1.
2000 Summer Olympics
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It was the second time that the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and also the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1956. Sydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 games in 1993, the United States won the most medals with 93, while Australia came in 4th with 58. The games cost was estimated to be A$6.6 billion, the Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson from The Times called the Sydney Games one of the most successful events on the world stage, admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it, as Sydney was both exceptional and the best. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch and these were also the second Olympic Games to be held in spring. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by Russia, several World and Olympic records were broken during the games. With little or no controversies, the games were deemed successful with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world. The Australian city of Melbourne had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics four years earlier, the Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at USD5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. In 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6.6 billion, many venues were constructed in the Sydney Olympic Park, which failed in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses. In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and it has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1 billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, in the years after the games, infrastructure issues have been of growing concern to citizens, especially those in the western suburbs of Sydney. Proposed rail links to Sydneys west have been estimated to cost in the order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games. Although the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September, among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1–0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and it was produced and filmed by Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster, Channel 7. This was introduced by a rider, Steve Jefferys
2.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
3.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
4.
Darling Harbour
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Darling Harbour is a harbour adjacent to the city centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is also a recreational and pedestrian precinct that is situated on western outskirts of the Sydney central business district. Originally named Long Cove, the locality extends northwards from Chinatown, Cockle Bay is just one of the waterways that makes up Darling Harbour, which opens north into the much larger Port Jackson. The precinct and its surroundings are administered independently of the local government area of the City of Sydney. Darling Harbour is named after Lieutenant-General Ralph Darling, who was Governor of New South Wales from 1825 to 1831, the area was originally known as Long Cove, but was generally referred to as Cockle Bay until 1826 when Governor Darling renamed it after himself. The name Cockle Bay has recently restored in reference to the headwaters of the harbour. It was originally part of the port of Sydney, including the Darling Harbour Railway Goods Yard. During the Great Depression, the part of Darling Harbour became known as The Hungry Mile. Much of the land had been the site of the NSW Railways central marshalling yards, the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre at Darling Harbour was a venue of the 2000 Summer Olympic Games and a key meeting venue of APEC Australia 2007. Darling Harbour is accessible via various modes of public transport, the precinct is served by the Dulwich Hill Line of Sydneys light rail network, with access via Paddys Markets, Convention, Exhibition and Pyrmont Bay stations. Ferry wharves including Darling Harbour and Pyrmont Bay provide access to the Inner Harbour ferry services to Circular Quay, the Goods Line is a park and pedestrian pathway connecting Darling Harbour to Railway Square and Central Station. The nearest train station is Town Hall, east Darling Harbour is part of a massive urban renewal development. Plans for the 18-hectare site include half business and residential developments, the state government of NSW declared plans for Globe Street, a street designed to become Australias and Asia Pacifics centre for corporate trade. The urban renewal development is not expected to be completed until 2020, east Darling Harbour will be known as Barangaroo. The Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre site is being replaced by the new International Convention Centre Sydney, the passenger terminal is now in White Bay and the container terminal has also closed. The area was used for several events during World Youth Day 2008. Darling Harbour is the location of the residence on MTVs reality TV show, The Real World, Sydney. The house has a large Darling Harbour sign along its edge, 20th Century Foxs 1995 film Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, The Movie was shot in Sydney, and featured some scenes filmed in Darling Harbour
5.
Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre
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The new Centre, renamed as the International Convention Centre Sydney, was built on the footprint of the 1988 Centre and was opened in December 2016. The new venue is part of an AU$3. 4b revitalisation of Darling Harbour by the NSW Government, the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre was officially opened in 1988, with a new section of the centre added for the 2000 Summer Olympics. During those games, the venue played host to the boxing, fencing, judo, weightlifting, the building was owned by the State Government of New South Wales, with the centre administration and business run by the Accor Hotel Group. The Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre was used as a conference and convention venue and to hold exhibitions, the Exhibition Centre consisted of six halls, used primarily for exhibitions, but also for gala dinners and other large-scale events. The Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre was used as the biggest venue for the Sydney Olympic Games outside of Sydney Olympic Park, the venue was host to the Business Leaders Summit held in conjunction with APEC Leaders Week. Architects John Andrews and Philip Cox spoke out over the demolition of the convention and exhibition buildings completed in 1988, Andrews was reported in The Sydney Morning Herald on 16 January 2014, stating, The Sydney Monorail and Inner West Light Rail provided public transport to the centre. The monorail opened in 1988 and shut down in 2013, the light rail opened in 1997. The Convention and Exhibition Centre stations are named after the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, architecture of Sydney Media related to Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre at Wikimedia Commons Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre
6.
