1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
British Bangladeshi
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British Bangladeshis are people of Bangladeshi origin who reside in the United Kingdom having immigrated to the UK and attained citizenship through naturalisation or whose ancestors did so. They are also known as British Bengalis, in reference to the ethnic group from that region. Large numbers of Bangladeshis immigrated to the UK, primarily from Sylhet, located in the north-east of the country, the largest concentration is in London, primarily in the east London boroughs, of which Tower Hamlets has the highest proportion. This large diaspora in London leads people in Bangladesh to refer to British Bangladeshis as Londonis, Bangladeshis form one of the UKs largest group of people of overseas descent and are also one of the countrys youngest and fastest growing communities. The 2011 UK Census recorded nearly half-a-million residents of Bangladeshi ethnicity, Bangladeshis form a largely homogeneous community. Rates of unemployment are typically high, there is overcrowding, British Bangladeshis have the highest overall relative poverty rate of any ethnic group in the UK with 65% of Bangladeshis living in low income households. Bengalis had been present in Britain as early as the 19th century, some ancestors of British Bangladeshis went to the UK before World War I. Author Caroline Adams records that in 1925 a lost Bengali man was searching for other Bengali settlers in London and they mainly immigrated to the United Kingdom to find work, achieve a better standard of living, and to escape conflict. During the pre-state years, the 1950s and 1960s, Bengali men immigrated to London in search of employment, most settled in Tower Hamlets, particularly around Spitalfields and Brick Lane. In 1971, Bangladesh fought for its independence from Pakistan in what was known as the Bangladesh Liberation War, in the region of Sylhet, this led some people to join the Mukti Bahini, or Liberation Army. In the 1970s, changes in immigration laws encouraged a new wave of Bangladeshis to come to the UK, job opportunities were initially limited to low paid sectors, with unskilled and semi-skilled work in small factories and the textile trade being common. When the Indian restaurant concept became popular, some Sylhetis started to open cafes, from these small beginnings a network of Bangladeshi restaurants, shops and other small businesses became established in Brick Lane and surrounding areas. The influence of Bangladeshi culture and diversity began to develop across the East London boroughs, the early immigrants lived and worked mainly in cramped basements and attics within the Tower Hamlets area. The men were illiterate, poorly educated, and spoke little English, so they could not interact well with the English-speaking population. Some became targets for businessmen, who sold their properties to Sylhetis, by the late 1970s, the Brick Lane area had become predominantly Bengali, replacing the former Jewish community which had declined. Jews migrated to outlying suburbs of London, as integrated with the majority British population. Jewish bakeries were turned into houses, jewellery shops became sari stores. The synagogue at the corner of Fournier Street and Brick Lane became the Jamme Masjid or Great London Mosque and this building represents the history of successive communities of immigrants in this part of London
3.
History of Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom
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Bangladeshis are one of the largest immigrant communities in the United Kingdom. Significant numbers of ethnic Bengali and ethnic Sylheti peoples arrived as early as the 17th century, following the founding of Bangladesh in 1971, a large immigration to Britain took place during the 1970s, leading to the establishment of a British Bangladeshi community. During the 1970s and 1980s, they experienced institutionalised racism and racial attacks by organised ultra-right fascist groups such as National Front, due to the majority of early Sylheti settlers being lascar seamen, the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks and waiters also came, one of the most famous early Bengali Muslim immigrants to Britain was Sake Dean Mahomet, a captain of the British East India Company. In 1810, he founded Londons first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostane Coffee House and he is also reputed for introducing shampoo and therapeutic massage to the United Kingdom. There are other records of Sylhetis working in London restaurants since at least 1873, at the beginning World War I, there were 51,616 South Asian lascars working on British ships, the majority of whom were of Bengali descent. Due to the lack of Sylheti women in Britain at the time, some early Bengali sailors settled down, partially due to ill treatment and abandonment due to restrictions on South Asian sailors on British ships such as the Navigation Acts. As a result, most early British-born Bengalis were usually mixed-race, famous examples including Albert Mahomet, the reasons why Bangladeshis immigrated to the United Kingdom include the need to find work and earn a better living. A majority of the Bangladeshi people in the UK have come from the Surma and Barak Valleys, Sylhet region, as a result, mostly family members immigrated following the passing of the immigrating legislation. From the mid-1970s, economic decline in the UK discouraged men bringing their families to them in the UK. In the last part of the 1970s, mass scale redundancy hit the Sylheti community, as people were employed in heavy industries and this led the Sylheti people opening their own restaurants and takeaways throughout the country. This trend was followed the Pakistani and Indian communities in the UK, from this point onwards, curry houses known as Indian restaurants spread to every nook and corner of the country. Sylheti communities have some celebrity chefs and curry millionaires, who worked their way up from the bottom, Brick Lane and the surrounding areas in Tower Hamlets became famous for curry houses. During 1971 East Pakistan went to war against West Pakistan for independence, the Pakistani infantry then started occupy the Sylhet region where many Bangladeshis come from, this led some people to join the Mukti Bahini in their defense and a battle against the Pakistanis. He died in 1984 in London where he spent his time diagnosed with cancer, however, even though there were many heroic efforts by Sylhetis during the war, this also led large numbers of Sylhetis to flee, arriving in the UK during the 1970s. Bengalis in Britain also took part in the War of Independence, in August 1969, Bangladeshi settlers in Birmingham formed East Pakistan Liberation Front. Its President was Abdus Sabur Choudhury and Secretary was Azizul Hoque Bhuia, there was a fortnightly called Bidrohi Bangla published by Mr Mustafizur Rahman. Getting the news of Pakistani military action on 25 March 1971 there was a movement in Birmingham Smallheath Park, over 10 thousand Bangali were present there
4.
British Asian
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British Asians are persons of Asian descent who reside in the United Kingdom. In British English usage, the term Asians usually includes British originating only from South Asia, prior to the formation of the United Kingdom, immigration of South Asian ethnic groups to England began with the arrival of the East India Company to the Indian subcontinent. This continued during the British Raj and increased in volume after the independence of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka from the British rule, chiefly for education and economic pursuits. A major influx of Asian immigrants, mostly Hindus and Muslims, in Britain, the word Asian usually refers specifically to people of South Asian ancestry. This usage contrasts to that in the United States, where it is used to refer to people of East Asian origin, the United Kingdom Census 1991 was the first to include a question on ethnicity. The question had tick-boxes for Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi, there was also a Chinese tick box, as well as a general Any other ethnic group option for those not wishing to identify with any of the pre-set tick boxes. South Asian ethnic groups mostly originate from a few places in South Asia. British Indians tend to originate mainly from the two Indian States, Punjab and Gujarat, evidence from Bradford and Birmingham have shown, Pakistanis originate largely from the Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir. In the London Borough of Waltham Forest there are numbers of Pakistani people originating from Jhelum. Studies have shown 95 per cent of Bangladeshis originate from the Sylhet region in the north east of Bangladesh, in Tower Hamlets, people have origins in different zones in the Sylhet region, mainly from Jagannathpur, Beanibazar and Bishwanath. The language spoken by Indians are, Punjabi, Gujarati, Kutchi, Hindustani, Bengali, Tamil, people from Pakistan speak Urdu, Punjabi, Mirpuri, Hindko, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Pashto, and Seraiki. Gujaratis who emigrated from India and East Africa speak Gujarati, Hindi, Bangladeshis from Sylhet speak Sylheti and Bengali. People from Sri Lanka speak Tamil and Sinhala and those who speak dialects mainly refer their language to the main language, for example Sylheti speakers say they speak Bengali or Mirpuri speakers say they speak Punjabi. The reason for this is because they do not expect outsiders to be informed about dialects. The unemployment rate among Indian men was slightly higher than that for White British or White Irish men,7 per cent compared with 5 per cent for the other two groups. On the other hand, Pakistanis have higher unemployment rates of 13-14%, with the exception of Bangladeshi women, every other group of South Asians, have higher attendance at university than the national average. GCSE pass rates have been rising for all South Asians, according to the United Kingdom Census 2001, South Asian men from all South Asian ethnic groups intermarried with another ethnic group more than South Asian women. Among South Asians, British Indians intermarried with a different ethnic group the most both absolutely and proportionately, followed by British Pakistanis and British Bangladeshis, there have been three waves of migration of Hindus in the United Kingdom. The first wave was before Indias independence in 1947
5.
Demographics of British Bangladeshis
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British Bangladeshis are people who have immigrated from Bangladesh to the United Kingdom. They have mainly settled in the boroughs of east London, primarily in the borough of Tower Hamlets, Camden, Haringey, Hackney, Newham, Westminster, over 50% of the Bangladeshi population living in the United Kingdom, live in London. The table below shows the dispersity of Bangladeshi people in the United Kingdom, the percentages include the population percentage of the total population of the region itself and the percentage of the Bangladeshi population in that region. The data for regional populations are estimates for 2006 from the Office for National Statistics, the Bangladeshi populations in the 17 local electoral districts called wards in London borough of Tower Hamlets. In comparison with all pupils nationally in the country, Bangladeshi pupils have average attainment at the end of key stage. The attainment of Bangladeshi pupils at Key Stage 1 is the considerably above the national average, the numbers of Bangladeshi pupils who are attaining five or more A*–C grades in the General Certificate of Secondary Education are above the national average. In London the pupils do better than the average of the whole city, at the end of Key Stage 2, they are attaining 11 percentage points, which is above the national average in English. 97 per cent of Bangladeshi students in Tower Hamlets mainly speak English as a language, after Sylheti. Bangladeshi pupils make more progress than several other minority ethnic groups between Key Stage 3 and GCSE, bengali speaking pupils with greater English fluency are closing the gap for GCSE average scores with other language groups. For example, 71% of Bangladeshi pupils who achieve level 5 at Key Stage 3 achieve five or more A*–C grades at GCSE, compared with 67% of Pakistani pupils and 48% of Black Caribbean pupils. Overall, the correlation between FSM eligibility and attainment at GCSE is less strong for Bangladeshi girls and boys than for other groups, a lot of Bangladeshis are mainly employed in the retail, distribution, transport, hotel and restaurant industries, for both men and women. This is unsurprising, because many Bangladeshis have founded the restaurant,1 in 3 Bangladeshi women worked in this industry in 2004, compared with one in five of all women in employment. Between 2001 and 2002, particularly men, Bangladeshis had the highest unemployment rate in Britain at 20%. The Bangladeshi women also had the highest unemployment rate of all at 24 per cent, unemployment was mostly high amongst the youths, for example in Tower Hamlets itself had 32% of people aged between 18–25 years who were unemployed. The rates of unemployment and under-achievement are sometimes common with Bangladeshis. The average earnings of the Bangladeshis were at only £150 per week, new generation Bangladeshis living in Britain, are now willing to be involved and employed in professional careers. Bangladeshis were most likely to be employed or own curry restaurants in Britain, however, this is mainly present among the older generation or the first generation who have started this cultural business. The younger generation who are receiving education in comparison with their ancestors, are not very influenced by the business of the curry
6.
