1.
Western Australia
–
Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south, the state has about 2.6 million inhabitants, around 11% of the national total. 92% of the lives in the south-west corner of the state. The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog, the first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government. This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, york was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831, Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890, and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today its economy relies on mining, agriculture and tourism. The state produces 46% of Australias exports, Western Australia is the second-largest iron ore producer in the world. The International Hydrographic Organization designates the body of water south of the continent as part of the Indian Ocean, the total length of the states eastern border is 1,862 km. There are 20,781 km of coastline, including 7,892 km of island coastline, the total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km2. Most of the state is a low plateau with an elevation of about 400 metres, very low relief. This descends relatively sharply to the plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment. The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile, even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and also deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum, the infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of chemical fertilisers, particularly superphosphate, insecticides and herbicides. These have resulted in damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations, the grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in compaction of soils and great damage to the fragile soils. Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora, large areas of the states wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water. The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate and it was originally heavily forested, including large stands of karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly coral reefs in the world
2.
Rail transport
–
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
3.
Canadian National Railway
–
The Canadian National Railway Company is a Canadian Class I railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States. CNs slogan is North Americas Railroad, CN is a public company with 24,000 employees. It had a capitalization of 32 billion CAD in 2011. CN was government-owned, having been a Canadian Crown corporation from its founding to its privatization in 1995, bill Gates was, in 2011, the largest single shareholder of CN stock. Its range once reached across the island of Newfoundland until 1988, the railway was referred to as the Canadian National Railways between 1918 and 1960, and as Canadian National/Canadien National from 1960 to the present. On November 17,1995, the government privatized CN. Over the next decade, the company expanded significantly into the United States, purchasing Illinois Central Railroad and Wisconsin Central Transportation, now primarily a freight railway, CN also operated passenger services until 1978, when they were assumed by Via Rail. The Newfoundland mixed trains lasted until 1988, while the Montreal commuter trains are now operated by Montreals AMT, the absorption of the Intercolonial Railway would see CNR adopt that systems slogan The Peoples Railway. The federal governments Department of Railways and Canals took over operation of the GTPR until July 12,1920, the Canadian National Railway was organized on October 10,1922. After several years of arbitration, the GTR was absorbed into CNR on January 30,1923, Canadian National Railways was born out of both wartime and domestic urgency. Railways, until the rise of the automobile and creation of taxpayer-funded all-weather highways, were the only viable long-distance land transportation available in Canada for many years. As such, their operation consumed a great deal of public, in the early 20th century, many governments were taking a more interventionist role in the economy, foreshadowing the influence of economists like John Maynard Keynes. This political trend, combined with broader geo-political events, made nationalization an appealing choice for Canada, the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and allied involvement in the Russian Revolution seemed to validate the continuing process. The need for a rail system was paramount in a time of civil unrest. CN Telegraph originated as the Great North West Telegraph Company in 1880 to connect Ontario and Manitoba, in 1915, facing bankruptcy, GNWTC was acquired by the Canadian Northern Railways telegraph company. When Canadian Northern was nationalized in 1918 and amalgamated into Canadian National Railways in 1921, CN Telegraphs began co-operating with its Canadian Pacific owned rival CPR Telegraphs in the 1930s, sharing telegraph networks and co-founding a teleprinter system in 1957. In 1967 the two services were amalgamated into a joint venture CNCP Telecommunications which evolved into a telecoms company, CN sold its stake of the company to CP in 1984. This led to the creation of a network of CNR radio stations across the country, as anyone in the vicinity of a station could hear its broadcasts the networks audience extended far beyond train passengers to the public at large
4.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
5.
Beeching cuts
–
The 1963 report also recommended some less well publicised changes, including a switch to containerisation for rail freight. After growing rapidly in the 19th century during the Railway Mania, after the First World War the railways faced increasing competition from a growing road transport network, which led to the closure of some 1,300 miles of passenger railway between 1923 and 1939. Some of these lines had never been profitable and were not subject to loss of traffic in that period. The railways were busy during World War II, but at the end of the war they were in a state of repair. The Branch Lines Committee of the British Transport Commission was formed in 1949 with a brief to close the branch lines,3,318 miles of railway were closed between 1948 and 1962. This period saw the beginning of a closures protest movement led by the Railway Development Association and they went on to be a significant force resisting the Beeching proposals. Economic recovery and the end of petrol rationing led to growth in car ownership. Vehicle mileage grew at an annual rate of 10% between 1948 and 1964. By 1955 income no longer covered operating costs, and things got steadily worse, instead losses mounted, from £68 million in 1960 to £87 million in 1961, and £104 million in 1962. The BTC could no longer pay the interest on its loans, the government lost patience and looked for radical solutions. The report The Reshaping of British Railways was published on 27 March 1963, the report starts by quoting the brief provided by the Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, from 1960, First, the industry must be of a size and pattern suited to modern conditions and prospects. Beeching first studied traffic flows on all lines to identify the good, the bad, finally there was the service from Hull to York via Beverley. The line covered 80% of its costs but he calculated that it could be closed because there was an alternative. A total of 2,363 stations were to close, including 435 already under threat and this was eventually adopted with Freightliner. He recommended further electrification of the West Coast Main Line from Crewe to Glasgow in 1974, staff terms and conditions were to be improved over time. On 16 February 1965, Beeching announced the stage of his reorganisation of the railways. In The Development of the Major Railway Trunk Routes, in this report he set out his conclusion that of the 7,500 miles of trunk railway only 3,000 miles should be selected for future development and invested in. This policy would result in traffic being routed along nine lines, of the 7,500 miles of trunk route,3,700 miles involves a choice between two routes,700 miles a choice of three, and over a further 700 miles a choice of four
6.
Heritage railway
–
A heritage railway is a railway kept to carry living history rail traffic in order to re-create or preserve railway scenes of the past. Often heritage railways are old railway lines preserved in a state which depicts a certain period, or periods, Heritage railway lines contain historic rail infrastructure that has been substituted or made obsolete in modern railway transit systems. Historical installations, such as hand operated points, water cranes, due to the lack of modern technology, or to a desire for historical accuracy, railway operations can be handled with traditional practices, such as the use of physical tokens. Use of heritage infrastructure and operations often calls for assigning roles based on historical occupations to the railway staff, station masters and signalmen, sometimes wearing period-appropriate attire, can be seen on some heritage railways. Most heritage railways carry heritage rolling stock, but modern rail vehicles can be used to showcase railway scenes with historical line infrastructure, still other heritage railways offer a viable public transit option and can therefore sustain operations with a sufficient amount of revenue from regular riders or government subsidies. Childrens railways are extracurricular educational institutions, where children and teenagers learn railway professions, often they are fully functional, passenger-carrying narrow gauge rail lines. This phenomenon originated in the USSR and was developed in Soviet times. Many sites were called pioneer railways, after the communist youth organisation, the first childrens railway was opened Moscow in 1932, and at the breakup of the USSR,52 childrens railways existed in the country. Even though the fall of communist governments has led to closures of these railways, many preserved childrens railways are still functioning in post-Soviet states, many childrens railways were built on parklands in urban areas. Unlike many industrial areas, typically served by a gauge railway. Child volunteers and socialist fiscal policy enabled stagnant existence for many of these railways, the old childrens railways, which still carry traffic, have often retained their original infrastructure and rolling stock, including vintage steam locomotives. Some have also acquired heritage vehicles from other railways, creating passages for trains up steep hills and through mountain regions offers many obstacles which call for special technical solutions. Special steep grade railway -technologies and extensive tunneling may be employed, the use of narrow gauge allows tighter curves in the track and offers a smaller structure gauge and tunnel size. Pit railways have been an important part of operating an underground mine all over the world, small rail vehicles offer effective transportation of ore and waste rock, as well as workers, through narrow tunnels. Sometimes the trains were the mode of transport in the passages between the work sites and the mine entrance. Often the loading gauge of the railway dictated the cross-section of the passages to be dug, and the tunnel, on many mining sites, pit railways have been abandoned due to mine closure or adoption of new kinds of transportation equipment. Nowadays some show mines exhibit a vintage pit railway and offer a chance to experience a mantrip into the mine, Millennium Underground Railway or M1, built from 1894 to 1896, is the oldest line of the Budapest Metro system and the second oldest underground railway in the world. In the 1980s and 1990s, M1 underwent major reconstruction, the original appearance of the old stations has been preserved
7.
Stourbridge Town branch line
–
The Stourbridge Town branch line is a 0.8 miles railway branch line, in Stourbridge, West Midlands, England. It is claimed to be the shortest branch line in Europe, now used solely for passenger traffic, it was originally constructed to allow transshipment with the Stourbridge Town Arm of the Stourbridge Canal. The passenger service along the branch is operated by Pre Metro Operations on behalf of London Midland, service is provided using two Class 139 Parry People Movers. However, due to feedback, the Class 153 was re-introduced from 15 March until mid June. For the first time in years, a Sunday service is operated. Opened in 1879, it has operated continually since, save for a break for the First World War. The short and steeply-inclined branch originally carried passenger traffic from nearby Stourbridge Junction to the terminus at Stourbridge Town and freight to Stourbridge Basin. The station and branch were listed for closure under the Beeching Axe, the 1879 Stourbridge Town station survived mostly intact until February 1979 when it was demolished and the branch cut back by 70 yards, leaving room for a bus station. The line was controlled by semaphore signals until at least 1990. However, the line is worked by the One Train Working system with a train staff as authority to occupy the line. The line has used several times as the test route for new types of small rail transport. The line has operated by two Class 139 Parry People Movers since June 2009. It was previously operated by a single Class 153 car, and prior to that a Class 121, then travelling further down High Street for a terminus at the public space in between High Street and Lower Street. The train operates six times per hour over the line, with a time of three minutes. These are the figures on the line from the year beginning April 2002 to the year beginning April 2010. Comparing the two years, Stourbridge Town has increased by 152% and Stourbridge Junction by 254%, the locomotive and wagons ploughed into a line of stationary wagons, the office of a local coal merchant, and stables. 24 April 1905 – the driver lost control of a locomotive descending the branch, head-first, the train demolished the stop block and smashed into and through the goods office at the end of the branch. Luckily the crew managed to clear before impact
8.
