busiest light rail network in the UK behind Manchester Metrolink, Tyne and Wear Metro, in 1990 Croydon Council with London Regional Transport put the project to Parliament and the Croydon Tramlink Act 1994 resulted, which gave LRT the power to build and run Tramlink. In 1996 Tramtrack Croydon Limited won a 99-year Private Finance Initiative contract to design, build, operate, TCL was a partnership comprising FirstGroup, Bombardier Transportation, Sir Robert McAlpine and Amey, and Royal Bank of Scotland and 3i. TCL kept the revenue generated by Tramlink and LRT had to pay compensation to TCL for any changes to the fares, TCL subcontracted operations to CentreWest Buses. One of the leading to its creation was that the London Borough of Croydon has no London Underground service. There are four routes, Route 1 – Elmers End to Croydon, Route 2 – Beckenham Junction to Croydon, Route 3 – New Addington to Wimbledon, and Route 4 – Therapia Lane to Elmers End. Route 2 runs parallel to the Crystal Palace to Beckenham Junction line of the Southern network between Birkbeck and Beckenham Junction – the National Rail track had been singled some years earlier. At Woodside the old station buildings stand disused, and the platforms have been replaced by accessible low platforms. From Woodside to near Sandilands and from near Sandilands almost to Lloyd Park, Tramlink follows the former Woodside and South Croydon Railway, including the Park Hill tunnels. The section of Route 3 between Wimbledon and West Croydon mostly follows the single-track British Rail route, closed on 31 May 1997 so that it could be converted for Tramlink, a partial obstruction near this point has necessitated the use of interlaced track. A Victorian footbridge beside Waddon New Road was dismantled to make way for the flyover over the West Croydon to Sutton railway line, the footbridge has been re-erected at Corfe Castle station on the Swanage Railway. In March 2008, TfL announced that it had reached agreement to buy TCL for £98m, the purchase was finalised on 28 June 2008. The background to this purchase relates to the requirement that TfL compensates TCL for the consequences of any changes to the fares, in 2007 that payment was £4m, with an annual increase in rate. In October 2008 TfL introduced a new livery, using the blue, white and green of the routes on TfL maps, the colour of the cars was changed to green, and the brand name was changed from Croydon Tramlink to simply Tramlink. These refurbishments were completed in early 2009, the tram stops have low platforms,35 cm above rail level. They are unstaffed and have automated ticket machines, in general, access between the platforms involves crossing the tracks by pedestrian level crossing. There are 39 stops, most being 32.2 m long and they are virtually level with the doors and are all wider than 2 m
7.
World Geodetic System
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The World Geodetic System is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS. It comprises a standard system for the Earth, a standard spheroidal reference surface for raw altitude data. The latest revision is WGS84, established in 1984 and last revised in 2004, earlier schemes included WGS72, WGS66, and WGS60. WGS84 is the coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System. The coordinate origin of WGS84 is meant to be located at the Earths center of mass, the error is believed to be less than 2 cm. The WGS84 meridian of longitude is the IERS Reference Meridian,5.31 arc seconds or 102.5 metres east of the Greenwich meridian at the latitude of the Royal Observatory. The WGS84 datum surface is a spheroid with major radius a =6378137 m at the equator. The polar semi-minor axis b then equals a times, or 6356752.3142 m, currently, WGS84 uses the EGM96 geoid, revised in 2004. This geoid defines the sea level surface by means of a spherical harmonics series of degree 360. The deviations of the EGM96 geoid from the WGS84 reference ellipsoid range from about −105 m to about +85 m, EGM96 differs from the original WGS84 geoid, referred to as EGM84. Efforts to supplement the national surveying systems began in the 19th century with F. R. Helmerts famous book Mathematische und Physikalische Theorien der Physikalischen Geodäsie. Austria and Germany founded the Zentralbüro für die Internationale Erdmessung, a unified geodetic system for the whole world became essential in the 1950s for several reasons, International space science and the beginning of astronautics. The lack of inter-continental geodetic information, efforts of the U. S. Army, Navy and Air Force were combined leading to the DoD World Geodetic System 1960. Heritage surveying methods found elevation differences from a local horizontal determined by the level, plumb line. As a result, the elevations in the data are referenced to the geoid, the latter observational method is more suitable for global mapping. The sole contribution of data to the development of WGS60 was a value for the ellipsoid flattening which was obtained from the nodal motion of a satellite. Prior to WGS60, the U. S. Army, the Army performed an adjustment to minimize the difference between astro-geodetic and gravimetric geoids. By matching the relative astro-geodetic geoids of the selected datums with an earth-centered gravimetric geoid, since the Army and Air Force systems agreed remarkably well for the NAD, ED and TD areas, they were consolidated and became WGS60
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
Brentford
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It has formed part of Greater London since 1965. Brentford has a shopping and dining venue grid of streets at its centre. The name is recorded as Breguntford in 705 in an Anglo-Saxon charter, the name of the river is Celtic and means holy one and the -ford suffix is Old English. The ford was most likely located where the road crossed the river. New Brentford is recorded as Newe Braynford in 1521 and was known as Westbraynford. Old Brentford is recorded as Old Braynford in 1476 and was known as Estbraynford. The settlement pre-dates the Roman occupation of Britain, and thus pre-dates the founding of London itself, many pre-Roman artifacts have been excavated in and around the area in Brentford known as Old England. Bronze Age pottery and burnt flints have been found in sites in Brentford. The quality and quantity of the artefacts suggests that Brentford was a point for pre-Romanic tribes. The Celtic knot pattern on this item has been copied for use on modern jewellery, Brentford is the first point which was easily fordable by foot on the tidal portion of the River Thames. Partly for this reason it has suggested that Julius Cæsar crossed the Thames here during his invasion of Britain in 54 BC. In his own account, he writes that he crossed the river 80 miles from the sea and he further states that the river bank was protected by sharp stakes. During the building of Brentford Dock many such oak stakes were discovered, dredging the river uncovered so many more that they had to be removed, for they were a hazard to navigation. Although his descriptions are compelling, there is as yet, no proof that this was indeed the spot where he. It must also be kept in mind that Julius Cæsars own accounts suffered in some part, there are, however, two other historically accredited battles of Brentford in 1016 and 1642. A local town fair, called the Brentford Festival, has held in Brentford every September since 1900. The building of Brentford Dock was started in 1855 and it was opened in 1859. The dock yard is now a Marina and housing estate, a notable family from Brentford was the 18th/19th century architectural father and son partnership, the Hardwicks
10.
Hanwell
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Hanwell is a town in the London Borough of Ealing, west London, England. Hanwell is about 2.5 km west of Ealing Broadway and it is the westernmost location of the LONDON post town. The earliest surviving reference is AD959 when it is recorded as Hanewelle in pledge, the origin of the name is uncertain, various suggestions have been put forward. Near to the old Rectory and close to Hanwell spring is a stone of about a ton in weight. In Anglo-Saxon the word Han denoted a boundary stone and this juxtaposition of these two natural features could have given rise to the name Han-well which dates back to before the Domesday Book. The original borders of the parish stretched from the bend of the River Brent at Greenford and its geography, before the draining of the marshes, formed a natural boundary between the different tribes of the south east of England. This gives some support to the suggestion that Han came from the Saxon han for cockerel, if so, the name is derived from Han-créd-welle. Han-créd or cock-crow meant the border between night and day, and is neither one nor the other, so Hanwell would mean well upon the boundary. For more see, River Brent, Hydronymy, the only other Hanwell in Britain is a small parish in Oxfordshire on the boundary with Warwickshire. The Uxbridge Road was turnpiked between Uxbridge and Tyburn in 1714, the revenue from tolls enabled an all-weather metaled road surface of compacted gravel to be laid down. This constant movement of people along the road, brought about the establishment of coaching inns along the road as it crossed the River Brent and passed through the parish of Hanwell. In these inns, travellers could stable their horses, place their carts or goods in storage and secure board. The first inn on crossing the River Brent is The Viaduct which is on the north side, named after the Wharncliffe Viaduct, its original name was the Coach and Horses. At the back of the pub, some of the stable building can be seen. Early in the 20th century, The Viaduct received a new faïence façade which Nikolaus Pevsner succinctly described as a jolly tiled Edwardian pub, unfortunately, today the profusion of street furniture detracts somewhat from the original impact that these rich mid-browns and mid-cream glazed tiles gave the building. Next was the Duke of Wellington which lay approximately 400 m closer to London on the side of the road. However, this had been demolished by the 1920s and was not rebuilt, established in the 18th century, it has been subsequently rebuilt in the Tudorbethan style. The next pub occupies the site of what was probably the very first inn to be established on the Oxford Road as it ran through Hanwell and it lies on the south side of the road
11.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
12.
