1.
Privy Council of the United Kingdom
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Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians, who are present or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the Council also holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, otherwise, the Privy Councils powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Counsellors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below, Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England. During the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a court or curia regis. The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, administration, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the sovereign relied on a smaller committee, by the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws, the forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. Under George I even more power transferred to this committee and it now began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. Thus, the British Privy Council, as a whole, ceased to be a body of important confidential advisers to the sovereign and it is closely related to the word private, and derives from the French word privé
2.
William Hague
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William Jefferson Hague, Baron Hague of Richmond PC FRSL is a British Conservative politician and life peer. He represented Richmond, Yorkshire as Member of Parliament from 1989 to 2015, Hague was educated at Wath-upon-Dearne Grammar School, the University of Oxford and INSEAD, subsequently being returned to the House of Commons at a by-election in 1989. Hague quickly rose through the ranks of the government of John Major and was appointed to Cabinet in 1995 as Secretary of State for Wales. Following the Conservatives landslide defeat at the 1997 general election by the Labour Party and he returned to the backbenches, pursuing a career as an author, writing biographies of William Pitt the Younger and William Wilberforce. He also held several directorships, and worked as a consultant, after David Cameron was elected Leader of the Conservative Party in 2005, Hague was reappointed to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Foreign Secretary. He also assumed the role of Senior Member of the Shadow Cabinet, after the formation of the Coalition Government in 2010, Hague was appointed First Secretary of State and Foreign Secretary. Cameron described him as his de facto political deputy, Hague was elevated as a Life Peer in the 2015 Dissolution Honours List and created Baron Hague of Richmond, of Richmond in the County of North Yorkshire, on 9 October. Hague was born on 26 March 1961 in Rotherham, Yorkshire and he initially boarded at Ripon Grammar School and then attended Wath-upon-Dearne Comprehensive, a State-secondary school near Rotherham, previously Wath Grammar School. His parents, Nigel and Stella Hague, ran a soft drinks manufacturing business where he worked during school holidays and his childhood nurse, Bessie Camm, went on to be the oldest living person in Britain as of 2017, at age 112. He first made the news at the age of 16 by addressing the Conservatives at their 1977 Annual National Conference. In his speech he told the delegates, half of you wont be here in 30 or 40 years time, but that others would have to live with consequences of a Labour Government if it stayed in power. Hague read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Magdalen College, Oxford and he was President of the Oxford University Conservative Association, but was convicted of electoral malpractice in the election process. Hague was playing the game of using his powers as President to keep his faction in power. There were accusations of blatant ballot box stuffing and he also served as President of the Oxford Union, an established route into politics. After Oxford, Hague went on to study for a Master of Business Administration degree at INSEAD and he then worked as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company, where Archie Norman was his mentor. After Lamont was sacked in 1993, Hague moved to the Department of Social Security where he was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, the following year he was promoted as Minister of State in the DSS with responsibility for Social Security and Disabled People. His fast rise up through Government was attributed to his intelligence and he continued serving in Cabinet until the Conservatives were replaced by New Labour at the 1997 general election. At the age of 36, Hague was tasked with rebuilding the Conservative Party by attempting to build a modern image
3.
Michael Howard
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Michael Howard, Baron Howard of Lympne, CH, PC, QC is a British politician who served as the Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition from November 2003 to December 2005. He studied at Peterhouse, Cambridge, following which he joined the Young Conservatives, in 1964 he was called to the Bar and became a Queens Counsel in 1982. He became a Member of Parliament in the 1983 General Election, representing the constituency of Folkestone and this quickly led to promotion and Howard became Minister for Local Government in 1987. Under John Major, he held cabinet positions including Secretary of State for Employment. In November 2003, following the Conservative Partys vote of no confidence in its leader Iain Duncan Smith, he was elected unopposed. In the 2005 General Election, the Conservatives gained 33 new seats in Westminster, including five from the Liberal Democrats, following the election, Howard resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party and was succeeded by David Cameron. Howard did not contest his seat of Folkestone and Hythe in the 2010 General Election, Howard was born Michael Hecht in Gorseinon, Swansea. He is the son of Bernat Hecht, who was born in Romania and his mother, Hilda, lived in Wales from the age of 6 months. Both of Howards parents were from Jewish families, when Howard was six, his parents became naturalised as British subjects, and his surname was also changed following the parents naturalisation with the new surname Howard. Howard passed his eleven-plus exam in 1952 and then attended Llanelli Boys Grammar School and he joined the Young Conservatives at age 15. He obtained eight O-levels and his subsequent A-levels earned him a place at Peterhouse at Cambridge University and he was President of the Cambridge Union Society in 1962. After taking a 2,1 in the first part of the tripos, he switched to law. Howard was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1964 and specialised in employment, unlike his many Cambridge contemporaries, he continued his career at the Bar, becoming a practising Queens Counsel in 1982. The late 1960s saw Howards promotion within the Bow Group, where he became Chairman in April 1970, in the 1970s, Howard was a leading advocate of British membership of the Common Market and served on the board of the cross-party Britain in Europe group. Howard was named as co-respondent in the divorce case of 1960s model Sandra Paul. They have a son born in 1976 and a born in 1977. C. Which he has held since childhood, in June 1982, Howard was selected to contest the constituency of Folkestone and Hythe in Kent after the sitting Conservative MP, Sir Albert Costain, decided to retire. Howard won the seat at the 1983 general election and this junior post became very important, as he oversaw the Big Bang introduction of new technology in 1986
4.
Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler
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Peter Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler, PC is a British politician who was a member of Margaret Thatchers ministry. He is currently the Lord Speaker, having assumed office at the beginning of September 2016, after serving as Shadow Minister of Transport, he was appointed Minister of Transport in 1979, being responsible for making seat belts compulsory. Later, as Secretary of State for Health and Social Services and he resigned from the cabinet as Employment Secretary, and was knighted in 1990. He was Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1992 to 1994, Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Transport, in 2001, he was made a Conservative life peer as Baron Fowler. He then became a journalist, and worked on The Times, Fowler was elected for Nottingham South in 1970, after the seat was abolished, he switched to Sutton Coldfield at the February 1974 election. During the mid-1970s Fowler was shadow Minister of Transport, upon Margaret Thatcher becoming Prime Minister in 1979, she did not immediately appoint Fowler to her Cabinet, explaining, we were short of one place. As a result, Norman Fowler, as Minister of State at Transport, was not able to be an member of the Cabinet. As Secretary of State for Transport, Fowler drove through Lord Nugents 1981 bill to make seat belts compulsory, as Secretary of State for Health and Social Security in 1986, Fowler implemented the first official drive to educate the British public to the dangers of AIDS. Edwina Currie and John Major both served him as junior ministers. Fowler later resigned from the cabinet as Employment Secretary in January 1990, the expression later became a smokescreen for politicians who had quit high-profile roles for slightly more dark or controversial reasons. Following his resignation from the frontbench, Fowler was knighted in 1990, in 2001, he stepped down as a Member of Parliament. After standing down from the House of Commons, he was made a Conservative Lord Temporal as Baron Fowler, in 2003, he proposed that the European Union should appoint a high-level coordinator with ambassadorial rank to deal with the AIDS epidemic. In 2006, he chaired a House of Lords select committee which criticised the use of the licence fee. His book, A Political Suicide, was published in 2008, in 2016, he was elected as Lord Speaker. He is the first male holder of such a title, though similar responsibilities were held by men prior to the passage of the Constitutional Reform Act and he has stated that he favours reducing the House of Lords to 600 members. He has been involved in industry, having been on the board of directors of several companies. He is non-executive chairman of Aggregate Industries plc and he is a member of the National Union of Journalists. Fowler demanded an independent inquiry into the phone hacking inquiry on 7 July 2011 and he said that the UK was faced by one of the biggest scandals affecting the press in living memory
5.