Stourbridge Junction railway station
–
Stourbridge Junction is one of two railway stations serving the town of Stourbridge, in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley in the West Midlands, England. It lies on the Birmingham to Worcester via Kidderminster Line and is the junction for the Stourbridge Town Branch Line, the other station serving Stourbridge is Stourbridge Town at the end of the branch line. The station was opened in 1852 on the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway line, at a different location to the present station. The junction came about when the Stourbridge Railway built their line to Lye, Stourbridge become a double junction on 1 October 1879 when the branch to Stourbridge Town and goods was opened. On 1 October 1901 the new station opened 400 yards to the south of the original, in 1962, the OWW was closed to passenger traffic north of Stourbridge by the British Transport Commission, although the route remained open for freight until 1993. Only the section as far as the Round Oak Steel Terminal is still in use, the station used to have four platforms, comprising two island platforms. The southern divergence to Platform 1 was removed years ago and Platform 4, situated opposite to the current Platform 3. The stations signalbox closed on 24 August 2012, as part of a wider network modernisation programme to centralise signalling operations, the signals at the station are now controlled from the West Midlands Signalling Centre in Saltley, Birmingham. Signalling Signals in and around the station are controlled from the West Midlands Signalling Centre, the town branch is accessed from the goods loop line and a manually operated ground frame located to the north of platforms 1 &2. Platforms Platform 1 – Reserved for the Town branch line only Platform 2 – For trains towards Birmingham, London Midland The majority of services from Stourbridge Junction are operated by London Midland, using Class 172 diesel multiple units. They usually run to Birmingham Snow Hill via Smethwick Galton Bridge, trains to Birmingham usually continue to Whitlocks End or Dorridge, with some via both of these stations continuing to Stratford-upon-Avon or Leamington Spa. Services in the West Midlands county are often subsidised by Network West Midlands, trains operating from the Junction to Stourbridge Town are currently being run by Class 139 units. One of two units operates a service every ten minutes between the stations. Other operators Chiltern Railways provide a time service to London via Birmingham Snow Hill. The line is used as a diversionary route for the Cross Country Route between Birmingham New Street and Cheltenham Spa. In the recent economic downturn freight through Stourbridge Junction has lessened significantly, there are now just three steel trains per day each way to and from Round Oak Steel Terminal. There are several freight trains which use the line through the station on a regular basis. In January 2012, plans emerged to reintroduce services on part of the disused Oxford, Worcester, services would be operated by similar PPM stock that is used to Stourbridge Town
9.
Stourbridge Town railway station
–
Stourbridge Town is a railway station near the centre of Stourbridge, West Midlands, England. It is situated at the end of a branch line linking the station with Stourbridge Junction just 0.8 miles away. It is said to be the shortest operational branch line in Europe. The station was closed as an economy measure between 1 April 1915 and 28 February 1919, with passenger services being replaced by Midland Red buses. During the General Strike in 1926, the bus service between Junction and Town stations was re-introduced from 7 May to 10 July to cover for the train services. The station and branch were listed for closure under the Beeching axe, the 1879 station survived mostly intact until February 1979 when it was demolished. Some of the material from the old station was saved and used for buildings at Tyseley Locomotive Works, in 1979, the branch was cut back by 70 yards towards Junction station, leaving room for a bus station. The new station was a low-cost portable building built by British Rail, despite threats and rumours of closure in the 1980s and 1990s, the station building was replaced in early 1994, with a new station opening to passengers on 25 April 1994. The current station is a modern facility directly linked to the bus station allowing easy interchange with bus services at this urban railhead. Due to the nature of the gradient, there is a section of rails behind the initial buffer stop to prevent accidents such as those which occurred in 1989 and 1990. This runs parallel to the pathway, and is surrounded by a wall. The shuttle service to Stourbridge Junction runs every ten minutes on weekdays and Saturdays, Rail Around Birmingham and the West Midlands, Stourbridge Town railway station
10.
British Rail Class 139
–
British Rail Class 139 is the TOPS classification for PPM60 model lightweight railcars built by Parry People Movers, for use on the British rail network. The class were built in 2008 for operation on the Stourbridge Town Branch Line following an extensive trial with a prototype registered as a Class 999 unit. The first newly constructed Class 139 was shown on 28 June 2008 at the Tyseley Locomotive Works Open Day, the full fleet of two units entered public service on the branch line in June 2009. The Class 139 units are typical of the Parry People Mover concept, in that they utilise flywheel energy storage to recapture, the flywheel captures the vehicles kinetic energy when the brakes are used, and re-uses the energy for acceleration. This eliminates the need for a diesel engine. The small onboard engine is used to bring the flywheel up to speed, to add speed to the flywheel after the vehicle is started in motion. The success of this led to the provision of regular services using the technology in the franchise plans for the new West Midlands Franchise. These two units are 139001 and 139002, composed of vehicle numbers 39001 and 39002 in the British carriage and wagon numbering, the vehicles are mechanically similar to 999900, but are approximately one metre longer. They were intended to start operating on the Stourbridge Town branch in 2008, in January 2009 it was confirmed that 139001 was still undergoing testing at Chasewater Railway and 139002 was still not completed. Despite the difficulties in the commissioning of the two Class 139 units, London Midland consistently outlined its faith that they would be ready to enter service. In March 2009, it was announced that the first unit had received its certification from Network Rail. London Midland stated that they would begin a phased entry into service, starting with weekend operation in April, until then, London Midland temporarily returned a Class 153 to operating the branch service. 139002 officially entered service on 29 March 2009 as part of the types phased entry and this unit had previously worked in full service, including all-day on Monday 11 May 2009 and previously had worked all morning services during February/March 2009. In May 2009 the first unit,139001 was finally delivered to Stourbridge, test unit 999900 had been on the branch line between 2005–2009. At the point of introduction, they displaced a single Class 153 DMU that was allocated to the branch line. By December 2009, the 200, 000th passenger had been carried by the railcars,12, operate peak time trains between Medstead and Four Marks and Alton, intended to connect with South West Trains services to London in the morning and from London in the evening. Problems with the vehicle during testing meant that this project was postponed, as a consequence, the vehicle, since purchased by Lightweight Community Transport, underwent a major rebuild to bring it up to Class 139 standard, and was renumbered as 139000. The Penistone trial however was cancelled before a bidder was selected, the intention then is to transport the vehicle to test a more frequent service on the Ellesmere Port to Warrington Line between Ellesmere Port and Helsby
11.
Conrail Shared Assets Operations
–
Conrail Shared Assets Operations is the unofficial commonly used name for modern-day Conrail. Conrail is an American railroad company, when most of the former Conrails track was split between these two railroads, the three shared assets areas were kept separate to avoid giving one railroad an advantage in those areas. The company operates using its own employees and infrastructure, but owns no equipment outside of MOW equipment, oak Island Yard is the principal yard for the region with smaller ones at Bayonne, Greenville, Linden, Manville, Metuchen, Newark, Old Bridge and Port Reading. Also connecting in Farmingdale, NJ is the Freehold Secondary, Port Reading Secondary MANS - A line that runs from Port Reading Junction and Yard to Bound Brook where it connects with the Lehigh Line - recently upgraded and may lose its secondary status. Hightstown Industrial Track - An Industrial Track that runs from a junction with the Amboy Secondary in Jamesburg NJ to Cranbury NJ, the New Jersey Department of Transportation anticipated in 2010 increased freight activity in South Jersey that has led to capital improvement and expansion projects for this designated area. Northeast Corridor - trackage rights along Amtrak from Northern New Jersey operations border at Princeton Junction, New Jersey to Hook in Marcus Hook, Delair Branch - Pavonia Running tracks at CP Hatch Delair, New Jersey to CSX at Park Junction in Philadelphia, PA. Pemberton Branch - Runs from the Delair Bridge to Mount Holly, NJ, the south track at the Delair Lift Bridge is used by Conrail, the north track is used by New Jersey Transits Atlantic City Line. North Yard Branch - From junction with Conrail Detroit Line at CP-West Detroit to junction with Conrail Sterling Secondary at CP-North Yard. Sterling Secondary & Utica Industrial Track - From junction with the Conrail North Yard Branch at CP-North Yard to the end of the Utica Industrial Track at MP27, michigan Line - CP-Townline in Dearborn to CP-Bay City Jct. Lincoln Secondary - From junction with CSXT Toledo Terminal Subdivision at Carleton to Ecorse Junction in Detroit, trains can operate track authority EC-1 forms issued by the CSX RL Dispatcher located in Calumet City, Illinois. CP-West Detroit, Delray, CP-YD, and River Rouge Yard lie close to other on the Utica/MP20 line. Various spurs and industrial tracks branch off from this trackage, mileage in both directions is measured from the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel. Conrail Shared Assets utilizes the following types of locomotives, all supplied by CSX and Norfolk Southern
12.