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 tube station
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Heathrow Terminals 2 &3 is a London Underground station at Heathrow Airport on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly line, and currently serves Heathrow Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. The station was named Heathrow Terminals 1,2 &3 until January 2016, the station is situated in Travelcard Zone 6. The station opened as Heathrow Central on 16 December 1977 as the phase of the Piccadilly lines extension from Hounslow West to the airport. The preceding station, Hatton Cross, had opened as the terminus in 1975. At its opening, the served as the terminus of what became known as the Heathrow branch of the line — previously it had been the Hounslow branch. It was the first time that an airport had been served by an underground railway system. The Terminal 4 station is located on a single track loop from Hatton Cross to Heathrow Terminals 2 &3. On the opening of the Terminal 4 station most direct services from Hatton Cross ceased, some early morning trains still went directly to Heathrow Terminals 1,2,3 to the confusion of some passengers, the last westbound train every day still does this. This situation continued until 17 September 2006, when the Terminal 5 tunnel works were complete for the loop tunnel. Alternate trains run either to Terminal 4, or direct to Terminals 2 &3, Heathrow Terminals 2 &3 has a double crossover directly to the east which can be seen from the platform. The station has six escalators of which two operate from the platform to the hall area and two operate in the opposite direction, the other two connect the ticket hall area to the surface. A mezzanine floor between the platform and ticket hall levels provide staff accommodation and facilities, trains may serve platform 1 from either direction but platform 2 may only be served by eastbound trains. British Transport Police maintain a presence at Heathrow, until 2012, free transfer was not possible between terminals, in contrast to the Heathrow Express. In January 2012, free travel was introduced for Oyster card holders between the Heathrow stations on the Piccadilly line, journeys from Heathrow Terminals 2 &3 to Terminal 4 via the Piccadilly line require a change at Hatton Cross. Step Free Access to street level will continue to be served by the two airport lifts from the Coach station, the station is served by London Buses routes 105,111,140,285, A10, U3, the express route X26, and the Night Route N9. Non-TfL routes 75,76,441,555,740, A30, A40, Heathrow Central railway station Photographic Archive. Archived from the original on 2008-03-18, official opening of the station by Her Majesty the Queen,1977 External view of station,1979 Detail of platform decoration and seating,1980 Transport for London. Archived from the original on 2008-09-08, - transport map for Heathrow showing Underground, Heathrow Express and Heathrow Connect rail, and the N9 night bus
13.
Piccadilly line
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The Piccadilly line /ˌpɪkəˈdɪli/ is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark blue on the Tube map. It is the fourth busiest line on the Underground network on the basis of the number of passengers transported per year with 210,000,000. It is mainly a deep-level line, running from the north to the west of London via Zone 1, with a number of surface sections and it is named after the road above it between Hyde Park Corner and Piccadilly Circus. Some of its stations are shared with the District line and some are shared with the Metropolitan line and it is the second longest line on the system, after the Central line, and has the second most stations, after the District line. The GN&SRs and B&PCRs separate routes were linked with a section between Piccadilly Circus and Holborn. A section of the District Railways scheme for a tube line between South Kensington and Earls Court was also added in order to complete the route. When the GNP&BR was formally opened on 15 December 1906, the line ran from the Great Northern Railways station at Finsbury Park to the District Railways station at Hammersmith. On 30 November 1907, the branch from Holborn to the Strand opened. In 1905, plans were made to extend it the distance south under the River Thames to Waterloo. Although built with twin tunnels, single track shuttle operation became the norm on the branch from 1918 on, on 1 July 1910 the GNP&BR and the other UERL-owned tube railways were merged by private Act of Parliament to become the London Electric Railway Company. On 10 December 1928, a rebuilt Piccadilly Circus station was opened, There had been deputations made to Parliament asking for an early extension of the line either towards Tottenham and Edmonton or towards Wood Green and Palmers Green. The early 1930s was a time of recession, and in order to relieve unemployment, government capital was made available, the chief features of the scheme were an extension northwards from Finsbury Park to Cockfosters. However, a Ventilation station, in architectural style to tube stations of the time was provided at the site. There was also opposition from the London and North Eastern Railway to the line. The extension began from Finsbury Park to a point a little south of Arnos Grove, a Parliamentary report of 1919 recommended through running to Richmond and Ealing. By the end of the 1920s the priority had shifted to serving the areas around Hounslow and north, construction of the linking sections started in 1930, and the services opened as follows. To Uxbridge, the District Railway had operated services to Uxbridge since 1910 and this influence can be seen in the bold vertical and horizontal forms, which were combined with the use of traditional materials like brick. Many of these Holden-designed station are listed buildings and this idea was eventually rejected due to the inconvenience to passengers that would have been caused during rebuilding, as well as the costs of the new tunnels
14.
Osterley tube station
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Osterley (/ˈɒstəli/ is a London Underground station in Osterley in west London. The station is on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly line, the station is located on Great West Road close to the National Trust-owned Osterley Park. It is in Travelcard Zone 4, the current Osterley station was opened on 25 March 1934 adjacent to the Great West Road which had been opened in 1925. The station was designed by Stanley Heaps in the modern European style used elsewhere on the Piccadilly line by Charles Holden, the design uses brick, reinforced concrete and large areas of glass and features a brick tower topped with a concrete obelisk. It was served from its outset by trains from the District and Piccadilly Lines, Osterley station was a replacement for an earlier station, Osterley & Spring Grove, located about 300m to the east on Thornbury Road, which was closed when Osterley opened. The old station is now Osterley Bookshop, the archway to the platforms is still visible inside the bookshop, but is now bricked off. The platforms are still in place, and the station may be viewed from a passing train. Osterley & Spring Grove station and the tracks through the current station were opened by the District lines predecessor, on 21 July 1884 a branch was constructed from shortly north of Hounslow Town to Hounslow Barracks. The branch line was constructed as single track and initially had no stations between the terminus and Osterley & Spring Grove. Until 31 March 1886 passengers travelling west from Osterley & Spring Grove could go to either Hounslow Barracks or Hounslow Town, on that date Hounslow Town station closed and a new station, Heston & Hounslow, opened to the west. Electrification of the DRs tracks took place between 1903 and 1905 with electric trains replacing steam trains on the Hounslow branch from 13 June 1905. When the branch was electrified, the track between Osterley & Spring Grove and Heston & Hounslow was closed and a new loop was opened from Hounslow Town back to Heston & Hounslow. Trains would run from Osterley & Spring Grove to Hounslow Town then reverse and this method of operation was unsuccessful and short-lived. On 2 May 1909 the track between Heston & Hounslow and Osterley & Spring Grove was reopened with a new Hounslow Town station located about 300m west of the loop to the old station, the old Hounslow Town station and its two loop tracks were closed for good. Piccadilly line services, which had been running as far as Northfields since January 1933 were extended to run to Hounslow West on 13 March 1933, London Buses route H91 serves the station. Osterley is the closest station to British Sky Broadcastings offices near Gillette Corner, Sky jointly runs a non public minibus service with Harrods to and from the station every 15 minutes during extended office hours for visitors and staff. The bus may be labelled Sky or Harrods, archived from the original on 2014-02-10. Osterley Park & Spring Grove station,1932 Osterley station under construction, archived from the original on 2006-02-07
15.
Northfields tube station
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Northfields is a London Underground station in Northfields, west London. The station is on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly line and it is located on Northfield Avenue near Lammas Park, and in Travelcard Zone 3. The route through Northfields station was opened by the District Railway, the station opened as Northfield on 16 April 1908. The station was renamed as Northfields and Little Ealing on 11 December 1911, as a halt, the 1908 station was quite basic and provided only rudimentary shelters for passengers. The first rebuilding took place in the 1910s and the station was given a booking hall on the bridge over the tracks. Located on the east side of Northfields Avenue, the new station was designed by Charles Holden in a modern European style using brick, reinforced concrete and glass. The brick walls of the hall are punctuated with panels of clerestory windows. The new station opened on 19 May 1932 with the current name and it has two island platforms serving four sets of tracks and is connected directly to the Northfields depot immediately to the west of the station and south of the tracks. Trains may terminate at Northfields station and then run on to the west to enter the depot, to avoid operational conflicts between the eastbound depot exit track and the westbound running track to Boston Manor, the westbound running track passes under the depot track in a cutting. Trains normally enter and exit service at Northfields although there is also a track connection from the depot to the westbound running track west of Boston Manor. Piccadilly line services started running to Northfields from Acton Town on 1 January 1933 and were extended to run to Hounslow West on 13 March 1933, on 17 May 1994, Northfields station was made a Grade II listed building. London Buses routes E2 and E3 and night route N11 serve the station, archived from the original on 2014-02-11. Northfields Halt station,1908 Northfields & Little Ealing station,1927 Ticket hall,1927 New station building,1933 Ticket hall,1933 Approach to station looking east towards road bridge,1935, the large building on the right is the London Undergrounds Northfields substation. High angle view of station looking west along platforms,1948 This photograph was taken from a bridge leading to a now demolished exit in Weymouth Avenue, the foundations of the path to this exit remain on the northern embankment
16.
London Borough of Ealing
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The London Borough of Ealing /ˈiːlɪŋ/ is a London Borough in west London, England, and forms part of Outer London. It is the 3rd largest London Borough in population, and 11th largest in size, covering part of west London and its administrative centre is Ealing Broadway. Other major centres include Acton, Greenford and Southall, the local authority is Ealing London Borough Council. The London borough was formed in 1965 by the merging the area of the Municipal Borough of Ealing, the Municipal Borough of Southall and the Municipal Borough of Acton. Along with Brentford, the London Borough of Ealing is the setting for much of the action in Robert Rankins series of novels, The Brentford Trilogy. Ealing is also the setting for The Sarah Jane Adventures. Within the borough are two garden suburbs, Brentham Garden Suburb and Bedford Park,330 hectares within the borough are designated as part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. Ealing Central and Acton Ealing North Ealing Southall There are four stations within the London Borough of Ealing. Southall and Northolt have similar-sized station grounds and both house two pumping appliances, Southall attended some 700 incidents more than their Northolt counterparts in 2006/07. Ealing, with two pumping appliances, and Acton, one pump and two fire investigation units, are the other two appliances in the area, interestingly, the ward of Northfield had over forty malicious calls made from it, more than twice as any other ward within Ealing. Ealing has a total of 91 state-run schools and nurseries, There are 13 high schools under the domain of the local education authority,12 of which are either comprehensive, foundation or voluntary-aided, and one city academy. The King Fahd Academy is an independent Saudi funded school within the borough, the Japanese School in London is a Japanese international school in Acton. The borough of Ealing is ethnically diverse, in 2011, 49% gave their ethnicity as white, 30% as Asian, 15% as Black and 4. 5% as of mixed or multiple ethnicity, the remander identifying as Arab or other ethnicity. The main religions of the population in 2011 were Christianity, Islam and Sikhism, 15% stated they had no religion. The borough has a long-standing Irish community which is visible through the number of established Irish pubs in the borough. Country flags for example can be flown on the outside or hung inside of various pubs in the area. St Benedicts School has also had a long affiliation with the Irish community in Ealing. Many Irish members of the Ealing borough attend Ealing Abbey which is linked to St Benedicts School, the Irish population is mostly concentrated within Hanwell
17.
