1.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
2.
Davis County, Utah
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Davis County is a county located in the U. S. state of Utah. As of the 2010 census, the population was 306,479 and its county seat is Farmington, and its largest city is Layton. The county was created in 1850 and was named for Daniel C, Davis, captain in the Mormon Battalion. Davis County is part of the Ogden-Clearfield, UT Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Salt Lake City-Provo-Orem, during its first 50 years, Davis County grew slowly. With the advent of the Utah Central Rail Road in 1870, a transition to mechanized agriculture and a surge of commerce, banking, improved roads, new water systems, However, by 1940, the population was barely 16,000. With the establishment of Hill Air Force Base in northern Davis County, the county doubled in population between 1940 and 1950, and doubled again between 1950 and 1960 as part of the nationwide suburb boom that was occurring at the time. By 1990 there were 188,000 residents, and in 2000, by 2030, the county is expected to have a population of about 360,000. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 634 square miles. It is the smallest county in Utah by land area and second smallest by total area. The county lies generally between the Great Salt Lake on the west and the Wasatch Range on the east, which rises to a height of 9,707 feet in the county at Thurston Peak, Davis County includes Antelope Island, which is the largest island in the lake. The entire island is a park, designated to protect natural scenery and especially wildlife on the island, which includes bighorn sheep, pronghorn. The populated portion that lies between the Great Salt Lake and the Wasatch Range belongs to the Wasatch Front, a stretch of land that restricts north-south transportation in the county. Salt Lake County Morgan County Weber County Box Elder County Tooele County Davis County lies in a climate zone. Snow is frequent during winter, with up to 90 in annually on high areas in the east. Annual precipitation averages between 18 and 25 inches in the county, with spring being the wettest season and summer the driest, summers are hot, with several days each year averaging above 95 °F. However, the humidity is low, making for comparatively comfortable temperatures. In winter, temperatures drop below 0 °F, but rarely for extended periods of time. Compared to Salt Lake County to the south, the weather in Davis County is extreme, lake-effect snows hit the southern portion of the county harder, and even in non-lake-effect storms, the lack of a rain shadow in Davis County means that storms often hit Davis County harder. In addition, canyon winds from the east can sometimes cause devastating wind damage and this occurs when a powerful high pressure system situates itself over Wyoming, and is a common occurrence
3.
Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
7.
Bountiful (Book of Mormon)
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Bountiful is the name of two places described in the Book of Mormon, a religious narrative dictated in 1829 by Joseph Smith. The first location is set in the Old World near Jerusalem, while secular and non-Mormon scholars consider the Book of Mormon to be a work of fiction, Latter Day Saints view the book as a chronicle of actual indigenous American people. Accordingly, several LDS scholars have attempted to coordinate the Book of Mormon text relating to Bountiful with actual locations in the Old World, the Book of Mormon references have inspired Mormon settlers to give the name Bountiful to two towns, Bountiful, Utah and Bountiful, British Columbia. After the ship is completed, Lehis party departs Bountiful and sails to the Americas, upon their arrival at the coast, the Book of Mormon states that Lehis group named the sea Irreantum, which is said to mean many waters. Anciently, the Arabian Sea was referred to by the Latin name Mare Erythraeum, LDS researchers Lynn and Hope Hilton point out the similarity between the words Irreantum and Erythraeum. Many LDS scholars and researchers believe that the location of Bountiful can be correlated with any of several locations on Omans southern Dhofar coast on the Arabian peninsula. Locations that have been evaluated are Wadi Hajr, Wadi Masilah, Dhalqut, Rakhyut, Salalah, Khor Rori/Wadi Darbat, the coast must be accessible from the interior desert. Both the general area and the location when the Lehites camped must be fertile and capable of producing crops and it must be a coastal location. It must be fertile, with much fruit and also wild honey. Timber must be available with which to build a ship, a mountain must be located nearby to account for Nephis reference to going to a mountain to pray oft. Cliffs overlooking the ocean must be present to account for Nephis brothers attempt to throw him into the depths of the sea, ore and flint must be available with which to make fire and fabricate tools to build a ship No resident population at the time of the Lehites arrival. Other researchers however disagree with this opinion and favor the location of Khor Rori 40 kilometers to the east of Salalah, Aston concluded that the Wadi Sayq/Khor Kharfot site meets all of the requirements to qualify as Nephis Bountiful. Some LDS researchers believe that the Wadi Sayq and Khor Kharfot site is the most viable candidate, other LDS researchers however disagree with this opinion and discount the Wadi Sayq/Khor Kharfot site for several reasons. Reynolds, in his opinion, describes why he feels Wadi Sayq/Khor Kharfot meets the requirements described by Aston, the valley of Wadi Sayq leads to the ocean from the desert interior, and is the only wadi that flows from the high desert eastward toward the coast. The coast is accessible by traveling through the bottom of Wadi Sayq, Khor Kharfot is the most fertile site on the southern Arabian coast. The region of fertility extends two miles into the Wadi Sayq, there is evidence of inhabitation and use as a small seaport during the Islamic period. Water was available through freshwater springs and an ancient river, a number of sizable trees exist in the area, with evidence of ancient forests. These trees could have provided sufficient lumber to build a ship, Khor Kharfot has the largest permanent flow of fresh water of any site on the coast
8.
Mountain Time Zone
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The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time at the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States, the specification for the location of time zones. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called Mountain Time. Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time when observing standard time, the term refers to the fact that the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to the US state of New Mexico, are located almost entirely in the time zone. In Mexico, this zone is known as the Pacific Zone. In the United States and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is one ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. Sonora in Mexico and most of Arizona in the United States do not observe daylight saving time, and during the spring, summer, and autumn months they are on the same time as Pacific Daylight Time. The Navajo Nation, most of which lies within Arizona, does observe DST, although the Hopi Nation, as well as some Arizona state offices lying within the Navajo Nation, the largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. TV broadcasting in the Mountain Time Zone is typically tape-delayed one hour, sonora – no daylight saving time, always on MST. Sinaloa Revillagigedo Islands, three of the four islands have the time as Mountain Time Zone, Isla Socorro, San Benedicto Island. The following states or areas are part of the Mountain Time Zone, Arizona – no daylight saving time, always on MST, except on the Navajo Nation. Colorado Idaho – southern half, south of the Salmon River Kansas – only the counties of Sherman, Wallace, Greeley and Hamilton, the remaining three counties that border Colorado, Cheyenne, Morton and Stanton, observe Central Time, as do all other Kansas counties. However, the state of Oklahoma is officially in the Central Time Zone. Additionally, northwestern Culberson County, Texas unofficially observes Mountain Time
9.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
10.