John Major
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Sir John Major, KG, CH, PC is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997. A cabinet minister from 1987, he served Margaret Thatcher in the Treasury, Major was Member of Parliament for Huntingdon from 1979 to 2001. He is currently the oldest living former Prime Minister, following the death of Thatcher on 8 April 2013, at the beginning of his premiership, Major presided over British participation in the Gulf War in March 1991 and negotiated the Maastricht Treaty in December 1991. Shortly after this, even though a supporter of the ERM. This event led to a loss of confidence in Conservative economic policies, Major went on to lose the 1997 general election months later, in one of the largest electoral defeats since the Great Reform Act of 1832. After defeat, Major resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded as Leader of the Conservative Party by William Hague and he went on to retire from active politics, leaving the House of Commons at the 2001 general election. Major was born in 1943 at St Helier Hospital in Sutton, Surrey and he was christened John Roy Major but only John was recorded on his birth certificate. He used his name until the early 1980s. He attended primary school at Cheam Common and from 1954 he attended Rutlish School, in 1955, with his fathers garden ornaments business in decline, the family moved to Brixton. He also credited a chance meeting with former Prime Minister Clement Attlee on the Kings Road shortly afterwards, Major left school at the age of 16 in 1959 with three O-levels in History, English Language and English Literature. He later gained three more O-levels by correspondence course, in the British Constitution, Mathematics and Economics, Majors first job was as a clerk in the insurance brokerage firm Pratt & Sons in 1959. Major joined the Young Conservatives in Brixton at this time, Major was almost 19 years old when his father died at the age of 82 on 27 March 1962. His mother died eight and a years later in September 1970 at the age of 65. After Major became Prime Minister it was misreported that his failure to get a job as a bus conductor resulted from his failing to pass a maths test and he had in fact passed all of the necessary tests but had been passed over owing to his height. After a period of unemployment, Major started working at the London Electricity Board in 1963 which is incidentally his successor as Prime Minister, Tony Blair. He later decided to undertake a course in banking. Major took up a post as an executive at the Standard Chartered Bank in May 1965 and he was sent to work in Jos, Nigeria, by the bank in 1967 and he nearly died in a car accident there. Major was interested in politics from an early age, encouraged by fellow Conservative Derek Stone, he started giving speeches on a soap-box in Brixton Market
6.
Jeremy Hanley
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Sir Jeremy James Hanley, KCMG, is a politician and chartered accountant from the United Kingdom. He served as the Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1994 to 1995, Hanley was educated at Rugby School, and began his career with Peat Marwick Mitchell & Company as an articled clerk in 1963. He qualified as an accountant in 1969, and as a certified accountant. He joined the Financial Training Company, responsible for training chartered accountants, as a lecturer in Law and Accountancy, on his first day in the House of Commons he ended up sitting next to Ian Paisley and introduced himself saying, How do you do. I did not realise that you were on our side, to which Paisley replied, Hanley was the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Richard Luce from 1987 to 1990, and briefly the PPS to Chris Patten. He became an Under-Secretary of State at the Northern Ireland Office in 1990, in 1994, Hanley was brought into the Cabinet by Prime Minister John Major, who made him the Chairman of the Conservative Party and a minister without portfolio. He served in this position until the 1995 Cabinet reshuffle, when he was moved to the role of Minister at the Foreign Office. Hanley has been a member of the Privy Council since 1994, in 1995, while party chairman, Hanley was confronted by several members of the fictional Jeremy Hanley fanclub in the first episode of satirical TV series The Saturday Night Armistice. Hanleys Richmond and Barnes constituency was abolished as part of a redrawing of constituency boundaries ahead of the 1997 election and he stood as the Conservative candidate for the new constituency of Richmond Park, but was defeated by the Liberal Democrat candidate Jenny Tonge. Hanley was awarded a knighthood in John Majors farewell honours list in 1997 and he is also a Freeman of the City of London, and Master of the Worshipful Company of Chartered Accountants. Since leaving politics, Hanley has served on a number of company boards, Hanley is the son of the actor Jimmy Hanley and the actress Dinah Sheridan. His sister, Jenny Hanley, became an actress and TV presenter in the 1970s, in 1973 he married Verna, Viscountess Villiers, and had one son, one son by a previous marriage and one step daughter. Times Guide to the House of Commons 1997
7.
Cecil Parkinson
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Cecil Edward Parkinson, Baron Parkinson, PC was a British Conservative politician and cabinet minister. A chartered accountant by training, he entered Parliament in 1970 and was appointed a minister in Margaret Thatchers first government in 1979, Parkinson subsequently served as Secretary of State for Energy, and later Transport. He resigned that office in 1990, on the day that Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister. He was created Baron Parkinson in 1992 and served in the House of Lords until his retirement in September 2015, Parkinson was born in Carnforth, Lancashire, in 1931. He was the son of a railway worker and he won a Blue as an athlete, competing over 220 and 440 yards. While at university, he was a Labour supporter and for a time was a member of the Labour Party and he did National Service as an NCO in the Royal Air Force. He married Ann Mary Jarvis in 1957 and they had three daughters, Mary, Emma and Joanna. After leaving university, Parkinson worked as a manager for the Metal Box Company and he trained and qualified as a Chartered Accountant and in 1961 founded Parkinson-Hart Securities. Parkinson was a supporter of Preston North End, and in November 1988 paid a tribute to Tom Finney on This Is Your Life, in the June 1970 general election Parkinson stood as candidate for Northampton but was not elected. Parkinson was elected as MP for Enfield West at a by-election in November 1970, when that constituency was abolished for the February 1974 general election he was elected for the new South Hertfordshire constituency. After the 1979 General Election, he was made a trade minister. Despite his relatively junior status, he was a member of the small War Cabinet which Mrs Thatcher set up to run the Falklands War and he worked on the Conservative Partys 1983 election campaign, standing in the new Hertsmere constituency after Hertfordshire Souths abolition. Although Thatcher initially remonstrated with him that Anthony Edens womanising had been no bar on his holding the Foreign Office, she appointed him Secretary of State for Trade. Parkinson was forced to resign on 14 October 1983 after the news of Sara Keays pregnancy had become public knowledge, Flora Keays. Subsequently, as a result of a dispute over child maintenance payments, Parkinson was able to gain an injunction in 1993, following the birth, Parkinson released a statement in which he wished the baby peace, privacy and a happy life. This court order was the subject of controversy until Flora Keays reached her majority at the end of 2001. Upon Flora turning 18, it was noted in the press that Parkinson had never met his child, at the time of the revelation of Parkinsons relationship with Sara Keays in 1983, Parkinson made much of what he described as the volume of letters in support that he received. By 2001, however, the media focused more upon Flora and her difficulties than in protecting Parkinsons reputation, after four years on the back benches, he was appointed Secretary of State for Energy in 1987, and for Transport in the July 1989 reshuffle
8.
Minister without portfolio
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A minister without portfolio is either a government minister with no specific responsibilities or a minister who does not head a particular ministry. Stanley Bruce was given the title of Minister without Portfolio when he took up his position in 1932 as the Commonwealth Minister in London and he was given the title by Lyons Cabinet so that he could better represent the PM and his colleagues free from the limitations of a portfolio. In this case the title was a promotion and carried considerable responsibilities, bangladesh appoints ministers without portfolio during cabinet reshuffles or fresh appointments. Ministers are not usually appointed without portfolio as a coalition negotiation – all long run ministers end up with a portfolio, suranjit Sengupta was a minister without portfolio in Sheikh Hasinas second government. Notable Conservatives who filled the role include R. B, bennett, and Arthur Meighen, however, Meighen served this role after he had been prime minister. The practice has continued under the guise of ministers of state without responsibilities in the ministers titles, three control ministers served as ministers without portfolio during World War I. After the Liberation of Denmark in May 1945, the first Danish cabinet included four ministers without portfolio, kauffmann served in this capacity from 12 May to 7 November 1945. The three other holders of this title had joined the cabinet a few days before – Aksel Larsen, lise Østergaard held a position as minister without portfolio with special attention to foreign policy issues in Anker Jørgensens cabinet from 26 February 1977 to 28 February 1980. Anders Fogh Rasmussen appointed Bertel Haarder to Minister without Portfolio, Haarder served in this capacity from 27 November 2001 to 18 February 2005. The reason for appointing a minister without a ministry was the Danish European Union Presidency of 2002, Haarder was considered the most experienced Danish politician on European affairs. Tamás Fellegi Kunwar Natwar Singh Since the inception of the state, Indonesia had ministers without portfolio, the number was not fixed, entirely depended on the behest of the President. Below is the list of Ministers without Portfolio in each Cabinet, Mohammad Amir Abdul Wahid Hasyim Sartono Alexander Andries Maramis Mohammad Amir Oto Iskandar di Nata Rasjidi Wikana Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX Abdul Wahid Hasyim Wikana Dr. Such a minister may nevertheless be given a specific title, the only substantive minister without portfolio has been Frank Aiken, the Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures during World War II. By the Emergency Powers Act 1939 then in force, the Minister for Defence was able to delegate some competences to him, such delegation is now done instead with Ministers of State, junior ministers who are not members of the government. Junior ministers can be given a right to sit at cabinet and this allows the Government to circumvent the Constitutional limit on the number of Senior Ministers. On several occasions a minister has been appointed to a government with the title of a new Department of State. Between the date of appointment and the date of creation of the department, examples include, It is common practice in Israel to appoint ministers without portfolio as part of the coalition negotiations. All cabinets in recent years have had at least some such appointment, departments on equalities, European affairs and relations with regions, for example, are usually led by ministers without portfolio
9.