Hounslow Town tube station
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Hounslow Town was a London Underground station located in Hounslow, west London. It was first opened in 1883 by the District Railway, the precursor to todays District line, the station was situated at the eastern end of Hounslow High Street, at the junction with Kingsley Road. Its site is now occupied by Hounslow bus garage, Hounslow Town station was opened by the District Railway on 1 May 1883 as the terminus of a new extension of the DR from Acton Town. The station was constructed with the intention of continuing the line south to join the tracks of the London, to facilitate this, the tracks were built at an elevated level in readiness to cross the high street via a bridge. The LSWR objected to the DR connecting to its tracks, as the new DR route to central London would compete with the LSWRs own route to Waterloo, in 1884, a branch was constructed from just north of Hounslow Town to Hounslow Barracks station. The branch line was constructed as single track and initially had no stations between the terminus and Osterley & Spring Grove station. A new station, Heston & Hounslow, was opened on the Barracks branch as its replacement on the following day, in 1903, Hounslow Town was reopened. Services were divided at Osterley with some running to Hounslow West, electrification of the DRs tracks took place between 1903 and 1905 with electric trains replacing steam locomotives on the Hounslow branch from 13 June 1905. When the branch was electrified, the track between Osterley and Hounslow Central was closed and a new loop was opened from Hounslow Town back to Hounslow Central, trains would run from Osterley to Hounslow Town, then reverse and run to Hounslow West. This method of operation was unsuccessful and short-lived, on 1 May 1909 the track between Hounslow Central and Osterley was reopened with a new Hounslow Town station about 300 metres west of the loop to the old station. The old Hounslow Town station and its two tracks were closed permanently. Today, nothing remains of the original Hounslow Town station, a plaque in front of the bus garage gives a brief history of the old Underground station. Hounslow Town station, showing the elevated platforms
18.
Electrification
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Electrification is the process of powering by electricity and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source. The broad meaning of the term, such as in the history of technology, economic history and this included the change over from line shaft and belt drive using steam engines and water power to electric motors. The electrification of particular sectors of the economy is called by such as factory electrification, household electrification. Electrification was called the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th Century by the National Academy of Engineering, the earliest commercial uses of electricity were electroplating and the telegraph. In the years of 1831–1832, Michael Faraday discovered the principle of electromagnetic generators. He also built the first electromagnetic generator, called the Faraday disk and it produced a small DC voltage. Around 1832, Hippolyte Pixii improved the magneto by using a wire wound horseshoe, with the coils of conductor generating more current. André-Marie Ampère suggested a means of converting current from Pixiis magneto to DC using a rocking switch, later segmented commutators were used to produce direct current. William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone developed a telegraph around 1838-40, in 1840 Wheatstone was using a magneto that he developed to power the telegraph. Wheatstone and Cooke made an important improvement in electrical generation by using an electromagnet in place of a permanent magnet. The self-excited magnetic field dynamo did away with the battery to power electromagnets and this type of dynamo was made by several people in 1866. The first practical generator, the Gramme machine was made by Z. T Gramme, crompton improved the generator to allow better air cooling and made other mechanical improvements. Compound winding, which gave more stable voltage with load, improved operating characteristics of generators, the improvements in electrical generation technology increased the efficiency and reliability greatly in the 19th century. The first magnetos only converted a few percent of energy to electricity. By the end of the 19th century the highest efficiencies were over 90%, Sir Humphry Davy invented the carbon arc lamp in 1802 upon discovering that electricity could produce a light arc with carbon electrodes. However, it was not used to any extent until a practical means of generating electricity was developed. Carbon arc lamps were started by making contact between two electrodes, which were then separated to within a narrow gap. Because the carbon burned away, the gap had to be constantly readjusted, several mechanisms were developed to regulate the arc
19.
Electric locomotive
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An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or on-board energy storage such as a battery or fuel cell. Electricity is used to smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors. One advantage of electrification is the lack of pollution from the locomotives, electrification results in higher performance, lower maintenance costs and lower energy costs. Power plants, even if they burn fossil fuels, are far cleaner than mobile sources such as locomotive engines, the power can come from clean or renewable sources, including geothermal power, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines. Electric locomotives are quiet compared to locomotives since there is no engine and exhaust noise. The lack of reciprocating parts means electric locomotives are easier on the track, Electric locomotives are ideal for commuter rail service with frequent stops. They are used on high-speed lines, such as ICE in Germany, Acela in the U. S. Shinkansen in Japan, China Railway High-speed in China, Electric locomotives are used on freight routes with consistently high traffic volumes, or in areas with advanced rail networks. Electric locomotives benefit from the efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows energy to be recovered during braking to put power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems provide for regenerative braking. The chief disadvantage of electrification is the cost for infrastructure, overhead lines or third rail, substations, public policy in the U. S. interferes with electrification, higher property taxes are imposed on privately owned rail facilities if they are electrified. In Europe and elsewhere, railway networks are considered part of the transport infrastructure, just like roads, highways and waterways. Operators of the rolling stock pay fees according to rail use and this makes possible the large investments required for the technically and, in the long-term, also economically advantageous electrification. Because railroad infrastructure is owned in the U. S. railroads are unwilling to make the necessary investments for electrification. The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen and it was powered by galvanic cells. Davidson later built a locomotive named Galvani, exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two direct-drive reluctance motors, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a cylinder on each axle. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour for a distance of one and it was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use
20.
Steam locomotive
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A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material—usually coal, wood, the steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotives main wheels. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind, the first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first practical steam locomotive was built in 1812-13 by John Blenkinsop, Steam locomotives were first developed in Great Britain during the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century. From the early 1900s they were superseded by electric and diesel locomotives, with full conversions to electric. The majority of locomotives were retired from regular service by the 1980s, though several continue to run on tourist. The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along railway tracks, in 1784, William Murdoch, a Scottish inventor, built a small-scale prototype of a steam road locomotive. An early working model of a rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer John Fitch in the US during 1794. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks, the model still exists at the Ohio Historical Society Museum in Columbus. The authenticity and date of this locomotive is disputed by some experts, accompanied by Andrew Vivian, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine, Trevithick visited the Newcastle area in 1804 and had a ready audience of colliery owners and engineers. The visit was so successful that the railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation. Trevithick continued his own steam propulsion experiments through another trio of locomotives, Four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray for the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway debuted in 1812. Another well known early locomotive was Puffing Billy built 1813–14 by engineer William Hedley and it was intended to work on the Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on display in the Science Museum. George Stephenson built Locomotion No.1 for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north-east England, in 1829, his son Robert built in Newcastle The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent builder of locomotives used on railways in the UK, US. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened a year later making exclusive use of power for passenger
21.
Stanley Heaps
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Following the early death of Green in 1908, Heaps became the UERLs architect and produced designs for a number of new stations on the Bakerloo and Northern lines during the 1910s and early 1920s. Heaps first independent station designs were for the four new stations on the Bakerloo line extension from Edgware Road tube station opened in 1913 and 1915. The station buildings designed for Maida Vale and Kilburn Park were based on the earlier Leslie Green design, greens stations had been two-storey structures, the lift plant housed in part of the first floor level behind the characteristic semi-circular arched windows. In 1915 Heaps also designed a new frontage for the Central lines station at Wood Lane and this featured mosaic tiled Underground roundels over the entrances similar to those installed at Maida Vale station. After World War I, Heaps designed the stations for the 1923-4 extension of the CCE&HR from Golders Green to Edgware, the buildings were built of brick with tiled pitched roofs. Four of the stations were given stone colonnaded frontages somewhat reminiscent of cricket pavilions, the fifth station, Burnt Oak, opened with a temporary building that was replaced in 1925 by a permanent building that was built without a colonnade. Hendon Central station was surrounded by and incorporated into a larger block of shops. Colindale station was destroyed by a bomb in 1940 but was not fully replaced, in a new design, Pick commissioned the designs of these from Charles Holden, who provided the designs for the majority of new Underground stations built in the 1930s. Heaps concentrated on the design of less noteworthy but nonetheless important depot buildings for trains and buses although he designed new stations at Osterley, Boston Manor, Heaps remained Chief Architect for the UERL and its successor London Transport into the 1940s. He worked throughout that period with the Undergrounds consultant architect, Charles Holden, on a number of stations including Hounslow West, during the Second War World Heaps served as Director of Construction at the Ministry of Aircraft Production. The Man Who Built London Transport, A Biography of Frank Pick, connor, J. E. Londons Disused Underground Stations. The Subterranean Railway, How the London Underground Was Built and How It Changed the City Forever, London Transport Museum Photographic Archive - Stanley A Heaps,1943
22.