Languages of the United Kingdom
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English, in various dialects, is the most widely spoken language of the United Kingdom, however there are a number of regional languages also spoken. There are 11 indigenous languages spoken across the British Isles,5 Celtic,3 Germanic, there are also many immigrant languages spoken in the British Isles, mainly within inner city areas, these languages are mainly from South Asia and Eastern Europe. The de facto language of the United Kingdom is English. An estimated 700,000 people speak Welsh in the UK, a language in Wales. Approximately 1.5 million people in the UK speak Scots—although there is debate as to whether this is a distinct language, there is some discussion of the languages of the United Kingdoms three Crown dependencies, though they are not part of the United Kingdom. The table below outlines living indigenous languages of the United Kingdom, the languages of the Crown Dependencies are not included here. A significant number of English words are constructed based on roots from Latin, because Latin in some form was the lingua franca of the Christian Church, the language was further influenced by the Old Norse language with Viking invasions in the 8th and 9th centuries. The Great Vowel Shift that began in the south of England in the 15th century is one of the events marking the separation of Middle. Welsh emerged in the 6th century from Brittonic, the ancestor of Welsh, Breton, Cornish. Welsh is thus a member of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages, there are also Welsh speakers in Y Wladfa, a Welsh settlement in Argentina, which began in 1865 and is situated mainly along the coast of Chubut Province in the south of Patagonia. Chubut estimates the number of Patagonian Welsh speakers to be about 1,500, both the English and Welsh languages have equal status in Wales according to law. On 7 December 2010, the National Assembly for Wales unanimously approved a set of measures to develop the use of the Welsh language within Wales. On 9 February 2011, this measure received Royal Assent and was passed, the Welsh Language Board indicated in 2004 that 553,000 people were able to speak Welsh. Based on a definition, there has been a 0.9 percentage point increase when compared with the 2001 census. Welsh is therefore a growing language within Wales, of those 553,000 Welsh speakers, 57% were considered by others to be fluent, and 477,000 people consider themselves fluent or fair speakers. 62% of speakers claimed to speak the language daily, including 88% of fluent speakers, conversely, some first-language speakers may choose not to report themselves as such. These phenomena, also seen with other minority languages outside the UK, make it harder to establish an accurate, an estimated 110,000 to 150,000 people speak Welsh in England. Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language native to Scotland, a member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish, and thus descends ultimately from Primitive Irish
7.
Bengali language
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Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. With over 210 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken language in the world. Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms, more recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Today, Bengali is the language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. Both the national anthems of Bangladesh and India were composed in Bengali, in 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the languages official status in the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the movement in East Pakistan. Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a diverse region. Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE, during the Gupta Empire, Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature. The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm and these dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit. They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi, Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium. Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 AD from Sanskrit, for example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty, during the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences. Bengali was a court language of the Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the development of Bengali as part of efforts to Islamize. Bengali became the most spoken language in the Sultanate. This period saw borrowing of Perso-Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary, major texts of Middle Bengali include Chandidas Shreekrishna Kirtana. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a case of diglossia, with the literary
8.
Boishakhi Mela
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The Boishakhi Mela is celebrated in London, England, and in New York City, United States, Tokyo Japan as well. In London, it takes place across the area of Banglatown in the borough of Tower Hamlets in east London through Brick Lane to Weavers Fields, the event is a celebration of the Bengali New Year, with musical and cultural events held. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe and the largest Bengali festival outside of Bangladesh, after the Notting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the UK attracting over 80,000 visitors from around the UK. Although the Bengali new year falls on 14/15 April, the festival is held in the weekend of May on a Sunday to avoid the period of higher risk of rain during the month of April. Having started in 1997, the 10th anniversary of the mela was celebrated in 2007, the Boishakhi Mela was launched in Brick Lane and celebrations of the Bengali New Year have been celebrated by the Bangladeshi community in England since 1997. The original event based in Bangladesh and West Bengal is called the Pohela Boishakh, the festival was created for the purpose of the Bangladeshi diaspora living in the UK. It was organized by the people, and is now managed by the Boishakhi Mela Trust Ltd. The Boishakhi Mela is a festival, which has been created by a generation of Bangladeshi people who want to celebrate the Bangla New Year. Also providing the people the skills and opportunities for the young aspirations as well as artists to perform their music or dances. The event starts first during the morning from 12am at Allen Gardens, through Brick Lane and this is known as the Grand Parade, where there are women and children dressed in colourful Bengali traditional clothes and masks. There will also be musicians or drummers, including dancers and also the leaders from the community. During the 2008 Mela, an emperor was leading the parade symbolising the traditional landlord of the Indian subcontinent, along with a tiger, an elephant on wheels, rickshaws. After the parade, it will progress into the Music Programme, where there will be famous music artists from Bangladesh. The four stages will host Bengali music, theatre including Sylheti drama, the music performed features a wide range of Bengali music, these include traditional Bengali or folk songs, as well as modern, contemporary music, and rap music in Bangla or Sylheti. Since 2009, the management and planning of the mela was undertaken by the Tower Hamlets Council for the long-term and it was held on 10 May 2009, attracting up to 95,000 people which is a record high of the event. The mela also included with nearly 200 stalls serving Bengali spices, food and it featured many popular artists from Bangladesh and the UK, such as Momtaz, Kajol Dewan and Nukul Kumar. Popular among the generation was Mumzy, who is a leading British Bengali MC. Other guest singers included Lucy Rahman, Kala Miah and others, the stages were hosted by Adil Ray, Shawkat Hashmi, Kan-D-Man and many more
9.
Culture of Bangladesh
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The Culture of Bangladesh refers to the way of life of the people of Bangladesh. It has evolved over the centuries and encompasses the cultural diversity of social groups of Bangladesh. The Bengal Renaissance contained the seeds of a nascent political Indian nationalism and was the precursor in many ways to modern Indian artistic, the culture of Bangladesh is composite and over the centuries has assimilated influences of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. The music and dance styles of Bangladesh may be divided into three categories, classical, folk, and modern. Several dancing styles in vogue in the part of the Indian subcontinent, like Manipuri and Santhali dances, are practised. Bangladesh has a tradition of folk songs, with lyrics rooted in vibrant tradition and spirituality, mysticism. Such folk songs revolve around themes, including love. The most prevalent folk songs and music traditions include Bhatiali, Baul, Marfati, Murshidi, lyricists like Lalon Shah, Hason Raja, Kangal Harinath, Romesh Shill, Abbas Uddin, and many unknown anonymous lyricists have enriched the tradition of folk songs of Bangladesh. In a relatively modern context, Robindro Shongit and Nazrul Giti form precious cultural heritage of Bangladesh, recently, western influences have given rise to quality rock bands, particularly in urban centres like Dhaka. Currently, musical instruments of western origin like guitars, drums, the Bangladeshi press is diverse, outspoken and privately owned. Over 200 newspapers are published in the country, Bangladesh Betar is the state-run radio service. The British Broadcasting Corporation operates the popular BBC Bangla news and current affairs service, Bengali broadcasts from Voice of America are also very popular. Bangladesh Television is the television network. There more than 20 privately owned television networks, including several news channels, freedom of the media remains a major concern, due to government attempts at censorship and harassment of journalists. The cinema of Bangladesh dates back to 1898, when films began screening at the Crown Theatre in Dacca, the first bioscope in the subcontinent was established in Dacca that year. The Dhaka Nawab Family patronised the production of silent films in the 1920s and 30s. In 1931, the East Bengal Cinematograph Society released the first full-length feature film in Bangladesh, the first feature film in East Pakistan, Mukh O Mukhosh, was released in 1956. During the 1960s, 25–30 films were produced annually in Dacca, by the 2000s, Bangladesh produced 80–100 films a year
10.
Channel S
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Channel S is a UK-based, free-to-air television channel targeting the British Bangladeshi community. The channel was established on 16 December 2004, by Mahee Ferdous Jalill – a Bangladeshi businessman in London. On Sky it had a deal with ATN Global, and then in 2005 it started to broadcast for 24 hours,7 days a week. The television station is based at Prestige House in Walthamstow, North East London and it broadcasts programmes in Bengali, Sylheti and a few in English. It is the first Bangladeshi channel to broadcast content in the Sylheti dialect, since the launch of the channel in 2004, there has been bitter rivalry between Channel S and Bangla TV, with Channel S gaining rights to broadcast the Baishakhi Mela. A survey in the UK found Channel S was the most viewed Bengali TV channel in the UK, on 16 December 2004, Channel S started to broadcast on Sky with a timesharing deal with ATN Global on channel 827. It was founded by a Bangladeshi businessmen based in London, Mahee Ferdous Jalil, in March 2005, it moved to its own EPG channel 837 and started broadcasting 24 hours a day,7 days a week, and then moved to channel 814. These are also available on Sky channels 826 and 827 respectively, on October 2008, it acquired the rights to broadcast a popular Bangladeshi channel called, Channel i on channel 826. In May 2007, Channel S launch Islam4U – a channel dedicated to Islamic programmes, Channel S provides viewers with a combination of cultural, political and religious programs for the viewers, including shows which help the community with legal or community issues. News is broadcast daily, with coverage of national news and international news, the main headline and political situation in Bangladesh. The channel has increasingly been providing programs in Sylheti, which is the first channel to do so and it recognises that Sylheti is a separate language than Bengali, targeting the majority Sylheti-speaking community. Lets Talk – hosted by Ajmal Masroor is a programme debating about current, as it claims to be the voice of the community, it provides people with advice concerning on legal issues, programs include Legal Advice and community-based issues such as Reality with Mahee. Subjects include all community-based issues, including social, business, or contemporary, there are many Bengali entertainment programs with Bengali music, drama and shows, including Sylheti drama which are produced in Sylhet and some from east London. Popular entertainment shows include iRonniee, and music shows of folk, poetry by leading artists in the UK or Bangladesh, since 2005, it has gained the rights to broadcast the Baishakhi Mela annually. Previously the rights were held by Bangla TV, however its commitment to the community has attracted many local business, in 2009, it was the joint media partner with BBC Asian Network, alongside the Tower Hamlets council. Channel S is one of the first Bengali channels which are committed to broadcasting Islamic-oriented programs, Islamic programs are shown quite frequently. Channel S has planned to launch a channel called Islam4U, which is a 24-hour channel Islamic channel in Bengali, there are many charity events for Islamic institutes on Channel S. In 2006 and 2007 during Ramadan, the British Bangladeshi community donated millions of pounds on live appeals and it then led to Channel S in 2007 creating a fundraising initiative called, the Ramadan Family Commitment, which was the channels first concept based scheme
11.