North American Numbering Plan
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The North American Numbering Plan is a telephone numbering plan that encompasses 25 distinct regions in twenty countries primarily in North America, including the Caribbean and the U. S. territories. Not all North American countries participate in the NANP, each participating country forms a regulatory authority that has plenary control over local numbering resources. The FCC also serves as the U. S. regulator, Canadian numbering decisions are made by the Canadian Numbering Administration Consortium. The NANP divides the territories of its members into numbering plan areas which are encoded numerically with a telephone number prefix. Each telephone is assigned a telephone number unique only within its respective plan area. The telephone number consists of a central office code and a four-digit station number. The combination of a code and the telephone number serves as a destination routing address in the public switched telephone network. For international call routing, the NANP has been assigned the calling code 1 by the International Telecommunications Union. The North American Numbering Plan conforms with ITU Recommendation E.164, from its beginnings in 1876 and throughout the first part of the 20th century, the Bell System grew from essentially local or regional telephone systems. These systems expanded by growing their subscriber bases, as well as increasing their service areas by implementing additional local exchanges that were interconnected with tie trunks and it was the responsibility of each local administration to design telephone numbering plans that accommodated the local requirements and growth. As a result, the Bell System as a developed into an unorganized system of many differing local numbering systems. The diversity impeded the efficient operation and interconnection of exchanges into a system for long-distance telephone communication. The new numbering plan was accepted in October 1947, dividing most of North America into 86 Numbering Plan Areas. Each NPA was assigned a Numbering Plan Area code, often abbreviated as area code and these codes were first used by long-distance operators to establish long-distance calls between toll offices. The first customer-dialed direct call using area codes was made on November 10,1951, from Englewood, New Jersey, to Alameda, California. Direct distance dialing was introduced across the country and by the early 1960s most areas of the Bell System had been converted and it was commonplace in cities. In the following decades, the system expanded to all of the United States and its territories, Canada, Bermuda. By 1967,129 area codes had been assigned, mexican participation was planned, but implementation stopped after two area codes had been assigned and Mexico opted for an international numbering format, using country code 52
11.
Area codes 801 and 385
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Area codes 801 and 385 are area codes in the North American Numbering Plan assigned for service in Salt Lake City and the four surrounding counties of the Wasatch Front in north-central Utah. The numbering plan area includes the counties of Davis, Morgan, Salt Lake, Utah, and Weber. Other included towns than Salt Lake City are Alta, Bountiful, Layton, Murray, Ogden, Orem, Provo, Sandy, South Jordan, Spanish Fork, Taylorsville, West Jordan and this numbering plan area is located in the Mountain Time Zone. Area code 801 was one of the area codes created in 1947. Area code 385 is an overlay to the numbering plan area which commenced service on June 1,2008. On September 21,1997, numbering plan area 801 was restricted to the Wasatch Front and this split was originally intended to be a long-term solution. However, the Wasatch Front is not only home to most of Utahs landlines, as a result, within only two years 801 was close to exhaustion once again. Conservation measures, such as number pooling, postponed the split for more than seven years, in July 2007, the PSC announced that the capacity created by the conservation measures would be exhausted by June 2008, finally necessitating the implementation of area code 385. The same announcement stated that 385 would be implemented as an overlay plan,385 entered service on June 1,2008, with a year-long permissive dialing period beginning during which seven and ten-digit calls could be completed. Ten-digit dialing became mandatory along the Wasatch Front on June 1,2009, while the area code 801 is still the predominant area code in the region for land lines,385 is being adopted quickly by wireless providers. List of NANP area codes NANPA Area Code Map of Utah List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,801 Area Code List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,385 Area Code
12.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
13.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
14.
Suburb
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
15.
Layton, Utah
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Layton is a city located in Davis County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Statistical Area, as of the 2010 census the city had a population of 67,311, rising to an estimated 72,231 by 2014. Layton is the most populous city in Davis County and the ninth most populous in Utah, Layton has direct access to Salt Lake City, Ogden, Salt Lake City International Airport, Antelope Island, and the FrontRunner commuter rail. In 2014, Layton contributed $1.34 billion worth of sales activity. Layton was settled in the 1850s as an outgrowth of Kaysville, the city is named after Christopher Layton, a Mormon colonizer and leader. It was included in the boundaries when Kaysville was incorporated as a city in 1868 and they challenged Kaysvilles authority to tax their property, claiming they received no municipal services. This dispute reached the United States Supreme Court in 1894 as the case of Linford v. Ellison, the separatist movement finally succeeded in 1902, when Layton became an independent unincorporated area. After further growth it was made a town in 1920. The towns population increased slowly, up until 1940 it was about 600, the creation of Hill Air Force Base to the north in 1940, followed shortly by the United States entry into World War II, led to a dramatic population increase. War workers streamed into the area, the 1950 census counted 3,456 people, Layton became a city, transformed from a farming town to a residential community. Growth slowed after the war, but Layton continued to develop as a bedroom community. The city continued to expand geographically, annexing surrounding parcels of land, including the adjacent town of Laytona, in 1985, Layton passed Bountiful to become the most populous city in Davis County. Layton is located in the portion of the Wasatch Front. According to the United States Census Bureau, Layton has an area of 22.2 square miles, of which 22.0 square miles is land and 0.15 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot summers and cold winters, great Salt Lake effect snow is common in the winter. As of the census of 2010, there were 67,311 people,18,282 households, the population density was 2,823.9 people per square mile. There were 19,145 housing units at a density of 924.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 91% White,1. 61% African American,0. 53% Native American,2. 08% Asian,0. 27% Pacific Islander,3. 09% from other races, and 2. 52% from two or more races
16.
Ogden, Utah
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Ogden /ˈɒɡdɛn/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County, Utah, United States, approximately 10 miles east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles north of Salt Lake City. The population was 84,316 in 2014, according to the US Census Bureau, the city served as a major railway hub through much of its history, and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce. Ogden is also known for its historic buildings, proximity to the Wasatch Mountains. Ogden is a city of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Weber, Morgan, Davis. The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159, in 2010, Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family. Ogden has had a Sister City relationship to Hof since 1954, originally named Fort Buenaventura, the city of Ogden was the first permanent settlement by people of European descent in the region that is now Utah. It was established by the trapper Miles Goodyear in 1846 about a mile west of where downtown Ogden is currently located, in November 1847, Fort Buenaventura was purchased by the Mormon settlers for $1,950. There is some confusion in which Ogden was the first to set foot in the Utah city, peters older brother Samuel Ogden traveled though the western United States on an exploration trip in 1818. The site of the original Fort Buenaventura is now a Weber County park, Ogden is the closest sizable city to the Golden Spike location at Promontory Summit, Utah, where the First Transcontinental Railroad was joined in 1869. Railroad passengers traveling west to San Francisco from the eastern United States typically passed through Ogden, in 1972, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints completed construction of and dedicated the Ogden Utah Temple in Ogden. The temple was built to serve the large LDS population in the area, in 2010, the LDS Church announced a major renovation of the Ogden Temple and the adjacent Tabernacle. The Temple was rededicated in 2014, because Ogden has historically been the second largest city in Utah, it is home to a large number of historic buildings. However, by the 1980s, several Salt Lake City suburbs, the Defense Depot Ogden Utah operated in Ogden from 1941 to 1997. Some of its 1,128 acres has since converted into a commercial and industrial park called the Business Depot Ogden. Ogden is located at 41°13′11″N 111°58′16″W, at the foot of the Wasatch Mountains, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 26.6 square miles, all land. Elevations in the city range from about 4,300 to 5,200 feet above sea level, the Ogden and Weber Rivers, which originate in the mountains to the east, flow through the city and meet at a confluence just west of the city limits. Pineview Dam is located in the Ogden River Canyon 7 miles east of Ogden, the reservoir behind the dam provides over 110,000 acre feet of water storage and water recreation for the area. Prominent mountain peaks near Ogden include Mount Ogden to the east, Ogden experiences a dry summer continental climate
17.