Peter Mandelson
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Peter Benjamin Mandelson, Baron Mandelson PC is a British Labour politician, president of international think tank Policy Network and Chairman of strategic advisory firm Global Counsel. He served as Member of Parliament for Hartlepool from 1992 to 2004 and he was also the European Commissioner for Trade between 2004 and 2008. Mandelson was one of several responsible for the rebranding of the Labour Party as New Labour before its subsequent victory in the 1997 election. He resigned twice from the Cabinet before leaving Parliament to take up an appointment as a European Commissioner and he later rejoined the Cabinet for a third time after being created a Life Peer, sitting on the Labour benches in the House of Lords. Peter Mandelson was born in Hampstead Garden Suburb, Middlesex, on 21 October 1953 and his fathers family was Jewish, his grandfather had founded the Harrow United Synagogue. His father was the manager of The Jewish Chronicle who was commissioned as an officer in the Royal Dragoons in World War II. On his mothers side Peter is the grandson of Herbert Morrison, Mandelson attended Garden Suburb Primary School and between 1965 and 1972 Hendon County Grammar School. In 1966 he appeared on stage with the amateur theatre group. From 1973 to 1976 he read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at St Catherines College, in his teenage years, he was a member of the Young Communist League, but later became a member of the Oxford University Labour Club. In the late 1970s he became Chairman of the British Youth Council and he was elected to Lambeth Borough Council in September 1979 but stood down in 1982, disillusioned with the state of Labour politics. Mandelson then worked for some time as a producer at London Weekend Television on Weekend World. In 1985, Labour leader Neil Kinnock appointed him as Labours director of communications, as Director, he was one of the first people in Britain to whom the term spin doctor was applied, he was thus called the Prince of Darkness. In 1986 Mandelson ran the campaign at the Fulham by-election in which Labour defeated the Conservative Party, tagged Kinnock – the Movie, it led to the party leaders approval rating being raised by 16% or 19% in polls and was even repeated in another PPB slot. Opponents termed the Labour Partys election campaign a successful election defeat. He ceased being a Labour Party official in 1990 when he was selected as Labour candidate for the seat of Hartlepool. Mandelson was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1992 general election and this created antagonism between Mandelson and Brown, though they were considered allies in the Labour Party. In 1994 Kate Garvey suggested that Mandelson, should adopt a nom de guerre throughout Blairs leadership bid, Mandelson agreed to be called Bobby for the duration and was thanked by Blair using this name in his victory speech. After becoming an ally and trusted adviser to Tony Blair, Mandelson was Labours election campaign director for the 1997 general election
10.
Secretary of State for Transport
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Her Majestys Principal Secretary of State for Transport is the member of the cabinet responsible for the British Department for Transport. The office used to be called the Minister of Transport and has merged with the Department for the Environment at various times. The current Secretary of State for Transport is Chris Grayling, the Secretary of State is supported by a small team of junior Ministers. Each Minister is a Member of Parliament from either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the number of Ministers supporting the Secretary of State for Transport vary from time to time, but is usually about 3. The titles given to these Ministers also vary, currently the positions are held by one Minister of State for Transport and two Parliamentary Under-Secretaries of State for Transport. From 2003 until June 2007 the role of Secretary of State for Transport was combined with the role of Secretary of State for Scotland, the names provided in the sections below are those who have served in a position equivalent to the Secretary of State for Transport. The Ministry of Civil Aviation was created by Winston Churchill in 1944 to look at ways of using aircraft. The new Conservative Government in 1951 appointed the same Minister to Transport and Civil Aviation, Colour key, Conservative Labour National Liberal Colour key, Conservative The Ministry was renamed back to the Ministry of Transport on 14 October 1959. Colour key, Labour Not an official member of the cabinet, Colour key, Conservative Colour key, Conservative The Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions was created in 1997 for Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott. Critics argued from the outset that this was a mistake and that a post of Secretary of State for Transport was needed in its own right. Colour key, Labour After Byers resignation, such a division was made, with the portfolios of Local Government, during the lifetime of DTLGR, John Spellar served as Minister of State for Transport with a right to attend Cabinet. John Spellar Colour key, Conservative Labour Ministry of Civil Aviation Aerodrome Fire Service Track record, Transport secretaries
11.
John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market
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John Roddick Russell MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market, OBE PC FKC, is a politician in the United Kingdom. He was educated at Merchiston Castle School, then at the University of St Andrews, prior to the 1979 general election he worked for Hill Samuel, a merchant bank. MacGregor is also a magician and member of The Magic Circle. He gave regular performances on British television, including guest spots on The Best of Magic and he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1971 New Year Honours for political services. He was Conservative MP for South Norfolk, but stepped down at the 2001 election. He became an MP at the February 1974 General Election, and served as a Tory whip from 1977 to 1981, when he became a junior minister at the Department of Trade and Industry, moving to MAFF in 1983. He entered the Cabinet on 2 September 1985 as Chief Secretary to the Treasury and he was promoted to Secretary of State for Education and Science in July 1989. In the small reshuffle following the resignation of Sir Geoffrey Howe, he was made Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council just days before Thatchers own resignation. He continued in this position from 1990 to 1992, although William Keegan writes that he was a contender for the position of Chancellor when John Major came to power. He was made Secretary of State for Transport in 1992, remaining in the post until July 1994 when he left the cabinet and his time as Transport Secretary saw him given responsibility for the privatisation of British Rail and the decision to privatise the Transport Research Laboratory. He was made a peer as Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market
12.
George Young, Baron Young of Cookham
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He served in Cabinet from 1995 to 1997 as Secretary of State for Transport, and later as the Leader of the House of Commons and Lord Privy Seal from 2010 to 2012. On 19 October 2012 Young was re-appointed to the Cabinet as Chief Whip of the House of Commons following the resignation of Andrew Mitchell, on 29 November 2013 Young announced he would be retiring from the Commons in May 2015 and would not be standing at the next election. In August 2015, it was announced by Downing Street that Young was to be raised to the peerage, being created Baron Young of Cookham, of Cookham in the Royal County of Berkshire and he sits on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords. Young was born in Oxford in 1941, the son of Sir George Peregrine Gerry Young, 5th Baronet, CMG. His father was a diplomat who met Elisabeth while serving in Beijing, upon his fathers death in 1960, George succeeded to the baronetcy created in 1813. Young is a great-great-grandson of Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp, Young was educated at St. Aubyns Preparatory School in Rottingdean, Eton College, and Christ Church, Oxford where he read Philosophy, Politics and Economics, graduating in 1963. He was active in student politics while at Oxford, holding offices in the Oxford University Conservative Association. After graduating, he worked for a while at the merchant bank Hill Samuel and he then spent two years as Kobler Research Fellow at the University of Surrey, where he completed an MPhil. From 1969 to 1974, Young was an advisor to the Post Office Corporation. Young was elected as a councillor in the London Borough of Lambeth from 1968 to 1971 together with his wife and he represented the ward of Clapham Town, and served on the Housing Committee. He and other Lambeth councillors worked as refuse collectors at weekends during a strike, Young lost his seat on Lambeth Council in 1971. In 1970, Young was elected to the Greater London Council as one of four Members for the London Borough of Ealing and he served on the GLC from 1970 to 1973, where he was vice-chairman of the Strategic Planning Authority. He did not seek re-election to the GLC in 1973, having been selected as the Conservative candidate for the Acton constituency and he was later one of the local government ministers who abolished the GLC in 1986. Young was elected to parliament at the February 1974 general election as MP for Acton with a majority of 1,300, defeating the sitting Labour Party MP, Young was re-elected as MP for Acton at the October 1974 general election with a majority of 808. He continued to represent Acton for the next 23 years, until the seat was abolished in boundary changes and he was selected for the safe Conservative seat of North West Hampshire prior to the 1997 general election to replace the retiring MP Sir David Mitchell. Young was elected with a majority of 11,551, from 1976 to 1979 Young served as an opposition whip. When the Conservative Party won the 1979 general election, he was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Health, from 1981 to 1986, Young served as the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for the Environment. On the backbenches from 1986 to 1990, Young was among the leaders of the rebellion within the Conservative Party against the implementation of the poll tax
13.