Mount Laurel, New Jersey
–
Mount Laurel is a township in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States, and is an edge city suburb of Philadelphia. It is the home of NFL Films, Mount Laurel was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 7,1872, from portions of Evesham Township. The township was named for a covered with laurel trees. There are several landmarks, including General Clintons headquarters, Paulsdale, Evesham Friends Meeting House, Jacobs Chapel, Hattie Britt School. The decision was a result of a lawsuit brought against the town by the N. A. A. C. P. that was decided by the New Jersey Supreme Court in 1975 and reaffirmed in a subsequent decision in 1983. The history behind this, and the leading to the Decision was highlighted in a book by David L. Kirp called Our Town. Mount Laurel was a small, poor farming community until it was hit with massive suburban growth from Philadelphia in the later 1900s. Poor families, whose history had resided there for centuries, were priced out of buying additional property. Resident advocates of the initiative were treated with abuse and threats. Leading advocate Ethel Lawrence, a black resident who lived her life in Mount Laurel, had her house repeatedly vandalized. Longtime white residents tried to force the poor black residents out of town. Although the court ruled in favor of creating affordable housing, residents did manage to delay the process for decades. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 21.971 square miles. Ramblewood is a community and census-designated place located within Mount Laurel. As of the census of 2010, there were 41,864 people,17,538 households, the population density was 1,930.0 per square mile. There were 18,249 housing units at a density of 841.3 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 56% of the population,30. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 3.00
13.
Hainesport Township, New Jersey
–
Hainesport Township is a township in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. Hainesport Township was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 12,1924, the township was named for Barclay Haines, who bought property in the area and established a wharf near his home on the Rancocas Creek. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 6.723 square miles. The township borders Mount Laurel Township, Lumberton Township, Mount Holly Township, as of the census of 2010, there were 6,110 people,2,239 households, and 1,726 families residing in the township. The population density was 945.9 per square mile, there were 2,305 housing units at an average density of 356.8 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 07% of the population,18. 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.11. In the township, the population was out with 25. 4% under the age of 18,6. 1% from 18 to 24,24. 2% from 25 to 44,30. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41.9 years, for every 100 females there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 89.9 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $87,047 and the median family income was $95,054. Males had an income of $64,477 versus $40,658 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $35,813, about 0. 0% of families and 1. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 3% of those under age 18 and 1. 1% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 4,126 people,1,477 households, the population density was 632.8 people per square mile. There were 1,555 housing units at a density of 238.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the township was 94. 09% White,2. 67% African American,0. 10% Native American,1. 70% Asian,0. 51% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 13% of the population. 17. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.16. In the township the population was out with 26. 3% under the age of 18,5. 7% from 18 to 24,31. 4% from 25 to 44,24. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 95.7 males
14.
Mount Holly, New Jersey
–
Mount Holly is a township in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. It is the county seat of Burlington County as well as a suburb of Philadelphia. Mount Holly also gives its name to the National Weather Services Weather Forecast Office for the Philadelphia metropolitan area, what is now Mount Holly was originally formed as Northampton on November 6,1688. Northampton was incorporated as one of New Jerseys first 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798. Portions of the township were taken to form Little Egg Harbor Township, Washington Township, Pemberton borough, Coaxen Township, Pemberton Township, Westampton Township and Lumberton Township. The township was renamed Mount Holly as of November 6,1931, the township was named for hills covered with holly trees. The first European settlement in what is now Mount Holly began in 1677 and he constructed a dam on Rancocas Creek to channel water through a raceway to power a grist mill and saw mill. Edward Gaskill and his sons hand dug the mill race on their property between 1720 and 1723, by 1800, over 250 dwellings had been built. Today no mills remain on the raceway, which flows in its original course from the Rancocas just above the dam. The raceway proved a way for herring to make their way above the dam and was the scene of an annual run in the spring which provided fresh herring for slating and eating. The former mill land has been preserved as the Mill Dam Park and it marks the importance of mills to the early settlements. Hessian commanders von Block and Carl von Donop, were told there were 3,000 American troops at Mount Holly. The Americans slipped away that night, the 1793 state legislature approved the relocation of the Burlington County seat from Burlington City to Mount Holly, which was approved by voters in a 1796 referendum. Several important municipal buildings were constructed, including the courthouse in 1796, the Burlington County Prison was designed by Robert Mills, a nationally known architect who designed the Washington Monument. The town has numerous 18th and 19th-century buildings, most of which are included in the Mount Holly Historic District, it is listed in the New Jersey, commercial buildings were constructed primarily along High Street. In 1849, the Burlington and Mount Holly Railroad was established, connecting communities along the Delaware River to Philadelphia, the railroad supported industrialization along its route. The Camden and Mount Holly Railroad constructed a station 20 years later near the intersection of Washington, a trolley station was built in 1904 for the passengers making connections to Burlington City and Moorestown. New municipal buildings were constructed during the 20th century, including the Town Hall on Washington Street, post Office located across the street, both federally funded and constructed as Works Progress Administration projects under President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression
15.
River Line (NJ Transit)
–
The River Line is a diesel tram-train light rail system in southern New Jersey, United States, that connects the cities of Camden and Trenton, New Jerseys capital. It is operated for New Jersey Transit by the Southern New Jersey Rail Group, now that the project is in its operational phase, Bombardier is the only member of SNJRG. The River Line is so named because the path between two cities runs more or less parallel to the Delaware River. During this time, there were 2,869,707 unlinked passenger trips, the River Line was constructed on what originally was the Camden-Bordentown section and the Bordentown-Trenton Branch of the Camden & Amboy Railroad. The lines ran under the C&A name between 1830 and 1871, when the line was absorbed into the Pennsylvania Railroad, ownership proceeded under Penn Central and Conrail until June 1,1999, but the original passenger service had been abandoned in 1963. The path to NJ Transits River Line spanned at least three decades and over multiple planning agencies and this plan was considered unrealistically expensive. The DRPA elected to focus its resources on the most promising corridor, the DRPAs original initial proposal did not include the alignment that became the River Line corridor, but planned to serve Burlington County via the Mount Holly alignment. NJ Transits planning for the Burlington-Gloucester Transit System began in the early 1990s and this study included substantial public participation, fourteen open houses, three advisory committees, and other public outreach. The process found substantial neighborhood opposition to the Mount Holly alignment through Burlington County, county freeholders publicly opposed the possibility, opposition was particularly strong in Moorestown Township, partly because of a potential street-running section. Meanwhile, Gloucester County leaders were largely ambivalent towards the project, Haines, a native of Moorestown, sought the benefits of rail for Burlington County without the disruption to his hometown. Two special studies were commissioned to supplement the alternatives identified in the MIS, the second of these special studies examined the Bordentown Secondary, another Conrail corridor through Burlington County, the alignment of today’s River Line. The parallel NJ Transit local bus on U. S. Route 130 was heavily patronized, since the original intent of the Mount Holly service was to provide transit to the people of Burlington County, the belief was that the new alignment would achieve a similar objective. In November 1996, NJ Transits board of directors approved a rail transit alignment from Glassboro to Trenton with diesel light rail transit cars based on the findings of the Special Study. The entire alignment constitutes the Southern New Jersey Light Rail Transit Study project, the Board also established the Initial Operating Corridor to be the Trenton-Camden corridor. The draft environmental statement was completed in 1998, and the contract with SNJRG was finalized in 1999. Much of the impetus that led to the funding and construction of the River Line was, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer. He was in effect the father of the River Line, the entire line was 100 percent funded by the State of New Jersey from its Transportation Trust Fund. No federal capital was expended for this light rail project
16.
North America
–
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
17.
Short-line railroad
–
Short Line is also one of the four railroads in the popular board game Monopoly, named after the Shore Fast Line, an interurban streetcar line. A shortline railroad is a small or mid-sized railroad company operates over a relatively short distance relative to larger. The term is used primarily in the United States and Canada, in the U. S. railroads are categorized by operating revenue, and most shortline railroads fall into the Class III or Class II categorization defined by the Surface Transportation Board. Often, short lines exist for all three of these reasons, especially since 1980 in the U. S. and 1990 in Canada, many shortlines have been established when larger railroad companies sold off or abandoned low-profit portions of their trackage. Because of their size and generally low revenues, the great majority of shortline railroads in the U. S. are classified by the Association of American Railroads as Class III. As defined by the Surface Transportation Board, a Class III is a railroad with an operating revenue of less than $28 million. In Canada, Transport Canada classifies short line railroads as Class II, there are three kinds of shortlines in the U. S. handling, switch, and ISS. Handling shortlines exist only to move cars along their tracks for larger railroads and they are not listed in the route on a railcars waybill. Handling short lines may have agreements with the larger railroads they serve that do not depend on per car rates. Switch shortlines are similar to handling shortlines except that they are listed on a railcars route, ISS shortlines operate the same as Class I and II railroads. They are included in the routes of railcars, also, they serve as the billing railroads for loads that originate on their lines. For loads not originating on their lines, ISS shortlines still collect a portion of the freight rate. Current short line railroads in operation in the U. S. are, It was reported in 2009 that short-line railroads employ 20,000 people in the U. S. and own 30 percent of nations railroad tracks. About a quarter of all U. S. rail freight travels at least a part of its journey over a short-line railroad. Class I railroad Class II railroad List of U. S. railroads List of Canadian railroads List of Mexican railroads Switching and terminal railroad American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association
18.