Clearfield, Utah
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Clearfield is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. The population was 30,112 at the 2010 census, Clearfield is a principal city of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Davis, Morgan, and Weber counties. Clearfield was one of the last communities to be settled in the part of Davis County. Hunters and Native American Warriors knew this land before the first white man settled here and they referred to it as the land of wind and sand. There was no water for those early families until wells could be successfully dug, the only water available at first had to be hauled in large barrels from Kays Creek in East Layton. But the great event that did more to transform the bleak Sand Ridge into a garden spot was the coming of the Davis. This caused a population boom in the area as people plowed up the sagebrush, cactus, and prickly pears. Many Clearfield children went to school in nearby Syracuse by walking several miles a day, in 1907, the new Clearfield Elementary School opened its doors to those same children. The school taught first through eighth grades and operated until 1923 when it was destroyed by fire, the new building later acquired the name Pioneer School. North Davis Junior High School was built and opened its doors in 1939, the building cost approximately $170,000 to build. That first year, there were 18 faculty members and 585 students, throughout the following years, Clearfield was known as a peaceful farming community. However, the addition of defense installations in the changed the agricultural community. Construction began on Hill Field in 1940 and the facility eventually stretched along the border of Clearfield. The base has since provided many jobs for civilians and is one of Utahs major employers, on the southwestern side of Clearfield, the U. S. Navy installed the Clearfield Naval Supply Depot in 1943. The dry climate was ideal for storage, and there was a supply of manpower. Another more modern school, South Clearfield Elementary, was added during 1950 to help keep pace with the growing population, the early winter of 1959 saw the beginnings of Clearfield High School, the first high school in northern Davis County. The Clearfield Naval Supply Depot was eventually phased out by 1962, private firms soon began moving into the large warehouse buildings. The area became known as the Freeport Center and today is a major hub for manufacturing, warehousing
18.
Commuter town
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A commuter town is a town whose residents normally work elsewhere, although they live, eat and sleep in these neighborhoods. The name also suggests that these communities have little commercial or industrial activity beyond a small amount of retail, oriented toward locals. A commuter town may also be known as an exurb, or a community, bedroom town or bedroom suburb. The phrase bedroom town has also adopted into the Japanese wasei-eigo word bed town. Suburbs and commuter towns often coincide, but not always, similar to college town, resort town, and mill town, the term commuter town describes the municipalitys predominant economic function. A suburb, in contrast, is a community of size, density, political power. A towns economic function may change, for example when improved transport brings commuters to industrial suburbs or railway towns in search of suburban living, commuter towns may be in rural or semi-rural areas, with a ring of green space separating them from the larger city or town. Where urban sprawl and conurbation have erased clear lines among towns and cities in large metropolitan areas, commuter towns can arise for a number of different reasons. Sometimes, as in Sleepy Hollow, New York or Tiburon, California, in other cases, a pleasant small town, such as Warwick, New York, over time attracts more residents but not large businesses to employ them, requiring denizens to commute to employment centers. Another cause, particularly relevant in the American South and West, is the growth of once-small cities. Owing largely to the creation of the Interstate Highway System. As a result, many cities were absorbed into the suburbs of these larger cities. Often, however, commuter towns form when workers in a region cannot afford to live where they work, the late 20th century dot-com bubble and United States housing bubble drove housing costs in Californian metropolitan areas to historic highs, spawning exurban growth in adjacent counties. For example, most cities in western Riverside County, California can be considered exurbs of Orange County, California and Los Angeles County, as of 2003, over 80% of the workforce of Tracy, California was employed in the San Francisco Bay Area. A related phenomenon is common in the towns of the American West that require large workforces, yet emphasize building larger single-family residences. In certain major European cites, such as Berlin and London, around London, several towns – such as Basildon, Crawley, Harlow, and Stevenage – were built for this purpose by the Commission for New Towns. In some cases, commuter towns can result from negative economic conditions, steubenville, Ohio, for instance, had its own regional identity along with neighboring Weirton, West Virginia until the collapse of the steel industry in the 1980s. In 2013, Jefferson County, Ohio was added to the Pittsburgh metropolitan area as part of its larger Combined Statistical Area, long-time residents may be displaced by new commuter residents due to rising house prices
19.
Gridlock
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Gridlock is a type of traffic jam where continuous queues of vehicles block an entire network of intersecting streets, bringing traffic in all directions to a complete standstill. The term gridlock is also used to describe high traffic congestion with minimal flow. By extension, the term has been applied to situations in other fields where flow is stalled by excess demand, the traditional form of gridlock is caused by traffic heading in one direction across an intersection. This traffic is stopped, by sometimes too much capacity for the roadway or an accident. The drivers in the other direction then go into the blocked intersection trying to get through, in many jurisdictions, drivers are prohibited from entering an intersection at a green light if there is no room for them to clear the intersection. If drivers follow this rule of the road, gridlock will be prevented, one method of reducing gridlock is to aggressively enforce penalties for vehicles that block intersections. Another type of gridlock can occur during traffic surges between highway on-ramps and off-ramps located within a mile of each other. Traffic exiting the highway may back up and block the entering vehicles, Gridlock is sometimes cited as an example of the prisoners dilemma. In New York City, drivers who block the box are subject to a violation that comes with a US$90.00 penalty. In Virginia Beach, Virginia, roads around the oceanfront feature signs at every intersection stating Dont Block the Box, in Austin, Texas, a Dont Block the Box initiative began in 2015. The obvious impacts are driver frustration and trip delay, noise pollution can be aggravated by excessive starting and stopping noise of gridlocked facilities. To make a traffic system less susceptible to gridlock, a metering system can be introduced. These systems determine the number of vehicles allowed in a traffic system. This can be done with control devices, such as traffic lights or warning signs. This type of system is used in Zurich, Switzerland, according to the New York Times the word gridlock was coined in New York City in the early 1970s. The first appearances of gridlock in newspapers occurred during the 1980 New York City transit strike, the word is attributed to Sam Schwartz, who was then the chief traffic engineer for the New York City Department of Transportation at the time of the strike. Schwartz said the word gridlock was used internally in his department during the 1970s and his colleague gave the plan the thumbs-down, worrying that it would simply lock up the grid. Schwartz was always struck by that image and titled his 1980 memo Gridlock Prevention Plan. The event was caused by a combination of works and thousands of coal trucks from Inner Mongolia’s coalfields that travel daily to Beijing
20.