Bangla TV
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Bangla TV is a UK-based satellite television channel, established by the British Bangladeshis targeting the Bengali speaking people in the United Kingdom, and in Europe. Launched in 1999, Bangla TV was the first Bengali language television channel in the UK, following the launch of Channel S, Bangla TV also switched over to a non-subscription based model and to date have been providing the service free. Bangla TV was removed from Sky channel 786 on 1 July 2010, before returning on 9 July, Bangla TV was again removed from the Sky EPG during December 2010 before being found in serious breach of Ofcom rules. The channel returned again on 17 June 2011, under new management, Bangla TV was again removed from the Sky EPG during December 2013 and January 2014 before returning on 10 February 2014. It was again removed on 7 August 2014, since the arrival of Channel S, there has been rivalry between the two channels. Bangla TV had previously been the provider and as a result had broadcast many UK community based events such as the Baishakhi Mela, Bangladesh Film Awards. Live 4 Life - Presented By Dr Md Zaker Ullah British Bangladeshi List of television stations in Bangladesh Official website Bangla TV UK Srijan, Bangla Spiritual TV
12.
Business of British Bangladeshis
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Bangladeshis were the first to have started the Curry Industry in the UK, from small businesses. The curry is now regarded as Britains National dish, many others also own supermarket stores specialising in Bangladeshi products, and also in the media, the main Bengali channels - Bangla TV and Channel S. Today many of the Bangladeshi community are now part of the Curry Industry in Britain, the number of restaurants owned by Bangladeshis increased rapidly years after years. In 1946, there were 20 restaurants or small cafes which were owned by Bengalis, then in 1960 there were 300 owned, now, as of today there are 8,500 Indian restaurants, of which around 7,200 are Bangladeshi. One of the dishes in those restaurants, the chicken tikka masala, is now regarded as Britains national food dish. The curry industry is seen as a success for Bangladeshis living in Britain. Chicken tikka masala is now served in restaurants around the globe, one in seven curries sold in the UK is a chicken tikka. The popularity of the led the British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook to proclaim it as Britains true national dish. Former prime minister, Tony Blair also recognised it as the favourite dish, in April 2008, restaurants owned by Bangladeshis came under threat. Many of those who work in these businesses are recent immigrants legally brought in from outside the UK, the British government announced it would change immigration laws for these workers, blocking access for high skilled chefs from Bangladesh. The law demanded these workers speak fluent English, and have formal qualifications in order to meet the requirements of society. These laws have not only affected the Bangladeshis, but have hit other migrant workers from China, however, the legislation may have a particularly dramatic effect on Bangladeshis because so many of them rely heavily on the curry business. It has been estimated that 30% of their restaurant businesses are seriously threatened by new laws. On 20 April 2008,44,000 people gathered and protested in London, including Bangladeshis, Chinese and Indians and they argued their contribution to the economy of the United Kingdom meant they deserved better treatment. Many other Bangladeshis own grocery stores, whitechapel has a thriving local street market which is located opposite the famous Royal London Hospital, which is the largest hospital in Britain. The market offers many low-priced goods for the working in the area. The nearby East London Mosque ensures a steady stream of visitors and many stalls now sell Indian spices and exotic vegetables as well as great quality silks and saree fabric. In Brick Lane, other than curry being served, there are many Bengali staples available such as fruit, betel nut and paan leaves
13.
East London Mosque
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The East London Mosque, situated in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets between Whitechapel and Aldgate, serves Great Britains largest Muslim community. Combined with the adjoining London Muslim Centre and Maryam Centre, it is one of the largest mosques in Europe, in 1986, the mosque was one of the first in the United Kingdom to be allowed to use loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan. Construction of the three-storey East London Mosque began in 1982 on land left empty after bombing during World War II, the architect was John Gill Associates. The exterior is a brick pattern in two colours, with the front facing Whitechapel Road and the rear on Fieldgate Street. The mosque is capped with a dome of about 8. 5m diameter. The minaret rises to about 28. 5m above ground level, the mosque has two large halls, a gallery, classrooms, offices and a retail unit. Construction for phase 1 of the expansion, called the London Muslim Centre. Adjoining and connected to the mosque, it is a building with a prominent entrance featuring a sweeping mosaic pattern. The centre has two halls, a seminar suite, a nursery, classrooms, a fitness centre, a small Islamic library. It was designed by Markland Klaschka Limited, at the beginning of the 20th century, London was the capital of the extensive British Empire, which contained tens of millions of Muslims, but had no mosque for Muslim residents or visitors. People associated with the London Mosque Fund over the years include, Syed Ameer Ali, Sir Hassan Suhrawardy also served as the Chairman of the executive committee. The Aga Khan III served as life President of the Board of Trustees, both Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, translators of the Qur’an, were trustees of the Fund. Nathan Rothschild served as a trustee, historian T. W. Arnold became its Secretary, and was later replaced by Sir Ernest Houston. Sir John Woodhead became its Treasurer, the Earl Winterton was also a trustee of the Fund. From 1910 to 1940 various rooms had been hired for Jumuah prayers on Fridays, finally, in 1940, three houses were purchased at 446–448 Commercial Road in the east end of London as a permanent place of prayer. On 2 August 1941 the combined houses were inaugurated as the East London Mosque and Islamic Culture Centre at a ceremony attended by the Egyptian Ambassador, the first prayer was led by the Ambassador for Saudi Arabia, Shaikh Hafiz Wahba. From the late 1950s the local Muslim population began to due to further immigration from the Indian subcontinent. The migrants settled in areas already established by Sylheti expatriate community working in the local docks, during the 1970s, this immigration increased significantly
14.
Brick Lane Mosque
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Brick Lane Jamme Masjid, formerly known as the London Jamme Masjid, is a Muslim place of worship in the East End of London. The former Great Synagogue is a Grade II* listed building, the adjacent former school buildings is listed Grade II, the majority of worshippers of the mosque are of Bangladeshi descent, the mosque serves the largest concentration of Bangladeshi Muslims in the country. The mosque can hold up to 3000 people and is most crowded during the prayers on Friday. All sermons are delivered in Sylheti Bengali, in terms of beliefs and practices, the mosque follows the traditions of the controversial Sayyid Ahmad of Balakot. The mosque has close links with the Bangladesh Welfare Association, which addresses social, arabic and mother tongue classes are available for children on the top floors. The Brick Lane Mosque was once known as the London Great Mosque, the building has served the religions of a succession of other communities in the area. It was first established in 1743 as a Protestant chapel by Londons Huguenot community and these were refugees who had left France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, to escape persecution by the Catholics. Many Huguenots settled in Spitalfields, bringing them their silk-weaving. As they were Protestant Dissenters, not members of the Church of England, christ Church, Spitalfields on Fournier Street, designed by the architect Nicholas Hawksmoor, was built during the reign of Queen Anne to demonstrate the power of the established church. 59 Brick Lane survived as a Huguenot chapel for more than six decades, from 1819, the building became a Methodist chapel. In the late 19th century, the building was adopted by yet another community, it became the Machzike Hadath, during this time, the area was home to many Jewish refugees from Russia and Central Europe. From the 1880s through the part of the 20th century, massive pogroms. Of the East European Jewish emigrants,140000 settled in Britain, from 1916, the synagogues leader was the notable Abraham Isaac Kook, later the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the British Mandatory Palestine. Nearby was the purpose-built Great Synagogue of London and another building that had become a Jewish place of worship. The population of Jews decreased over the years, with moving to areas of North London. The synagogue eventually moved to new premises in Golders Green, during the 1970s, the area of Spitalfields and Brick Lane was populated mainly by Bangladeshis who had come to Britain from the Sylhet region looking for better work. Many found work in factories and the textile trade and that growing community required a place of worship, and the building at 59 Brick Lane was bought and refurbished. In 1976, it reopened as a mosque, the London Jamme Masjid, today, although it has been renamed, it still serves the Bangladeshi community as a mosque
15.
Islam in England
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Islam in England is the largest non-Christian religion, with most Muslims being immigrants from South Asia or descendants of immigrants from that region. Many others are from Muslim-dominated regions such as the Middle East, Afghanistan, Malaysia and Somalia, although Islam is generally thought of as being a recent arrival in England, there has been minor contact between the English and Muslims for many centuries. Offas coin looked enough like the original that it would be accepted in southern Europe. References to Britain are also found in early Islamic geographical literature, Muslim scholarship, especially early Islamic philosophy and Islamic science, was well-known through Latin translation among the learned in England by 1386, when Geoffrey Chaucer was writing. In the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, there is among the pilgrims wending their way to Canterbury, in the Pardoners Tale, Chaucer mentions part Avicennas work concerning poisons. Avicennas The Canon of Medicine, in Latin translation, was a text for medical students up until the 18th century. Roger Bacon, one of the earliest European advocates of the method, is known to have studied the works of several early Muslim philosophers. In particular, his work on optics in the 13th century was influenced by the Book of Optics by Ibn al-Haytham, professor John Makdisis The Islamic Origins of the Common Law in the North Carolina Law Review, curiously suggested that English common law was inspired by medieval Islamic law. Other legal scholars such as Monica Gaudiosi, Gamal Moursi Badr, the conventional accepted view is that English law is a continuation of Anglo-Saxon law centuries earlier. The first English convert to Islam mentioned by name is John Nelson, the 16th-century writer Richard Hakluyt claimed he was forced to convert, though he mentions in the same story other Englishmen who had converted willingly. This king had a son which was a ruler in an island called Gerbi, whereunto arrived an English ship called the Green Dragon, Captain John Ward of Kent was one of a number of British sailors who became pirates based in the Maghreb who also converted to Islam. Captain John Ward was obsessed with little birds during his time in Tunisia, so much that the locals would call him Jack Asfur being Arabic for sparrow. This is where the name Captain Jack Sparrow comes from, unitarians became interested in the faith, and Henry Stubbes wrote so favourably about Islam that it is thought he too had converted to the faith. From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 ships to Barbary pirates, in 1627, Barbary pirates under command of the Dutch renegade Jan Janszoon operating from the Moroccan port of Salé occupied Lundy, before they were expelled by Sir John Pennington. During this time there were reports of captured slaves being sent to Algiers, the Muslim Moors had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. These works are said to have inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England around 1600. A portrait was painted of one of the Moorish ambassadors, Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun, turbans were worn in Renaissance England. Diplomatic relations were established with the Ottoman Empire with the chartering of the Levant Company
16.