Power station
–
A power station, also referred to as a power plant or powerhouse and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Most power stations contain one or more generators, a machine that converts mechanical power into electrical power. The relative motion between a field and a conductor creates an electrical current. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely, most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity. Others use nuclear power, but there is an use of cleaner renewable sources such as solar, wind, wave. There is some debate within utility and engineering circles over whether a solar array, or wind farm, should be referred to as a power station, in 1868 a hydro electric power station was designed and built by Lord Armstrong at Cragside, England. It used water from lakes on his estate to power Siemens dynamos, the electricity supplied power to lights, heating, produced hot water, ran an elevator as well as labor-saving devices and farm buildings. In the early 1870s Belgian inventor Zénobe Gramme invented a powerful enough to produce power on a commercial scale for industry. In the autumn of 1882, a central station providing public power was built in Godalming and it was proposed after the town failed to reach an agreement on the rate charged by the gas company, so the town council decided to use electricity. It used hydroelectric power that was used to street and household lighting, the system was not a commercial success and the town reverted to gas. In 1882 a the worlds first coal-fired public power station, the Edison Electric Light Station, was built in London, a Babcock & Wilcox boiler powered a 125-horsepower steam engine that drove a 27-ton generator. This supplied electricity to premises in the area that could be reached through the culverts of the viaduct without digging up the road, the customers included the City Temple and the Old Bailey. Another important customer was the Telegraph Office of the General Post Office, Johnson arranged for the supply cable to be run overhead, via Holborn Tavern and Newgate. In September 1882 in New York, the Pearl Street Station was established by Edison to provide lighting in the lower Manhattan Island area. The station ran until destroyed by fire in 1890, the station used reciprocating steam engines to turn direct-current generators. Because of the DC distribution, the area was small. The War of Currents eventually resolved in favor of AC distribution and utilization, DC systems with a service radius of a mile or so were necessarily smaller, less efficient of fuel consumption, and more labor-intensive to operate than much larger central AC generating stations. AC systems used a range of frequencies depending on the type of load, lighting load using higher frequencies
19.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
20.
Staggers Rail Act
–
In the aftermath of the Great Depression and World War II, many railroads were driven out of business by competition from the Interstate highways and airlines. The rise of the led to the end of passenger train service on most railroads. However, the continued to be regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission. Although the 4R Act established the guidelines, the ICC, at first, the judgments supported a second round of legislation. The scope of authority to control rates to prevent discrimination among shippers was substantially curtailed, across-the-board industry wide rate increases were phased out. The Act also had provisions allowing the Commission to require access by one railroad to another railroads facilities if one railroad had effective control of traffic. The provisions dealt with reciprocal switching and trackage rights, however, the provisions did not have as much effect as the others mentioned. The act was named for Harley Staggers, who chaired the House Committee on Energy, studies of the rail industry showed dramatic benefits for both railroads and their users from the alteration to the regulatory system. In 2007 the Government Accountability Office reported to Congress, The railroad industry is increasingly healthy and rail rates have declined since 1985. There is widespread consensus that the rail industry has benefited from the Staggers Rail Act. The other two laws were the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 and the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and this legislation in effect superseded almost a century of detailed regulation begun with the establishment of the ICC in 1887. History of rail transport in the United States
21.
Princeton Branch
–
The Princeton Branch is a commuter rail line and service owned and operated by New Jersey Transit in the U. S. state of New Jersey. The line is a branch of the Northeast Corridor Line. Also known as the Dinky line, or the Princeton Junction and Back, now running 2.7 mi along a single track, it is the shortest scheduled commuter rail line in the United States. The run takes approximately 5 minutes, at the initiative of Princeton University, the Princeton station was moved approximately 460 ft closer to Princeton Junction in order to construct a new University Arts Center. The new station opened on November 17,2014, as of 2016, the weekday branch schedule includes 41 departures in each direction. The line is served by a single or two-car set of Budd Arrow III self-propelled electric coach cars, the Pennsylvania Railroad leased and began to operate the C&A, including the Princeton Branch, in 1871. The branch was double-tracked in 1905 to handle popular college football weekends, upgraded to an electric train in 1933, fully electrified in 1936. Penn Central Transportation took over operations in 1968, and discontinued the little-used Penns Neck station in 1971, the Princeton train, locally called the Dinky or the PJ&B, is a unique symbol of Princeton University that has grown over time to emblemize the University. The theme of Princeton and the train is repeated again in the Universitys own traditional homecoming song Going Back to Nassau Hall by Kenneth S. Clark, in it, the lyric Well clear the track as we go back refers to the Princeton Branch track leading to the campus. The Great Dinky Robbery was an incident on May 3,1963, in four men boarded the Dinky. Princeton was not yet co-educational, and weekend dates from womens colleges usually arrived by train, on a Friday evening, four Princeton University students, riding horses in Western attire, ambushed the train as it was arriving at Princeton station. A convertible was parked across the track, forcing the Dinky to come to an abrupt halt, the men, including George Bunn Jr. who was armed with a pistol loaded with blanks, boarded the train and persuaded four female passengers to leave with them. The Dinky later resumed its trip and arrived at Princeton Station, although the University administrators were aware of the event and may have known who was involved, they took no official action. Rail advocates opposed the relocation, fearing that access to the new station would be less convenient, the proposal prompted protest from residents, students, faculty and alumni, and led to the creation of the organization Save the Dinky and a lengthy series of legal challenges. In October 2010, the Princeton Regional Planning Board passed a resolution supporting the continuation of train service, the new Princeton station opened on November 17,2014, with construction continuing on a complex of arts and dining buildings in the surrounding area. The Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission and New Jersey Transit have conducted studies to develop the Central New Jersey Route 1 Bus Rapid Transit Project, in 2011, NJT indicated that moving the Princeton station would not be detrimental to its planning. In April 2012, the university submitted a plan for the arts and transit center. According to the university, ownership of the trackage would have to change hands in order for the transitway to be implemented, approvals were subsequently issued for converting the station house and the extended freight house into a pair of restaurants
22.
Commuter rail
–
Trains operate following a schedule, at speeds varying from 50 to 200 km/h. Distance charges or zone pricing may be used and they primarily serve lower density suburban areas, and often share right-of-way with intercity or freight trains. Some services operate only during peak hours and others uses fewer departures during off peak hours, average speeds are high, often 50 km/h or higher. These higher speeds better serve the longer distances involved, some services include express services which skip some stations in order to run faster and separate longer distance riders from short-distance ones. The general range of commuter trains distance varies between 15 and 200 km, sometimes long distances can be explained by that the train runs between two or several cities. Distances between stations may vary, but are much longer than those of urban rail systems. In city centers the train either has a station or passes through the city centre with notably fewer station stops than those of urban rail systems. Toilets are often available on trains and in stations. Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in the same right-of-way can drastically reduce system construction costs, however, frequently they are built with dedicated tracks within that right-of-way to prevent delays, especially where service densities have converged in the inner parts of the network. Most such trains run on the standard gauge track. Some light rail systems may run on a narrower gauge, some countries, including Finland, India, Pakistan, Russia, Brazil and Sri Lanka, as well as San Francisco in the USA and Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, use broad gauge track. The fact that the terminology is not standardised across countries further complicates matters, most S-bahns typically behave like commuter rail with most trackage not separated from other trains, and long lines with trains running between cities and suburbs rather than within a city. The distances between stations however, are usually short, in larger systems there is usually a high frequency metro-like central corridor in the city center where all the lines converge into. Typical examples of large city S-Bahns include Munich and Frankfurt, S-Bahns do also exist in some mid-size cities like Rostock and Magdeburg but behave more like typical commuter rail with lower frequencies and very little exclusive trackage. A similar network exists in Copenhagen called the S-tog, in Hamburg and Copenhagen, other, diesel driven trains, do continue where the S-Bahn ends. Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs in the way inter-city rail does, Regional rail operates outside major cities. Unlike Inter-city, it stops at most or all stations between cities and it provides a service between smaller communities along the line, and also connections with long-distance services at interchange stations located at junctions or at larger towns along the line. Alternative names are local train or stopping train, examples include the former BRs Regional Railways, Frances TER, Germanys DB Regio and South Koreas Tonggeun services
23.
NJ Transit
–
NJT also acts as a purchasing agency for many private operators in New Jersey, with numerous private operators receiving equipment from NJT for route service within the state not controlled by NJT. NJT was founded on July 17,1979, an offspring of the New Jersey Department of Transportation and it came into being with the passage of the Public Transportation Act of 1979 to acquire, operate, and contract for transportation service in the public interest. NJT originally acquired and managed a number of bus services, one of the largest being those operated by the states largest electric company. It gradually acquired most of the bus services. In northern New Jersey, many of the bus routes are arranged in a web, in southern New Jersey, most routes are arranged in a spoke-and-hub fashion, with routes emanating from Trenton, Camden, and Atlantic City. Since inception, rail ridership has quadrupled, in the 1990s the rail system expanded, with new Midtown Direct service to New York City and new equipment. On October 21,2001, it opened a new station at Newark Liberty International Airport, on October 31,2005, NJT took over Clocker service from Amtrak. Four new trains were added to the schedule, but cut back to Trenton, during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, the rail operations center of NJ Transit was flooded by 8 feet of water and an emergency generator submerged. Floodwater damaged at least 65 locomotive engines and 257 rail cars, the Governor of New Jersey appoints a seven-member Board of Directors, four members from the general public and three State officials. The Governor has veto power on decisions made by the board, for buses around Trenton, and NJ Transit Rail Operations, Inc. for commuter rail. NJT operates 871 bus routes using 2,477 buses and the Newark Light Rail with 20 light rail vehicles, the bus fleet includes buses purchased for other New Jersey operators above the 2,477. The fleet consists of 52 Kinki Sharyo electric light rail vehicles owned by NJT, Newark Light Rail – two segments serving Newark and the surrounding area. The Newark City Subway has 12 stops, is 4.3 miles long, connecting Newark Penn Station to North Newark, the Broad Street Extension has five stops, is 1.0 mile long, and connects Newark Penn Station to Newark Broad Street Station. The fleet consists of 21 Kinki Sharyo electric light rail vehicles owned and operated by the Central Division of NJT Bus Operations. River Line – a 21-stop 34 miles line from Trenton to Camden along the Delaware River, mostly along the Bordentown Secondary line formerly owned by Conrail, the fleet consists of 20 Stadler GTW diesel light rail vehicles owned by NJT and operated under contract by Bombardier Transportation. NJT operates over 100 diesel locomotives, of which 11 are supplied by Metro-North Railroad as part of an agreement for the Port Jervis Line. It has over 650 push-pull cars, of which 65 are supplied by Metro-North, the New Jersey Transit Police Department is the transit police force for NJT. It is a police agency with statewide jurisdiction with the primary focus on policing the numerous bus depots, rail
24.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
25.
