1.
United States Code
The Code of Laws of the United States of America is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States. It contains 52 titles, and a further three titles have been proposed, the main edition is published every six years by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives, and cumulative supplements are published annually. The official version of those laws not codified in the United States Code can be found in United States Statutes at Large, the official text of an Act of Congress is that of the enrolled bill presented to the President for his signature or disapproval. Upon enactment of a law, the bill is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register within the National Archives. After authorization from the OFR, copies are distributed as slip laws by the Government Printing Office, the Archivist assembles annual volumes of the enacted laws and publishes them as the United States Statutes at Large. By law, the text of the Statutes at Large is legal evidence of the laws enacted by Congress, slip laws are competent evidence.
The Statutes at Large, however, is not a convenient tool for legal research and it is arranged strictly in chronological order so that statutes addressing related topics may be scattered across many volumes. Statutes often repeal or amend laws, and extensive cross-referencing is required to determine what laws are in force at any given time. The United States Code is the result of an effort to make finding relevant and effective statutes simpler by reorganizing them by subject matter, the Code is maintained by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the U. S. House of Representatives. The LRC updates the Code accordingly, because of this codification approach, a single named statute may or may not appear in a single place in the Code. Often, complex legislation bundles a series of provisions together as a means of addressing a social or governmental problem, for example, an Act providing relief for family farms might affect items in Title 7, Title 26, and Title 43. When the Act is codified, its various provisions might well be placed in different parts of those various Titles, the individual sections of a statute are incorporated into the Code exactly as enacted, sometimes editorial changes are made by the LRC.
Though authorized by statute, these changes do not constitute positive law, the authority for the material in the United States Code comes from its enactment through the legislative process and not from its presentation in the Code. For example, the United States Code omitted 12 U. S. C. §92 for decades, apparently because it was thought to have been repealed. In its 1993 ruling in U. S. National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Insurance Agents of America, by law, those titles of the United States Code that have not been enacted into positive law are prima facie evidence of the law in effect. The United States Statutes at Large remains the ultimate authority, if a dispute arises as to the accuracy or completeness of the codification of an unenacted title, the courts will turn to the language in the United States Statutes at Large. This process makes that title of the United States Code legal evidence of the law in force, where a title has been enacted into positive law, a court may neither permit nor require proof of the underlying original Acts of Congress.
The distinction between enacted and unenacted titles is largely academic because the Code is nearly always accurate, the United States Code is routinely cited by the Supreme Court and other federal courts without mentioning this theoretical caveat
2.
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Courts 96th justice and its first African-American justice and he served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit after being appointed by President John F. Kennedy. He was appointed as the Solicitor General by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965, President Johnson nominated him to the United States Supreme Court in 1967 and he was approved by the Senate. Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 2,1908 and his original name was Thoroughgood, but he shortened it to Thurgood in second grade because he disliked spelling it. His father, William Marshall, worked as a porter, and his mother Norma, as a teacher, they instilled in him an appreciation for the United States Constitution. Marshall attended Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore and was placed in the class with the best students and he graduated a year early in 1925 with a B-grade average, and placed in the top third of the class.
It is commonly reported that he intended to study medicine and become a dentist, but according to his application to Lincoln University, Marshall said his goal was to become a lawyer. Among his classmates were poet Langston Hughes and musician Cab Calloway, initially he did not take his studies seriously, and was suspended twice for hazing and pranks against fellow students. He was not politically active at first, becoming a star of the debating team, in his freshman year he opposed the integration of African-American professors at the university. Hughes described Marshall as rough and ready and wrong, in his second year Marshall participated in a sit-in protest against segregation at a local movie theater. In that year, he was initiated as a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, Marshall wanted to study in his hometown law school, the University of Maryland School of Law, but did not apply because of the schools segregation policy. Marshall instead attended Howard University School of Law, where he worked harder than he had at Lincoln, in 1933, he graduated first in his class at Howard.