Secretary of State for Health
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Her Majestys Principal Secretary of State for Health is a UK cabinet position responsible for the NHS. Health services in Northern Ireland have always had separate arrangements from the rest of the UK, the first Boards of Health were created by Orders in Council dated 21 June 14 November, and 21 November 1831. In 1848, a General Board of Health was created with the First Commissioner of Woods, in 1854, this Board was reconstituted and the President appointed separately. However, the Board was abolished in 1858 and its function of overseeing the local boards was transferred to a new Local Government Act Office within the Home Office, from 1871, that function was transferred to the new Local Government Board. The Ministry of Health was created in 1919 as a reconstruction of the Local Government Board, Local government functions were eventually transferred to the Minister of Housing and Local Government, leaving the Health Ministry in charge of Health proper. From 1968, it was amalgamated with the Ministry of Social Security under the Secretary of State for Social Services, until a de-merger of the Department of Health, jeremy Hunt remained in post after Theresa May became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Colour key, Whig Conservative Radical Peelite Liberal Labour Unionist National Labour National Liberal
14.
Virginia Bottomley
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Virginia Hilda Brunette Maxwell Bottomley, Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone, PC, DL is a British Conservative Party politician. She was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons from 1984 to 2005 and she was raised to the peerage in 2005. She was a member of the Supervisory Board of Akzo Nobel NV from 2000–12, as part of her pro-bono activities, Virginia is Chancellor of the University of Hull. She was a Governor of the London School of Economics for 31 years and she is a member of the UK Advisory Council of the International Chamber of Commerce. She has been Chair of the Board Practice at executive head-hunting firm Odgers Berndtson where she has been since 2000 and her paternal aunt was Labour Greater London Council Member Margaret Jay. She first met Peter Bottomley, her husband, when she was 12 years old. Bottomley was educated at Putney High School, an independent school for girls in Putney in south-west London and she later graduated from the London School of Economics with the degree of Master of Arts. She began her life as a social scientist, researcher for Child Poverty Action Group, social worker, magistrate. She was appointed a member of the Privy Council upon joining John Majors Cabinet as Secretary of State for Health in 1992 and she was the 9th woman in the British cabinet. She then served as Secretary of State for National Heritage from 1995 to 1997, after the 1997 general election, she returned to the backbenches, also become a headhunter at Odgers. She stepped down from the House of Commons when the 2005 general election was called, Bottomley is involved with charitable and academic bodies in addition to business. She was on the founding Council of the University of the Arts and she is also a Council Member of the Ditchley Foundation and was President of Farnham Castle, Centre for International Briefing. From 2000 until May 2012 she has sat on the Supervisory Board of Akzo Nobel and she was a non-executive director of Bupa, a healthcare company. She is on the Advisory Council of the International Chamber of Commerce UK and was for the Judge School of Management, Bottomley has been a trustee and is a fellow of the Industry and Parliament Trust. She was National President of the Abbeyfield Society and a Vice-Patron of Carers and she was a lay canon of Guildford Cathedral, and a Freeman of the City of London. In 2006, she was elected and installed as Chancellor of the University of Hull and she was also appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Surrey in March of that year and Sheriff of Hull in 2013. Virginia Garnett married Sir Peter Bottomley in 1967, after the birth of their eldest child and they live in Westminster and Milford, Surrey, they have three children, Cecilia, Adela and Joshua and eight grandchildren. Bottomleys family includes many figures in politics and public life and her brother, Christopher Garnett, was the chief executive of train operating company GNER
15.
Peterborough (UK Parliament constituency)
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It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election. The serving Member is Conservative Stewart Jackson and he defeated Labours Helen Clark in 2005, and was re-elected in 2010 with an increased majority. In 2015, he held the seat with a reduced majority, 1950-1974, The Municipal Borough of Peterborough, the Urban District of Oundle, the Rural Districts of Barnack and Peterborough, and part of the Rural District of Oundle and Thrapston. 1974-1983, The Municipal Borough of Peterborough, and the Rural Districts of Barnack, Peterborough, and Thorney. 1983-1997, The City of Peterborough wards of Bretton, Central, Dogsthorpe, East, Fletton, North, Orton Longueville, Orton Waterville, Park, Paston, Ravensthorpe, Stanground, Walton, and West. 1997-2010, The City of Peterborough wards of Bretton, Central, Dogsthorpe, East, North, Park, Paston, Ravensthorpe, Walton, Werrington, the City of Peterborough formed a parliamentary borough returning two Members in 1541. Until 1832 when the whole of the parish of Saint John the Baptist was encompassed, the Great Reform Act did not affect the borough, while the rural portion of the Soke was included in the northern division of Northamptonshire. This became a county constituency under the 1948 revisions, when the boundaries of the constituency were adjusted to correspond to those of the Soke, Peterborough became a county constituency in 1974. These changes increased the electorate from 64,893 to 70,640, on the enumeration date of 17 February 2000, the electoral quota for England was 69,934 voters per constituency. Mawhinney, who had served as Member of Parliament for Peterborough from 1979, was created Baron Mawhinney. Eye and Thorney was previously included in the North East Cambridgeshire constituency, in the unreformed House of Commons to be either a candidate or an elector for a county seat, a man had to own freehold property valued for the land tax at two pounds a year. This was known as the 40/- freehold, the franchise for borough seats varied enormously. Originally in Peterborough the dean and chapter had claimed the franchise, by the interregnum, the city was one of 37 boroughs in which suffrage was restricted to those paying scot and lot, a form of municipal taxation. In 1800 there were 2,000 registered voters in Northamptonshire and 400 in Peterborough, by 1835 this was 576, or about one per cent of the population. Bribery was general until the introduction of the ballot under the Ballot Act 1872. Votes were cast by spoken declaration, in public, at the hustings and this system, known as universal manhood suffrage, was first used in the 1918 general election. However, full electoral equality wouldnt occur until the Fifth Reform Act ten years later, according to the 2001 census, the population count of Peterborough constituency is 95,103 persons, comprising 46,131 males and 48,972 females. 67. 56% of those aged 16–74 are economically active, including 5. 92% umemployed, of a total 39,760 households,63. 80% are owner occupied, fewer than the regional and national averages
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Shailesh Vara
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Shailesh Lakhman Vara is a British Conservative Party politician. He was elected Member of Parliament for North West Cambridgeshire in the 2005 general election, Vara has previously been a Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party. In 2006, he was appointed to the ministerial post of Shadow Deputy Leader of the House of Commons. Following the 2010 general election, he was appointed to the position of Assistant Whip in the coalition government, on 7 October 2013, he was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Justice. Born in Uganda to Gujarati Indian immigrants, Vara moved to Britain with his family in 1964 when he was four, educated at Aylesbury Grammar School and Brunel University, Vara qualified as a solicitor. He worked in the City and West End of London, and during 1989–1990, Vara has been a senior legal adviser and business consultant for London First, and is vice-president of the Small Business Bureau. Vara has been involved with the Conservative Party since the late 1980s and has held posts at local, regional and national levels. As Vice-Chairman of the Party, he had a range of responsibilities. These included advising Michael Howard, deputising for the Party chairman, party spokesman with the media, Vara was elected Member of Parliament for North West Cambridgeshire in May 2005. At the Conservative Party Conference in 2000, he was awarded the accolade of official rising star of the Party, in the run up to the 2001 general election, Vara was a member of the Partys manifesto teams for Law and Order and Legal Affairs. On 30 June 2016, Vara confirmed his support for Michael Gove in the impending Conservative leadership contest, Vara said I have worked very closely with Michael Gove at the Ministry of Justice and have been very impressed with him. He is a man of conviction with a sharp intellect. He cares passionately about Britain and I believe he has the qualities to lead our negotiations with the EU. Vara is married with two children and he has a black belt in Tae Kwon Do. com – Shailesh Vara MP Guardian – Class of 2005 Telegraph – Vara Interview HearFromYourMp – Shailesh Vara
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Belfast
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Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, the second largest on the island of Ireland, and the heart of the tenth largest Primary Urban Area in the United Kingdom. On the River Lagan, it had a population of 286,000 at the 2011 census and 333,871 after the 2015 council reform, Belfast was granted city status in 1888. Belfast played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, and was an industrial centre until the latter half of the 20th century. It has sustained a major aerospace and missiles industry since the mid 1930s, industrialisation and the inward migration it brought made Belfast Irelands biggest city at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, Belfast remains a centre for industry, as well as the arts, higher education, business, and law, additionally, Belfast city centre has undergone considerable expansion and regeneration in recent years, notably around Victoria Square. Belfast is served by two airports, George Best Belfast City Airport in the city, and Belfast International Airport 15 miles west of the city. Although the county borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888, the site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze Age. The Giants Ring, a 5, 000-year-old henge, is located near the city, Belfast remained a small settlement of little importance during the Middle Ages. The ONeill clan had a presence in the area, in the 14th century, Cloinne Aodha Buidhe, descendants of Aodh Buidhe ONeill built Grey Castle at Castlereagh, now in the east of the city. Conn ONeill of the Clannaboy ONeills owned vast lands in the area and was the last inhabitant of Grey Castle, evidence of this period of Belfasts growth can still be seen in the oldest areas of the city, known as the Entries. Belfast blossomed as a commercial and industrial centre in the 18th and 19th centuries, industries thrived, including linen, rope-making, tobacco, heavy engineering and shipbuilding, and at the end of the 19th century, Belfast briefly overtook Dublin as the largest city in Ireland. The Harland and Wolff shipyards became one of the largest shipbuilders in the world, in 1886 the city suffered intense riots over the issue of home rule, which had divided the city. In 1920–22, Belfast became the capital of the new entity of Northern Ireland as the island of Ireland was partitioned, the accompanying conflict cost up to 500 lives in Belfast, the bloodiest sectarian strife in the city until the Troubles of the late 1960s onwards. Belfast was heavily bombed during World War II, in one raid, in 1941, German bombers killed around one thousand people and left tens of thousands homeless. Apart from London, this was the greatest loss of life in a raid during the Blitz. Belfast has been the capital of Northern Ireland since its establishment in 1921 following the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and it had been the scene of various episodes of sectarian conflict between its Catholic and Protestant populations. These opposing groups in conflict are now often termed republican and loyalist respectively. The most recent example of conflict was known as the Troubles – a civil conflict that raged from around 1969 to 1998