New Jersey
–
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
26.
Northeast Corridor Line
–
The Northeast Corridor Line is a commuter rail operation run by New Jersey Transit along Amtraks Northeast Corridor in the United States. It is the successor to Pennsylvania Railroad trains between Trenton Transit Center and New York Penn Station, after arrival at New York Penn Station, some trains load passengers and return to New Jersey, while others continue east to Sunnyside Yard for storage. Most servicing is done at the Morrisville Yard, at the west end of the line, the Northeast Corridor Line is colored red on New Jersey Transit system maps and its symbol is the State House. The Princeton Branch is a service connecting to the line. Penn Station had originally intended for long distance passenger trains. With the overhead electrification complete, the PRR could run trains of multiple units direct to Manhattan. The weekday schedule in September 1951 had six trains a day from New York to Trenton, seven from New York to New Brunswick, two from Jersey City to Trenton and six from Jersey City to New Brunswick. That includes just the trains terminated at Trenton or New Brunswick, many more trains from New York to Philadelphia. By the 1960s the financial situation of the Pennsylvania Railroad had deteriorated, in 1968 NJDoT funded construction of the new Metropark station and in 1969 they funded 35 new stainless steel Jersey Arrow MU cars. The state continued to fund replacement of the aging pre-war MU equipment with the Arrow II, finally in 1983 the State took over all of the Conrail operations under the aegis of a new statewide public transport agency, New Jersey Transit. During the 1990s New Jersey Transit contracted with Amtrak to accept monthly NJT passholders on the Clocker trains, the Clocker last ran on October 28,2005, and thereafter New Jersey Transit began several extra Trenton-New York express trips. Connecting SEPTA Trenton Line service between Philadelphia and Trenton is listed in the timetable, the Northeast Corridor Line runs from New York Penn Station to Trenton Transit Center along with Amtrak. The Northeast Corridor Line operates a service between the outlying stations and the terminal zone which begins at Newark International Airport Station. During the peak period North Jersey Coast Line trains stop at North Elizabeth through Rahway, stations between Rahway are served by Jersey Avenue Locals, which originate and terminate at Jersey Avenue station. Finally Trenton Express trains make their first/last stop at Princeton Junction or New Brunswick, a few all stops locals operate sporadically on weekdays as well and all day on weekends. Jersey Ave locals make local stops between Rahway and Elizabeth outside peak periods, North Elizabeth station is skipped by most NEC Line trains and express trains cannot stop at Jersey Ave eastbound. With high levels of service and a route through one of the most densely populated areas of the United States, on an average weekday in 2012, the Northeast Corridor Line handled 117,400 boardings. These trains are made up of Comet series cars or Bombardier Transportation Multilevels, the modern era of commuter operations began in 1983 when New Jersey Transit Rail Operations took over the service from Conrail
27.
Princeton Junction station
–
Princeton Junction is a railroad station in Princeton Junction, New Jersey, located in West Windsor Township. It serves NJ Transit and Amtrak on the Northeast Corridor, on Amtrak and NJ Transit tickets, the stations abbreviation is PJC. As of 2015, Princeton Junction was the 6th-busiest station in the NJ Transit rail system, in addition to the Northeast Corridor Line, NJT operates a 2. 7-mile spur line, the Princeton Branch, to Princeton Station located at the Princeton University campus in Princeton. The shuttle is colloquially known as the Dinky, and has also known as the PJ&B. Two train cars, or sometimes just one, are used, a single switch connects the branch to the Northeast Corridor tracks north of the station. Many more Amtrak trains stop at the nearby Trenton Transit Center, until 2007, all Amtrak Pennsylvanian trains stopped at Princeton Junction. The southbound Amtrak Palmetto began stopping in Princeton Junction in October 2015, permit parking is operated by the West Windsor Parking Authority. All spaces on the New York-bound side as well as most spaces on the Philadelphia-bound side are in permit lots, West Windsor Township residents have about a five-year wait to buy quarterly permits, nonresident quarterly permits cost more and have a waiting period twice as long. Daily parking is available in a lot just north of the Princeton Branch platform. The nearby lot usually fills by 7,15 am on Mondays through Thursdays, privately operated parking is available along Station Drive near Washington Road. The Central Jersey Route 1 Corridor BRT is a bus rapid transit system which would use Princeton Junction as its hub. Development adjacent to the station permits higher densities and will include retail end entertainment elements, Princeton Junctions origins can be traced back to the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company, the predecessor of the Pennsylvania Railroad in the 19th century. The original station was built in 1864, in preparation for Princeton Branch service to begin in 1865, albert Einstein, who lived at 112 Mercer Street in Princeton, used to enjoy sitting at the station and watching the trains go by. More than once, he employed trains to explain the effects of his General Theory of Relativity. In 1965, a prototype for the high-speed Metroliner passed through the station at the speed of 164 miles per hour on a short demonstration run. Very few sections of the Northeast Corridor were capable of handling that speed, a speed of 170 mph was achieved on the same portion of track on December 20,1967, when the U. S. -built UAC TurboTrain set the rail speed record in North America. A plaque at the station commemorates the event, the present station house was built in 1987. Most of Amtraks Princeton Junction service prior to 2005 was Clocker service commuter traffic to New York, Newark, since October 28,2005, the Clockers have been replaced by NJT trains that run only as far south as Trenton
28.
Princeton station (NJ Transit)
–
Princeton is the northern terminus of the Princeton Branch commuter rail service operated by New Jersey Transit, and is located on the Princeton University campus in Princeton, New Jersey. At the branchs southern end at Princeton Junction, connections are available to NJTs Northeast Corridor Line, the shuttle train between the two stations is known as the Dinky, and has also been known as the PJ&B, for Princeton Junction and Back. Now running 2.7 mi along a track, it is the shortest scheduled commuter rail line in the United States. Initial studies have been conducted to add a bus transitway along the Dinky right-of-way as part of a proposed Bus Rapid Transit system, the historic 1918 train station closed permanently on August 23,2013. The new permanent Princeton Station, designed by architect Rick Joy, opened on November 17,2014, with construction continuing on a complex of arts, even after the opening of the new station, some legal challenges were still pending as of 2015. The historic 1918 station was constructed when the branch was part of the Pennsylvania Railroad under the direction of architect-engineer Alexander C, shand, who had also overseen construction of the now-demolished Philadelphia Broad Street Station. Designed in the Collegiate Gothic style, the 1918 Princeton station contained a station house, a stone freight house. It was listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places, rail advocates opposed the relocation, fearing that access to the new station would be less convenient, resulting in decreased ridership that could threaten the trains existence. The proposal prompted protest from residents, students, faculty and alumni, in October 2010, the Princeton Regional Planning Board passed a resolution supporting the continuation of train service. On October 3,2011, Save the Dinky and four local residents filed suit against the university, the station house has been the property of the university since 1984, when it purchased it from NJT, with guarantees of public use. That year it was listed on the historic register and in a thematic survey for the National Register of Historic Places. In 2012, NJT requested abandonment of public use from the state Historic Preservation Office. Save the Dinky contended that the move would breach the agreement when the property was transferred, would cause inconvenience. The university considered it to be an improvement for redevelopment of the neighborhood. In December 2012, the Regional Planning Board gave approval for the project to proceed, in June 2013, NJT approved a property transfer agreement with the university, involving three parcels around the station and the proposed arts center. Surface Transportation Board declined a petition to review the planned move, despite these federal, state and local rulings in the projects favor, and the opening of the new station in November 2014, further litigation continued. The Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission and New Jersey Transit have conducted studies to develop the Central New Jersey Route 1 Bus Rapid Transit Project, in 2011, NJT indicated that moving the station would not be detrimental to its planning. In April 2012, the university submitted a plan for the arts and transit center
29.
East West MRT Line
–
The East West Line is the second Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore. It currently takes about 70 minutes to travel from one end to the other, the line is coloured green on MRT system maps. There is a tunnel between Kembangan and Bedok where the line ascends into the hill at Siglap, and there is a longer tunnel due to the space limitations between Kallang and Redhill. The line passes through the median of roads in Tanah Merah, Bedok, Queenstown, Commonwealth, Dover. Originally, East West Line had a trip that terminated at Tanah Merah after peak hours. There was a connection to the Changi Airport before it changed to a shuttle service from 22 July 2003. EWL is currently the line connecting east and downtown. The East West Line is the line to be built. It was extended to Clementi on 12 March 1988 and to Lakeside on 5 November 1988, additionally, the eastern extension to Tanah Merah was opened on 4 November 1989, and to Pasir Ris on 16 December 1989. The last station of the system, Boon Lay opened on 6 July 1990. On 18 October 2001 Dover station was opened, and then on 25 February 2002 the Expo, on 28 February 2009 the Pioneer and Joo Koon stations were officially opened to the public. On 11 January 2011, the Tuas West Extension was announced and it is an extension of the East West Line from Joo Koon to Tuas Link. The stations — Gul Circle, Tuas Crescent, Tuas West Road, the MRT viaduct is also integrated with part of a 4.8 km long road viaduct along Pioneer Road, which will increase the road capacity to cope with anticipated increase in traffic. A 26-hectare depot will also be built to provide stabling and maintenance facilities for the trains that will be bought for the extension. On 4 May 2012, the Land Transport Authority marked the start of construction of the Tuas West Extension with a ceremony at the site of the future Tuas Link station. Underground stations already featured the doors since 1987 and they were first installed at Jurong East and Pasir Ris stations in 2009 as trial runs. Installation of platform screen doors began at Clementi and Lakeside stations on April 2010, on 31 August 2011, the last station, Expo, began installation of half-height platform screen doors. The new sleepers installed will allow trains to move along the tracks smoothly, in order to carry out works at night when trains are not operational, train services were ended earlier on the East West Line
30.