East End of London
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The East End of London, also known simply as the East End, is an area of Central and East London, England, east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, and north of the River Thames. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, the area was notorious for its deep poverty, overcrowding and associated social problems. This has led to the East End’s history of political activism. Another major theme of East End history has been that of migration, Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the 20th century, Bangladeshis. The East End lies east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, Aldgate Pump on the edge of the City is the symbolic start of the East End and, on the river, Tower Bridge is also sometimes also described in these terms. Beyond these references though, the East End has no official or popularly accepted boundaries, a common preference is to include the modern borough of Tower Hamlets, together with the former parish and borough of Shoreditch. This version makes the East End conterminous with the Tower Division of Middlesex under the borders that area had in the 19th century when the East End completed the process of urbanisation, an alternative definition is based solely on the modern borough of Tower Hamlets. Parts of the old parish and borough of Hackney are sometimes included, while others include areas east of the Lea such as West Ham, East Ham, Leyton, knew not the way to the East End. The East End began with the growth of London beyond the walls, along the Roman Roads leading from Bishopsgate and Aldgate. Building accelerated in the 16th century, and the area that would become known East End began to take shape. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which had its roots in the Bishop of Londons historic Manor of Stepney and owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, for a very long time the East End was physically separated from the Londons western growth by the open spaces known as Moorfields. Shoreditchs boundary with the parish of St Lukes ran through the Moorfields countryside becoming, on urbanisation and that line, with very slight modifications, has also become the boundary of the modern London Boroughs of Hackney and Islington. From the beginning, the East End has always contained some of the poorest areas of London, the main reasons for this include the following, the medieval system of copyhold, which prevailed throughout the East End, into the 19th century. Essentially, there was little point in developing land that was held on short leases, the siting of noxious industries, such as tanning and fulling downwind outside the boundaries of the City, and therefore beyond complaints and official controls. Historically, the East End is arguably conterminous with the Manor of Stepney and this manor was held by the Bishop of London, in compensation for his duties in maintaining and garrisoning the Tower of London. Further ecclesiastic holdings came about from the need to enclose the marshes, Edward VI passed the land to the Wentworth family, and thence to their descendants, the Earls of Cleveland
17.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
18.
London Borough of Tower Hamlets
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The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London borough to the east of the City of London and north of the River Thames. It is in the part of London and covers much of the traditional East End. It also includes much of the redeveloped Docklands region of London, including West India Docks, many of the tallest buildings in London occupy the centre of the Isle of Dogs in the south of the borough. A part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is in Tower Hamlets, the borough has a population of 272,890, which includes one of the highest ethnic minority populations in the country and has an established British Bangladeshi business and residential community. Brick Lanes restaurants, neighbouring street market and shops provide the largest range of Bengali cuisine, woodwork, carpets, the local authority is Tower Hamlets London Borough Council. The council, as of 2017 comprises 23 Labour Councillors,5 Conservative councillors,18 independent councillors of various affiliation, Tower Hamlets is located to east of the City of London and north of the River Thames in East London. The London Borough of Hackney lies to the north of the borough while the River Lea forms the boundary with the London Borough of Newham in the east. On the other side of the Thames is The London Borough of Southwark to the southwest, The London Borough of Lewisham to the South, the River Lea also forms the boundary between those parts of London historically in Middlesex, with those formerly in Essex. The Regents Canal enters the borough from Hackney to meet the River Thames at Limehouse Basin, a stretch of the Hertford Union Canal leads from the Regents canal, at a basin in the north of Mile End to join the River Lea at Old Ford. A further canal, Limehouse Cut, Londons oldest, leads from locks at Bromley-by-Bow to Limehouse Basin, most of the canal tow-paths are open to both pedestrians and cyclists. Victoria Park was formed by Act of Parliament, and administered by the LCC, since the latter authoritys abolition, the park has been administered by Tower Hamlets. Part of the borough is within the boundary of the Thames Gateway development area, the Hamlets of the Tower paid taxes for the militia in 1646. The London Borough of Tower Hamlets forms the core of the East End and it lies east of the ancient walled City of London and north of the River Thames. Over the course of a century, the East End became synonymous with poverty, overcrowding, disease, the East End developed rapidly during the 19th century. The area attracted large numbers of people looking for employment. Successive waves of immigration began with Huguenot refugees creating a new extramural suburb in Spitalfields in the 17th century. They were followed by Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the 20th century, many of these immigrants worked in the clothing industry. The abundance of semi- and unskilled labour led to low wages and this brought the attentions of social reformers during the mid-18th century and led to the formation of unions and workers associations at the end of the century
19.
Bethnal Green
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Bethnal Green is a district mostly in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and partly in the London Borough of Hackney. Located 3.3 miles northeast of Charing Cross, it was historically a hamlet in the ancient parish of Stepney, the parish became the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green in 1900 and the population peaked in 1901, entering a period of steady decline which lasted until 1981. Some 173 people were killed at an incident at Bethnal Green tube station in 1943. Bethnal Green has formed part of Greater London since 1965, the place-name Blithehale or Blythenhale, the earliest form of Bethnal Green, is derived from the Anglo-Saxon healh and blithe, or from a personal name Blitha. Nearby Cambridge Heath, is unconnected with Cambridge and may derive from an Anglo-Saxon personal name. The area was marshland and forest which, as Bishopswood. Over time, the name became Bethan Hall Green, which, a Tudor ballad, the Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, tells the story of an ostensibly poor man who gave a surprisingly generous dowry for his daughters wedding. The tale furnishes the parish of Bethnal Greens coat of arms, the Blind Beggar public house in Whitechapel is reputed to be the site of his begging. Boxing has an association with Bethnal Green. Daniel Mendoza, who was champion of England from 1792 to 1795 though born in Aldgate, since then numerous boxers have been associated with the area, and the local leisure centre, York Hall, remains notable for presentation of boxing bouts. He was a capable pastoral visitor and established a parochial school, after examining the text of the sermon, the Bishop of London condemned it as containing erroneous and dangerous notions. As a result, the bishop sent Woodard to be a curate in Clapton, the Green and Poors Land is the area of open land now occupied by Bethnal Green Library, the V&A Museum of Childhood and St Johns Church, designed by John Soane. In Stows Survey of London the hamlet was called Blethenal Green and it was one of the hamlets included in the Manor of Stepney and Hackney. From that date, the trust has administered the land and its books are kept in the London Metropolitan Archives. Bethnal House, or Kirbys Castle, was the house on the Green. One of its owners was Sir Hugh Platt, author of books on gardening, under its next owner it was visited by Samuel Pepys. In 1727 it was leased to Matthew Wright and for almost two centuries it was an asylum and its two most distinguished inmates were Alexander Cruden, compiler of the Concordance to the Bible, and the poet Christopher Smart. Cruden recorded his experience in The London Citizen Grievously Injured and Smarts stay there is recorded by his daughter, records of the asylum are kept in the annual reports of the Commissioner in Lunacy
20.
Shoreditch
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Shoreditch is an inner city district in the historic East End of London and modern Central London within the London Borough of Hackney, lying immediately to the north of the City of London. The districts of Hoxton and Haggerston are part of Shoreditch, but the Shoreditch High Street railway station, lies just outside, the etymology of Shoreditch is debated. One legend holds that the place was originally named Shores Ditch, after Jane Shore, the mistress of Edward IV, however, the area was known as Soersditch long before Jane Shores life. A more plausible origin for the name is Sewer Ditch, in reference to a drain or watercourse in what was once a boggy area and it may have referred to the headwaters of the river Walbrook, which rose in the Curtain Road area. In a further theory, antiquarian John Weever claimed that the derived from Sir John de Soerdich. Shoreditch High Street and Kingsland road are a small sector of the Roman Ermine Street, known also as the Old North Road, it was a major coaching route to the north, exiting the City at Bishopsgate. The east–west course of Old Street–Hackney Road was also originally a Roman Road, connecting Silchester with Colchester. Shoreditch Church is of ancient origin and features in the line when I grow rich say the bells of Shoreditch, from the nursery rhyme Oranges. Shoreditch was the site of a house of canonesses, the Augustinian Holywell Priory and this priory was located between Shoreditch High Street and Curtain Road to east and west and Batemans Row and Holywell Lane to north and south. In 1576 James Burbage built the first playhouse in England, known as The Theatre, some of Shakespeares plays were performed here and at the nearby Curtain Theatre, built the following year and 200 yards to the south. It was here that Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet gained Curtain plaudits, in 1599 Shakespeares Company literally upped sticks and moved the timbers of The Theatre to Southwark at expiration of the lease to construct The Globe. The Curtain continued performing plays in Shoreditch until at least 1627, the suburb of Shoreditch was attractive as a location for these early theatres because it was outside the jurisdiction of the somewhat puritanical City fathers. During the 17th century, wealthy traders and Huguenot silk weavers moved to the area, by the 19th century Shoreditch was also the locus of the furniture industry, now commemorated in the Geffrye Museum on Kingsland Road. However the area declined along with textile and furniture industries and by the end of the 19th century Shoreditch was a byword for crime, prostitution. This situation was not improved by extensive devastation of the stock in the Blitz during World War II. In the late 19th century this was one of the largest theatres in London, in 1926 it was converted into a cinema called The New Olympia Picturedrome. The building was demolished in 1940, sims Reeves, Mrs Marriott and James Anderson all appeared here, also performed were programmes of classical opera and even Shakespeare, with such luminaries as Henry Irving. There was considerable rivalry with the West End theatres, with real rain, a real flood, and a real balloon
21.
Spitalfields
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Spitalfields /ˈspɪtəlfiːldz/ is a former parish in the borough of Tower Hamlets, partly in Central London and partly in the East End of London, near to Liverpool Street station and Brick Lane. The Liberty of Norton Folgate and the neighbouring Liberty of the Old Artillery Ground were merged into Spitalfields in 1921, the area straddles Commercial Street and is home to several markets, including the historic Old Spitalfields Market, Brick Lane Market and Cheshire Street. Petticoat Lane Market lies on the areas south-western boundaries, the name Spitalfields appears in the form Spittellond in 1399, as The spitel Fyeld on the Woodcut map of London of c.1561, and as Spyttlefeildes, also in 1561. The land belonged to St Mary Spital, a priory or hospital erected on the east side of the Bishopsgate thoroughfare in 1197, an alternative, and possibly earlier, name for the area was Lolsworth. The area that is now Spitalfields was mainly fields and nursery gardens until late in the 17th century when streets were laid out for Irish and Huguenot silk weavers. D. In 1197 the site of the cemetery became a priory called The New Hospital of St Mary without Bishopsgate, latterly known as St Mary Spital, founded by Walter Brunus and his wife Roisia. This religious foundation was one of the biggest hospitals in medieval England and was the focus of a medieval cemetery which included a stone charnel house. This latter has recently uncovered by archaeologists and preserved for public viewing. The Priory and Hospital were dissolved in 1539 under Henry VIII, although the chapel and monastic buildings were mostly demolished, the area of the inner precinct of the priory maintained an autonomous administrative status as the Liberty of Norton Folgate. The adjacent outer precincts of the priory, to the south, were re-used as an Artillery Ground, the church of St. Stephen Spitalfields was built in 1860 by public subscription but was demolished in 1930. The adjacent vicarage is all that remains, in 1911 the parish of St. Mary Spital became part of the civil parish of Spitalfields. Spitalfields as a parish was abolished in 1965 upon the establishment of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Spitalfields historic association with the industry was established by French Protestant refugees who settled in this area after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. By settling here, outside the bounds of the City of London, the Huguenots brought with them little, apart from their skills, and an Order in Council of 16 April 1687 raised £200,000 for the relief of their poverty. More humble weavers dwellings were congregated in the Tenterground, the Spitalfields Mathematical Society was established in 1717. In 1846, it merged with the Royal Astronomical Society, there has been a market on the site since 1638 when Charles I gave a licence for flesh, fowl and roots to be sold in what was then known as Spittle Fields. The Market currently receives around 25,000 visitors every week, see also, Huguenots of Spitalfields a registered charity promoting public understanding of the Huguenot heritage and culture in Spitalfields, the City of London and beyond. They arrange tours, talks, events and schools programmes to raise the Huguenot profile in Spitalfields, from the 1730s Irish weavers came here, after a decline in the Irish linen industry to take up work in the silk trade
22.