Charles Holden
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He also created many war cemeteries in Belgium and northern France for the Imperial War Graves Commission. After working and training in Bolton and Manchester, Holden moved to London, Holden believed strongly that architectural designs should be dictated by buildings intended functions. After the First World War he increasingly simplified his style and his designs became pared-down and modernist and he was a member of the Design and Industries Association and the Art Workers Guild. He produced complete designs for his buildings including the interior design, although not without its critics, his architecture is widely appreciated. He was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1936 and was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry in 1943 and his station designs for London Underground became the corporations standard design influencing designs by all architects working for the organisation in the 1930s. Many of his buildings have been granted listed building status, protecting them from unapproved alteration and he twice declined the offer of a knighthood. Charles Henry Holden was born on 12 May 1875 at Great Lever, Bolton, the fifth and youngest child of Joseph Holden, a draper and milliner, Holdens childhood was marred by his fathers bankruptcy in 1884 and his mothers death when he was fifteen years old. He briefly had jobs as an assistant and a railway clerk in St Helens. During this period he attended draughting classes at the YMCA and considered a career as an engineer in Sir Douglas Foxs practice, in 1891 he began working for his brother-in-law, David Frederick Green, a land surveyor and architect in Bolton. In April 1892 he was articled to Manchester architect Everard W. Leeson and, while training him, also studied at the Manchester School of Art. While working and studying in Manchester, Holden formed friendships with artist Muirhead Bone, whitmans writings and those of Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edward Carpenter were major influences on Holdens life. He incorporated many of their philosophies and principles into his style of living, in 1895 and 1896 Holden submitted designs to Building News Designing Club competitions using the pseudonym The Owl. Although the number of competing submissions made was not always large, from nine competition entries, Holden won five first places, in 1897, he entered the competition for the RIBAs prestigious Soane Medallion for student architects. Of fourteen entries, Holdens submission for the subject, a Provincial Market Hall. Holden described the design as being inspired by the work of John Belcher, Edgar Wood, around 1898 Holden began living with Margaret Steadman, a nurse and midwife. They were introduced by Holdens older sister, Alice, and became friends through their common interest in Whitman, Steadman had separated from her husband James Steadman, a university tutor, because of his alcoholism and abuse. The Holdens lived in suburban Norbiton, Surrey until 1902, when moved to Codicote in Hertfordshire. Around 1906, they moved to Harmer Green near Welwyn, where Holden designed a house for them, the couple had no children together, though Margaret had a son, Allan, from her marriage
23.
Reinforced concrete
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The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing schemes are designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of steel, Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed, so as to improve the behaviour of the final structure under working loads. In the United States, the most common methods of doing this are known as pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, durability in the concrete environment, irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress for example. François Coignet was a French industrialist of the century, a pioneer in the development of structural. Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete as a technique for constructing building structures, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house at 72 rue Charles Michels in the suburbs of Paris. Coignets descriptions of reinforcing concrete suggests that he did not do it for means of adding strength to the concrete, in 1854, English builder William B. Wilkinson reinforced the concrete roof and floors in the two-storey house he was constructing. His positioning of the reinforcement demonstrated that, unlike his predecessors, in 1877, Monier was granted another patent for a more advanced technique of reinforcing concrete columns and girders with iron rods placed in a grid pattern. Though Monier undoubtedly knew reinforcing concrete would improve its inner cohesion, before 1877 the use of concrete construction, though dating back to the Roman Empire and reintroduced in the mid to late 1800s, was not yet a proven scientific technology. His work played a role in the evolution of concrete construction as a proven. Without Hyatts work, more dangerous trial and error methods would have largely depended on for the advancement in the technology. G. A. Wayss was a German civil engineer and a pioneer of the iron, in 1879 Wayss bought the German rights to Moniers patents and in 1884 started the first commercial use for reinforced concrete in his firm Wayss & Freytag. Up until the 1890s Wayss and his firm greatly contributed to the advancement of Moniers system of reinforcing, ernest L. Ransome was an English-born engineer and early innovator of the reinforced concrete techniques in the end of the 19th century. With the knowledge of reinforced concrete developed during the previous 50 years, ransomes key innovation was to twist the reinforcing steel bar improving bonding with the concrete. Gaining increasing fame from his concrete constructed buildings Ransome was able to build two of the first reinforced concrete bridges in North America, one of the first concrete buildings constructed in the United States, was a private home, designed by William Ward in 1871. The home was designed to be fireproof for his wife, one of the first skyscrapers made with reinforced concrete was the 16-storey Ingalls Building in Cincinnati, constructed in 1904. Many different types of structures and components of structures can be built using reinforced concrete including slabs, walls, beams, columns, foundations, frames, Reinforced concrete can be classified as precast or cast-in-place concrete. Designing and implementing the most efficient floor system is key to creating optimal building structures, small changes in the design of a floor system can have significant impact on material costs, construction schedule, ultimate strength, operating costs, occupancy levels and end use of a building
24.
District line
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The District line is a London Underground service that crosses Greater London from east to west. From Upminster, the terminus, the line runs through Central London to Earls Court before dividing into three western branches, to Ealing Broadway, Wimbledon and Richmond. There is a branch that goes from Earls Court to Kensington. A branch also runs north from Earls Court to Edgware Road via Paddington, the track and stations between Barking and Aldgate East are shared with the Hammersmith & City line, and between Tower Hill and Gloucester Road and on the Edgware Road branch with the Circle line. Some of the stations are shared with the Piccadilly line, unlike Londons deep-level tube railways, the railway tunnels are just below the surface, and the trains are of a similar size to those on British main lines. The District line is the busiest of the lines as well the fifth busiest line overall on the London Underground with over 208 million passengers in the year 2011/12. The original Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. Services were operated at first using wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, electrification was financed by the American Charles Yerkes, and electric services began in 1905. In 1933 the railway was absorbed by the London Passenger Transport Board, in the first half of the 1930s the Piccadilly line took over the Uxbridge and Hounslow branches, although a peak-hour District line service ran on the Hounslow branch until 1964. Kensington has been served by the District line since 1946, the trains carried guards until one-person operation was introduced in 1985. The signalling system is being upgraded, and the current D Stock trains are to be replaced by new 7-car S Stock trains by spring 2017, the Metropolitan District Railway was formed to build and operate part an underground inner circle connecting Londons railway termini. The first line opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster, by 1871 when the District began operating its own trains, the railway had extended to West Brompton and a terminus at Mansion House. Hammersmith was reached from Earls Court, services were extended to Richmond over the tracks of the London and South Western Railway and branches reached Ealing Broadway, Hounslow, as part of the project that completed the Circle line in October 1884, the District began to serve Whitechapel. Services began running to Upminster in 1902, after a link to the London, electric multiple-units were introduced on other services in 1905, and East Ham became the eastern terminus. Hounslow and Uxbridge were served by 2 or 3-car shuttles from Mill Hill Park, some also served South Acton. Services were extended again to Barking in 1908 and Upminster in 1932, in 1933 Piccadilly trains reached to Hounslow West, the District continuing to run services with an off-peak shuttle from South Acton to Hounslow. Most of the cars on the District line were the 1904–05 B Stock type with wooden bodies. The off-peak District line services on the Hounslow branch were withdrawn on 29 April 1935, following bombing of the West London Line in 1940 the LMS and the Metropolitan line services over the West London Line were both suspended
25.
Art Deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
26.
London Buses
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London Buses is the subsidiary of Transport for London that manages bus services within Greater London. Contracts are normally for five years, with two-year extensions available if performance criteria is met, operators provide staff to drive the buses, provide the buses to operate and also adhere to set TfL guidelines. Operators are then in return paid per mile that each bus runs, London Buses publishes a variety of bus maps. Some are traditional street maps of London marked with bus numbers, in 2002, TfL introduced the first spider maps. The arachnoid form of bus routes radiating from a centre earned them the nickname spider maps, the maps are displayed at most major bus stops, and can be downloaded in PDF format via the Internet from the TfL website. The legal identity of London Buses is London Bus Services Limited, East Thames Buses was the trading name of another wholly owned subsidiary of TfL called, rather confusingly, London Buses Limited. The operating units were sold off in 1994/95, and their purchasers make up the majority of companies awarded bus operating tenders from the current London Buses, after 1994/95, the LBL company lay dormant, passing from LRT to TfL. It was resurrected when East Thames Buses was formed, separated by a wall from LBSL. The local bus network in London is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world, over 8000 scheduled buses operate on over 700 different routes. Over the year this network carries over 1.8 billion passenger journeys, Buses in the London Buses network accept Travelcards, Oyster card products and contactless debit and credit cards. Cash fares have not been available since 6 July 2014, single journey fares used to be charged in relation to length of journey, but are now charged as single flat fares for any length of journey. Alternatively, weekly and monthly passes may also be purchased and loaded onto an Oyster card, passengers using contactless payment cards are charged the same fares as on Oyster pay as you go. Unlike Oyster cards, contactless cards also have a 7-day fare cap though it only operates on a Monday-Sunday basis. Under 11s can travel free on London buses and trams at any time unaccompanied by an adult, children aged 11 to 15 travel free on buses with an 11–15 Oyster photocard, without an Oyster card or Travelcard, they have to pay the full adult fare. Visitors can have a special discount added to an ordinary Oyster card at TfLs Travel Information Centres, there are also concessions for London residents aged 16 to 18. The Freedom Pass scheme allows Greater London residents over state pension age, people who have concessionary bus passes issued by English local authorities travel free on TfL bus services at any time. Each company has its own operating code, and every bus garage in London has its own garage code, however, London Buses in fact maintains a close control over both the age and specification of the vehicles. These have been known to tear and get dirty quickly, however there have been improvements with LED Backlights and the SmartBlind system installed on newer vehicles
27.
London Buses route 195
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
28.
London Buses route E8
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
29.