Rush hour
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A rush hour is a part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads and crowding on public transport is at its highest. Normally, this happens twice every weekday—once in the morning and once in the afternoon-evening, the term is often used for a period of peak congestion that may last for more than one hour. By analogy to vehicular traffic, the term Internet rush hour has been used to describe periods of peak data network usage, resulting in delays and slower delivery of data packets. The name is sometimes a misnomer, as the period often lasts more than one hour. Rush hour may be 6–10 am and 4–8 pm, Peak traffic periods may vary from city to city, from region to region, and seasonally. The frequency of public service is usually higher in the rush hour. The resulting crowding may force many passengers to stand, and others may be unable to board, if there is inadequate capacity, this can make public transport less attractive, leading to higher car use and partly shifting the congestion to roads. Transport demand management, such as road pricing or a charge, is designed to induce people to alter their travel timing to minimize congestion. Similarly, public transport fares may be higher during peak periods, season tickets or multi-ride tickets, sold at a discount, are commonly used in rush hours by commuters, and may or may not reflect rush hour fare differentials. Staggered hours have been promoted as a means of spreading demand across a time span, for example in Rush Hour. In Australia, Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne and in New Zealand, Auckland and Christchurch are usually the most congested cities in the morning 6–9am, in Melbourne the Monash Freeway, which connects Melbournes suburban sprawl, to the city is usually heavily congested each morning and evening. In Perth, Mitchell Freeway, Kwinana Freeway and various arterial roads are usually congested between peak hours, making movement between suburbs and the city quite slow, efforts to minimise traffic congestion during peak hour vary on a state by state and city by city basis. In Melbourne, congestion is managed by means including, Inbound transit lanes on busy freeways which are limited to motorcycles, free travel on metropolitan trains before 7am. Passengers must exit the system at their station before 7am. Dedicated bus lanes on major city roads such as Hoddle Street. Introduction of dedicated lanes in the inner city area to encourage cyclists. Prohibition of parking along busy roads during peak periods to create an extra lane for traffic. In São Paulo, Brazil, each vehicle is assigned a day of the week in which it cannot travel the roads during rush hour
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FrontRunner
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The FrontRunner runs south from Pleasant View to Provo with a total length of 88 miles. The name is most often stylized by UTA as F r o n t R u n n e r, uTA-owned track parallels UP track until Ogden, where UP and UTA share the final 6 mi of track to Pleasant View. Most of the used by the FrontRunner is single-tracked, with double-track at stations. FrontRunner closely parallels Interstate 15 for most of the route, there are about 25 round trips on weekdays between Ogden and Provo. Trains run hourly from about 4,30 a. m. to just after midnight on weekdays, on Saturdays trains run every hour from about 6 a. m. to 1,30 a. m. on Sunday morning. As of August 2016 the FrontRunner does not run during most hours of Sundays, FrontRunner operates some service on holidays other than Thanksgiving, Christmas and the observed Christmas holiday, and New Years Day and the observed New Years holiday. FrontRunner is a train locomotive system. FrontRunner trains face north, regardless of the direction of travel, each station has a Park-&-Ride lot. There is no charge for parking in lots, and the number of parking spaces available at each station ranges from limited to 874. Since not all FrontRunner passenger cars are wheelchair accessible, signage at the stations, on the passenger platforms, in addition, each train has one or more Train Hosts available to provide assistance as may be needed, including the placement of ramps for wheelchair boarding. In accordance with the Utah Clean Air Act and UTA ordinance, smoking is prohibited on UTA vehicles as well as UTA bus stops, TRAX stations, work started on the initial section of the line in 2005. Seven of the eight stations opened to riders on April 26,2008. Eight more stations opened on December 10,2012, only bus service was used between Ogden and Pleasant View until September 29,2008, when the track improvements were complete. Union Pacific limited the FrontRunner to one train in the morning. Riders were required to transfer from one train to another at the Ogden Intermodal Transit Center, in January 2009 this was increased to three trains for each morning and evening, with one running straight through in each direction, though the other two still required transfers between trains. Service to Pleasant View temporarily ended September 6,2011, FrontRunner trains were able to run only four times daily to Pleasant View due to the sharing of track with Union Pacific, low ridership exacerbated the problem. Limited weekday-only commuter service to Pleasant View resumed on December 10,2012 with two picking up passengers in the morning and two trains dropping off passengers in the evening. However, no transfers between trains are required, as was sometimes the case in the past, notwithstanding, service is supplemented by regular bus runs between Pleasant View and the Ogden Intermodal Transit Center for the morning and evening weekday commutes
22.
Commuter rail in North America
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It does not include rapid transit or light rail service. Many, but not all, newer commuter railways offer service during peak times only, for example, the West Coast Express commuter rail line runs trains only into Downtown Vancouver during the morning rush hour, and out to the suburbs during the evening rush hour. Other systems avoid the problem entirely by using multiple units. GO Transit in Toronto operates mainly during rush hours on most lines, but offers all-day service seven days a week along its busiest corridor, all of GOs train routes radiate from Toronto Union Station downtown. Future plans for all-day, bidirectional service on all lines are in the works under Metrolinxs The Big Move plan, the Utah Transit Authority operates the FrontRunner, running on thirty-minute headways during weekday rush hours and sixty-minute headways at all other times on weekdays and Saturdays. Service runs until midnight on weeknights, and until just after 2 a. m. on Friday and Saturday nights. The FrontRunner is bidirectional during the entirety of its operating hours, most older, established commuter rail services operate seven days a week, with service from early morning to just after midnight. The Long Island Rail Road is the only 24/7 commuter railroad in North America, the Metro-North Railroad, also serving the New York City Metropolitan Area, runs at all times except the very early morning hours. On these systems, patrons use the trains not just to get to and from work or school, but also for attending sporting events, concerts, theatre, some also provide service to popular weekend getaway spots and recreation areas. Most commuter rail services in North America are operated by government entities or quasi-governmental organizations, almost all share tracks or rights-of-way used by longer-distance passenger services, freight trains, or other commuter services. The 600-mile-long electrified Northeast Corridor in the United States is shared by trains and Amtraks Acela Express, regional. Commuter rail operators often sell reduced-price multiple-trip tickets, charge specific station-to-station fares, Commuter trains typically connect to metro or bus services at their destination and along their route. This is different from the European use of rail, which generally refers to services midway between commuter rail and intercity rail that are not primarily commuter-oriented. The commuter railroads serving the Chicago area are Metra and the South Shore Line, another notable commuter railroad system is Bostons MBTA Commuter Rail, the fifth or sixth busiest in the U. S. with a daily weekday ridership of 130,600 as of Q42011. It serves the Greater Boston metropolitan area, and extends as far south as Wickford, there are only three commuter rail agencies in Canada, GO Transit in Toronto, Agence métropolitaine de transport in Montreal, and West Coast Express in Vancouver. The two busiest rail stations in Canada are Union Station in Toronto and Central Station in Montreal, Commuter rail networks outside of densely populated urban areas like the Washington D. C. New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, San Francisco, Montreal, since the late 1990s, commuter rail networks have been inaugurated in Dallas, San Diego, Minneapolis, Nashville, Salt Lake City, Orlando, and Albuquerque, among other cities. Several more commuter rail projects have been proposed and are in the planning stages, Commuter trains are either powered by diesel-electric or electric locomotives, or else use self-propelled cars
23.
Legacy Parkway
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Legacy Parkway is an 11. 5-mile-long four-lane controlled-access parkway located almost completely within Davis County in the northern part of the U. S. state of Utah. Construction began in 2006 and was completed in 2008, with the opening in September of the same year. In addition to the restrictions on speed and trucks, the road was reduced from an expressway to a four-lane parkway. On average, between 20,000 and 23,000 vehicles use the parkway daily, the parkway begins at an incomplete interchange with I-215 in extreme northern Salt Lake County near the Jordan River Off-Highway Vehicle State Recreation Area. The interchange allows motorists from the Interstate to transfer onto Legacy Parkway, after about 1⁄4 mile, Legacy Parkway enters Davis County, and heads northerly with two lanes in each direction through semi-rural Woods Cross. The parkway then turns northeasterly and back again, meeting 500 South at a diamond interchange. The eastern border of the Legacy Nature Preserve is formed by the parkway as it travels north, in West Bountiful, the parkway curves to the northeast as it follows the contour of the wetlands which lie on the western side of the road. Before reverting to its northerly direction, the route intersects Parrish Lane at another diamond interchange. Past the intersection, Union Pacific and Utah Transit Authority railroad tracks run between the parkway and I-15 to the east, for the remainder of the parkways length, I-15 is located approximately 300 feet east. Upon entering Farmington, the parkway gains one lane in each direction and terminates at a triple-junction with I-15, SR-225 and this interchange is referred to as the Wasatch Weave. Many of the features were also specially-designed to give the parkway a unique feel. There are a total of 2,225 acres of protected areas to the west of the highway, the Legacy Nature Preserve lays along the western border of the parkway near its southern terminus. Further north, the parkway forms much of the border of the Farmington Bay Waterfowl Management Area. For the entirety of the length it is paralleled by the Legacy Parkway Trail. Every year, the Utah Department of Transportation conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume and this is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic, a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. The Federal Highway Administration classifies Legacy Parkway as a MAP-21 Principal Arterial, Legacy Parkway is part of the larger Legacy Highway project first proposed by then-governor Mike Leavitt, which ultimately will run north from Nephi toward Brigham City. The concept of a western Davis County highway has existed since the 1960s, Legacy Parkway was to extend to the west side of the Salt Lake City International Airport and connect to I-80 at 5600 West, however, that plan was abandoned in October 1997. State officials had hoped to have the open in time for the 2002 Winter Olympics being held in Salt Lake City, however
24.