Whitechapel
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Whitechapel is a district in the East End of London, England, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Because the area is close to the London Docklands and east of the city, it has been a place for immigrants. The area was the centre of the London Jewish community in the 19th and early 20th century, in the latter half of the 20th century, Whitechapel became a significant settlement for the British Bangladeshi community, particularly on Whitechapel Road and Brick Lane. Whitechapels heart is Whitechapel High Street, extending further east as Whitechapel Road, the churchs earliest known rector was Hugh de Fulbourne in 1329. Around 1338, it became the church of Whitechapel, called, for unknown reasons. The church was destroyed through enemy action in World War II and its location, Whitechapel High Street and Whitechapel Road are now part of the A11 road, anciently the initial part of the Roman road between the City of London and Colchester, exiting the city at Aldgate. In later times, travellers to and from London on this route were accommodated at the coaching inns which lined Whitechapel High Street. By the late 16th century, the suburb of Whitechapel and the area had started becoming the other half of London. Located east of Aldgate, outside the City Walls and beyond official controls, it attracted the less fragrant activities of the city, particularly tanneries, breweries, foundries and slaughterhouses. In 1680, the Rector of Whitechapel, the Rev. Ralph Davenant, William Booth began his Christian Revival Society, preaching the gospel in a tent, erected in the Friends Burial Ground, Thomas Street, Whitechapel, in 1865. Others joined his Christian Mission, and on 7 August 1878 the Salvation Army was formed at a meeting held at 272 Whitechapel Road, a statue commemorates both his mission and his work in helping the poor. In the Victorian era the population of poor English country stock was swelled by immigrants from all over. Writing of the period 1883–1884, Yiddish theatre actor Jacob Adler wrote, The further we penetrated into this Whitechapel, never in Russia, never later in the worst slums of New York, were we to see such poverty as in the London of the 1880s. This endemic poverty drove women to prostitution. In October 1888 the Metropolitan Police estimated that there were 1,200 prostitutes of very low class resident in Whitechapel, reference is specifically made to them in Charles Booths Life and Labour of the People in London, specially to dwellings called Blackwall Buildings belonging to Blackwall Railway. Such prostitutes were numbered amongst the 11 Whitechapel murders, some of which were committed by the serial killer known as Jack the Ripper. Riis had recently documented the astoundingly bad conditions in large swaths of the city of the United States. London, a socialist, thought it worthwhile to explore conditions in the city of the nation that had invented modern capitalism
23.
Brickearth
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Brickearth is a term originally used to describe superficial windblown deposits found in southern England. The term has been employed in English speaking regions to describe similar deposits, brickearths are periglacial loess, a wind-blown dust deposited under extremely cold, dry, peri- or postglacial conditions. The name arises from its use in making house bricks. Its composition also allows the clay to be fused at temperatures attainable in a wood fired kiln, the Brickearth is normally represented on 1,50,000 solid and drift edition geological maps. In the Thames Valley area, where the Brickearth overlies some River Terrace Gravels, Brickearth is a superficial deposit of homogeneous loam or silt deposited during the Pleistocene geological period. Brickearth typically occurs in discontinuous spreads, across southern England and South Wales, commercially useful deposits of about 2m to 4m thick are present in Kent, Hertfordshire and Hampshire, overlying chalk, Thanet Beds or London Clay. The original deposition of the sediments occurred under cold climates where fluvial out-wash sediments from glaciers were subject to dry periods. The exposed finer-grained sediments were picked up and transported by the wind and were deposited wherever the wind strength decreased, there are extensive brickearth deposits in Kent, particularly on the North Downs dip slope and on the Hoo peninsula, sections of the Medway and Stour valleys. The mineral content is critical in brickmaking and requires precise proportions of chalk, clay, Brickearth requires little or no admixture of other materials to render it suitable for the manufacture of stock bricks. In 1986 there were 4 active stock brick works in Kent, at Otterham Quay, Funton, Murston, the brickearth gives rise to rich and fertile soils which have been exploited for agriculture. It is prone to rapid ‘collapse’ settlement when saturated with water, in Chichester, the brickearth is flinty brown silty clay up to five metres thick, which occurs on the coastal plain. The brickearth is unfossiliferous but occasionally yields man-made flint implements, when used for brick making, it was often casually dug from small temporary holes and baked into bricks on the spot in brick clamps, and used for building nearby. The hole often remained and became a pond
24.
Woodcut map of London
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The Woodcut map of London, formally titled Civitas Londinum, and often referred to as the Agas map of London, is one of the earliest true maps of the City of London and its environs. The original map probably dated from the early 1560s, but it only in later. It was printed from woodcut blocks on eight sheets, and in its present state measures approximately 2 feet 4 inches high by 6 feet wide. The Woodcut map is a slightly smaller-scale, cruder and lightly modified copy of the so-called Copperplate map, the Woodcut map was traditionally attributed to the surveyor and cartographer Ralph Agas, but this attribution is no longer upheld. Three impressions of the Woodcut map survive in its earliest known state of c.1633 and they are held in London Metropolitan Archives, the Pepys Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge, and The National Archives at Kew. The three early copies of the map are dated by an inscription to c.1633, however, it is evident that the map in this form has been updated from an earlier state. Similarly, the Royal Exchange appears on the map, but is clearly an insertion. The Woodcut map is now dated with a reasonable degree of probability to the 1560s. A reference in the Stationers Register for 1562–3 to the Carde of London may possibly refer to it. It is therefore closer to a view of the City, seen from an imaginary viewpoint above the south bank of the Thames. Stephen Powys Marks suggests that this adjustment may be an indication of an appeal to a sophisticated public than that which would buy the fine copper engraving. The Woodcut map was traditionally attributed to the surveyor and cartographer Ralph Agas and this attribution has its roots in a claim made by Agas in 1588 to the effect that for ten years past he had been hoping to undertake a survey of London. Nevertheless, the map is often referred to as the Agas map. Reproductions of the map have been published on several occasions in modern times, an edition based on the pewter copy was published by Taperell & Innes in 1849. A facsimile of the Woodcut map was published in 1874, with an introduction by W. H. Overall. A zoomable online digitised version is published by British History Online, the Map of Mid Sixteenth Century London. Prockter, Adrian, Taylor, Robert, Fisher, John, the A to Z of Elizabethan London. Tudor London, a map and a view, Map of Early Modern London, The Agas Map
25.
Whitechapel Road
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Whitechapel Road is a major arterial road in Whitechapel, Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. It is named after a chapel of ease dedicated to St Mary. The road is part of the historic Roman Road from London to Colchester, the road had become built up by the 19th century and is now a main shopping district in the Whitechapel area. There is a street market along the road next to Whitechapel tube station. The Whitechapel Bell Foundry and the Royal London Hospital have been based on Whitechapel Road since the 18th century and it remains an important road and is marked with bus lanes, with limited parking. Several ethnic minority communities have centred on Whitechapel Road, the road was a focal point of the Jewish Community from the 1850s to the 1930s, with many Jewish shops and market stalls. Altab Ali Park sits on the site of the church at the western end of Whitechapel Road. The roads name, along with the area, is derived from the original 14th-century White Chapel and it follows the section of the Roman road between Londinium and Camulodunum, which connected to the Pye Road to Venta Icenorum. The section of the Roman Road that is now Whitechapel Road is a Primary A-road, the A11, owing to the popularity of the market, parking is heavily restricted, limited to occasional parking metered spaces along the road. Cycle Superhighway CS2 runs along Whitechapel Road, the nearest London Underground stations are Whitechapel station and Aldgate East station and the nearest National Rail station is Bethnal Green railway station. A number of local London Buses routes run along Whitechapel Road, the road has been an important thoroughfare and coaching route for centuries. Whitechapel High Street and Whitechapel Road are named as such on John Rocques Map of London,1746, on John Carys Environs of London of 1795 there are properties on both sides of the road. By the ninth edition in 1821, the road is shown as extensively built up, in the mid-19th century, drovers steered livestock from local farms along the road towards Smithfield Market, causing considerable traffic congestion. By the 1870s, the road had become extensively developed with properties along the stretch of the road. The Freedom Press Bookshop is on Angel Alley, No, 84b Whitechapel High Street, and was established in the 1880s by Peter Kropotkin and Charlotte Wilson as the first publishing house to deal with anarchism and radical publications. The press has been controversial, and was fire-bombed in 2013, the Whitechapel Art Gallery on Whitechapel High Street opened in 1899. It was designed by Charles Harrison Townsend in 1895 and was the first major art gallery in East London and it has shown works of Jackson Pollock, Robert Rauschenberg and David Hockney. It continues to be the centre of the scene in the area
26.
Benjamin Truman
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Sir Benjamin Truman was a notable English entrepreneur and brewer during the 18th century. He is notable for the expansion of the Truman Brewery in the Spitalfields area of east London, Truman followed in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, both named Joseph Truman. Joseph Truman the elder inherited the Lolsworth Field brewery, William Bucknalls Brewhouse, in 1694, the beer proved to be of inferior quality and the people threw it into each others faces and the barrels into the fire. The prince remedied the matter on the night by ordering a fresh quantity of beer from another brewer. This was supplied by Truman, who took care that it should be of the best, under Trumans management, the Black Eagle brewery increased substantially in prosperity and size, and Truman divided his time between the brewerys Directors House and a home, Popes, in Hertfordshire. Truman was knighted by George III on his accession in 1760 in recognition of his loyalty in contributing to the loans raised to carry on the various foreign wars. His portrait was painted by George Romney and Sir Thomas Gainsborough, Truman died on 20 March 1780, and left a daughter, his only child, whose two grandsons, John Freeman Villebois and Henry Villebois, succeeded to his interest in the business. Truman was buried in the Churchyard of St Marys, Hertingfordbury, together with his memorial is that of his wife Dame Frances Truman who died 10 June 1766 aged 66 and James Truman Esq. died 11 November 1766 aged 42
27.