Competition
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It arises whenever at least two parties strive for a goal which cannot be shared, where ones gain is the others loss. Competition occurs naturally between living organisms which co-exist in the same environment, for example, animals compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other biological resources. Humans usually compete for food and mates, though when these needs are met deep rivalries often arise over the pursuit of wealth, power, prestige, and fame. Competition is often considered to be the opposite of cooperation, however in the real world, optimal strategies to achieve goals are studied in the branch of mathematics known as games theory. Also competition inside a company is usually stimulated with the purpose of meeting and reaching higher quality of services or improved products that the company may produce or develop. Competition can have both beneficial and detrimental effects, many evolutionary biologists view inter-species and intra-species competition as the driving force of adaptation, and ultimately of evolution. However, some disagree, citing competition as a driving force only on a small scale. Some social Darwinists claim that competition also serves as a mechanism for determining the best-suited group, positively, competition may serve as a form of recreation or a challenge provided that it is non-hostile. On the negative side, competition can cause injury and loss to the organisms involved, competition within, between, and among species is one of the most important forces in biology, especially in the field of ecology. Third parties within a species often favour highly competitive strategies leading to extinction when environmental conditions are harsh. Competition is also present between species, when resources are limited, several species may depend on these resources. Thus, each of the species competes with the others to access to the resources. As a result, species less suited to compete for the resources may die out unless they adapt by character dislocation, according to evolutionary theory, this competition within and between species for resources plays a significant role in natural selection. This is illustrated by living plant communities where asymmetric competition and competitive dominance frequently occur, game theory is the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers. Game theory is used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science, biology. Originally, it mainly addressed zero-sum games, in one persons gains result in losses for the other participants. Game theory is a method used in mathematical economics and business for modeling competing behaviors of interacting agents. This research usually focuses on particular sets of strategies known as solution concepts or equilibria, a common assumption is that players act rationally
7.
Australia at the 2000 Summer Olympics
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Australia was the host nation for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Australian athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games,628 competitors,341 men and 276 women, took part in 270 events in 34 sports. Australia won its first Olympic gold medal in the sport of archery in Sydney, simon Fairweather defeated all six archers he faced, including a comfortable seven-point victory in the final. Men Women Seven fencers, five men and two women, represented Australia in 2000 and they won 2 golds,1 silver and 1 bronze. They won 5 Gold,9 Silver, and 4 Bronze medals, the biggest rivalry, both in the press and in the pool, was between the United States and Australia relay teams. In the 4 ×100 m relay, the Americans had won the event every time it had been contested, Australia was able to edge out the Americans by.19 seconds to win the gold medal. The Australians also set three world records, the 2000 Olympics also saw the emergence of Ian Thorpe as an Olympic champion in the Mens 400 m Freestyle
8.
Canada at the 2000 Summer Olympics
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Canada competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. 294 competitors,150 men and 144 women, took part in 175 events in 29 sports, the final days of the Olympics for Canada was shadowed by the death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau, their 15th prime minister. When the closing took place, he was lying in state. Canadas archery squad in Sydney consisted of one man, veteran Rob Rusnov. Anne Montminy won the first ever platform diving medal for Canada and he passed all twenty-three competitors that had been in front of him and finished over 13.5 seconds before the next triathlete to claim the gold medal. Canadas women did not fare so well, with two of them placing in the 30s and the third not finishing. Mens Competition, Simon Whitfield —1,48,24.02 Womens Competition, owing to time difference, it was 29 September in Sydney. As the flag was lowered, Canadian athletes paid tribute to Trudeau During medal ceremonies, whenever the Canadian flag flew, it was flown at half-mast, also on orders from Samaranch and Axworthy. They both ordered the Canadian flag flown at half-staff for the remainder of the Olympics, as the funeral didnt take place until 3 October. Roots Canada was the official outfitter of clothing for members of the Canadian Olympic team, the same clothing was also sold at Roots stores in Canada
9.
Argentina at the 2000 Summer Olympics
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Argentina competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. 143 competitors,98 men and 45 women, took part in 98 events in 21 sports, Women Men Women Eight men and three women competed in the Sailing competition for Argentina at the 2000 Olympic Games. They won one medal and two bronze medals. Men Women Men Women Roster Coach, Alberto Armoa Group play Quarterfinal Semifinal Bronze medal match Women Argentina at the 1999 Pan American Games
Algeria (7)
Argentina (7)
Armenia (3)
Australia (9)
Azerbaijan (5)
Barbados (1)
Belarus (1)
Botswana (1)
Brazil (6)
Bulgaria (3)
Burkina Faso (1)
Cameroon (2)
Canada (7)
China (3)
Colombia (3)
Cuba (12)
Czech Republic (2)
Dominican Republic (3)
North Korea (1)
Egypt (7)
Ethiopia (3)
Finland (1)
France (8)
Gabon (1)
Georgia (2)
Germany (8)
Ghana (4)
Great Britain (2)
Greece (3)
Guinea (81)
Hungary (3)
India (4)
Indonesia (2)
Independent Olympic Athletes (1)
Iran (5)
Ireland (1)
Italy (6)
Japan (2)
Kazakhstan (7)
Kenya (4)
Kyrgyzstan (5)
Lesotho (2)
Lithuania (2)
Madagascar (1)
Mauritius (3)
Mexico (6)
Mongolia (1)
Morocco (5)
Namibia (1)
New Zealand (1)
Nigeria (5)
Pakistan (4)
Philippines (4)
Poland (5)
Puerto Rico (5)
South Korea (9)
Moldova (1)
Romania (10)
Russia (12)
Samoa (1)
Senegal (1)
South Africa (3)
Spain (1)
Swaziland (1)
Syria (2)
Thailand (9)
Tunisia (5)
Turkey (9)
Uganda (4)
Ukraine (11)
United States (12)
Uzbekistan (10)
Venezuela (4)
Yugoslavia (1)
Zambia (2)
Cuba
Russia
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
France
Thailand
Great Britain
Ukraine
United States
Romania
Czech Republic
Spain
Algeria
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Mexico
Moldova
Morocco
North Korea