Transport for London
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Transport for London is a local government body responsible for the transport system in Greater London, England. Its head office is in Windsor House in the City of Westminster, the underlying services are provided by a mixture of wholly owned subsidiary companies, by private sector franchisees and by licensees. In 2015-16, TfL had a budget of £11.5 billion, the rest comes from government funding, borrowing, other income and Crossrail funding. On 21 January 2016, it was announced that the responsibility for franchising all of Londons inner suburban services would be transferred from the DfT to TfL. This transfer will take place as current franchises fall due for renewal, TfL was created in 2000 as part of the Greater London Authority by the Greater London Authority Act 1999. It gained most of its functions from its predecessor London Regional Transport in 2000, the first Commissioner of TfL was Bob Kiley. The first Chair was then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, and the first Deputy Chair was Dave Wetzel, Livingstone and Wetzel remained in office until the election of Boris Johnson as Mayor in 2008. Johnson took over as Chairman, and in February 2009 fellow-Conservative Daniel Moylan was appointed as his Deputy, TfL did not take over responsibility for the London Underground until 2003, after the controversial Public-private partnership contract for maintenance had been agreed. Management of the Public Carriage Office had previously been a function of the Metropolitan Police, Transport for London Group Archives holds business records for TfL and its predecessor bodies and transport companies. Some early records are held on behalf of TfL Group Archives at the London Metropolitan Archives. After the bombings on the underground and bus systems on 7 July 2005 and they helped survivors out, removed bodies, and got the transport system up and running, to get the millions of commuters back out of London at the end of the work day. Those mentioned include Peter Hendy, who was at the time Head of Surface Transport division, and Tim OToole, head of the Underground division, carrying open containers of alcohol was also banned on public transport operated by TfL. The Mayor of London and TfL announced the ban with the intention of providing a safer, there were Last Round on the Underground parties on the night before the ban came into force. Passengers refusing to observe the ban may be refused travel and asked to leave the premises, the Greater London Authority reported in 2011 that assaults on London Underground staff had fallen by 15% since the introduction of the ban. In an effort to reduce sexual offences and increase reporting, TfL—in conjunction with the British Transport Police, Metropolitan Police Service, TfL is controlled by a board whose members are appointed by the Mayor of London, a position held by Sadiq Khan since May 2016. The Commissioner of Transport for London reports to the Board and leads a management team with individual functional responsibilities, the body is organised in three main directorates and corporate services, each with responsibility for different aspects and modes of transport. This network is sub-divided into three service units, BCV, Bakerloo, Central, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines. JNP, Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines, SSL, Metropolitan, District, Circle and Hammersmith & City lines
30.
English Heritage
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English Heritage is a registered charity that manages the National Heritage Collection. This comprises over 400 of Englands historic buildings, monuments and sites spanning more than 5,000 years of history, within its portfolio are Stonehenge, Dover Castle, Tintagel Castle and the best preserved parts of Hadrians Wall. English Heritage also manages the London Blue Plaques scheme, which links influential historical figures to particular buildings and it was created to combine the roles of existing bodies that had emerged from a long period of state involvement in heritage protection. The British government gave the new charity an £80 million grant to establish it as an independent trust. Over the centuries, what is now called Heritage has been the responsibility of a series of state departments. There was the Kings Works after the Norman Conquest, the Office of Works, the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues and Works, and the Ministry of Works. Responsibility subsequently transferred to the Ministry of Public Building and Works then to the Department of the Environment and now the Department for Culture, Media, the states legal responsibility for the historic environment goes back to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882. Central government subsequently developed several systems of protection for different types of assets, introducing listing for buildings after WW2. The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission was formed under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983 on 1 April 1984, soon after, the commission gained the operating name of English Heritage by its first Chairman, Lord Montagu of Beaulieu. A national register of parks and gardens, was set up in 1984. Registration is a consideration in the planning process. In 2010–2011 it recorded 4.3 million unique online user sessions, in 2012 the section responsible for archive collections was renamed the English Heritage Archive. As a result of the National Heritage Act 2002, English Heritage acquired administrative responsibility for historic wrecks, the administration of the listed building system was transferred from DCMS to English Heritage in 2006. It was retained on grounds of performing a function which should remain independent from Government. However the department also suffered from budget cuts during the recession of the 2010s resulting in a deficit of £100 million. In June 2013 the British Government announced plans to provide an £80 million grant to enable English Heritage to become a self-financing charity, the national portfolio of historic properties remain in public ownership, but the new English Heritage will be licensed to manage them. The change occurred on 1 April 2015 with the planning and heritage protection functions remaining an independent, non-departmental public body. The new trust has a licence to operate the properties until 2023, English Heritage is the guardian of over 400 sites and monuments, the most famous of which include Stonehenge, Iron Bridge and Dover Castle
31.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Heathrow Airport
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Heathrow Airport is a major international airport in London, United Kingdom. In 2016, it handled a record 75.7 million passengers, Heathrow lies 14 miles west of Central London, and has two parallel east–west runways along with four operational terminals on a site that covers 12.27 square kilometres. London Heathrow is the hub for British Airways and the primary operating base for Virgin Atlantic. In September 2012, the UK government established the Airports Commission, in July 2015, the commission backed a third runway at Heathrow and the government approved a third runway in October 2016. Heathrow is 14 mi west of central London, near the end of the London Borough of Hillingdon on a parcel of land that is designated part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. The airport is surrounded by the areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and Cranford to the north and by Hounslow. To the south lie Bedfont and Stanwell while to the west Heathrow is separated from Slough in Berkshire by the M25 motorway, Heathrow falls entirely under the TW postcode area. As the airport is west of London and as its runways run east–west, for a chronicled history of Heathrow Airport, see History of Heathrow Airport. Heathrow Airport originated in 1929 as an airfield on land south-east of the hamlet of Heathrow from which the airport takes its name. At that time there were farms, market gardens and orchards there, there was a Heathrow Farm about where Terminal 1 is now, a Heathrow Hall and a Heathrow House. This hamlet was largely along a lane which ran roughly along the east. Development of the whole Heathrow area as a much larger airport began in 1944. But by the time the airfield was nearing completion, World War II had ended, the government continued to develop the airport as a civil airport, it opened as London Airport in 1946 and was renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966. Heathrow Airport is used by over 80 airlines flying to 185 destinations in 84 countries, the airport is the primary hub of British Airways and is a base for Virgin Atlantic. It has four terminals and a cargo terminal. Of Heathrows 73.4 million passengers in 2014, 93% were international travellers, the busiest single destination in passenger numbers is New York, with over 3 million passengers flying between Heathrow and JFK Airport in 2013. As the required length for runways has grown, Heathrow now has two parallel runways running east–west. These are extended versions of the two east–west runways from the original hexagram, from the air, almost all of the original runways can still be seen, incorporated into the present system of taxiways
33.
Heathrow Terminal 4 tube station
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Heathrow Terminal 4 is a London Underground station at Heathrow Airport on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly line. The station is situated in Travelcard Zone 6, the station opened on 12 April 1986 to serve the then recently opened Heathrow Terminal 4. It is situated on a loop tunnel which was constructed between the existing Hatton Cross and Heathrow Terminals 1,2,3 stations. The station is one of four on the London Underground to have one platform. It is adjacent to Heathrow Terminal 4 railway station used by main line Heathrow Express railway services, in-service routing took trains from Hatton Cross to Terminal 4 then Terminals 1,2,3 and back to Hatton Cross. On 7 January 2005, both the track and the station were closed temporarily in order to allow the construction of a new rail junction to link to the new Heathrow Terminal 5 station. All trains reverted to using the westbound track from Hatton Cross direct to Heathrow Terminals 1,2,3 which was used prior to the opening of Heathrow Terminal 4. For passengers travelling to or from Heathrow Terminal 4, a bus was provided from Hatton Cross tube station. Until 2012, free transfer was not possible between terminals, in contrast to the Heathrow Express, in January 2012, free travel was introduced for Oyster card holders between the three Heathrow stations. However, the configuration of the means that journeys from Heathrow Terminals 1,2,3. This journey is free, despite Hatton Cross itself not being part of the free travel zone, London Buses routes 482 and 490 serve the station. Heathrow Terminal 4 railway station London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
34.
Heathrow Terminal 5 station
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Heathrow Terminal 5 is a shared railway and London Underground station serving London Heathrow Airport Terminal 5. The station serves as a terminus for the Heathrow Express services to Paddington in central London, the station is staffed entirely by Heathrow Express staff, unlike the other underground stations serving Terminal 4 and Terminals 2 &3. The London Underground section of the station is situated in Travelcard Zone 6, the station was opened on 27 March 2008. It was designed by architects HOK International in conjunction with Rogers, Stirk, although situated underground, parts of the stations roofing are made of translucent ETFE laminate panels, allowing natural daylight to flood down both ends of all six platforms. The Terminal 5 station is served by the rail services, Piccadilly line, half the trains on the Heathrow branch terminate here, via Hatton Cross. The other half do not serve Heathrow Terminal 5, running instead via the loop to service Heathrow Terminal 4 and Heathrow Terminals 2 &3, Heathrow Express to/from Paddington Station terminate here. Until 2012, free transfer was not possible between terminals via the Underground, unlike on the Heathrow Express, in January 2012, free travel was introduced for Oyster card holders between the Heathrow stations on the Piccadilly line. Journeys from Heathrow Terminal 5 to Terminal 4 via the Piccadilly line require a change at Hatton Cross, in addition to the above rail links, the T5 Rail Station also has two safeguarded heavy rail platforms for use by a west-facing connection to the National Rail network. The south-leaning proposal would spur off the WSW line from London west of Staines railway station and it proposes direct rail services to London Waterloo, Reading, Woking, Guildford and London Gatwick Airport. Due to the cost of replacing three level crossings, one in an urban part of Egham, the proposals are currently unfunded. London Buses Routes 350,423,482,490 and Night Route N9 serve the station
35.