Black Eagle Brewery
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The Black Eagle Brewery is the former brewing plant of Trumans Brewery located around Brick Lane in the Spitalfields area, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Trumans subsequently became Truman, Hanbury and Buxton, by 1853, the Black Eagle Brewery was the largest in the world, with an annual production of 400,000 barrels. The Directors House and former Brew House are listed buildings, the original brewery was probably established by the Bucknall family, who leased the site in the seventeenth century. The sites first associations with brewing can be traced back to 1666 when a Joseph Truman is recorded as joining William Bucknalls Brewhouse in Brick Lane, part of the site was located on Black Eagle Street, hence the brewerys name. Truman appears to have acquired the lease of the brewery in 1679, through the Truman familys efforts - not least those of Sir Benjamin Truman - the business expanded rapidly over the following 200 years. By 1748 the Black Eagle Brewery was the third largest brewery in London, in the mid-18th century Huguenot immigrants introduced a new beverage flavoured with hops, which proved very popular. Initially, Trumans imported hops from Belgium, but Kent farmers were encouraged to grow hops to help the brewery meet growing demand. Sir Benjamin died in March 1780 and, without a son to take on the business, in 1789, the brewery was taken over by Sampson Hanbury. The Brick Lane brewery – now known as Truman, Hanbury, Buxton & Co – took on new partners in 1816, by 1853 the brewery was the largest in the world, producing 400,000 barrels of beer each year, with a site covering six acres. In 1888, Truman, Hanbury, Buxton & Co became a company with shareholders. The Brick Lane brewery site covered six acres by 1898, the Brick Lane facility remained active through a take-over by the Grand Metropolitan Group in 1971 and a merger with Watney Mann in 1972, but it was in terminal decline. In Charles Dickens’ novel David Copperfield, the character Mrs Micawber makes specific reference to Messrs Truman, Hanbury, I have long felt the brewing business to be particularly adapted to Mr Micawber. Look at Truman, Hanbury, and Buxton and it is on that extensive footing that Mr Micawber, I know from my own knowledge of him, is calculated to shine, and the profits, I am told, are e-NOR—mous. But if Mr Micawber cannot get into those firms—which decline to answer his letters, the old brewery buildings have become home to an arts and events centre and various shops and bars and it is now owned by The Zeloof Partnership. Business and leisure share the regenerated 11-acre site for restaurants, bars, shops, businesses, events spaces, offices, workshops, the building is likely to undergo significant changes in the next few years, as part of the Tower Hamlets Council City Fringe Area Action Plan. The site was the location for the second Summer of Sonic event, a convention for Sonic the Hedgehog fans, Survey of London, volume 27, Spitalfields and Mile End New Town, pp.52. Plate 53, Trumans Brewery, Brick Lane, Survey of London, volume 27, Spitalfields and Mile End New Town, pp.53. The Black Eagle Brewery, Brick Lane, Survey of London, volume 27, Spitalfields and Mile End New Town, pp. 116-22 Date accessed,23 February 2007 Old Truman Brewery website
28.
Brick Lane Market
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Brick Lane Market is a London market centred on Brick Lane, Tower Hamlets in east London. It is located at the end of Brick Lane and along Cheshire Street. It operates every Sunday from around 9 a. m. to 5 p. m, almost anything can be found on Brick Lane, from antique books to eight-track cartridge decks. There is a possibility of such strange discoveries and it has always been popular with, bargain hunters from across London also value it greatly. The Truman Markets originally developed in the 17th century as a farmers market that was held on Sundays due to religious observances by the areas then-prolific Jewish community. During the 20th century, the Brick Lane area experienced an influx of Bangladeshi immigrants who transformed the marketplace, even today, Brick Lane is very famous for its curry houses. Since 2000, several specific markets have opened within the premises of the Old Truman Brewery, once one of London’s largest breweries, the Old Truman Brewery is now home to roughly 250 businesses, shops, and eateries. Brick Lane Market has been notorious as a place where stolen bicycles were traded, however, following a crackdown by Londons Metropolitan Police Service in September 2010, the problem of stealing and selling bikes decreased significantly. The Truman Markets are located in the historic 11-acre Old Truman Brewery, the Sunday UpMarket, opened in 2004, has over 200 stalls. The Backyard Market, formerly an 8,000 square feet warehouse, was added in 2006, the Tea Rooms was founded in 2009, and the Boiler House food hall opened in 2010. The Sunday UpMarket, the Vintage Market, the Backyard Market, the Tea Rooms, the Sunday UpMarket is housed in the Old Truman Brewerys Elys Yard, an old service yard and one of East Londons busiest roadways. Elys Yard also hosts events and holds other shops, bars, restaurants. The Backyard Market, operating by the hours as the Tea Rooms, is located in the Brewerys U Block, on the east side of the Brewerys estate. The Backyard Market was established in 2006 and is one of the Truman Markets’ youngest vendors. Housing over eighty stalls, The Backyard Market is unique in that it allows young artists, the Backyard Market was the first of its kind in the area to open on Saturdays. Dating as far back as the 1830s, the Old Truman Brewery’s Boiler House serves as both a landmark and the site of Brick Lane’s food hall, with 7,700 square feet of space. The Boiler House Food Hall was founded in 2010 and is open every Sunday from 11 a. m. to 6 p. m, visitors are allowed to dine outside in the beer garden, or be seated inside around the great chimney at the lounge bar. The Sunday UpMarket, open every Sunday 10 a. m. from to 5 p. m. first opened in September 2004
29.
Huguenots
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Huguenots are the ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition. It was used frequently to members of the French Reformed Church until the beginning of the 19th century. The term has its origin in 16th-century France, Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and western parts of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew, in spite of political concessions, a series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne dAlbret, her son, the future Henry IV, the wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political, and military autonomy. Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s prompted the abolishment of their political and they retained religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV. Nevertheless, a minority of Huguenots remained and faced continued persecution under Louis XV. By the death of Louis XV in 1774, French Calvinism was almost completely wiped out, persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 and they also spread to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, New Netherland, and several of the English colonies in North America. Small contingents of families went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec, a term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. Geneva was John Calvins adopted home and the centre of the Calvinist movement, the label Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators involved in the Amboise plot of 1560, a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise. The move would have had the effect of fostering relations with the Swiss. Thus, Hugues plus Eidgenosse by way of Huisgenoten supposedly became Huguenot, a version of this complex hypothesis is promoted by O. I. A. Roche, who writes in his book, The Days of the Upright, A History of the Huguenots, that Huguenot is, a combination of a Dutch and a German word. Gallicised into Huguenot, often used deprecatingly, the word became, Some disagree with such double or triple non-French linguistic origins, arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The Hugues hypothesis argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France and he was regarded by the Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man who respected peoples dignity and lives. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be equivalent to little Hugos. It was in place in Tours that the prétendus réformés habitually gathered at night
30.
Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
31.
Ashkenazi Jews
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The traditional diaspora language of Ashkenazi Jews is Yiddish, with Hebrew used only as a sacred language until relatively recently. Throughout their time in Europe, Ashkenazim have made important contributions to philosophy, scholarship, literature, art, music. Ashkenazim originate from the Jews who settled along the Rhine River, in Western Germany, there they became a distinct diaspora community with a unique way of life that adapted traditions from Babylon, The Land of Israel, and the Western Mediterranean to their new environment. The Ashkenazi religious rite developed in such as Mainz, Worms. The eminent French Rishon Rabbi Shlomo Itzhaki would have a significant impact on the Jewish religion, in the late Middle Ages, the majority of the Ashkenazi population shifted steadily eastward, moving out of the Holy Roman Empire into the Pale of Settlement. The genocidal impact of the Holocaust devastated the Ashkenazim and their culture, immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figures vary for the demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million. Sergio DellaPergola in a calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews. Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide, genetic studies on Ashkenazim—researching both their paternal and maternal lineages—suggest a significant proportion of Middle Eastern ancestry. Ashkenazi Jews are popularly contrasted with Sephardi Jews, who are descendants of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula, there are some differences in how the two groups pronounce certain Hebrew letters, and in points of ritual. The name Ashkenazi derives from the figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, son of Khaphet, son of Noah. The name of Gomer has often been linked to the ethnonym Cimmerians, the intrusive n in the Biblical name is likely due to a scribal error confusing a waw ו with a nun נ. In Jeremiah 51,27, Ashkenaz figures as one of three kingdoms in the far north, the others being Minni and Ararat, perhaps corresponding to Urartu, called on by God to resist Babylon. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes and his contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories, and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe. In modern times, Samuel Krauss identified the Biblical Ashkenaz with Khazaria, sometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad, France was called Tsarefat, Rashi uses leshon Ashkenaz to describe German speech, and Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters referred to the Crusaders as Ashkenazim. Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France and Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to both the Jews of medieval Germany and France. Outside of their origins in ancient Israel, the history of Ashkenazim is shrouded in mystery, the most well-supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration from Israel through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe
32.
Petticoat Lane Market
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Petticoat Lane Market is a fashion and clothing market in the East End of London. It consists of two adjacent street markets, Wentworth Street Market is open six days a week and Middlesex Street Market is open on Sunday only. It is one of a number of markets located to the east of the City of London. A few hundred yards to the north is Old Spitalfields market, which has been refurbished, a half mile further east is the Columbia Road Flower Market. Petticoat Lane Market was not formally recognised until an Act of Parliament in 1936, the market is open Monday to Friday on Wentworth Street, on Sunday it extends over many of the surrounding streets, with over a thousand stalls. It is closed on Saturday, and on Sunday closes at about 2 pm, the markets are well signed from local stations. Petticoat Lane market is listed as a tourist attraction on VisitLondon. com, the name Petticoat Lane came from not only the sale of petticoats but from the fable that they would steal your petticoat at one end of the market and sell it back to you at the other. In Tudor times, Middlesex Street was known as Hogs Lane and it is thought city bakers were allowed to keep pigs in the lane, outside the city wall, or possibly that it was an ancient droving trail. The lanes rural nature changed, and by 1590, country cottages stood by the city walls, by 1608, it had become a commercial district where second-hand clothes and bric-à-brac were sold and exchanged, known as Peticote Lane. This was also where the Spanish ambassador had his house, Peticote Lane was severely affected by the Great Plague of 1665, the rich fled, and London lost a fifth of its population. Huguenots fleeing persecution arrived in the late 17th century, many settled in the area, the area already had an association with clothing, with dyeing a local industry. The cloth was pegged out on hooks in the surrounding fields, from the mid-18th century, Petticoat Lane became a centre for manufacturing clothes. The market served the well-to-do in the City, selling new garments, about 1830, Peticote Lanes name changed to Middlesex Street, to record the boundary between Portsoken Ward, in the City of London, and Whitechapel, which coincided with the Lane. But the old name continues to be associated with the area, from 1882, a wave of Jewish immigrants fleeing persecution in eastern Europe settled in the area. The chapels, which had served the Huguenot community, were adapted as synagogues. Many Jewish relief societies were founded to aid the poor, Jewish immigrants entered the local garment industry and maintained the traditions of the market. The severe damage inflicted throughout the East End during the Blitz, the area around Middlesex Street suffered a decline. Beginning in the 1970s, a new wave of immigration from India, in previous times the market was unpopular with the authorities, as it was largely unregulated and in some sense illegal
33.