Interstate 15
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Interstate 15 is a major Interstate Highway in the western United States. I-15 begins near the Mexico–US border in San Diego County and stretches north to Alberta, Canada, passing through the states of California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, and Montana. The interstate serves the cities of San Diego, Las Vegas, St. George, Salt Lake City, Pocatello and Butte. It also passes close to the areas of Orange County, California, Los Angeles County, California, Provo, Utah, Ogden, Utah. The stretches of Interstate 15 in Idaho, Utah, and Arizona have been designated as the Veterans Memorial Highway, since its creation, I-15 has served as a long-haul route for North American commerce. Also since the construction of I-15, California, Nevada, as a result, the route of I-15 has substantially increased in population and commuter traffic. The northern terminus is in Sweet Grass, Montana, at the Canada–US border and it is 1,433 miles long from San Diego to Sweet Grass. North of its junction with the Riverside Freeway, State Route 91, in the Inland Empire near Corona, the route roughly follows the former routes of State Route 31. North of Devore, the highway follows the alignment of historic U. S. Highway 66 along with U. S. Highway 91. U. S.395 breaks away at Hesperia and the route continues on a path to Barstow 35 miles to the north. Meanwhile, the old alignments of U. S.91, at that point, I-15 follows the old route of U. S.91 exclusively as U. S.66 turned east toward Needles. For many parts of the highway, high-voltage power lines, such as Path 46 and Path 27, almost all originating from the Hoover Dam, many of these link distant power stations to the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The southern starting point of Interstate 15 was in 1947 planned to be in San Bernardino and this was logical as I-15 was following the old alignment of the historic Route 66 which passed through San Bernardino. But in 1964, legislation was passed to extend the interstate to San Diego. This segments alignment is generally northeast to southwest for about 15 miles, then, in Fontana/Rancho Cucamonga, its directional alignment shifts to north–south where it eventually junctions with Interstate 10. The segment that had built from Devore to San Bernardino was retained as an interstate. Note that during the construction of I-15s present alignment, and for some time afterwards, I-215 was numbered as I-15E, I-15 runs for a total of 287 miles in California. Interstate 15 begins in Primm and continues through Las Vegas along the Las Vegas Strip corridor, then the interstate crosses the border with Arizona in Mesquite
25.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
26.
Book of Mormon
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It was first published in March 1830 by Joseph Smith as The Book of Mormon, An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi. According to Smiths account and the narrative, the Book of Mormon was originally written in otherwise unknown characters referred to as reformed Egyptian engraved on golden plates. Critics claim that it was fabricated by Smith, drawing on material, the pivotal event of the book is an appearance of Jesus Christ in the Americas shortly after his resurrection. The Book of Mormon is divided into books, titled after the individuals named as primary authors and, in most versions, divided into chapters. It is written in English very similar to the Early Modern English linguistic style of the King James Version of the Bible, as of 2011, more than 150 million copies of the Book of Mormon have been published. The writings were said to describe a people whom God had led from Jerusalem to the Western hemisphere 600 years before Jesus birth. According to the narrative, Moroni was the last prophet among these people and had buried the record, which God had promised to bring forth in the latter days. e. Smiths description of these events recounts that he was allowed to take the plates on September 22,1827, exactly four years from that date, accounts vary of the way in which Smith dictated the Book of Mormon. Smith himself implied that he read the plates directly using spectacles prepared for the purpose of translating, other accounts variously state that he used one or more seer stones placed in a top hat. Both the special spectacles and the stone were at times referred to as the Urim and Thummim. During the translating process itself, Smith sometimes separated himself from his scribe with a blanket between them, additionally, the plates were not always present during the translating process and, when present, they were always covered up. Smiths first published description of the said that the plates had the appearance of gold. They were described by Martin Harris, one of Smiths early scribes, Smith called the engraved writing on the plates reformed Egyptian. A portion of the text on the plates was also sealed according to his account, in addition to Smiths account regarding the plates, eleven others stated that they saw the golden plates and, in some cases, handled them. Their written testimonies are known as the Testimony of Three Witnesses and these statements have been published in most editions of the Book of Mormon. Smith enlisted his neighbor Martin Harris as a scribe during his work on the text. In 1828, Harris, prompted by his wife Lucy Harris, Smith reluctantly acceded to Harriss requests. Lucy Harris is thought to have stolen the first 116 pages, after the loss, Smith recorded that he had lost the ability to translate, and that Moroni had taken back the plates to be returned only after Smith repented
27.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
28.
Bountiful Utah Temple
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The Bountiful Utah Temple is the 47th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Bountiful Temple is the temple constructed in the state of Utah. The history of the site began back in 1897, when John Haven Barlow Sr. purchased 40 acres of land from the United States government. Because of lack of water and the terrain, little could be done with the land. In 1947 some of the land was cleared and four hundred apricot trees were planted. In the spring of 1983, flash flooding caused a deal of damage in Bountiful. After considering numerous sites for the temple, the decision was made on April 3,1988 by the LDS Church First Presidency. Four years later, on May 2,1992, the took place. Two hundred thousand Latter-day Saints attended the sessions, more than had ever previously attended a temple dedication. The Bountiful Utah Temple has a total of 104,000 square feet, four ordinance rooms, notable presidents of the Bountiful Utah Temple include James O. Mason and Robert H. Garff. The current president is William S. Winegar
29.
Tabernacle (LDS Church)
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In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a tabernacle is a multipurpose religious building, used for church services and conferences, and as community centers. Tabernacles were typically built as endeavors of multiple congregations, usually at the stake level and they differ from meetinghouses in scale and differ from temples in purpose. There were 79 total tabernacles built during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The largest such tabernacle is in Salt Lake City on Temple Square, the last tabernacle commissioned by the church was the Ogden Stake Tabernacle, built in the 1950s. While some tabernacles are still used for a few ecclesiastical and community cultural activities, many tabernacles have been demolished, sold, or renovated and repurposed into temples. Prior to 2000, the Salt Lake Tabernacle on Temple Square was used twice a year for the general conferences. In April 2000, the conferences moved one block north to the LDS Conference Center, media related to Tabernacles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at Wikimedia Commons
30.