Cockfosters tube station
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Cockfosters is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly line for which it is the northern terminus. The station is in Travelcard Zone 5 and the next station south-east is Oakwood, the station opened on 31 July 1933, the last of the stations on the extension of the line from Finsbury Park to do so and four months after Oakwood station opened. Prior to its opening, Trent Park and Cock Fosters were suggested as alternative station names, the original site hoarding displayed the name as a single word. The station was designed by Charles Holden in a modern European style using brick, glass, holdens early design sketches show the station with two towers. The trainshed roof constructed at Uxbridge in 1937-38 was built to a similar design, Cockfosters station is a Grade II listed building. The station has three tracks with platforms number 1 to 4, the track being served from both sides by platforms 2 and 3. This is an example of the so-called Spanish solution, most eastbound Piccadilly trains terminate here although some terminate at Arnos Grove or Oakwood, particularly in peak hours or in the evenings. Some trains may terminate at Wood Green, however, this is only used very early in the morning or in emergency situations. Cockfosters depot is located between Oakwood and Cockfosters and trains can access or leave it from either direction, Trent Park The London LOOP walk uses the stations foot tunnel to cross Cockfosters Road. Cockfosters tube station features prominently in the novel While England Sleeps by American author David Leavitt, one of the novels protagonists is writing a book entitled The Train to Cockfosters. London Buses routes 299,384 and 298 and night route N91 serve the station
36.
Osterley & Spring Grove tube station
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Osterley (/ˈɒstəli/ is a London Underground station in Osterley in west London. The station is on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly line, the station is located on Great West Road close to the National Trust-owned Osterley Park. It is in Travelcard Zone 4, the current Osterley station was opened on 25 March 1934 adjacent to the Great West Road which had been opened in 1925. The station was designed by Stanley Heaps in the modern European style used elsewhere on the Piccadilly line by Charles Holden, the design uses brick, reinforced concrete and large areas of glass and features a brick tower topped with a concrete obelisk. It was served from its outset by trains from the District and Piccadilly Lines, Osterley station was a replacement for an earlier station, Osterley & Spring Grove, located about 300m to the east on Thornbury Road, which was closed when Osterley opened. The old station is now Osterley Bookshop, the archway to the platforms is still visible inside the bookshop, but is now bricked off. The platforms are still in place, and the station may be viewed from a passing train. Osterley & Spring Grove station and the tracks through the current station were opened by the District lines predecessor, on 21 July 1884 a branch was constructed from shortly north of Hounslow Town to Hounslow Barracks. The branch line was constructed as single track and initially had no stations between the terminus and Osterley & Spring Grove. Until 31 March 1886 passengers travelling west from Osterley & Spring Grove could go to either Hounslow Barracks or Hounslow Town, on that date Hounslow Town station closed and a new station, Heston & Hounslow, opened to the west. Electrification of the DRs tracks took place between 1903 and 1905 with electric trains replacing steam trains on the Hounslow branch from 13 June 1905. When the branch was electrified, the track between Osterley & Spring Grove and Heston & Hounslow was closed and a new loop was opened from Hounslow Town back to Heston & Hounslow. Trains would run from Osterley & Spring Grove to Hounslow Town then reverse and this method of operation was unsuccessful and short-lived. On 2 May 1909 the track between Heston & Hounslow and Osterley & Spring Grove was reopened with a new Hounslow Town station located about 300m west of the loop to the old station, the old Hounslow Town station and its two loop tracks were closed for good. Piccadilly line services, which had been running as far as Northfields since January 1933 were extended to run to Hounslow West on 13 March 1933, London Buses route H91 serves the station. Osterley is the closest station to British Sky Broadcastings offices near Gillette Corner, Sky jointly runs a non public minibus service with Harrods to and from the station every 15 minutes during extended office hours for visitors and staff. The bus may be labelled Sky or Harrods, archived from the original on 2014-02-10. Osterley Park & Spring Grove station,1932 Osterley station under construction, archived from the original on 2006-02-07
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Hounslow West tube station
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Hounslow West is a London Underground station in Hounslow of the London Borough of Hounslow, West London. It is located on Bath Road about 600m from its junction with A4 Great West Road, the station is on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly line, between Hatton Cross and Hounslow Central stations and is in Travelcard Zone 5. The station has a platform reached by stairs. There is step-free access for wheelchair users only, the station was opened by the District Railway on 21 July 1884. The station was originally named Hounslow Barracks in reference to the Cavalry Barracks, the station was the terminus of a single track branch line extension from the DRs existing route to Hounslow Town station on Hounslow High Street. In My Early Life, Winston Churchill recalls travelling on the Underground Railway to Hounslow Barracks two or three times a week whilst living at his mothers house in Knightsbridge around 1896. The DRs tracks were electrified between 1903 and 1905 with electric trains replacing steam trains on the Hounslow branch from 13 June 1905, on 1 December 1925 Hounslow West, Hounslow Central and Hounslow East stations received their current names. During 1930 and 1931 a new building was constructed facing on to Bath Road to replace the original building which was parallel with the tracks. The original building was demolished as the new one was built. The building is similar to the reconstructed station at Ealing Common built at the same time, also by Heaps. Basil Ionides designed the interior of the hall at Hounslow West tube station. Piccadilly line services, which had been running as far as Northfields since January 1933, were extended to Hounslow West on 13 March 1933. From that date, the branch was operated jointly by both lines, but District line services were reduced to just rush-hour services in the late 1950s. In the early 1970s work began on extending the Piccadilly line from Hounslow West to Heathrow Airport, the original alignment of the tracks and platforms at Hounslow West was SW/NE. If the tracks had been extended directly on that alignment towards the airport, the line surfaces briefly over the River Crane before descending under Heathrow. Extending the District line to Hounslow West again is still a possibility which has recently been re-evaluated, the first phase of the extension works was to build two new platforms at Hounslow West in a covered trench with a more westerly alignment to reach the chosen route. The new platforms were adjacent to and to the north of the three platforms, and the access from the 1930s station building was extended to reach them. The new platforms were brought into use on 14 July 1975, train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 3-7 minutes between 06,01 and 00,01 in both directions
38.
South Ealing tube station
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South Ealing is a London Underground station in west London. The station is on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly line and it is located on South Ealing Road and is in Travelcard Zone 3. South Ealing station was opened by the District Railway, on 1 May 1883 on a line to Hounslow Town, electrification of the DRs tracks took place between 1903 and 1905 with electric trains replacing steam trains on the Hounslow branch from 13 June 1905. Piccadilly line services, which had been running non-stop through the station since January 1933, from this date, the branch was operated jointly by both lines until District line services were withdrawn on 10 October 1964. In 2006, the station was refurbished at platform level, providing new signage, passenger shelters, security equipment, London Buses route 65 serves the station. Archived from the original on 2014-02-10, South Ealing station,1916 Ticket hall,1927
39.
Upminster station
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Upminster is an interchange station serving the town of Upminster in the London Borough of Havering, Greater London. The station is managed by c2c, which operates the LTSR main line services, the station was opened in 1885 by the LTSR, its original entrance and structure beside the main line platforms and car-park survive from that date. A larger entrance and ticket hall on Station Road was built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1932 and has since been extensively modernised, today the station is owned by Network Rail. Upminster is located within Travelcard Zone 6, the route to Southend was not direct, taking a considerable diversion in order to serve the docks at Tilbury. Between 1885 and 1888 a new route from Barking to Pitsea was constructed. The next station to the east was East Horndon and to the west was Hornchurch, the Whitechapel and Bow Railway opened in 1902 and allowed through-services of the Metropolitan District Railway to operate on the LTSR line to Upminster. Branches were opened by the LTSR to Grays in 1892 and Romford in 1893, the LTSR was purchased by Midland Railway in 1912 and was amalgamated into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway from 1 January 1923. The District Railway electric service extended eastward as far as Barking in 1908, delayed by World War I, an additional pair of electrified tracks were extended by the LMSR and services of the District resumed to Upminster in 1932. The District Railway was incorporated into London Transport in 1933, a new station at Upminster Bridge on the District line became the next station to the west in 1934. After nationalisation of the railways in 1948, management of Upminster station passed to British Railways, the station was greatly expanded in 1932 by the LMSR and the main station building, the two footbridges and the buildings on the remaining platforms were constructed in typical 1930s style. A further platform for services to Romford was a later addition, the primary station building, which gives access to the main Station Road, has been extensively redeveloped in contemporary style and includes three retail units. The original platforms were linked by a subway which has since been abandoned, step-free access is available to all platforms with the exception of platform 6, for the Romford branch line. Platforms 1A is a bay platform used during engineering works. Platform 1 is generally used by services to Fenchurch Street and Liverpool Street, platform 2 for Grays, Southend, platforms 3,4 and 5 are served by the District line, and platform 6 is utilised by services to Romford operated by London Overground. The typical off-peak service of trains per hour is, c2c, main-line, 6tph to London Fenchurch Street, 4tph to Shoeburyness via Basildon, London Overground, Romford to Upminster Line, 2tph to Romford. London Underground, District line, 6tph to Richmond, 6tph to Ealing Broadway, London Bus routes 248,346,347 and 370 serve the station. Train times and station information for Upminster station from National Rail Images in the collection of London Transport Museum c2c information for Upminster station
40.