Columbia Road Flower Market
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Columbia Road Flower Market is a street market in East London, England. Columbia Road is a road of Victorian shops off Hackney Road in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, the market is open on Sundays only. Columbia Market was built upon an area known as Nova Scotia Gardens and this had been a brick field, north-east of St Leonards, Shoreditch, the brick clay had been exhausted and the area begun to be filled in with waste. Cottages, came to be here, but were undesirable as they remained below ground level. London Burkers In July 1830, John Bishop and Thomas Williams rented no.3 Nova Scotia Garden, on 7 November 1831 the suspiciously fresh corpse of a 14-year-old boy was delivered, by these men, to the Kings College School of Anatomy, in the Strand. The Resurrection men were arrested, and by an extraordinary arrangement, the public carried away the dwelling, piece by piece, as souvenirs. Bishop and Williams were hanged at Newgate on 5 December 1831 for the murder, by 1840, the area had degenerated into a notorious slum. It is for this reason that the philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts purchased the land, origins of Columbia Market Angela Burdett-Coutts established Columbia Market in 1869 as a covered food market with 400 stalls. Her secretary and future husband William Burdett-Coutts came to own the market, the market closed in 1886, after use as warehouses and small workshops. The building was demolished in 1958, although the remains of railings can be seen in front of the Nursery School, sivill House and the Dorset Estate replaced the Coutts buildings. The Columbia Road flower market began as a Saturday trading market and it was moved to Sunday, by Act of Parliament, in order to accommodate the needs of local Jewish traders. This also provided the opportunity for Covent Garden and Spitalfields traders to sell their stock left over from Saturday, the market suffered in World War II from rules prioritising food production, and went into a long decline. A large civilian shelter beneath the market suffered a hit by a 50 kg bomb on the night of Saturday,7 September 1940. From the 1960s, new rules forced traders to attend regularly, modern market The market is in operation every Sunday from 8 am to 2 pm. Traders arrive from 4 am to set up their stalls, a wide range of plants, bedding plants, shrubs, bulbs and freshly cut flowers is available at competitive prices. Many of the traders are the second or third generation of their family to sell at the market, the market also has shops selling bread and cheeses, antiques, garden accessories, unusual international edibles, soap, candlesticks and Buddhist artefacts. Much of Columbia Road is part of the Jesus Green Hospital Estate, the market is popular not only with plant and flower buyers but also with photographers and television companies, who frequently film there. The market is some distance from Liverpool Street station and Bethnal Green and Old Street tube stations, but is served by bus routes 26,48 and 55
34.
Hanbury Street
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Hanbury Street is a street in Spitalfields, London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. It runs east from Spitalfields Junction at Commercial Street to the junction of Old Montague Street, the eastern section is restricted to pedal cycles and pedestrians only. The street was laid out in the century, and was originally known as Brownes Lane after the original developer. Its present name is derived from that of a family who owned land here in the seventeenth century. In 1884, Florence Eleanor Soper, the daughter-in-law of General William Booth of The Salvation Army, inaugurated The Womens Social Work, which was run from a small house in Hanbury Street. This home for women was set up in the hopes that they would not have to turn to prostitution, on 8 September 1888, the body of Annie Chapman was found in the backyard of No.29 Hanbury Street. Chapman is generally held to have been the victim of Jack the Ripper. Today, buildings with shops below and flats above can still be found on the side of Hanbury Street. But No.29, which was on the side of the street, no longer exists. The Old Truman Brewery was extended to cover the entire north of Hanbury Street. British entertainer Bud Flanagan was born at No.12 Hanbury Street in 1896, neo-Nazi militant David Copeland attempted to detonate a nail-bomb on the street on Saturday 24 April 1999. Copeland intended to place the bomb on adjoining Brick Lane during its weekly market held on Sundays, after realising his mistake and unwilling to change the timer on the bomb, he left it on Hanbury Street instead. At 5. 45pm a member of the found the bag and took it to Brick Lane police station which was closed. On realising it could have been a bomb he left the car at the junction with Fashion Street and called police, at time the device exploded injuring six people
35.
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
36.
Sylhet Division
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Sylhet Division, also known as Greater Sylhet or Sylhet region, is the northeastern division of Bangladesh, named after its main city, Sylhet. It is bordered by the Meghalaya, Assam and Tripura states of India to the north, east and south, respectively, Sylhet is considered one of the most picturesque and archaeologically rich regions in South Asia, and has major Islamic Sufi shrines and Hindu holy sites. Its bourgeoning economy has contributed to the attractions of landscapes filled with fragrant orange and pineapple gardens. Many Sylheti community members are working and residing abroad, particularly in the United Kingdom and they send remittances to fund projects and industries within the Sylhet Division, which have led to the expansion of the export industry and foreign investment sectors. Historians believe that Sylhet was an commercial centre since the ancient period. During this time, Sylhet was probably inhabited by Brahmins, though the population also have included other contemporary South Asian ethnic groups as well as Arabs, Persians. It has also suggested that the Ancient Kingdom of Harikela was situated in modern Sylhet. The 14th century marked the beginning of Islamic influence in Sylhet, during the medieval period, Sylhet was a leading centre of Persian-speaking Muslim missionaries. Sikander Ghazi was the nephew of Sultan Feroze Shah of Delhi, under the spiritual leadership of Hazrat Shah Jalal and his 360 companions, the Muslims converted many local Hindus. He died in Sylhet in or around the year 1350 CE and his shrine is located inside the parameter of the mosque complex known as Dargah-e-Shah Jalal. Shah Jalal remains revered, visitors arrive from all over Bangladesh, saint Shah Jalal and his companions are credited with converting most of the populace from their earlier beliefs in Hinduism, Buddhism and other religions to Islam. By the 15th century, Sylhet became a centre of the Assam, in the official documents and historical papers, Sylhet was often referred to as Jalalabad during the era of the Muslim rule. Sylhet is an important center of historical significance to Hindus, Sylhet is home to two of the fifty-one body parts of Sati, a form of Goddess Durga, that fell on Earth according to accepted legends. Shri Shail in Jainpur village near Gotatikar in south Surma and Jayanti at Kalajore Baurbhag village of Jaintia are where the neck, in addition, the 16th century Krishna Chaitanyass ancestral homes are in Golapganj and Habiganj. Hindus believe Chaitanya was a reincarnation of Krishna and will return during the kalijug or end of time, in the late 18th century, the British East India Company became interested in Sylhet and saw it as an area of strategic importance in the war against Burma. The British gradually absorbed Sylhet under their control, and governed it as a part of Bengal, after the British administrative reorganization of India, Sylhet was incorporated into Assam. It remained a part of Assam for the rest of the era of British rule. The referendum was held on 3 July 1947, there were a total of 546,815 votes cast on 239 polling stations, there were protests regarding bogus votes
37.
Jagannathpur Upazila
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Jagannathpur is an upazila located in the south-eastern corner of the district of Sunamganj and in the middle of the division of Sylhet, which is in north east of Bangladesh. The upazila is bordered with Chhatak in the north, to the east Bishwanath, to the south east is Balaganj, Nabiganj on the south, to the west Derai and Sunamganj Sadar in the north west. Jagannathpur was an important part of Muazzamabad, as Kamalshahi, capital, Jagannath Misrah built a Basu Dev temple under the auspice of Vijay Manikya and this temple was named after Jagannath Misrah, i. e. Jagannath temple. Eventually a settlement established encircling the Jagannath temple and as the settlement grew, it became a village, in reality, Pandua is a ruined city in Malda district of West Bengal, India, which means Pandua in Malda was the location of Taranath Chaudhurys ballad. Most probably the king Vijay Manikya of Tripura or Twipra Kingdom named Jagannathpur after Jagannath Temple in Puri in the state of Odisha, Jagannath is a compound Sanskrit words, jagat and nath, which literally translate as the lord of the universe. It is believed that a disciple of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu built a temple in Jagannathpur replicating the temple in Puri and this temple was originally named Jagannath Temple but eventually it renamed as Basu Dev Temple. In sixteenth century, Jagannathpur was a zamindari of two sisters, Shivani and Mohini, who were granted the zamindari by the sovereign of Muazzamabad. Shivani and Mohini were cheated by their choudharies and diwans, which led to impecuniosities, Shivani and Mohini refused to give up their zamindari and instead declared a battle against the Khans of Muazzamabad. On the order of the reigning Khan, Jagannathpur was besieged by Paragal Khan from Paragola, Syed Habib Ullah from Habibganj, no battle ensued and truce was declared on the condition that Kuwaz Khan and Syed Habib Ullah respectively walk down the aisle with Shivani and Mohini. In the year 1303 the great saint Hazrat Shah Jalal Yamani came from Yemen, one of the disciples stayed at Syedpur. Syed Shahnoor Shah but he spent most of his life in Jagannathpur in the village of Syedpur, peer Shah Mohammed Iskandor Miah, a lyricist, was born in Jagannathpur in the village of terautia. In 2005, after the death of Abdus Samad Azad on April 27, wall writings have appeared in favour of some of the candidates in Jagannathpur. Awami League however, did not participate in the voting, the candidates were Shazzadur Rahman, Anamul Haque, Syed Ali Ahmed. Candidates held rallies in different areas, and posters were held all over market places, HM Ershad started a three-day campaign for Ali Ahmed. The total number of voters was 218,450, shahinoor Pasha Chowdhury won the election with 42,944 votes, while M. A Mannan received 38,875 votes. The post-election violence during the evening left 30 people injured, which seven were admitted to Sunamganj Sadar hospital, the post-election was described as vulnerable and caused controversy surrounding information about the personal and financial background. Awami League won back the seat it lost in Sunamganj-3 during the 2008 general election, in the upazila of Jagannathpur, there are up to 8 parishads, and Jagannathpur Municipality, Asharkandi, Haldipur, Kalkalia, Mirpur, Pailgaon, Patli, Raniganj and Syedpur-Shaharpara. Based on the 2001 census, There are 310 villages in Jagannathpur,9 wards,43 mahallahs,8 unions and 263 mauzas, There are approximately 35,682 households present in Jagannathpur
38.