Ted Bundy
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Theodore Robert Bundy was an American serial killer, kidnapper, rapist, burglar, and necrophile who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s, and possibly earlier. Shortly before his execution, after more than a decade of denials, the true victim count remains unknown, and could be much higher. Bundy was regarded by many of his female victims as handsome and charismatic. He typically approached them in places, feigning injury or disability. He decapitated at least 12 of his victims, and kept some of the heads in his apartment for a period of time as mementos. On a few occasions, he broke into dwellings at night. Initially incarcerated in Utah in 1975 for aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault, facing murder charges in Colorado, he engineered two dramatic escapes and committed further assaults, including three murders, before his ultimate recapture in Florida in 1978. He received three death sentences in two trials for the Florida homicides. Bundy died in the chair at Raiford Prison in Starke, Florida. Biographer Ann Rule described him as a sociopath who took pleasure from another humans pain and the control he had over his victims, to the point of death. He once called himself the most cold-hearted son of a bitch youll ever meet, attorney Polly Nelson, a member of his last defense team, agreed, Ted, she wrote, was the very definition of heartless evil. Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell on November 24,1946 to Eleanor Louise Cowell —known for most of her life as Louise—at the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Burlington and his fathers identity has never been determined with certainty. Family, friends, and even young Ted were told that his grandparents were his parents, eventually he discovered the truth, though his recollection of the circumstances varied. Biographer and true crime writer Ann Rule, who knew Bundy personally, believes that he did not find out until 1969, when he located his original birth record in Vermont. Bundy expressed a lifelong resentment toward his mother for never talking to him about his real father and he once threw Louises younger sister Julia down a flight of stairs for oversleeping. He sometimes spoke aloud to unseen presences, and at least once he flew into a violent rage when the question of Teds paternity was raised. Bundy described his grandmother as a timid and obedient woman who periodically underwent electroconvulsive therapy for depression, Ted occasionally exhibited disturbing behavior, even at that early age. Julia recalled awakening one day from a nap to find herself surrounded by knives from the Cowell kitchen, her nephew was standing by the bed
31.
Pioneer Day (Utah)
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Pioneer Day is an official holiday celebrated on July 24 in the U. S. state of Utah, with some celebrations in regions of surrounding states originally settled by Mormon pioneers. Parades, fireworks, rodeos, and other festivities help commemorate the event, similar to July 4, most governmental offices and many businesses are closed on Pioneer Day. In addition to being a holiday in Utah, Pioneer Day is considered a special occasion by many members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. On Pioneer Day, some Latter-day Saints walk portions of the Mormon Trail or reenact entering the Salt Lake Valley by handcart. Latter-day Saints throughout the United States and around the world may celebrate July 24 in remembrance of the LDS Churchs pioneer era, with songs, dances, potlucks, and pioneer related activities. Notable non-LDS American pioneers from this period include Episcopal Bishop Daniel S. Tuttle, the first celebration of Pioneer Day in 1857 was interrupted with news of the approach of Johnstons Army, heralding the beginning of the Utah War. During the following occupation of the Utah Territory by federal troops, in the years that followed, federal enforcement efforts of anti-polygamy laws resulted in greatly subdued celebrations. The centennial in 1947 and the sesquicentennial in 1997 were especially large celebrations in Utah, one writer indicated that the 1947 celebrations seemed to incorporate the entire year, with July 24 only being an apex to the events. The holiday has received criticism for its lack of inclusiveness for non-Mormons, Salt Lake City celebrates with fireworks and the Days of 47 Parade. Ogden, Utah has a rodeo the week of Pioneer Day, bountiful, Utah, celebrates with fireworks and a parade at Handcart Days. Spanish Fork, Utah, celebrates with Fiesta Days, manassa, Colorado, celebrates Pioneer Days on the weekend closest to July 24. Panaca, Nevada, celebrates Pioneer Day on the Saturday closest to July 24, Stirling, Alberta, Canada, celebrates Stirling Settler Days in the third week of July. With historical ties to Utah and the LDS Church, Laie Days is celebrated during the month of July in Laie, Hawaii, pie and Beer Day, an alternative celebration themed around food and drink pairings, primarily for non-Mormons. This Is the Place Heritage Park This is the Place Monument Utah, This Is the Place Media related to Pioneer Day at Wikimedia Commons
32.
Mormon pioneers
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At the time of the ceasefire and planning of the exodus in 1846, the territory was owned by the Republic of Mexico, which soon after went to war with the United States over the annexation of Texas. Salt Lake Valley became American territory as a result of this war and these and other reasons caused the body of the Church to move from one place to another--to Ohio, Missouri, and then to Illinois, where church members built the city of Nauvoo. Sidney Rigdon was the First Counselor in the LDS First Presidency, and as its spokesman, Rigdon preached several sermons in Missouri, including the Salt Sermon. These speeches have sometimes seen as contributing to the conflict known as the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. As a result of the conflict, the Mormons were expelled from the state by Governor Boggs, Rigdon was released on a writ of habeas corpus and made his way to Illinois, where he joined the main body of Mormon refugees in 1839. In 1844 Joseph Smith, and his brother Hyrum Smith were killed by a mob while in custody in the city of Carthage, in 1846, religious tensions reached their peak, and in 1848 mobs burned the Latter-day Saint temple in Nauvoo. During the winter of 1846-47, Latter-day Saint leaders in Winter Quarters and Iowa laid plans for the migration of the number of Saints, their equipment. It was here that Brigham Young first met Thomas L. Kane, Kane obtained permission for the Mormons to winter on Indian territory, and the site was originally called Kanesville. Brigham Young continued to trust Kane throughout his own lifetime, particularly as an intermediary with the often hostile Federal government and this major undertaking was a significant test of leadership capability and the existing administrative network of the recently restructured Church. For his role in the migration, Brigham Young is sometimes referred to as the American Moses. The wary Young insisted the Mormons should settle in a no one else wanted. The initial company would select and break the trail with the expectation that later pioneers would maintain. It was hoped that the group could, wherever possible, establish fords and ferries, in late February, plans were made to gather portable boats, maps, scientific instruments, farm implements and seeds. Techniques for irrigating crops were investigated, a new route on the north side of the Platte River was chosen to avoid major interaction with travelers using the established Oregon Trail on the river’s south side. Given the needs of the volume of Saints who would travel west, Church leaders decided to avoid potential conflicts over grazing rights, water access. In April 1847, Young consulted with members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles who had returned from the British mission. John Taylor, Parley P. Pratt and Orson Hyde brought money contributed by the English Saints, fremont’s recent western expedition, and instruments for calculating latitude, elevation, temperature and barometric pressure. Chosen members of the group were gathered together, final supplies were packed
33.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
34.