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
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Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
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Queen's University Belfast
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Queens University Belfast is a public research university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The university was chartered in 1845, and opened in 1849 as Queens College, Belfast, but has roots going back to 1810, the university forms the focal point of the Queens Quarter area of the city, one of Belfasts four cultural districts. It offers academic degrees at various levels and across a broad subject range, since 1 March 2014, Patrick Johnston has been the university’s 12th President and Vice-Chancellor. The university is associated with two Nobel laureates and one Turing Award laureate, Queens College, Belfast, opened in 1849. Its main building, the Lanyon Building, was designed by the English architect, at its opening, it had 23 professors and 343 students. Some early students at Queens University Belfast took University of London examinations, the university was one of only eight United Kingdom universities to hold a parliamentary seat in the House of Commons at Westminster until such representation was abolished in 1950. The university was represented in the Parliament of Northern Ireland from 1920–1968. On 20 June 2006, the university announced a £259 million investment programme focusing on facilities, recruitment, the building has been named in honour of Sir Allen McClay, a major benefactor of Queens University and of the Library. In June 2010, the university announced the launch of a £7. 5m Ansin international research hub with Seagate Technologies. In addition to the campus not far from the centre of Belfast. Although offering a range of courses, these colleges primarily provide training for those wishing to enter the teaching profession. The university has formal agreements with colleges in Northern Ireland. The current chancellor is the businessman Thomas Moran, academics at Queens are organised into fifteen schools across three faculties. The three faculties are the Faculty of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences, the Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, each of the 20 schools operates as a primary management unit of the university and the schools are the focus for education and research for their respective subject areas. On Feb 18th 2016 BBC Northern Ireland reported that this Institute was to be closed, Institute of Cognition and Culture - Founded in 2004, this is one of the world’s first centres for research in the cognitive science of culture. It has brought together a range of cutting-edge cognitive scientists via a series of visiting fellowships, Institute of Irish Studies - The Institute of Irish Studies celebrated its 50th birthday in March 2015. Institute of Professional Legal Studies - The Institute of Professional Legal Studies was established in 1977 at Queens University Belfast and it provides an internationally recognised and unique one-year postgraduate course for trainee barristers and trainee solicitors who study together. In all five colleges teach any programmes with a emphasis on behalf of the university
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UCL Medical School
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UCL Medical School is the medical school of University College London and is located in London, United Kingdom. The School provides a range of undergraduate and postgraduate medical education programmes and also has a medical education research unit. UCL has offered education in medicine since 1834, Middlesex Hospital and University College Hospital merged their medical schools in 1987 to form University College & Middlesex School of Medicine. The London School of Medicine for Women was established in 1874 by Sophia Jex-Blake, in 1998 The Royal Free & University College Medical School was formed from the merger of the two medical schools. On 1 October 2008, it was officially renamed UCL Medical School, in appreciation of the historic beginnings of UCL Medical School, its student society has retained the name RUMS and runs clubs and societies within University College London Union. The medical school is one of the largest in the country with an intake of 330 students. Undergraduate teaching is spread across three campuses based in Bloomsbury, at Archway and in Hampstead. The school is not only regarded as one of the best medical schools in the country. UCL offers a variety of integrated BSc degrees ranging from the traditional subjects like anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. Since 1994 there is also the opportunity to intercalate a PhD, UCL also operates a MBBS Oxford Transfer programme where each year a small number of students from Oxford Medical School can transfer to complete their clinical training at UCL. Admission to the school, in common with all 32 medical schools in the UK, is extremely competitive. The medical school receives approximately 2,500 applications yearly of which up to 700 applicants are selected for interview, approximately 450 offers are given for 322 places. Prospective students must apply through the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, the International Baccalaureate, although less common, is also an acceptable entry qualification. The course is open to graduates with a minimum of a 2,1 required. Additionally, applicants must sit an exam, the BioMedical Admissions Test which is used alongside the rest of the UCAS application to determine selection for interview. UCL Faculty of Medical Sciences is one of four Faculties within the UCL School of Life, in the 2014/15, QS World University Rankings by Subject UCL was ranked 10th in the world for Medicine. In the 2014 Academic Ranking of World Universities subject tables, UCL was ranked 17th in the world for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy. In domestic rankings for Medicine, UCL is ranked 2nd in the 2015 Complete University Guide, 4th in the 2014 Guardian University Guide, RUMS has a proud and illustrious past having been formed in the wake of the merger between the three constituent medical schools in 1998
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British people
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British people, or Britons, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown dependencies, and their descendants. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era, because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by unionists. Modern Britons are descended mainly from the ethnic groups that settled in the British Isles in and before the 11th century, Prehistoric, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse. The British are a diverse, multi-national and multicultural society, with regional accents, expressions. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them, the group included Ireland, which was referred to as Ierne inhabited by the different race of Hiberni, and Britain as insula Albionum, island of the Albions. The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands. Greek and Roman writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as the Priteni, the origin of the Latin word Britanni. It has been suggested that name derives from a Gaulish description translated as people of the forms. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island, during the Middle Ages, and particularly in the Tudor period, the term British was used to refer to the Welsh people and Cornish people. At that time, it was the held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the ancient Britons. This notion was supported by such as the Historia Regum Britanniae. Wales and Cornwall, and north, i. e. Cumbria, Strathclyde and this legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the Matter of Britain. The indigenous people of the British Isles have a combination of Celtic, Norse, Anglo-Saxon, oppenheimer continues that the majority of the people of the British Isles share genetic commonalities with the Basques, ranging from highs of 90% in Wales to lows of 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimers opinion is that. by far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia, ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales. The English had been unified under a single state in 937 by King Athelstan of Wessex after the Battle of Brunanburh. However, historian Simon Schama suggested that it was Edward I of England who was responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood in the 13th century
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Cabinet of the United Kingdom
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Ministers of the Crown, and especially Cabinet ministers, are selected primarily from the elected members of House of Commons, and also from the House of Lords, by the Prime Minister. Cabinet ministers are heads of government departments, mostly with the office of Secretary of State for, the collective co-ordinating function of the Cabinet is reinforced by the statutory position that all the Secretaries of State jointly hold the same office, and can exercise the same powers. The Cabinet is the ultimate decision-making body of the executive within the Westminster system of government in constitutional theory. The political and decision-making authority of the cabinet has been reduced over the last several decades. The Cabinet is the committee of Her Majestys Privy Council, a body which has legislative, judicial and executive functions. Its decisions are implemented either under the existing powers of individual government departments. Since the reign of King George I the Cabinet has been the executive group of British government. Both he and George II made use of the system, as both were not native English speakers, unfamiliar with British politics, and thus relied heavily on selected groups of advisers, the term minister came into being since the royal officers ministered to the sovereign. The name and institution have been adopted by most English-speaking countries, and this development grew out of the exigencies of the First World War, where faster and better co-ordinated decisions across Government were seen as a crucial part of the war effort. All these demanded a highly organised and centralised Government centred on the Cabinet, Cabinet ministers, like all ministers, are appointed and may be dismissed by the monarch at pleasure on the advice of the Prime Minister. The allocation and transfer of responsibilities between ministers and departments is generally at the Prime Ministers discretion. The extent to which the Government is collegial varies with political conditions, any change to the composition of the Cabinet involving more than one appointment is customarily referred to as a reshuffle, a routine reshuffle normally occurs every summer. The number in addition to the Prime Minister is currently 21, the Cabinet Secretary does not have a political appointment such as Secretary of State and is not a member of the Cabinet, but is the professional Head of Her Majestys Civil Service. In formal constitutional terms, the Cabinet is a committee of Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, all Cabinet members are made Privy Counsellors shortly after appointment if not already Privy Counsellors, but only selected Privy Counsellors are appointed to the Cabinet or invited to attend. MPs and peers in the Cabinet use the style the Right Honourable The Cabinet has come to be made up almost entirely of members of the House of Commons, the Leader of the House of Lords is a member of the House of Lords. Otherwise it is rare for a peer to sit in the Cabinet, the Lord Chancellor was formerly the presiding officer of the House of Lords, but since 2007 need not be a member of the Lords, and members of the House of Commons have been appointed. The number of ministers who are peers has increased since 1997. Occasionally cabinet members are selected from outside the Houses of Parliament, harold Wilson appointed Frank Cousins and Patrick Gordon Walker to the 1964 cabinet despite their not being MPs at the time
25.