After graduating from law school, Marshall started a law practice in Baltimore. He began his 25-year affiliation with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1934 by representing the organization in the law school discrimination suit Murray v. Pearson, in 1936, Marshall became part of the national staff of the NAACP. In Murray v. Black students in Maryland wanting to study law had to attend segregated establishments, Morgan College, whatever system is adopted for legal education must furnish equality of treatment now. At the age of 32, Marshall won U. S. Supreme Court case Chambers v. Florida,309 U. S.227 and that same year, he founded and became the executive director of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. In total, Marshall won 29 out of the 32 cases he argued before the Supreme Court, during the 1950s, Thurgood Marshall developed a friendly relationship with J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In 1956, for example, he privately praised Hoovers campaign to discredit T. R.
M, Howard, a maverick civil rights leader from Mississippi
3.
Equal Protection Clause
The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The meaning of the Equal Protection Clause has been the subject of much debate and this clause was the basis for Brown v. The Equal Protection Clause itself applies only to state and local governments, the Supreme Court held in Bolling v. Sharpe that equal protection requirements apply to the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Before and during the Civil War, the Southern states violated the rights of speech of pro-Union citizens, anti-slavery advocates. During the Civil War, the Southern states stripped many white citizens of their citizenship and banished them from the states. Shortly after the Union victory in the American Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment was proposed by Congress and ratified by the states in 1865, many ex-Confederate states adopted Black Codes following the war.
These laws severely restricted the rights of blacks to hold property, including property and many forms of personal property. These codes created harsher criminal penalties for blacks than for whites, because of the inequality these Black Codes imposed, Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1866. This Act provided that all born in the United States were citizens. Full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, president Andrew Johnson Vetoed the Civil Rights bill of 1866 amid concerns that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to pass such a law. Such doubts were one factor that led Congress to begin to draft, Congress wanted to protect white Unionists who were under personal and legal attack in the former Confederacy. The effort was led by the Radical Republicans of both houses of Congress, including John Bingham, Charles Sumner, and Thaddeus Stevens, the most important among these, was Bingham, a Congressman from Ohio, who drafted the language of the Equal Protection Clause.
The Southern states were opposed to the Civil Rights Act, but in 1865 Congress, exercising its power under Article I, section 5, clause 1 of the Constitution, to be the Judge of the. Qualifications of its own Members, had excluded Southerners from Congress, declaring that their states, having rebelled against the Union, could therefore not elect members to Congress. It was this fact that the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted by a rump Congress—that allowed the Equal Protection Clause to be passed by Congress. Its ratification by the former Confederate states was made a condition of their reacceptance into the Union, during the debate in Congress, more than one version of the clause was considered. Here is the first version, The Congress shall have power to all laws which shall be necessary
4.
Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution.
The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v.
Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
5.
African Americans
African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens.
The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain.
An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
6.
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital.
Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo.
Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men
7.
Julius Waties Waring
Julius Waties Waring was a United States federal judge who played an important role in the early legal battles of the American Civil Rights Movement. Waring was born in Charleston, South Carolina, to Edward Perry Waring and he graduated second in his class with an A. B. from College of Charleston in 1900. He married his first wife, Annie Gammel, in 1913 and their only daughter was Anne Waring Warren, who died without children. The couple moved into a house at 61 Meeting St. in 1915, Waring became an assistant United States attorney and lead counsel of the City of Charleston in 1930 under Mayor Burnet R. Maybank. Later, Waring founded a law firm with D. A. Brockington and he served as a Federal Judge assigned to the US District Court in Charleston, South Carolina, from 1942 to 1952 and heard several pivotal civil rights cases. He had been nominated to the bench by President Franklin Roosevelt and was supported by the establishment of Charleston. After divorcing his first wife and marrying the Northern socialite Elizabeth Avery, speaking at a Harlem church, he proclaimed, The cancer of segregation will never be cured by the sedative of gradualism.
He is buried in the Waring family plot at Magnolia Cemetery in Charleston, Waring read law in 1901 and passed the South Carolina bar exam in 1902. He was in practice of law in Charleston from 1902 to 1942. He served as the City Attorney for Charleston from 1933 to 1942, in 1938, he served as the campaign manager for Democratic Senator Ellison D. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 20,1942 and he served as chief judge from 1948 to 1952 and assumed senior status on February 15,1952. As chief, Waring ended segregated seating in the courtroom and chose a black bailiff, the case was presided over by Waring, but by all accounts the trial was a travesty. The local U. S. Attorney charged with handling the case failed to interview anyone except the bus driver, the behavior of the defense was no better. The defense attorney at one point told the jury if you rule against Shull, let this South Carolina secede again. The jury found Shull not guilty on all charges. in submitting that disgraceful case and that ruling was made from the bench, so there is no written opinion.