Oakwood tube station
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Oakwood is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly line. It is the second most northerly station on the line, between Southgate and Cockfosters stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 5, the station is on the edge of the Oakwood area of Enfield and is situated at the junction of Bramley Road and Chase Road. This station has step-free access after the made to the station between October and December 2007. The station opened on 13 March 1933 as part of the Cockfosters extension, the ceiling of the booking hall is particularly monumental and bold. The whole design mirrors proportions found in architecture, albeit in a distinctly 20th century structure. The dimensions of the hall are approximately a double-cube. The station is similar to Holdens slightly earlier designs for Sudbury Town, Oakwood Station is a Grade II* listed building. In early October 2006 to December 2007, the station underwent an upgrade as part of London Undergrounds £10billion upgrade to the whole of the London Underground Network, as part of this, a new lift was installed to provide step-free access to the platforms. The Public Address system was improved, with new information indicators installed on the platforms. In addition 27 new CCTV cameras were installed in the bringing the total number to 29. The station was located in the area of Southgate Council and, following protests from the council, currently a few trains in the early morning and late evening enter/leave service at Oakwood, from Cockfosters Depot. There is additionally a crossover for trains to reverse, and the possibility of a platform built using an existing siding has been mooted to provide extra peak-hour reversing capacity. London Buses routes 121,307 and 377 serve the station
41.
Southgate tube station
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Southgate is a London Underground Piccadilly line station in Southgate. It is located between Arnos Grove and Oakwood stations and is in Travelcard Zone 4, Southgate station opened on 13 March 1933 with Oakwood on the second phase of the northern extension of the Piccadilly line from Finsbury Park to Cockfosters. Prior to the opening, alternative names were suggested including Chase Side. On opening, local residents were given a free ticket to Piccadilly Circus. The station building is circular with a projecting concrete roof. Externally, the roof of the raised central section appears, impossibly. The roof is supported, umbrella-like, from a central column within the ticket hall. The whole building is topped by an illuminated feature resembling a Tesla coil, like Arnos Grove, Oakwood and Cockfosters, Southgate is a listed building in this case at Grade II* and retains much of its original decoration. The two escalators have the original lighting, while bronze panelling is in evidence throughout the station. In 2008 the station was renovated, with new tiling at platform level, a partial new floor in the main ticket hall. The station won the London Regional category award at the 2008 National Railway Heritage Awards for the modernisation of a heritage station, the original escalators were replaced in the late 1980s with the then standard London Transport design. The balustrade of the escalators was manufactured from bronze, rather than aluminium to maintain the 1930s period appearance of the station and to satisfy the requirements of English Heritage. The station was developed as an interchange and the main building sits on an island between Southgate Circus and Station Parade where a series of bus stops are located. A secondary building containing shops wraps around the side of the parade. The station is located on a hill and whereas the platforms at the stations on each side are on the surface those at Southgate are in a section of tunnel. The tunnel portals of both ends are visible from the platforms, a unique occurrence for a deep-level London Underground station, as usual on the Piccadilly line, the platforms are labelled Westbound and Eastbound. However, the tunnels run roughly north-south at Southgate, so eastbound is northbound and westbound is southbound, in the early 1980s, moving picture advertising was tested in the tunnels south of the station. The pictures were of a child on a turning to face the camera
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Arnos Grove tube station
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Arnos Grove is a London Underground station located in Arnos Grove in the London Borough of Enfield, London. It is on the Piccadilly line between Bounds Green and Southgate stations and is in Travelcard Zone 4, the station opened on 19 September 1932 as the most northerly station on the first section of the Piccadilly line extension from Finsbury Park to Cockfosters. It was the terminus of the line until services were extended to Oakwood on 13 March 1933. When travelling from east of Barons Court and through Central London, the station has four platforms which face three tracks. The station was designed by architect Charles Holden, and has described as a significant work of modern architecture. On 19 February 1971, the station was Grade II listed, in 2005, the station was refurbished with the heritage features also maintained. In July 2011 Arnos Groves listed status was upgraded to Grade II*, the station was awarded with the Best Newcomer and the Best Overall Garden in the Underground in Bloom 2011 competition and also in the London in Bloom competition. The station is located in Arnos Grove, near Arnos Park on Bowes Road and it is the first surface station after the long tunnel section which starts east of Barons Court and passes through Central London. The station and surrounding neighbourhood of Arnos Grove take their names from the Arnos Grove estate, the station is part of the Arnos Grove group of stations, comprising all seven stations from Cockfosters to Turnpike Lane, and the management office for the group is in Arnos Grove station. Linked to the station by a passageway is Ash House. The Great Northern railway and its successor, the London and North Eastern Railway, for years refused consent for any extension into the suburbs of Haringey. Eventually, public opinion became strong enough to force the matter, the station was opened on 19 September 1932 as the most northerly station on the first section of the Piccadilly line extension. It was the terminus of the line until services were extended to Oakwood on 13 March 1933. Its name was chosen after public deliberation, alternatives were Arnos Park, Bowes Road, on the night of 13 October 1940, during the Blitz, a lone German aircraft dropped a single bomb on houses to the north of Bounds Green station. The destruction of the houses caused the end of the westbound platform tunnel to collapse. As a result, train services between Wood Green and Cockfosters were disrupted for two months, on 11 August 1948, a passenger train was derailed when the front and rear bogies of a carriage took different routes at a set of points at the station. On 7 July 2005, a bomb was exploded on a train travelling between Kings Cross St. Pancras and Russell Square, as a result, train services between Hyde Park Corner and Arnos Grove were disrupted until 4 August of the same year. Like the other stations Charles Holden designed for the extension, Arnos Grove was built in a modern European style using brick, glass and reinforced concrete and basic geometric shapes
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Bounds Green tube station
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Bounds Green is a London Underground station, located at the junction of Bounds Green Road and Brownlow Road in Bounds Green in the London Borough of Haringey, North London. The station is on the Piccadilly line, between Wood Green and Arnos Grove, and is on the boundary between Zone 3 and Zone 4. Like all stations on the Cockfosters extension, Bounds Green, which opened on 19 September 1932, during the planning period of the extension to Cockfosters, alternate names for this station, Wood Green North and Brownlow Road were considered but rejected. The station was used as a shelter and people slept on the stairs between the escalators here as well as on the platforms. On the night of 13 October 1940, during The Blitz, the destruction of the houses caused the north end of the westbound platform tunnel to collapse, killing or injuring many people amongst those sheltering from the air raid. The train service was disrupted for two months, a memorial plaque erroneously commemorates sixteen Belgian refugees and. Three British citizens who died in the attack, approximately twenty people were injured, but survived. The octagonal frontage is flanked by a ventilation tower, the sub-surface areas of the station are finished in biscuit-coloured tiles lined with red friezes. Holdens designs emphasised functionality combined with balanced geometry and the use of materials, especially glass. The historical significance of the station is emphasised by its involvement in the World War II blitz, two escalators take passengers from the ticket hall down to the platforms with a central fixed stairway. These machines were installed in 1989 and 1991, replacing the original 1932 machines, the current installations are Otis MH-B type of 15.8 m vertical rise. The stations platform tunnels have, in common with those of Southgate, in contrast, the much busier Wood Green, Turnpike Lane and Manor House have 23-foot diameter platform tunnels. The construction of suicide pits between the rails was also innovative, these were built in connection with a system of passageways under the platforms to access to the track. The station was refurbished in 2007 as part of Transport for London’s £10 billion Investment Programme, the works were carried out at night and in a series of weekend closures. The station was restored to its condition, complete with red tiled borders. The cable trays above the level are grey. The ticket hall has been retiled light and dark grey with wooden doors to station accommodation revarnished, train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 2–5 minutes between 06,53 and 00,59 eastbound, and between 05,27 and 00,09 westbound. The station is served by London Bus routes 102,184,221 and 299, Bounds Green Bowes Park Muswell Hill Wood Green Photographic Archive
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Wood Green tube station
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Wood Green is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly line. The station is between Turnpike Lane and Bounds Green stations and is in Travelcard Zone 3 and it is located at junction of High Road, Wood Green and Lordship Lane. It serves Wood Green Shopping City and the nearby Haringey Council administrative complex as well as a populated residential area. It is also the closest tube station to the Alexandra Palace Venue, the station opened on 19 September 1932 when the first section of the Cockfosters extension from Finsbury Park was opened. Like all stations on the extension, Wood Green set new aesthetic standards, when the Cockfosters extension was planned, alternative names for this station—Lordship Lane and Wood Green Central—were considered, but rejected. Architecturally, this station, designed by Charles Holden, is an example of the modernist house style Holden developed for London Transport in the 1930s. Located on a site, the main frontage is curved and is flanked by two ventilation towers, although these are later additions to the station. On the northern side, the structure incorporates a shop which forms part of the parade in High Road. The other end of the features a large London Underground sub-station. Since July 2011, the station has been a grade II listed building, the below surface areas of the station are tiled in biscuit-coloured tiles lined with green friezes. The station tunnels—in common with those of Manor House and Turnpike Lane—are 23 ft diameter and were designed for the volume of traffic expected. In contrast, the tunnels at both Bounds Green and Southgate have a diameter of only 21 ft. The construction of suicide pits between the rails was a new innovation, to the north of the station is a reversing siding. This was used for reversing northbound trains so that they could return towards central London, until the 1990s trains were regularly turned back here - trains now only reverse at Wood Green in times of service disruption, or to regain time after late running. There was one passenger standing on the platform and was injured by flying glass, the National Rail station now called Alexandra Palace was formerly called Wood Green, it was renamed in 1984. With the Chelsea-Hackney line, otherwise known as Crossrail 2 under discussion, Wood Green station is a route option between New Southgate and Seven Sisters in the 2015 consultation. London Buses route 29,67,121,123,141,144,221,230,232,243,329 and W4 and night routes N29, list of London Underground stations Photographic Archive. Archived from the original on 2008-03-18, Wood Green station the day after opening,1932 Interior of ticket hall,1934
45.