Royal Belfast Academical Institution
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The Royal Belfast Academical Institution, is a grammar school in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Locally referred to as Inst, the school boys from ages 11 to 18. It is one of the eight Northern Irish schools represented on the Headmasters, the school occupies an 18-acre site in the centre of the city on which its first buildings was erected. The first demands for the school which would become Inst came from a group of Belfast merchants and they insisted that the existing Belfast Academy under William Bruce did not offer a complete, uniform, and extensive system of education. They hoped that a new school would give access to the ‘higher branches of learning as well as to those which would fit youths for a practical commercial career. The foundation stone of Inst. was laid, in pouring rain, on 3 July 1810 by George Augustus Chichester, Donegall owned much of the land in the Belfast area and granted the school a lease for the grounds at an annual rent of £22–5s–1d. The eminent English architect John Soane, who designed the new Bank of England in 1788, the roof of the main building was completed during the winter of 1811. The Institution was formally opened at 1, 00pm on 1 February 1814, William Drennan announced that the aim was to ‘diffuse useful knowledge, particularly among the middling orders of society, as a necessity, not a luxury of life. He also referred to the noble and rural setting of the school – in front a fair and flourishing town. Until the middle of the 19th century, the RBAI was both a school and a university, a function which the Belfast Academy never had. There are numerous clubs and societies, a School Orchestra, Choir and Band, a contingent of the Combined Cadet Force, Scouts and Explorer Scouts, the school offers a wide selection of sports, with rugby union being the most dominant. Inst have won the Ulster Schools Cup outright 32 times along with 4 shared titles, Rugby football and hockey are played in the winter, athletics, cricket and lawn tennis occupy the summer months, Badminton, fencing, rowing, squash and swimming take place throughout the year. Teams representing the School take part not only in matches and activities within the Province, the school hockey teams have achieved many successes. The 1st XI consistently feature in the finals of all three competitions they enter, in 2016 four Instonians played Olympic hockey, three for Ireland and one for Great Britain. In recent times other school sports have also more frequently making headlines. Inst is one of four schools in Northern Ireland to participate in competitive rowing. In 2005 the first ever Inst crew travelled to the Henley Royal Regatta in England and it regularly participates in various regattas throughout Ireland and abroad. In swimming the school teams regularly go to competitions within Ireland, in 2005,3 of the team qualified for the Irish International Schools Squad
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Physics
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Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy, Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs, the United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics. Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, the stars and planets were often a target of worship, believed to represent their gods. While the explanations for these phenomena were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, according to Asger Aaboe, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, and all Western efforts in the exact sciences are descended from late Babylonian astronomy. The most notable innovations were in the field of optics and vision, which came from the works of many scientists like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna. The most notable work was The Book of Optics, written by Ibn Al-Haitham, in which he was not only the first to disprove the ancient Greek idea about vision, but also came up with a new theory. In the book, he was also the first to study the phenomenon of the pinhole camera, many later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from Robert Grosseteste and Leonardo da Vinci to René Descartes, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, were in his debt. Indeed, the influence of Ibn al-Haythams Optics ranks alongside that of Newtons work of the same title, the translation of The Book of Optics had a huge impact on Europe. From it, later European scholars were able to build the devices as what Ibn al-Haytham did. From this, such important things as eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics. Newton also developed calculus, the study of change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems. The discovery of new laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased, however, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century. Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory, both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations. Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, from this early work, and work in related fields, the Standard Model of particle physics was derived. Areas of mathematics in general are important to this field, such as the study of probabilities, in many ways, physics stems from ancient Greek philosophy
27.
Royal Free Hospital
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The Royal Free Hospital is a major teaching hospital in Hampstead, London. It was rated excellent for quality of services and good for quality of management by the Healthcare Commission in 2009. The nearest London Underground station is Belsize Park, and the hospital is situated very near Hampstead Heath station on the London Overground. The Royal Free Hospital was founded in 1828 by the surgeon William Marsden to provide, as its name indicates, free care to those of little means. It is said that one evening, Marsden found a girl lying on the steps of St. Andrews Church, Holborn, dying from disease and hunger. However, none would take the girl in and she died two days later, after this experience Marsden set up a small dispensary at 16 Greville Street, Holborn, called the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases. A royal charter was granted by Queen Victoria in 1837 after an epidemic in which the hospital had extended care to many victims. As demand for in-patient facilities increased, it was constituted as the Royal Free Hospital, another building in Liverpool Road, Islington, was used as an isolation hospital. Marsden also founded the Free Cancer Hospital in Westminster in 1851, the hospital houses part of the UCL Medical School and its associated medical research facilities. The professorial department of medicine is recognised as one of the leading research units of its type in the world. It was founded by Professor Dame Sheila Sherlock, the Royal Free was the first hospital in the UK to appoint a consultant in HIV medicine, in 1989. Dr. Margaret Johnson, a specialist in thoracic medicine, built the Royal Free Centre for HIV Medicine, the out-patients centre was opened in 1992 by the actor Sir Ian McKellen and is named after the actor Ian Charleson. Its garden, where patients can relax, was opened by Elton John in 2003, in the 1980s there was some debate as to whether the episode was of an infectious cause, or just an example of mass hysteria. The outbreak turned out to be a case in the UK of myalgic encephalomyelitis. This started a controversy which led to a crisis in confidence over MMR. The Royal Free Hospital has an isolation unit equipped to treat highly infectious diseases such as Ebola virus disease. In 2014, the British nurse William Pooley was successfully treated for Ebola virus disease at the unit, in December 2014, Pauline Cafferkey, a British health worker diagnosed with Ebola in Glasgow was transferred to the unit for treatment. The unit has also previously used to treat a patient with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
28.