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
–
The MRT network encompasses 170.7 kilometres of route, with 102 stations in operation, on standard gauge. These operators also run bus and taxi services, thus facilitating full integration of transport services. The MRT is complemented by a number of local LRT networks in Bukit Panjang, Sengkang. The origins of the Mass Rapid Transit are derived from a forecast by city planners in 1967 which stated the need for an urban transport system by 1992. The initial S$5 billion construction of the Mass Rapid Transit network was Singapores largest public works project at the time, the network was built in stages, with the North South Line given priority because it passed through the Central Area that has a high demand for public transport. On 7 November 1987, the first section of the North South Line started operations, fifteen more stations were opened later, and the MRT system was officially launched on 12 March 1988 by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. Another 21 stations were added to the system, the opening of Boon Lay on the East West Line on 6 July 1990 marked the completion of the system two years ahead of schedule. The MRT has subsequently been expanded, the first expansion was in 1996. This was a S$1.2 billion expansion of the North South Line into Woodlands, merging the Branch Line into the North South Line and joining Yishun and Choa Chu Kang Stations. The concept of having rail lines that bring people almost directly to their homes led to the introduction of the Light Rail Transit lines connecting with the MRT network, on 6 November 1999, the first LRT trains on the Bukit Panjang LRT went into operation. In 2002, the Changi Airport and Expo stations were added to the MRT network, the North East Line, the first line operated by SBS Transit, opened on 20 June 2003, one of the first fully automated heavy rail lines in the world. On 15 January 2006, after lobbying by the public. The Boon Lay Extension of the East West Line, consisting of Pioneer and Joo Koon stations, the Circle Line opened in four stages from 28 May 2009 to 14 January 2012. Stage 1 of Downtown Line opened on 22 December 2013 with its official opening made on 21 December 2013 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, Stage 2 opened on 27 December 2015, and was officially opened on 26 December by Prime Minister Lee. The following table lists the Mass Rapid Transit lines that are operational, Except for the partly at-grade Bishan MRT Station. Most below-ground stations are deep and hardened enough to withstand conventional aerial bomb attacks, mobile phone and 3G service is available in every part of the network. Underground stations and the trains themselves are air-conditioned, while above-ground stations have ceiling fans installed, every station is equipped with General Ticketing Machines, a Passenger Service Centre and LED or plasma displays that show train service information and announcements. All stations are equipped with restrooms and payphones, some restrooms are located at street level, heavy-duty escalators at stations carry passengers up or down at a rate of 0.75 m/s, 50% faster than conventional escalators
31.
Singapore Changi Airport
–
Singapore Changi Airport, or simply Changi Airport, is the primary civilian airport for Singapore, and one of the largest transportation hubs in Southeast Asia. It is currently the Worlds Best Airport, for the fifth year and counting and is one of the worlds busiest airports by international passenger traffic. The airport is located in Changi, at the end of Singapore, approximately 17.2 kilometres northeast from Marina Bay. It is operated by Changi Airport Group and it is the base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, SilkAir, Scoot, Tigerair, Jetstar Asia Airways. Changi Airport serves more than 100 airlines flying to some 380 cities in about 90 countries and territories worldwide. Each week, about 7,000 flights land or depart from Changi, or about one every 90 seconds, for the 2016 full-year figures published by the airport, the airport handled 58,698,039 passengers, the most in its 35-year history. This made it the sixth busiest airport by passenger traffic in the world. In December 2016, Changi Airport registered a total of 5.68 million passenger movements and its daily record was also broken on the Saturday before Christmas, with more than 202,359 passengers passing through during the 24 hours. In addition to being an important passenger hub, the airport is one of the busiest cargo airports in the world, the total number of commercial aircraft movements increased by 4. 1% from the previous year to 360,490 in 2016. The airport has won over 533 awards since 1981, including 26 Best Airport awards in just 2016 alone, Changi Airport has three main passenger terminals, arranged in an elongated inverted U shape. Currently the airport has a total annual handling capacity of 66 million passengers. Terminal 1 opened in 1981, located at the northern end, Terminal 2 in 1990, located to the eastern side. Terminal 3 in 2008, located to the western side, there is also a privately run luxury terminal called the JetQuay CIP Terminal. It is similar to the Lufthansa First Class Terminal at Frankfurt Airport, the Budget Terminal, opened on 26 March 2006 and closed on 25 September 2012. Terminal 4, which will be ready by 2017, built on the site of the former Budget Terminal, Terminal 5 is set to be ready in the mid-2020s. It will be able to handle 50 million passenger movements per annum, the airport terminal structure will almost be larger than all the previous terminals combined, built on reclaimed land to the east of the present terminals. Jewel Changi Airport set to open in early 2019, is a structure interconnecting Terminals 1,2 &3. Part of the project will help expand Terminal 1 to handle 28 million passengers per year, as all passenger traffic out of the airport is international in nature, the three major terminals in operation are equipped with immigration-processing facilities for international travel
32.
Expo MRT Station
–
Expo MRT Station is a Mass Rapid Transit station part of the Changi Airport Branch Line of the East West Line in Tampines planning area, Singapore. It sports a space age architecture designed by world-renowned architect Sir Norman Foster, the roof is clad in titanium, steel, and glass, and its design enabled the platform to be columns-free, invoking a sense of spaciousness. The station is built to handle fluctuating passenger volumes due to events at the adjacent Singapore Expo, the section of underground track between this station and Changi Airport station is the longest underground track between any two MRT stations in Singapore. The Land Transport Authority has announced that station will be an interchange with the future Downtown Line. When this station is ready, it will be the station in Singapore that serves both an above ground line and an underground line after Paya Lebar, Buona Vista and Tampines. These columns are unique in that they are built outside the station platform, another distinctive feature is the large disc situated at the top of the glass elevator shaft, as seen in the photo on the right. The disc overhangs and terminates one end of the curved roof form. Its unusual shape lead some people to comment that it looked like a spaceship or UFO and this unique disc is the first of its kind in Singapore, although it was also used for the New Supreme Court building in downtown Singapore, which was opened in 2006. It was then converted to a service from Boon Lay Station when the other station on the Changi Extension, Changi Airport. However, to cut costs due to falling below expectations. The initial numbering of this station was EW28, until 20 June 2003 when it was changed to CG1, the same numbering is now used for Pioneer Station. The station has a passenger traffic whenever there are major events occurring in the Singapore Expo. The recent expansion of Singapore Expo helped increase the traffic in the station. However, traffic is still low at certain times of the year when there are not many events held. A business hotel, Park Avenue Changi, is located next to the station, as with most of the above-ground stations built in the past along the East West Line, it was built without platform screen doors that prevent commuters from falling onto the train tracks. Installation of the screen doors started on 20 June 2011 as the last station of the East West Line. On 31 August 2011, all of the doors have been installed. On 28 November 2011, LTA marked the start of construction of Downtown Line 3 with a ceremony at this station
33.
Changi Airport MRT Station
–
Changi Airport MRT Station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit terminal station on the East West Line in Changi, Singapore. The station is located within Singapore Changi Airport, hence its name, public buses also provide cheap express trips to the city, and link commuters to the MRT network at Bedok, Tampines and Pasir Ris. When the extension to the airport was announced, however. The alignment of the station at the airport has been switched perpendicularly to an east–west direction, and finally when the Singapore Expo opened in 1999, the Somapah MRT station was renamed to Expo. Route 34, as a bus service was withdrawn on September 2002. Route 989 was merged with 185 and cut short to Lorong 1 Geylang, a new bus service,34 from Punggol to Changi Airport took over the slot in Changi Airport Bus Terminal to enhance connectivity along Tampines East, Tampines new town, IKEA Tampines and Punggol areas. Many air travellers also prefer to continue taking taxis or private transport as all the MRT services does not have luggage racks, peak hours in Changi Airport Line are defined according to the flight schedules. Thus primary users of the station are usually confined to airport/airline employees, leisure visitors, well-wishers and this station receives a huge load of traffic during weekends due to the transfer point for commuters from Expo to the bus terminal. The Tanah Merah-Expo route was operated as a shuttle service. However, due to low ridership, the route reverted to being operated as a service from July 22,2003. The initial numbering of the station was EW29, but was changed on 20 June 2003 to CG2, the original code is now used for the Joo Koon station. Plans were announced for a terminal at the airport in the mid-2010s. This is one of the four MRT stations that have fare gates on the level as the platform. The three other MRT stations which have this feature are Expo, Bishan, and Stevens, the station is the easternmost station on the MRT network and has the widest platforms in any underground MRT station in Singapore of which it is 26.5 meters wide. It is rated 10 out of 15 most beautiful subway stops in the world in 2011 and this station has a list of every hotel in Singapore as well as the closest MRT station to these places. This is because Changi Airport MRT Station staff often receive queries on hotel locations, Official website Official blogsite HarbourFront to Changi Airport MRT station route
34.