Turnpike Lane tube station
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Turnpike Lane is a station on the Piccadilly line of the London Underground, between Manor House and Wood Green, in Travelcard Zone 3. It is in the London Borough of Haringey, opened on 19 September 1932, it was the first Underground station in the Municipal Borough of Tottenham. Like all stations on the Cockfosters extension, Turnpike Lane set new aesthetic standards not previously seen on the Underground, during the planning period for the extension to Cockfosters, alternate names for this station were considered but rejected. The station was designed by the architect Charles Holden and is an example of the modernist house style of London Transport in the 1930s. It was listed at Grade II in 1994, the ticket hall is an enormous brick box, with two large ventilation towers, half-sunk into the surrounding ground. Its high walls contain segmented windows that allow light to shine far into the station. The effect in late afternoon light is akin to that in a cathedral transept, two of the street entrances gave access to the tram routes to and from Alexandra Palace via tramway island exits into Turnpike Lane. These tram services were withdrawn in 1938 and replaced by buses, the sub-surface areas are tiled in biscuit coloured tiles lined with yellow friezes. The booking hall is 12 feet below street level, in common with Manor House and Wood Green, the station tunnels have a diameter of 23 feet and were designed for the greater volume of traffic expected. Bounds Green and Southgate have only 21 foot diameter platform tunnels, the construction of suicide pits between the rails was also innovative. These were built in connection with a system of passageways under the platforms to access to the track. The bus station at the back of the complex was covered in 1968 as part of a reshaping plan of London bus services. The roof has since been removed as part of the rebuilding in the late 1990s, in May 2013 it was announced that the station would be on the latest proposed route for Crossrail 2. This route is on the Cheshunt branch of Crossrail 2, the station is mentioned in the song Junkie Doll by Mark Knopfler on his album Sailing to Philadelphia, and also in Los Angeles Waltz by Razorlight on their self-titled album, Razorlight. London Buses routes 29,41,67,121,123,141,144,184,217,221,230,231,232,329,444 and W4 and night routes N29, archived from the original on 2011-07-07. - Architectural history and photograph of Turnpike Lane in 1932
46.
Manor House tube station
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Manor House is a station on the Piccadilly line of the London Underground, on the boundary between Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3. It straddles the border between the London Boroughs of Hackney and Haringey, the address and three of the entrances being in the former, and one entrance in the latter. The station, named after a public house, is situated at the junction of Seven Sisters Road. Opened on 19 September 1932, it lies between Finsbury Park and Turnpike Lane tube stations, like all stations on the Cockfosters extension, Manor House station set new aesthetic standards, not previously seen on Londons Underground. The station was equipped with nine street level entrances, two of which access to tram routes to and from Tottenham, Edmonton and Stamford Hill via tramway island exits into Seven Sisters Road. The last of these services were withdrawn in 1938 and replaced by trolleybuses. The sub-surface areas of the station were tiled in biscuit coloured tiles lined with blue friezes, the station tunnels have, in common with those of Turnpike Lane and Wood Green, a diameter of 23 feet and were designed for the greater volume of traffic expected. In contrast, Bounds Green and Southgate have only 21 foot diameter platform tunnels, the construction of suicide pits between the rails was also innovative. These were built in connection with a system of passageways under the platforms to access to the track. During the planning of the Victoria line a proposal to transfer Manor House station to the Victoria line was put forward. New tunnels were proposed for the Piccadilly line between Finsbury Park and Turnpike Lane, which would have considerably reduced the travelling time from outer North London to Central London. The inconvenience caused during re-construction, as well as the cost, London Buses routes 29,141,253,254,259,279 and 341 and night routes N29, N253 and N279 serve the station
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Finsbury Park station
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Finsbury Park is a busy intermodal interchange station in north London. The interchange consists of a National Rail station, a London Underground station, the main entrances are by the eastern bus station on Station Place. There is another exit by the bus station along Wells Terrace, incorporating the Underground ticket office. The complex is located in Travelcard Zone 2, the station is named after the nearby Finsbury Park, one of the oldest of Londons Victorian parks. It is also used by many Arsenal supporters on matchdays, as the ground is just a short walk away. When the Victoria line was built in the 1960s, the walls in Finsbury Park station were decorated with mosaics of duelling pistols, Finsbury Fields was close to the present-day Finsbury Square,3 miles south. At the same time the long entrance subways and the Wells Terrace booking hall were rebuilt to a high standard, Finsbury Park station has a long and complex history involving the participation of many railway companies and there have been various changes to the station infrastructure. British Transport Police maintain a presence at Finsbury Park and have a station at the Wells Terrace entrance. Ticket barriers were installed to platforms 1,2,5 and 6 in 2011, Finsbury Park is on the route of the East Coast Main Line from Kings Cross to the north of England and Scotland. The southern section of this was built in stages during the 1840s, tracks were first laid through Finsbury Park in 1850 to the GNRs temporary terminus at Maiden Lane just north of the permanent terminus at Kings Cross. The first station at Finsbury Park opened on 1 July 1861 and was originally named Seven Sisters Road, soon after the first station opened, the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway began construction of a line from Finsbury Park to Edgware. The GNR took over the EH&LR shortly before its opening on 22 August 1867, the station was given its current name Finsbury Park on 15 November 1869. The Edgware branch platforms were on side of the main tracks. The southbound track of the branch crossed over the line by a bridge on its way into the station. The tunnels were constructed with a diameter to accommodate this service. The GN&CR tunnels, instead, terminated beneath the line station without a connection to the surface. The line opened on 14 February 1904, the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway opened on 15 December 1906 between Finsbury Park and Hammersmith in west London. The GN&SR was taken over in 1901 by a led by Charles Yerkes before any work had been carried out
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National Rail
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The name and the accompanying double arrow symbol are the intellectual property of the Secretary of State for Transport. The National Rail logo was introduced by ATOC in 1999, and was used on the Great Britain public timetable for the first time in the edition valid from 26 September in that year. Rules for its use are set out in the Corporate Identity Style Guidelines published by the Rail Delivery Group, the NR title is sometimes described as a brand. As it was used by British Rail, the operator before franchising, its use also maintains continuity and public familiarity. National Rail should not be confused with Network Rail, the two networks are generally coincident where passenger services are run. Most major Network Rail lines carry traffic and some lines are freight only. About twenty privately owned operating companies, each franchised for a defined term by government. The Rail Delivery Group is the association representing the TOCs and provides core services. It also runs Rail Settlement Plan, which allocates ticket revenue to the various TOCs, and Rail Staff Travel and it does not compile the national timetable, which is the joint responsibility of the Office of Rail Regulation and Network Rail. Since the privatisation of British Rail there is no longer a single approach to design on railways in Great Britain, the look and feel of signage, liveries and marketing material is largely the preserve of the individual TOCs. However, National Rail continues to use BRs famous double-arrow symbol and it has been incorporated in the National Rail logotype and is displayed on tickets, the National Rail website and other publicity. The trademark rights to the arrow symbol remain state-owned, being vested in the Secretary of State for Transport. The double arrow was already prescribed for indicating a railway station, the lettering used in the National Rail logotype is a modified form of the typeface Sassoon Bold. It is a misconception that Rail Alphabet was also used for printed material. The British Rail typefaces of choice from 1965 were Helvetica and Univers, TOCs may use what they like, examples include Futura, Helvetica, Frutiger, Bliss, and a modified version of Precious by London Midland. Several conurbations have their own metro or tram systems, most of which are not part of National Rail, LO now also possesses some infrastructure in its own right, following the reopening of the former East London line of London Underground as the East London Railway of LO. Heathrow Express and Eurostar are also not part of the National Rail network despite sharing of stations, northern Ireland Railways were never part of British Rail, which was always confined to Great Britain, and therefore are not part of the National Rail network. National Rail services have a common ticketing structure inherited from British Rail, through tickets are available between any pair of stations on the network, and can be bought from any station ticket office
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Arsenal tube station
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Arsenal is a London Underground station located in Highbury, London. It is on the Piccadilly line, between Holloway Road and Finsbury Park stations, in Travelcard Zone 2, originally known as Gillespie Road, it was renamed in 1932 after Arsenal Football Club, who at the time played at the nearby Arsenal Stadium. It is the tube station named directly after a football club in the United Kingdom. The station is located on a narrow Victorian residential street, away from any main roads and it is also unusual in not having any bus routes pass its entrance, though routes 4,19,106 and 236 serve nearby Blackstock Road. Arsenal tube station was opened by the Great Northern, Piccadilly, the GNP&BR was later renamed the Piccadilly line after the consolidation and nationalisation of the Tube network as London Underground. The original station building and ticket hall were red terracotta-clad buildings designed by Leslie Green, similar to neighbouring stations such as Holloway Road, at the time of Gillespie Roads construction, it served a residential area and a local divinity college. In 1913, Arsenal Football Club moved to Highbury on the site of the playing fields. Arsenal manager Herbert Chapman was a keen advocate, and on 31 October 1932 it was renamed Arsenal. The station was expanded in the 1930s, with the station building demolished. The suffix was dropped from the name some time around 1960. The original tiled walls of the platforms still bear the Gillespie Road name, in 2007, the station underwent a major upgrade, as part of this the wall tiling was completely restored, the floor resurfaced and an electronic Tannoy system was introduced. When the station was built, the building was squeezed incongruously between residential properties on each side, occupying the width of just two terraced houses. Even after the building was rebuilt in the early 1930s and widened, with a further house being demolished. Unusually for a deep level station, Arsenal possesses neither escalators nor lifts. Instead, a passageway leads down to the platforms. This is due to the combination of the tunnels being both relatively shallow at this point and being some distance from the station entrance, due to short flights of stairs at both ends of the passageway the station is not wheelchair accessible. The station has a system unique on the Underground network. The narrow section is used on days for the lighter flow, according to time of day—for passengers catching trains before matches
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