University of Iowa
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The University of Iowa is a flagship public research university in Iowa City, Iowa. Founded in 1847, Iowa is the oldest university in the state, the University of Iowa is organized into eleven colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees. The university was the developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree. The Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000, and the university budgeted revenues and expenses of $3.513 billion for 2015, the University of Iowas athletic teams, the Hawkeyes, compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hawkeyes field 24 varsity teams and have won 27 national championships, the University of Iowa was founded on February 25,1847, just 59 days after Iowa was admitted to the Union. The Constitution of the State of Iowa refers to a State University to be established in Iowa City without branches at any other place. The legal name of the university is the State University of Iowa, the first faculty offered instruction at the university beginning in March 1855 to students in the Old Mechanics Building, located where Seashore Hall is now. In September 1855, there were 124 students, of whom forty-one were women, the first president of the university was Amos Dean. The original campus consisted of the Iowa Old Capitol Building and the 10 acres of land on which it stood, until that date, it had been the third capitol of the Territory of Iowa. When the capitol of Iowa was moved to Des Moines in 1857, in 1855, Iowa became the first public university in the United States to admit men and women on an equal basis. The university offered its first doctorate in 1898, the university was the first state university to recognize the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Allied Union. Also, the University of Iowa was the first Big Ten institution to promote an African American to the position of vice president. A shooting took place on campus on November 1,1991, in the summer of 2008, flood waters breached the Coralville Reservoir spillway, damaging more than 20 major campus buildings. Several weeks after the waters receded university officials placed a preliminary estimate on flood damage at $231.75 million. Later, the university estimated that repairs would cost about $743 million, later in 2008, UNESCO designated Iowa City the worlds third City of Literature, making it part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Iowa legislators ultimately did not support the plan, in 2015, the Iowa Board of Regents selected Bruce Harreld, a business consultant with limited experience in academic administration, to succeed Sally Mason as president. In July 2016, the university took over the former AIB College of Business in Des Moines, Four bachelors programs are offered in Des Moines, an additional four masters-level programs are offered in Des Moines at the universitys site in the citys Western Gateway Park. The University of Iowas main campus, located in Iowa City, was designed by architect D. Elwood Cook
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Stockton-on-Tees (UK Parliament constituency)
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Stockton-on-Tees is a former borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, the constituency was abolished in the boundary changes which took effect at the 1983 general election, and was replaced by the two new constituencies of Stockton North and Stockton South. 1918-1950, The Municipal Boroughs of Stockton-on-Tees and Thornaby-on-Tees, 1950-1983, The Municipal Borough of Stockton-on-Tees. Endorsed by Coalition Government Communist Party candidate George Short submitted correct nomination papers but refused to submit the required deposit of £150, General Election 1939/40, Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. Leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with S
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United Kingdom general election, October 1974
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The United Kingdom general election of October 1974 took place on 10 October 1974 to elect 635 members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. It was the general election of that year and resulted in the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson winning an overall majority of just 3 seats. The election of February that year had produced a hung parliament. Coalition talks between the Conservatives and other such as the Liberals and the Ulster Unionists failed, allowing Labour leader Harold Wilson to form a minority government. The October campaign was not as vigorous or exciting as the one in February, despite continuing high inflation, Labour was able to boast that it had ended the miners strike, which had dogged Heaths premiership, and had returned some stability. In the election the Labour Party won 319 seats, allowing them to form a majority government, the Scottish National Party won 11 of Scotlands 71 seats and 30% of the Scottish popular vote, their best Westminster representation until 2015. Subsequently, Labours narrow parliamentary majority had disappeared by 1977, through a series of by-election losses and they then required deals with the Liberals, the Ulster Unionists, the Scottish Nationalists and the Welsh Nationalists. This was the last general election won by Labour until 1997, the election was broadcast live on the BBC, and was presented by David Butler, Alastair Burnet, Robert McKenzie, Robin Day and Sue Lawley. The brief period between the elections gave Wilson the opportunity to demonstrate reasonable progress, despite high inflation and high balance of trade deficits the miners strike that had dogged Heath was over and some stability had been restored. Following the February election Heath had remained out of the public eye. As was expected, the campaign was not as exciting as the one in February, the Conservatives campaigned on a manifesto of national unity, in response to the mood of the public. Labour campaigned on its recent successes in government, and although the party was divided over Europe, their strengths outweighed that of Heath, who knew his future relied on an election victory. As for the Liberals and the SNP Devolution was a key issue and was now one that the two parties also felt the need to address. As for the Liberal manifesto, they reissued the one they had created for the last election. The key dates were as follows, Labour achieved a swing of 2% against the Conservatives and this was the first time since 1922 that a government had won an overall majority with less than 40% of the vote, albeit a majority of only 3. The Conservatives won just 36% of the vote, their worst share since 1945, in Scotland, the SNP added another 4 seats to their successes in the previous election to become the 4th largest party. Britain Will Win With Labour - Oct 1974 Labour Party manifesto, why Britain Needs Liberal Government - Liberal Party manifesto
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Labour Party (UK)
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The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation
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William Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank
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He subsequently helped to lead the SDP into the merger that formed the Liberal Democrats, and later served as that partys leader in the House of Lords. Rodgers was educated at Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool and at Magdalen College and he was general secretary of the Fabian Society 1953–1960 and a councillor on St. Marylebone Borough Council 1958–62. He also fought a byelection at Bristol West in 1957, within the Labour Party he was known for being a highly effective organiser around centrist causes such as multilateral nuclear disarmament and Britains membership of the EEC. He held the post until Labours defeat in the 1979 general election, from 1979 to 1981 he was Shadow Defence Secretary. With Labour drifting to the left, Rodgers joined Shirley Williams, Roy Jenkins, on the other hand, only three seats eventually saw rival Liberal and Alliance candidates in the 1983 General Election so his tactics were in that sense successful. At the 1983 General Election the SDP–Liberal Alliance won many votes but few seats, during that interval he was Director-General of the Royal Institute of British Architects and also became Chairman of the Advertising Standards Authority. In 1987 Rodgers was chairman of the successful Yes to Unity campaign within the SDP in favour of merger with the Liberal Party and he became the Liberal Democrats Lords spokesman on Home Affairs in 1994 and was its leader in the Lords between 1997 and 2001. His autobiography was titled Fourth Among Equals, reflecting his position as the least prominent of the SDPs founders, Rodgers was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliaments oral history project. Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank profile at the site of Liberal Democrats Recent Speeches in the Lords Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by William Rodgers
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Keith Joseph
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Keith Sinjohn Joseph, Baron Joseph, CH, PC, QC, known as Sir Keith Joseph, 2nd Baronet, for most of his political life, was a British barrister and politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he served in the Cabinet under four prime ministers, Harold Macmillan, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher. He was a key influence in the creation of what came to be known as Thatcherism and the subsequent decline of one-nation conservatism, Keith Joseph was the first to introduce the concept of the social market economy into Britain, an economic and social system inspired by Christian democracy. He also co-founded the Centre for Policy Studies writing its first publication, Joseph was the son of a wealthy and influential Jewish family. His father, Samuel Joseph headed the vast family construction and project-management company, Bovis, at the end of his term he was created a baronet. On the death of his father on 4 October 1944, 26-year-old Keith inherited the baronetcy, Joseph was educated at Lockers Park School in Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire, followed by Harrow School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied Jurisprudence, obtaining first class honours. Shortly thereafter he was elected a Fellow of All Souls College, after the end of the war, he was called to the Bar. Following his father, he was elected as an Alderman of the City of London and he was a Director of Bovis, becoming chairman in 1958, and became an underwriter at Lloyds of London. He was married twice, firstly, in 1951 to Hellen Guggenheimer, after their divorce in 1985, he married Yolanda Sherriff in 1990. He failed to be elected to the seat of Barons Court in West London by 125 votes in the 1955 election. He was elected to parliament in a by-election for Leeds North East in February 1956 and he was swiftly appointed as a Parliamentary Private Secretary. After 1959, Sir Keith had several posts in the Macmillan government at the Ministry of Housing. In the Night of the Long Knives reshuffle of 13 July 1962 he was made Minister for Housing and Local Government and he introduced a massive programme to build council housing, which aimed at 400,000 new homes per year by 1965. He wished to increase the proportion of owner-occupied households, by offering help with mortgage deposits, Housing was an important issue at the 1964 election and Joseph was felt to have done well on television in the campaign. In opposition, Joseph was spokesman on Social Services, and then on Labour under Edward Heath and he was one of twelve founder members of the NCSWD, the National Council for Single Woman and Her Dependants on 15 December 1965. Despite Josephs reputation as a right-winger, Heath promoted him to Trade spokesman in 1967, in the run-up to the 1970 election Joseph made a series of speeches under the title civilised capitalism, in which he outlined his political philosophy and hinted of cuts in public spending. At the Selsdon Park Hotel meeting, the Conservative Party largely adopted this approach, despite his speeches against bureaucracy, Joseph found himself compelled to add to it as he increased and improved services in the National Health Service. However, he grew increasingly opposed to the Heath governments economic strategy, Joseph became interested in the economic theory of monetarism as formulated by Milton Friedman, and much earlier by Enoch Powell, and persuaded Mrs Thatcher to support it
34.
Post Office Telecommunications
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Post Office Telecommunications was set up as a separate department of the UK Post Office, in October 1969. By law, the Post Office had the right to operate the UK national telecom network. The 1970s was a period of expansion for the Post Office. Most exchanges were modernised and expanded, and many services, such as STD and international dialling were extended. By the early 1970s, subscribers in most cities could dial direct to Western Europe, the US, the System X digital switching platform was developed, and the first digital exchanges began to be installed. The Post Office also procured their own fleet of vans, based on the Commer FC model, however, progress came at a price. Investment was stifled by public spending limits, and long waiting lists for telephone lines developed, in 1979 the Conservatives decided that telecommunications should be fully separated from the Post Office. By 1981, the British Telecommunications Act was passed and the service became British Telecom in October that year, Records of the Post Office Corporation 1969-1981 and its predecessors are Public Records, and are held by BT Archives. BT Archives UK telephone area codes BT Archives BT Archives online catalogue
35.