North South MRT Line
–
The North South Line is the first Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore which stretches from Jurong East to Marina South Pier. The line is 44 kilometres long with 27 stations, including Canberra, travelling from one end of this line to the other end takes about one hour. The line is coloured red on the rail map, as the name implies, the line connects central Singapore to both northern and southern parts of the island. In the clockwise direction, the North South Line starts at Jurong East, the line then passes through Choa Chu Kang, where it interchanges with the Bukit Panjang LRT, and Woodlands, where it will interchange with the Thomson-East Coast Line from 2019. Going further south, the North South Line passes through Bishan, in the city, the North South Line interchanges with the Downtown Line at Newton. It then passes through Orchard at the end of Orchard Road. At the eastern end of Orchard Road, it interchanges with the North East Line, cross-platform interchange with the East West Line is possible at City Hall and Raffles Place. Most southbound trains terminate at Marina Bay, where one can transfer to the Circle Line, and from 2021, some trains however, terminate at Marina South Pier. The North South line was the first MRT line in Singapore, nine more stations from Novena to Outram Park followed on 12 December 1987, with through service onto what is today the East West Line. The northern terminal was extended to Yishun on 20 December 1988 when Yishun, separate operation of the North South and East West Lines only started on 4 November 1989, when the extension to Marina Bay was opened. After the Branch Line opened in 1990, the Woodlands Extension MRT line was envisioned to close the gap between Yishun and Choa Chu Kang, but on the second round of planning, the government decided to build these station and omit Sungei Kadut station from the plan. Sungei Kadut station will be later if the towns population justifies the necessity for the station. With the completion of the Woodlands Extension in 1996, the Branch Line became part of the North South Line, the Jurong East Modification Project consisted of the construction of a new platform and the addition of a fourth track to Jurong East Station. It has been in use since 27 May 2011, originally it opened from 7am to 9am, this was expanded from 27 December 2011 and it also opens during the evening peak hour. A 1-kilometre, one station extension from Marina Bay to Marina South Pier station was opened on 23 November 2014, the extension serves the Marina South Pier and the Marina Bay Cruise Centre Singapore in Marina Bay. On 27 April 2015, construction started on Canberra Station which will be built along a section of the line. Similar to Dover Station, the platform will be of an elevated side platform layout. Construction is expected to be completed by 2019 to serve the upcoming developments near the station, subsequently, installation began in May 2011 at Ang Mo Kio MRT Station
35.
Jurong East MRT Station
–
Currently, it is the only interchange station in the system to be entirely elevated, as it does not serve any underground lines. It is located at the end of Jurong East, linking residential precincts Yuhua and Teban Gardens, as well as the International Business Park. Since the opening of Jem, JCube, Westgate and Big Box, on the North South Line, it is the first station for south-bound trains and the last station for north-bound trains. On the East West Line, it is between Chinese Garden and Clementi, during the morning and evening peak periods, trains arrive directly from Ulu Pandan Depot to start service on the North South Line. This station was also the first station to make announcements about train services when the Branch Line opened in 1990, previously, trains had to take turns to arrive and depart from the station using a shared middle track. The new platforms and track allow for shorter train intervals, reducing waiting times and it was built in conjunction with the purchase of 22 C151A trains, which together, would increase the carrying capacity of the North South Line and East West Line. Originally projected to be opened in 2012, then Minister for Transport, Mr Raymond Lim, announced on 12 February 2009 that the date was pushed forward by a year, to 2011. In addition, the platforms, A, B, C and D, were renamed to C and F and D and E respectively. Low noise barriers were installed to reduce the amount of noise generated for the residents. It was the third station to have half-height platform screen doors installed. Platform screen doors were installed for the new platforms from the JEMP. The station has the most MJ Air Tech High Volume, Low Speed Pro-Jet fans installed due to stations size, the fans commenced operations on 30 June 2012 together with Ang Mo Kio. Jurong East also has the largest number of ambassadors and CCTV cameras due to the stations large size. On 4 February 2005, a 29-year-old man, Mak Hoy Meng went up to an SMRT employee at this station and gave him two handwritten notes that declared there was a bomb at one of the stations. The restaurant supervisor told Yeow Meng Chai that he saw a man drop the notes and even described the fellow in detail, but under questioning by the police, he admitted he had written them himself and there were no bombs. His story came apart when his description differed in later versions, by then, police officers had searched extensively for the man. On 10 March 2005, he pleaded guilty under the United Nations Regulations to trying to hoax Yeow about a bomb on 4 February 2005 at 8 pm, and was jailed for 2 1⁄2years. He admitted that at the time he tried to fool Yeow, he was disgruntled with the police and society in general, the theft charge – stealing $50 from a restaurant was considered during sentencing
36.
Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT Station
–
Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT Station is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit and Light Rail Transit interchange station in Choa Chu Kang, Singapore. It is the station of the North South Line and the terminus for the Bukit Panjang LRT. The station sits next to Choa Chu Kang Bus Interchange and Lot One, serving residents in southern Choa Chu Kang New Town, Choa Chu Kang station is proposed to be the terminus of the Jurong Region Line which is slated for completion in 2030. The MRT station was opened on 10 March 1990 and was the terminus of the Branch Line, construction began on 15 February 1986, and over the time there is no change to the station name. With the opening of the North South Line Woodlands Extension on 10 February 1996, terminating facilities for Marina Bay-bound trains are still present. The LRT station opened on 6 November 1999, on the day of the Bukit Panjang LRT line. Automatic platform gates were installed since 26 August 2011 on the North South Line platforms, there will also be additional fare gates and a new covered linkway from the LRT station to Lot One. These new additions also include widening the staircase between the MRT and the LRT stations will be completed by 2016. The two newly constructed platforms at the LRT station began operations on 27 December 2016, stickers to remind passengers to exit at Platforms 1 or 2 if they need a lift to exit are placed on all the LRT doors. In 2016, Platforms 1 and 2 of the LRT had Half-Height Platform Barriers installed, Choa Chu Kang was the first to install Half-Height Platform Barriers due to the high commuter traffic at this station. Half-Height Platform Barriers were installed at Platforms 3 and 4 during construction, rite Hite Revolution High Volume, Low Speed fans in the MRT platform commenced operations on 10 October 2012. The LRT platform also features fans as of 27 September 2015
37.
MTR
–
The Mass Transit Railway is the rapid transit railway system of Hong Kong. Opened in 1979, the system now includes 218.2 km of rail with 161 stations, operated by the MTR Corporation Limited, the MTR is one of the most profitable metro systems in the world, with a high farebox recovery ratio of 186%. Under the governments rail-led transport policy, the MTR system is a mode of public transport in Hong Kong. It consistently achieves a 99. 9% on-time rate on its train journeys, as of 2014, the MTR has a 48. 1% market share of the franchised public transport market, making it the most popular transport option in Hong Kong. The integration of the Octopus smart card fare-payment technology into the MTR system in September 1997 has further enhanced the ease of commuting on the MTR, construction started soon after the release of the study, and the first line opened in 1979. The MTR was immediately popular with residents of Hong Kong, as a result, there are continual debates regarding how and where to expand the MTR network. As a successful operation, the MTR has served as a model for other newly built systems in the world. During the 1960s, the government of Hong Kong saw a need to accommodate increasing traffic as Hong Kongs economy continued to grow strongly. In 1966, British transportation consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates were appointed to study the system of Hong Kong. The study was based on the projection of the population of Hong Kong for 1986, on 1 September 1967, the consultants submitted the Hong Kong Mass Transport Study to the government, which recommended the construction of a 40-mile rapid transit rail system in Hong Kong. The study suggested that four rail lines be developed in six stages, detailed positions of lines and stations were presented in the study. These four lines were the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, Island Line, the study was submitted to the Legislative Council on 14 February 1968. The consultants received new data from the 1966 by-census on 6 March 1968, a short supplementary report was submitted on 22 March 1968 and amended in June 1968. The by-census indicated that the projected 1986 population was reduced by more than one million from the estimate to 5,647,000. The dramatic reduction affected town planning, the population distribution was largely different from the original study. The projected 1986 populations of Castle Peak New Town, Sha Tin New Town, and, to an extent, Tsuen Wan New Town, were revised downward. In this updated scenario, the reduced the scale of the recommended system. The other lines would be placed in the list of extensions and this report led to the final study in 1970
38.
Lok Ma Chau Spur Line
–
The Lok Ma Chau Spur Line is the second railway link between Hong Kong and Mainland China, relieving passenger congestion at Lo Wu Station. The 7.4 km alignment branches off the existing MTR East Rail Line north of Sheung Shui Station and then runs to the Lok Ma Chau Station where customs and immigration facilities are provided. The terminus is connected to new Futian Checkpoint Station of the Shenzhen Metro Line 4 by a bridge across the Shenzhen River. The KCRC has adopted a combined tunnel and viaduct scheme for the spur line, from Sheung Shui to Chau Tau, the railway runs through tunnels, the railway then runs on viaducts until it reaches Lok Ma Chau Station. The Spur Line project comprises four sections, namely, the tunnels, the viaducts, Lok Ma Chau Station. Unlike the rest of the East Rail Line, which is above ground, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region endorsed the Corporations construction of the Lok Ma Chau Spur Line on 14 June 2002. The line was opened on 15 August 2007, in ceremonies led by Henry Tang. The station is reached by foot from Shenzhen, or by MTR train, bus, mini-bus, private cars, bicycles, and walking through the restricted frontier zone to other parts of Hong Kong according to an official at the Hong Kong border are not allowed. The station is in an area where no stores or other businesses except MTR tenants are allowed. Length,7.4 km Journey time,8 minutes Train frequency, transport in Hong Kong Rail transport in Hong Kong MTR East Rail Line Lok Ma Chau Lok Ma Chau Control Point
39.