Bishwanath Upazila
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Bishwanath is an Upazila of Sylhet District in the Division of Sylhet, Bangladesh. Biswanath is located at 24. 8083°N91. 7639°E /24.8083,91.7639 and it has 26,346 households and a total area of 214.5 km². Biswanath borders Jagannathpur, Balagonj and Sylhet Town and it is located between Sylhet City and Jagannathpur Tana. At the 1991 Bangladesh census, Bishwanath had a population of 169,730, males constituted 50. 99% of the population, and females 49. 01%. Bishwanath had a literacy rate of 30. 6%, against the national average of 32. 4%. Bishwanath has 8 Unions/Wards,122 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 432 villages, born at the end of the 19th century 1854 to a traditional Zamindar or landowner family near Sunamganj, Sylhet, though his ancestral home is in Rampasha, Biswanath, Sylhet. Hason indulged himself in material pursuits in his youth, later, he came to believe worldly pleasures are meaningless and wrote songs that have been described as some of the most thoughtful songs, touching the deepest emotions of the human mind. Hasons father, Dewan Ali Raja, was a descendant of the Hindu king Raja Birendra Singhdev. Hasons mother was Ali Rajas second wife, Huramat Jahan Begum, as befitted Hasons ancestry, he was tall, handsome and charming, with a regal manner and dress sense. Hasons elder half-brother, Ubeydur Raja, died when Hason was a teenager, the death of Ali Raja, about 40 days later, meant Hason became responsible for overseeing his fathers vast property at an early age. Despite his youth when taking on responsibility, he proved to be a very successful Zamindar, acquiring acres of land. Hason Raja had four sons, Khan Bahadur Dewan Ganiur Raja, Hasinur Raja, Khan Bahadur Dewan Eklimur Raja Chowdhury, Dewan Eklimur Raja followed in his footsteps and also wrote poetry and songs, he was also known as the architect of modern poetry of Sylhet area. Dewan Hason Raja donated one third of his property as Waqf in 1918 for the well being of the people, Hason Rajas songs are in the folk tradition of Bengal that seeks the ultimate truth beyond the material world. They include songs such as Lokey bole, published in his book of songs, in recent times, they have been modernised and are very popular in both Bangladesh and West Bengal. Many book has published so far on great mystic poet Hason Raja. Hason Raja died in 1922, years before his contribution to the poetry of Bengal was mentioned in lectures at Oxford University by Nobel poet laureate Rabindranath Tagore, Hason Raja is also known as Dewan Hasan Raja. The sponsors of this spectacular Museum is Educationist Dewan Talibur Raja Trust Upazilas of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladesh
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Fournier Street
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Fournier Street, formerly Church Street, is an east-end street of 18th-century houses in Spitalfields, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It runs between Commercial Street and Brick Lane and it is named after a man of Huguenot extraction, George Fournier. Fournier Street was the last to be built on the Wood-Michell estate in Spitalfields, thus, although initially intended as domestic dwellings, many were immediately occupied by the silk industry. The houses mainly date from the 1720s and together form one of the most important. Silk-weaving activities occupied the uppermost floors to gain the best light for the looms – hence the development of the unusual highly glazed lofts in these houses, the ground floor rooms commonly served as elaborate showrooms for the finished products. It has three floors and a large attic which once contained the loom. It is here that the silk for Queen Victorias Coronation gown was woven, the unique hardwood staircase balustrade is carved to display fluted columns with Ionic capitals placed on each turn for one hundred steps. Indeed, each step is expertly carved with a design of hops, barley. No.23 Fournier Street is perhaps the best surviving example of a classic, single-fronted early Georgian town house of simple and this house retains the original, typical arrangement of cellar-basement, three brick storeys and a mansard garrett with a weather boarded front and wide weavers windows. Following the terminal decline of Londons silk weaving industry at the end of the Georgian period, many new schools, cultural activities and businesses were created, including the Jews Free School and the Jewish Chronicle newspaper. In 1898 the Methodist Church at the extremity of Fournier Street was converted into the Mazik Adath Synagogue. Upon a wall on the side there is still to be seen the large sundial carved with the inscription Umbra sumus a quote taken from Horaces odes meaning We are shadows. A recent addition to the building is the 29 metres high,1.2 metres wide minaret-like structure erected on the corner of Fournier street, coloured lighting is concealed within the structure and it is illuminated at night. The uppermost 8 metres are composed of a steel pole topped with an illuminated half crescent moon. Fournier Street also has the church of Christ Church Spitalfields at its extremity, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor, a former assistant of Christopher Wren. This Grade 1 listed building is considered to be the highest expression of English Baroque architecture. On the opposite corner of Fournier Street is the Ten Bells public house. The Ten Bells is notorious for its connection with Jack the Ripper during the 1880s and it is here that the two of the Ripper victims were seen close to the times of their untimely deaths
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Christianity
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Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
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Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
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Methodism
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Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and Johns brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement and it originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate Church after Wesleys death. Because of vigorous missionary work, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, Wesleys theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian. Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation, imparted righteousness, the possibility of perfection in love, the works of piety and the primacy of Scripture. Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all, in theology and this teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people. However, Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the latter position, Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the works of mercy. These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens and schools to follow Christs command to spread the gospel, the movement has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage. Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic, Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church. In Britain, the Methodist Church had an effect in the early decades of the making of the working class. In the United States, it became the religion of many slaves who later formed black churches in the Methodist tradition. The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles, the Wesley brothers founded the Holy Club at the University of Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College. The club met weekly and they set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick, the fellowship were branded as Methodist by their fellow students because of the way they used rule and method to go about their religious affairs. John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery, unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church, at a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion, when he felt his heart strangely warmed. Charles had reported an experience an few days previously. Considered a pivotal moment, Daniel L. John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. Conversely, George Whitefield, Howell Harris, and Selina Hastings, George Whitefield, returning from his own mission in Georgia, joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade
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John Wesley
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John Wesley was an Anglican cleric and theologian who, with his brother Charles and fellow cleric George Whitefield, founded Methodism. Educated at Charterhouse School and Christ Church, Oxford, Wesley was elected a fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford in 1726, after an unsuccessful ministry of two years at Savannah in the Georgia Colony, Wesley returned to London and joined a religious society led by Moravian Christians. On 24 May 1738 he experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion and he subsequently departed from the Moravians, beginning his own ministry. A key step in the development of Wesleys ministry was, like Whitefield, to travel, in contrast to Whitefields Calvinism, Wesley embraced the Arminian doctrines that dominated the Church of England at the time. Moving across Great Britain and Ireland, he helped form and organise small Christian groups that developed intensive and personal accountability, discipleship, most importantly, he appointed itinerant, unordained evangelists to travel and preach as he did and to care for these groups of people. Under Wesleys direction, Methodists became leaders in social issues of the day, including prison reform. Although he was not a theologian, Wesley argued for the notion of Christian perfection and against Calvinism—and, in particular. He held that, in life, Christians could achieve a state where the love of God reigned supreme in their hearts. Throughout his life, Wesley remained within the established Church of England, in 2002, he was placed at number 50 in the BBCs poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. John Wesley was born in 1703 in Epworth,23 miles north-west of Lincoln, as the child of Samuel Wesley. Samuel Wesley was a graduate of the University of Oxford and a poet who and he married Susanna, the twenty-fifth child of Samuel Annesley, a dissenting minister, in 1689. Ultimately, she bore nineteen children, of nine lived beyond infancy. She and Samuel Wesley had become members of the Church of England as young adults, as in many families at the time, Wesleys parents gave their children their early education. Each child, including the girls, was taught to read as soon as they could walk and talk and they were expected to become proficient in Latin and Greek and to have learned major portions of the New Testament by heart. Susanna Wesley examined each child before the meal and before evening prayers. Children were not allowed to eat meals and were interviewed singularly by their mother one evening each week for the purpose of intensive spiritual instruction. In 1714, at age 11, Wesley was sent to the Charterhouse School in London, apart from his disciplined upbringing, a rectory fire which occurred on 9 February 1709, when Wesley was five years old, left an indelible impression. Some time after 11,00 p. m. the rectory roof caught on fire, with stairs aflame and the roof about to collapse, Wesley was lifted out of a window by a parishioner standing on another man’s shoulders
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Synagogue
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A synagogue, also spelled synagog, is a Jewish house of prayer. Synagogues have a hall for prayer, and may also have smaller rooms for study and sometimes a social hall. Some have a room for Torah study, called the beith midrash beis medrash —בית מדרש. Synagogues are consecrated spaces used for the purpose of prayer, Tanakh reading, study and assembly, halakha holds that communal Jewish worship can be carried out wherever ten Jews assemble. Worship can also be carried out alone or with fewer than ten people assembled together, however, halakha considers certain prayers as communal prayers and therefore they may be recited only by a minyan. The synagogue does not replace the long-since destroyed Temple in Jerusalem, israelis use the Hebrew term beyt knesset. Jews of Ashkenazi descent have traditionally used the Yiddish term shul in everyday speech, Sephardi Jews and Romaniote Jews generally use the term kal. Spanish Jews call the synagogue a sinagoga and Portuguese Jews call it an esnoga, persian Jews and some Karaite Jews also use the non-Hebrew term kenesa, which is derived from Aramaic, and some Arab Jews use kenis. Reform and some Conservative Jews use the word temple, the Greek word synagogue is used in English, to cover the preceding possibilities. The all-day Yom Kippur service, in fact, was an event in which the congregation both observed the movements of the kohen gadol as he offered the days sacrifices and prayed for his success. During the Babylonian captivity the Men of the Great Assembly formalized and standardized the language of the Jewish prayers, prior to that people prayed as they saw fit, with each individual praying in his or her own way, and there were no standard prayers that were recited. Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai, one of the leaders at the end of the Second Temple era and this contributed to the continuity of the Jewish people by maintaining a unique identity and a portable way of worship despite the destruction of the Temple, according to many historians. A synagogue dating from between 75 and 50 BCE has been uncovered at a Hasmonean-era winter palace near Jericho, more than a dozen Second Temple era synagogues have been identified by archaeologists. Any Jew or group of Jews can build a synagogue, there is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. In fact, the influence from local religious buildings can often be seen in synagogue arches, domes. Historically, synagogues were built in the architectural style of their time. Thus, the synagogue in Kaifeng, China looked very like Chinese temples of that region and era, with its outer wall, the styles of the earliest synagogues resembled the temples of other sects of the eastern Roman Empire. The surviving synagogues of medieval Spain are embellished with mudéjar plasterwork, the surviving medieval synagogues in Budapest and Prague are typical Gothic structures
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Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
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