Wasatch Range
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The Wasatch Range /ˈwɑːsætʃ/ is a mountain range that stretches approximately 160 miles from the Utah-Idaho border, south through central Utah in the western United States. It is the edge of the greater Rocky Mountains. The northern extension of the Wasatch Range, the Bear River Mountains, extends just into Idaho, according to the Utah History Encyclopedia, Wasatch in Ute means mountain pass or low pass over high range. According to William Bright the mountains were named for a Shoshoni leader who was named with the Shoshoni term wasattsi, since the earliest days of settlement, the majority of Utahs population has chosen to settle along the ranges western front, where numerous river drainages exit the mountains. The mountains were a source of water, timber. Today, 85% of Utahs population lives within 15 miles of the Wasatch Range and this concentration is known as the Wasatch Front and has a population of just over 2,000,000 residents. Salt Lake City lies between the Wasatch Range and the Great Salt Lake, at 11,928 feet, Mount Nebo, a triple peak rising above Nephi, Utah at the southern end of the range, is the highest peak of the Wasatch. In some places the mountains rise immediately from the base elevation of 4,330 feet to over 11,000 feet. Since they top out just below 12,000 feet, Wasatch peaks are not especially high compared to the Colorado Rockies or even the Uinta Mountains, the other main portion of the Rocky Mountains in Utah. However, they are sculpted by glaciers, yielding notably rugged and they also receive heavy falls of snow, in some places over 500 inches per year. This great snowfall, with its runoff, made possible a prosperous urban strip of some 25 cities along nearly 100 miles of mountain frontage. The Wasatch Range is home to a concentration of ski areas, with 11 stretching from Sundance in northern Utah County to Powder Mountain. There is also one ski resort in the Bear River Mountains, Park City alone is bordered by two ski resorts. Further north, Big Cottonwood Canyon features tricky climbing on quartzite, the canyons are located within 24 miles of downtown Salt Lake City and the year-round paved roadways can reach 5,000 ft higher in elevation above the city within a short distance. Dirt roads readily drivable in passenger cars with moderate clearance stretch up from Park City, Heber and these reach about 10,000 feet above sea level and provide impressive long-range high country views. Mount Nebo, the highest peak of the Wasatch, is located at the edge of the range. The Colorado Plateau comes to its northwest corner here as it meets the end of the Rocky Mountains. The range is punctuated by a series of faults, chief among them the Wasatch fault
35.
Great Salt Lake
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The Great Salt Lake, located in the northern part of the U. S. state of Utah, is the largest salt water lake in the Western Hemisphere, and the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world. In an average year the lake covers an area of around 1,700 square miles, for instance, in 1963 it reached its lowest recorded size at 950 square miles, but in 1988 the surface area was at the historic high of 3,300 square miles. In terms of area, it is the largest lake in the United States that is not part of the Great Lakes region. The lake is the largest remnant of Lake Bonneville, a prehistoric lake that once covered much of western Utah. The three major tributaries to the lake, the Jordan, Weber, and Bear rivers together deposit around 1.1 million tons of minerals in the each year. As it is endorheic, it has very high salinity, far saltier than seawater, which makes swimming similar to floating and its shallow, warm waters cause frequent, sometimes heavy lake-effect snows from late fall through spring. The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of a larger prehistoric lake called Lake Bonneville. At its greatest extent, Lake Bonneville spanned 22,400 square miles, nearly as large as present-day Lake Michigan, and roughly ten times the area of the Great Salt Lake today. Bonneville reached 923 ft at its deepest point, and covered much of present-day Utah and small portions of Idaho, Lake Bonneville existed until about 16,800 years ago, when a large portion of the lake was released through the Red Rock Pass in Idaho. With the warming climate, the lake began to dry, leaving the Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, Sevier Lake. While the lake was known by local Native Americans, it entered written history through the records of Silvestre Vélez de Escalante. No name was given to it at the time, and it was not shown on the map by Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, in 1824, it was observed, apparently independently, by Jim Bridger and Etienne Provost. Shortly thereafter other trappers saw it and walked around it, most of the trappers, however, were illiterate and did not record their discoveries. As oral reports of their findings made their way to those who did make records, Escalante had been on the shores of Utah Lake, which he named Laguna Timpanogos. It was the larger of the two lakes that appeared on Mieras map, other cartographers followed his lead and charted Lake Timpanogos as the largest lake in the region. As people came to know of the Great Salt Lake, they interpreted the maps to think that Timpanogos referred to the Great Salt Lake, on some maps the two names were used synonymously. In time Timpanogos was dropped from the maps and its association with Utah Lake was forgotten. Fremont led the first scientific expedition to the lake, but with winter coming on and that happened in 1850 under the leadership of Howard Stansbury
36.
Mudflat
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Mudflats or mud flats, also known as tidal flats, are coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by tides or rivers. They are found in sheltered areas such as bays, bayous, lagoons, mudflats may be viewed geologically as exposed layers of bay mud, resulting from deposition of estuarine silts, clays and marine animal detritus. Most of the sediment within a mudflat is within the intertidal zone, in the past tidal flats were considered unhealthy, economically unimportant areas and were often dredged and developed into agricultural land. Several especially shallow mudflat areas, such as the Wadden Sea, are now popular among those practising the sport of mudflat hiking. On the Baltic Sea coast of Germany in places, mudflats are exposed not by tidal action and these wind-affected mudflats are called windwatts in German. Tidal flats, along with salt marshes and mangrove forests, are important ecosystems. They are often of importance to migratory birds, as well as certain species of crabs, mollusks. In the United Kingdom mudflats have been classified as a Biodiversity Action Plan priority habitat, the maintenance of mudflats is important in preventing coastal erosion. However, mudflats worldwide are under threat from predicted sea level rises, land claims for development, dredging due to shipping purposes, in some parts of the world, such as East and South-East Asia, mudflats have been reclaimed for aquaculture, agriculture, and industrial development. For example, around the Yellow Sea region of East Asia, mudflat sediment deposits are focused into the intertidal zone which is composed of a barren zone, marsh and salt pan. Within these areas are various ratios of sand and mud that make up the sedimentary layers, the associated growth of coastal sediment deposits can be attributed to rates of subsidence along with rates of deposition and changes in sea level. Barren zones extend from the lowest portion of the zone to the marsh areas. Beginning in close proximity to the bars, sand dominated layers are prominent. Common bedding types include laminated sand, ripple bedding, and bay mud, bioturbation also has a strong presence in barren zones. Marshes contain an abundance of plants while the sediment layers consist of thin sand. Mudcracks are a common as well as wavy bedding planes, marshes are also the origins of coal/peat layers because of the abundant decaying plant life. Salt pans can be distinguished in that they contain thinly laminated layers of clayey silt, the main source of the silt comes from rivers. Dried up mud along with wind erosion forms silt dunes, when flooding, rain or tides come in, the dried sediment is then re-distributed
37.
Marsh
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A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species. Marshes can often be found at the edges of lakes and streams and they are often dominated by grasses, rushes or reeds. If woody plants are present they tend to be low-growing shrubs, Marshes provide a habitat for many species of plants, animals, and insects that have adapted to living in flooded conditions. The plants must be able to survive in wet mud with low oxygen levels, many of these plants therefore have aerenchyma, channels within the stem that allow air to move from the leaves into the rooting zone. Marsh plants also tend to have rhizomes for underground storage and reproduction, familiar examples include cattails, sedges, papyrus and sawgrass. Aquatic animals, from fish to salamanders, are able to live with a low amount of oxygen in the water. Some can obtain oxygen from the air instead, while others can live indefinitely in conditions of low oxygen, Marshes provide habitats for many kinds of invertebrates, fish, amphibians, waterfowl and aquatic mammals. Marshes have extremely high levels of production, some of the highest in the world. Marshes also improve water quality by acting as a sink to filter pollutants, Marshes are able to absorb water during periods of heavy rainfall and slowly release it into waterways and therefore reduce the magnitude of flooding. The pH in marshes tends to be neutral to alkaline, as opposed to bogs, Marshes differ depending mainly on their location and salinity. Both of these factors influence the range and scope of animal and plant life that can survive. The three main types of marsh are salt marshes, freshwater marshes, and freshwater marshes. These three can be found worldwide and each contains a different set of organisms, saltwater marshes are found around the world in mid to high latitudes, wherever there are sections of protected coastline. They are located close enough to the shoreline that the motion of the tides affects them and they flourish where the rate of sediment buildup is greater than the rate at which the land level is sinking. Salt marshes are dominated by specially adapted rooted vegetation, primarily salt-tolerant grasses, salt marshes are most commonly found in lagoons, estuaries, and on the sheltered side of shingle or sandspit. The currents there carry the fine particles around to the side of the spit. These locations allow the marshes to absorb the nutrients from the water running through them before they reach the oceans. Coastal development and urban sprawl has caused significant loss of these essential habitats, although considered a freshwater marsh, this form of marsh is affected by the ocean tides
38.