Lok Ma Chau Station
–
The MTR Corporation is promoting the Lok Ma Chau Spur Line as a direct connection with Line 4 of the Shenzhen Metro which is also operated by the MTR Corporation. This station, together with the line, opened on the afternoon of 15 August 2007. The adjoining Futian Port Station of the Shenzhen Metro opened on 28 June 2007, like Lo Wu Station, this station is located in the Frontier Closed Area, hence access is restricted to passengers with a permit or a passport and visa to mainland China. In December 2007, this station was leased to the MTR Corporation, along with the entire KCR network, by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation, the Lok Ma Chau Spur Line Control Point is an immigration control point connected with the Lok Ma Chau Station. It is the control point along the land border of Hong Kong to have a railway access. The control point is connected via a footbridge to the Futian Port, an immigration port of entry of the PRC. The control point was opened on 15 August 2007 together with the opening of the KCR Lok Ma Chau Spur Line between Lok Ma Chau and Sheung Shui Station. The crossing consists of a cable-stay double-deck pedestrian bridge across the Sham Chun River, the lower deck handles pedestrians heading from Hong Kong to Futian Port, while the upper deck handles those coming from Futian Port to Hong Kong. Immigration facilities are located within the building on both ends of the bridge. Electricity to the Hong Kong half of the bridge is provided by CLP Power, the control point is open between 06,30 and 22,30, unlike the 24-hour vehicle Lok Ma Chau Control Point nearby. Later pedestrian crossing can be made at Lo Wu Control Point, furthermore, there is no through-train service, as the railway line is not connected with the railways in mainland China. And although the bulk of the users are train passengers, the Lok Ma Chau pedestrian crossing can also be reached by bus, taxi, the Lok Ma Chau transport interchange is located to the east of Lok Ma Chau station and is connected with the station via footbridges. The entrance and exit between the station and the interchange are guarded by the police as the area is located within the Frontier Closed Area, KMB bus routes B1, N277, N76, 76K, and 276B all service this interchange point. Later pedestrian crossing can be made at Lo Wu Control Point, until 00,00 or the Lok Ma Chau Control Point which is 24 hours
40.
Tseung Kwan O Line
–
The Tseung Kwan O Line is one of the eleven lines of the MTR system in Hong Kong, indicated by the colour purple. It is currently 12.3 kilometres long, taking 15 minutes to travel throughout the entire line, the line runs from North Point on the Hong Kong Island to the new town of Tseung Kwan O. It bifurcates east of Tseung Kwan O Station into two branches, one northward to Po Lam and one southward to LOHAS Park, the Tseung Kwan O Depot at LOHAS Park is responsible for the maintenance of the lines rolling stock. During the morning period, the Tseung Kwan O Line uses 15 trains to maintain a frequency of 2.5 minutes. Tseung Kwan O Line is the first MTR line with no tracks on viaducts and it was the only line with tracks completely in tunnels until the completion of LOHAS Park station, near which there are two short sections that are not in tunnels. The stations of Yau Tong, Po Lam and LOHAS Park are at ground level, the rest of the line has its tracks located underground. The western terminus of the line is North Point, providing cross-platform interchange together with the station of Quarry Bay. From Yau Tong, the passes through the Black Hill Tunnels to enter Tseung Kwan O New Town at Tiu Keng Leng. Within Tseung Kwan O new town, the splits into two branches east of Tseung Kwan O Station. One branch reaches Hang Hau and Po Lam stations in the part of the new town. LOHAS Park is a residential development built above the Tseung Kwan O Depot. As the line splits into two branches at Tseung Kwan O, the operation of the line is relatively complex when compared to other lines of the MTR, the majority of trains on the line run through from Po Lam to North Point and vice versa. Passengers travelling to and from LOHAS Park during non-peak hours are required to change trains at Tiu Keng Leng or Tseung Kwan O in order to continue their journey. The report proposed four corridors, all of which called for the Kwun Tong Line to be extended to Lam Tin Station, the construction cost was estimated at three billion Hong Kong dollars. This plan was cancelled by the MTR Corporation in August 1990, MTR re-proposed the line in 1993, and the plan was approved by the Hong Kong Executive Council on 20 October 1998. Construction commenced on 24 April 1999 and the line opened on 18 August 2002, the new line took over the cross-harbour segment, via the Eastern Harbour Tunnel to North Point station, from the Kwun Tong Line. The Kwun Tong Line was extended to Yau Tong and Tiu Keng Leng stations to interchange with the new line, the line is served by K-Stock and M-Trains. The K-Stock trains were manufactured by a consortium of Hyundai Rotem and Mitsubishi Corporation, although tailor-made for the line, the K-Stock trains actually ran on the Kwun Tong Line from launch through April 2010, and the original M-Trains ran on this line instead
41.
LOHAS Park Station
–
LOHAS Park is a rapid transit station on the Tseung Kwan O Line of the MTR system in Hong Kong. It opened on 26 July 2009, the station serves a residential project called LOHAS Park at Area 86. The first tenders for the construction of Phase 1 were completed in January 2005, next to the Tseung Kwan O Line Depot, it is the easternmost railway station in Hong Kong. LOHAS Park will be the largest MTR property development, a 32.08 ha site with 50 towers containing 21,500 apartments and approximately 45,000 m2 of retail. During the construction stages, the station was temporarily named Tseung Kwan O South, after its location in the southern part of the Tseung Kwan O New Town. Since the station opened, the Tseung Kwan O Line has been split into two branches at Tseung Kwan O, with the northern branch towards Po Lam. This is the branch in the MTR system, after Lok Ma Chau Station on the East Rail Line. To operate the branch, MTR instituted a 3+1 service whereby every fourth train runs to LOHAS Park, after 8 December 2014, MTR instituted a 2+1 service in peak hours. Off peak and Sundays, a train between LOHAS Park and Tiu Keng Leng would operate. This is one example when the terminus of trains are within intermediate stations. MTR claims that its rate is still 99. 9%. There are two faces on an island platform. Like in other underground MTR stations, platform screen doors have been installed, one of them leads to the public transport interchange located adjacent to the station, while the remaining two lead to LOHAS Park residential development. Exit B has not been built yet and it is reserved for future use
42.
East Rail Line
–
The East Rail Line is one of eleven railway lines of the Mass Transit Railway system in Hong Kong. It used to be one of the three lines of the Kowloon–Canton Railway network and it was known as the KCR British Section from 1910 to 1996, and the KCR East Rail from 1996 to 2007. The railway line starts at Hung Hom Station in Kowloon and branches in the north at Sheung Shui to terminate at Lo Wu or Lok Ma Chau stations, both are boundary crossing points into Shenzhen. The East Rail was the railway line of the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation before the construction of KCR West Rail. The same railway is used for passenger and freight services crossing the boundary to other cities, including Guangzhou, Shanghai and these longer distance passenger services start at Hung Hom and end at their termini in the mainland. The line is double tracked and electrified, except for certain goods sheds. Immigration and customs facilities are available at Hung Hom and Lo Wu/Lok Ma Chau stations, the railway line was operated by Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation prior to the MTR-KCR merger and has since been taken over by MTR Corporation on 2 December 2007 after the merger was completed. The line is coloured blue on the MTR map. The distance between Hung Hom and Lo Wu stations is 34 km, the total distance of the line is approximately 41 km, making it the longest line in total distance within the system network. The United Kingdom and China signed an agreement to cooperate on the construction of a railway from Kowloon to Canton, the whole project was 87 miles long, with 22 miles in the British Section and 65 miles for the Chinese Section. However, the English could earn 65% of the income while China could only earn 35% of it, the most difficult section was the approx. 7200 feet long Beacon Hill Tunnel, and about a hundred workers died in the construction, the construction was mainly done by Chinese. The government built camps in Kowloon to support the construction, most of the railway were flat land, so construction was relatively easy in those places. However, the construction of the Beacon Hill Tunnel involved digging and blasting, the two ends were of soft soil, but the centre was granite. This caused a delay in construction as it was not suitable to use explosives at the two ends while the explosives could not blast off a lot of rock in the centre. The railway line to the Chinese border, then called the Kowloon-Canton Railway, the remaining section from Lo Wu to Canton was called the Chinese Section. Initially, service was provided from Yau Ma Tei station to Fanling station with a tunnel through Beacon Hill. After the Chinese Section was completed, through service became available to Canton
43.
Racecourse Station (MTR)
–
Racecourse is a station on the East Rail Line of Hong Kong. It was opened in 1985 and is used on race days. There are single journey tickets to the station available separately and it is located between Sha Tin and University stations along the East Rail Lines Racecourse branch, and is situated parallel to Fo Tan along the mainline. Both directions usually have a headway of 10–15 minutes, the station does not have escalators or lifts. Wheelchair users can use a stair lift to access the station after calling a member of staff for assistance. Racecourse Grandstand There are three footbridges that link the platform to the station concourse near the grandstand, There are no other entrances to access the station
44.
Fo Tan Station
–
Fo Tan is a station on the East Rail Line of the Mass Transit Railway system in Hong Kong. It is located in the Fo Tan area of Sha Tin District, the Racecourse station is located parallel to Fo Tan, on the lines Racecourse branch. The passenger station serves some apartment buildings, villages, and an industrial zone. During rush hour, some trains terminate at this station before departing southwards. Some trains do not run through this station on race days, the station was opened in 1985, two years after the total electrification of the railway. It was featured at the end of the 1989 film Mr Coconut, in addition, two tracks spur off at the northeast of the station, and lead into a goods yard north of the station. Freight trains stopped there regularly before their demise on the East Rail Line in 2010, the station has three tracks, with two island platforms between. Trains normally stop at platforms 1 and 4, originally, the southern concourse was the only concourse in this station. Because the two concourses were built in years, they were not originally interconnected. MTR renovated the station in 2015, connecting the two concourses in the process, the new link opened on 12 December 2015
45.
South Island
–
The South Island or Te Waipounamu is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, the South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres and has a temperate climate. In the early stages of European settlement of the country, the South Island had the majority of the European population, in prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite article. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Mamoe in the 16th century, Kāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāi Tahu who migrated south in the 17th century. While today there is no distinct Kāti Mamoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Mamoe links in their whakapapa and, a notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship. In the early 18th century, Kāi Tahu, a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island, There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Kāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula, from there they spread further south and into the West Coast. In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikoura, Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. After destroying Te Maiharanuis village they took their captives to Kapiti, John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā, Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully sapped the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe, in 1832-33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped, fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made an incursion into Kāi Tahu territory