Prestel
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Prestel, the brand name for the UK Post Offices Viewdata technology, was an interactive videotex system developed during the late 1970s and commercially launched in 1979. It achieved a maximum of 90,000 subscribers in the UK and was sold by BT in 1994. The technology was a forerunner of on-line services today, instead of a computer, a television set hooked to a dedicated terminal was used to receive information from a remote database via a telephone line. The service offered thousands of pages ranging from information to financial data. Prestel was created based on the work of Samuel Fedida at the then Post Office Research Station in Martlesham, in 1978, under the management of David Wood the software was developed by a team of programmers recruited from within the Post Office Data Processing Executive. As part of the privatisation of British Telecom, the team were moved into a Prestel Division of BT, Prestel databases is commonly referred to as the ‘tree structure’. The structure is shown pictorially as a tree with the data considered as ‘leaves’ of the tree. There exists quite a lot of jargon regarding such structures but in order to appreciate the concept it is necessary to mention just the node, page and frame. Nodes are the pages in the tree at which a number of choices can be made leading to other nodes or to the information itself. Pages are the levels in the tree and contain the actual data-these may be divided into frames which are really screenfuls of information. Of these, the top line was reserved for the name of the Information Provider, the price and the number. Thus there remained 22 lines in which the IP could present information to the end user, a page should be considered as a logical unit of data within the database and the frame a physical unit. Unfortunately the terms node, page and frame are used synonymously which may lead to some confusion. To the user of course a node is the same as a page, to access a particular item of information, a simple progression down through the nodes to the page is all that is required, and then the frames of that page can be stepped through. This is facilitated by each node displaying up to ten choices, a choice of 9 at node 17 moves the user to page 179. Thus creating page 7471 required pages 747,74 and 7 to exist, pages starting with a 9 were for system management functions, and were limited to three digits in length. E. g. page 92 showed details of the users Prestel bill, available characters consisted of upper and lower case alphanumeric characters as well as punctuation and simple arithmetic symbols, using a variant of ISO646 and CCITT standard. This layout was later formalised in the 1981 CEPT videotex standard as the CEPT3 profile, by embedding cursor-control characters within the page data, it was also possible to encode simple animations by re-writing parts of the screen already displayed
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John Wakeham
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John Wakeham, Baron Wakeham, PC, DL is a British businessman and Conservative Party politician. Between 1998 and 2012, he was Chancellor of Brunel University and he was a director of Enron from 1994 until its bankruptcy in 2001. Wakeham was educated at two independent schools in Surrey, Aldro School in Shackleford, and Charterhouse School near Godalming and he became a successful accountant and later a businessman. He became a minister after Margaret Thatchers victory in 1979 and his first wife, Roberta, was killed in the Brighton hotel bombing in October 1984 and he was trapped in rubble for seven hours, suffering serious crush injuries to his legs. Wakeham married his secretary, Alison Ward MBE in 1985 and they have a son of their own, before being Wakehams secretary, Ward had been Margaret Thatchers secretary. He became chairman of the Press Complaints Commission in 1995, retiring in 2001, in 1997 he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Hampshire. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by John Wakeham Appearances on C-SPAN Wakeham profile, apfn. org
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Tom King, Baron King of Bridgwater
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Thomas Jeremy King, Baron King of Bridgwater, CH, PC is a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he served in the Cabinet from 1983–92 and he was made a life peer in 2001. King served as an officer in the Somerset Light Infantry and during period of national service he was seconded to the Kings African Rifles. King was elected to Parliament at the 1970 Bridgwater by-election, following the death of the sitting MP, King was brought into the Cabinet in 1983 by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Kings career in the Cabinet may appear odd to some due to his many quick moves between departments. King never had a public profile compared to other members of the Cabinet. King went on to serve as Defence Secretary under Prime Minister John Major during the Gulf War, King left the House of Commons at the 2001 general election, and was made a life peer as Baron King of Bridgwater. He now sits in the House of Lords and he serves as Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Partys Policy Group on National and International Security, which was set up by David Cameron in 2006. King was the subject of a song in the satirical ITV programme Spitting Image in which he was depicted as the Invisible Man during his term as Employment Secretary, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Tom King
38.
Northern Ireland Office
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The Northern Ireland Office is a UK government department responsible for Northern Ireland affairs. The NIO is led by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and is based at Stormont House in Belfast and 1 Horse Guards Road in London, before the partition, Ireland was governed through the Dublin Castle administration and the Home Office was also responsible for Irish affairs. From 1924 to 1972, Northern Ireland affairs were handled by the Northern Ireland Department of the Home Office, in August 1969, for example, Home Secretary James Callaghan approved the sending of British Army soldiers to Northern Ireland. As the Troubles worsened, the UK Government was increasingly concerned that the Northern Ireland Government was losing control of the situation, on 24 March 1972, it announced that direct rule from Westminster would be introduced. This took effect on 30 March 1972, the formation of the NIO put Northern Ireland on the same level as Scotland and Wales, where the Scottish Office and Welsh Office were established in 1885 and 1965 respectively. The NIO assumed policing and justice powers from the Ministry of Home Affairs, NIO junior ministers were placed in charge of other Northern Ireland Civil Service departments. Direct rule was seen as a measure, with a power-sharing devolution preferred as the solution. Under the Northern Ireland Act 1972, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland replaced the Governor of Northern Ireland, the Sunningdale Agreement in 1973 resulted in a brief, power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive, which was ended by the Ulster Workers Council strike on 28 May 1974. The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention and Northern Ireland Assembly were unsuccessful in restoring devolved government, after the Anglo-Irish Agreement on 15 November 1985, the UK Government and Irish Government co-operated more closely on security and political matters. Following the Belfast Agreement on 10 April 1998, devolution returned to Northern Ireland on 2 December 1999, the Northern Ireland Executive was suspended on 15 October 2002 and direct rule returned until devolution was restored on 8 May 2007. The Department of Justice is now responsible for those matters and this transfer of power resulted in a smaller Northern Ireland Office, comparable to the Scotland Office and Wales Office. The NIO ministers are as follows, As Attorney General for England and Wales, The Rt Hon. Jeremy Wright MP is Advocate General for Northern Ireland, the NIOs Director General was Sir Julian King KCVO CMG. He was appointed in November 2011 and held the position until 2014 and he chaired the NIO Management Board and is the departments Accounting Officer. Northern Ireland Affairs Committee Northern Ireland Assembly Northern Ireland Executive Department of Justice Northern Ireland Office
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Department of Health (England)
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It oversees the English National Health Service. The Department is led by the Secretary of State for Health with a Minister of State, the Department of Health develops policies and guidelines to improve the quality of care and to meet patient expectations. The Department of Health was formally created in 1988, through The Transfer of Functions Order, like many others, the Department with responsibility for the nations health has had different names and included other functions over time. In the 19th century, several bodies were formed for specific consultative duties, there were two incarnations of the Board of Health and a General Board of Health that reported directly into the Privy Council. In the early part of the 20th century, medical assistance was provided through National Health Insurance Commissions, in 1968, the Ministry of Health was dissolved and its functions transferred to the newly created Department of Health and Social Security. Twenty years later, these functions were split back into two government departments, forming the Department of Social Security and the current Department of Health, the Departments headquarters and ministerial offices are in Richmond House. Its other principal offices are Skipton House, Wellington House near Waterloo station, Wellington House is now mainly occupied by staff from the departments arms-length bodies. New Kings Beam House near Blackfriars Bridge was formerly a Department of Health office prior to the expiry of its lease in October 2011, alexander Fleming House and Hannibal House were previously used by the department. The archives are at Nelson, Lancashire, the Department of Health ministers are as follows, The Permanent Secretary at the Department of Health is Chris Wormald, who was appointed in 2016. Previous permanent secretaries, Una OBrien, 2010-2016 Sir Hugh Taylor KCB 2006–2010 Sir Nigel Crisp KCB 2000–2006 Sir Christopher Kelly KCB 1997–2000 Sir Graham Hart KCB 1992–. Following the Health and Social Care Act 2012 and the creation of the independent NHS Commissioning Board, known as NHS England, as of 1 April 2014, the incumbent is Simon Stevens. The Department has six chief professional officers who provide it with expert knowledge and also advise the Ministers, other government departments, the Chief Medical Officer and Chief Nursing Officer are also directors of the departments board. Chief Medical Officer for England — Professor Dame Sally Davies, appointed in 2011, Chief Dental Officer for England — Barry Cockcroft, appointed in 2006. Chief Health Professions Officer — Karen Middleton, appointed in 2007, Chief Pharmaceutical Officer — Dr Keith William Ridge, appointed in 2006. Public Health England is responsible for delivering public health improvement, through prevention and awareness raising, the NHS Digital, which provides statistical information and informatics support to the health and care system. Health Education England is responsible for ensuring enough high-quality training is available to develop the healthcare workforce, the Human Tissue Authority regulates the use of human tissue in research and therapeutic treatments. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, which regulates and inspects in vitro fertilisation, artificial insemination and it also regulates human embryo research. Monitor, which oversees Foundation Trusts and applications from NHS Trusts seeking foundation trust status and it also has the new role of examining pricing and competition in the NHS
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