North Salt Lake, Utah
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North Salt Lake is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 16,322 at the 2010 census, which had risen to an estimated 19,193 as of 2014. North Salt Lake is located in southern Davis County, it is bordered to the north by Woods Cross, to the northeast by Bountiful, and to the south by Salt Lake City in Salt Lake County. According to the United States Census Bureau, North Salt Lake has an area of 22.2 square kilometres, of which 0.1 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,749 people,2,874 households, the population density was 1,060.7 people per square mile. There were 3,022 housing units at a density of 366.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 60% White,0. 31% African American,1. 01% Native American,1. 50% Asian,0. 42% Pacific Islander,2. 40% from other races, and 1. 76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 36% of the population,16. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.04 and the family size was 3.46. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 31. 9% under the age of 18,13. 0% from 18 to 24,29. 2% from 25 to 44,18. 1% from 45 to 64, the median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 102.1 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $47,052, males had a median income of $40,101 versus $26,223 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,544, about 3. 0% of families and 3. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 6% of those under age 18 and 2. 3% of those age 65 or over. City of North Salt Lake official website
39.
Woods Cross, Utah
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Woods Cross is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 9,761 as of the 2010 census, with an estimated population in 2014 of 11,097. Woods Cross is named after Daniel Wood, an early settler, Woods Cross is in southeastern Davis County, bordered to the north by West Bountiful, to the east by Bountiful, and to the south by the city of North Salt Lake. According to the United States Census Bureau, Woods Cross has an area of 3.9 square miles. As of 2009 estimates, there were 8,888 people,1,936 households, the population density was 1,783.2 people per square mile. There were 2,021 housing units at a density of 561.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 75% White,0. 44% African American,0. 25% Native American,0. 70% Asian,0. 26% Pacific Islander,2. 55% from other races, and 2. 04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 72% of the population,13. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 2. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.32 and the family size was 3.69. In the city, the population was out with 36. 0% under the age of 18,13. 0% from 18 to 24,31. 6% from 25 to 44,15. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 26 years, for every 100 females there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.8 males, the median income for a household in the city was $46,271, and the median income for a family was $51,778. Males had an income of $35,958 versus $22,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,508, about 4. 0% of families and 4. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 7% of those under age 18 and 8. 7% of those age 65 or over. Woods Cross is part of Davis School District, the city has one high school, Woods Cross High School, and two elementary schools. Maddox, an American internet satirist famous for his site The Best Page in the Universe, and author of the book The Alphabet of Manliness, is a graduate of Woods Cross High School
40.
West Bountiful, Utah
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West Bountiful is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 5,265 at the 2010 census, with an estimated population in 2014 of 5,446. West Bountiful was founded in 1848 by James Fackrell, Sr. a Mormon pioneer and it was incorporated as a town on January 28,1949, and became a third-class city on November 12,1962. West Bountiful is located in southeastern Davis County and is bordered by Centerville to the north, Bountiful to the east, interstate 15 passes through the eastern part of the city, with access from Exits 316 and 317. Downtown Salt Lake City is 11 miles to the south, according to the United States Census Bureau, West Bountiful has a total area of 3.2 square miles, of which 0.01 square miles, or 0. 36%, is water. West Bountiful is located in the Davis School District and has one school - West Bountiful Elementary, students in the city attend Bountiful Junior High and Bountiful High School in Bountiful. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,484 people,1,250 households, the population density was 1,510.6 people per square mile. There were 1,282 housing units at a density of 431.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 23% White,0. 02% African American,0. 36% Native American,0. 56% Asian,0. 65% Pacific Islander,0. 83% from other races, and 1. 36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 03% of the population,9. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 2. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.59 and the family size was 3.84. In the city, the population was out with 35. 6% under the age of 18,12. 5% from 18 to 24,27. 3% from 25 to 44,20. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 27 years, for every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $61,063, and the median income for a family was $61,154. Males had an income of $41,448 versus $26,168 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,016, about 3. 2% of families and 3. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 2% of those under age 18 and 4. 2% of those age 65 or over
41.
Centerville, Utah
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Centerville is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 15,335 at the 2010 census. It is located adjacent to the easternmost part of the Great Salt Lake, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.0 square miles, all of it land. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Centerville has a continental climate. Centerville was first settled by Thomas Grover in the fall of 1847, the community was originally known as Deuel Settlement, but was renamed to Cherry Creek after the Cherry family arrived. After an 1850 survey found the town was located precisely between Farmington and Bountiful, it known as Centerville, and it was this name that stuck. In 1849, Shadrach Roundys family farmed in the vicinity of Centerville. He also made molasses from corn stalks at this mill, in 1851 a log school house was built in Centerville, but was replaced by an adobe building in 1854 by a much larger building in 1862. Centerville was the home of Latter-day Saint church leader B. H. Roberts, in 1869, the Utah Central Rail Road reached Centerville. In December 2011 a severe storm caused power outages and over $8 million damage. The first branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Centerville was organized in 1850 with Sanford Porter as president, in 1852, Centerville was made a ward with Sanford Porter as bishop. In 1868, an LDS Sunday School was organized with Nathan Tanner Porter as president, in 1869, a Relief Society was organized with Mary Ann Harmon as president. In 1874, a branch of the United Order was organized in Centerville with William R. Smith as president, in December 1917, the Centerville Ward was divided into the Centerville 1st and Centerville 2nd Wards. In 1930, the two Centerville Wards had a membership of 823. Today, there are four stakes of the LDS Church in Centerville, the Episcopal Church of the Resurrection also resides in Centerville on 1131 S. Parish records indicate there were approximately 50 members at that time. Around 1967, the Very Reverend Wesley Frensdorff, Dean of St. Mark’s, as a result, ECOR began using the small Danforth Chapel at BCC for the next 25 years
42.
Climate
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Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the conditions of these variables in a given region. A regions climate is generated by the system, which has five components, atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme was the Köppen climate classification, the Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region. Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates, Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates. Climate change may occur long and short timescales from a variety of factors. For example, a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude or 500 m in elevation, therefore, species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to shifting climate zones. Climate is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period, the standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations, the classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system. The World Meteorological Organization describes climate normals as reference points used by climatologists to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered normal, a Normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element over a 30-year period. A30 year period is used, as it is enough to filter out any interannual variation or anomalies. The WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization which set up a commission for climatology in 1929. At its 1934 Wiesbaden meeting the commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982 the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and in these were completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990. The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get. Over historical time spans there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including latitude, altitude, proportion of land to water and these change only over periods of millions of years due to processes such as plate tectonics
United States
Utah
The Bountiful Utah Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Media related to Bountiful, Utah at Wikimedia Commons
Bountiful