However, Judge Waring referred to his decision when he decided a related case in 1947. Wrighten, that the open a black law school or that the white law school at USC be closed. His ruling was not novel, but merely in accordance with the United States Supreme Courts 1938 decision in Missouri ex rel, Judge Waring opened the all-white Democratic Primary in South Carolina with his rulings in Elmore v. Rice and Brown v. Baskin
8.
Tom C. Clark
Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on September 23,1899, the son of Virginia Maxey, and William Henry Clark. His parents had moved from Mississippi to Texas, his father became the youngest man ever elected president of the Texas Bar Association to that time. Young Tom attended the public schools including Dallas High School and received honors for debate and oratory. He attended the Virginia Military Institute for a year, in 1918 Clark volunteered to serve in World War I with the U. S. Army, but his weight was too low. However, the Texas National Guard accepted him, and he served as an infantryman, after the war ended, Clark enrolled at the University of Texas at Austin, receiving an A. B. degree in 1921. He began studies and received a law degree from the University of Texas School of Law. He was a brother of Delta Tau Delta fraternity, and served as their international president, upon admission to the Texas bar, Clark set up a law practice in his home town from 1922 to 1937. He left private practice to serve Dallas as civil district attorney from 1927 to 1932 and he resumed his private practice for four years.
Clark, a Democrat, joined the Justice Department in 1937 as an assistant to the U. S. attorney general. He moved to the antitrust division, run by legendary trust-buster Thurman Arnold, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor the following year, Clark was named by Attorney General Francis Biddle as the Civilian Coordinator of the Alien Enemy Control Program. Clark was appointed to head up a new War Frauds unit created to investigate and prosecute corruption by government contractors, during this period he worked closely with, and befriended Harry Truman, whose Truman Committee was investigating war frauds. One, William Colepaugh, was an American citizen, while the other, the prosecution took place before a military tribunal on Governor’s Island in New York, only the third such military trial in the nation’s history. Media coverage of Clark’s nomination was generally favorable, and reflected the strength of Clark’s legal and political skills, as a short article in Life Magazine stated, “He is a good prosecutor and good lawyer, but most of all he is a thorough politician. ”.
As attorney general, Clark initially continued to focus a good deal of the energy on prosecuting war fraud crimes. Clark and the White House challenged John Lewis, the head of the United Mine Workers union, Clark played an important role in support of President Truman’s pioneering efforts in civil rights, helping to bring the power of the federal government behind civil rights enforcement. The most important of the briefs he filed was in Shelley v. Kraemer, Clark helped guide the creation of a presidentially established committee on civil rights. The report had an important and lasting influence on civil rights providing, as Tom Clark said, important early anti-Communist cases during his tenure include the Smith Act and Hiss-Chambers cases. Clarks anti-communist efforts emphasized the promotion of the values of democracy, including the Bill of Rights, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the Mayflower Compact
9.
Sherman Minton
Sherman Shay Minton was a Democratic United States Senator from Indiana and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. After attending college and law school, he served as a captain in World War I, following which he launched a legal and political career. In 1930, after multiple failed attempts, and serving as a regional leader in the American Legion. Four years later, Minton was elected to the United States Senate, during the campaign, he defended New Deal legislation in a series of addresses in which he suggested it was not necessary to uphold the Constitution during the Great Depression crisis. Mintons campaign was denounced by his opponents, and he received more widespread criticism for an address that became known as the You Cannot Eat the Constitution speech. As part of the New Deal Coalition, the fiercely partisan Minton championed President Franklin D. Roosevelts unsuccessful court packing plans in the Senate and became one of his top Senate allies. After Minton failed in his 1940 Senate re-election bid, Roosevelt appointed him as a judge to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.
After Roosevelts death, President Harry Truman, who had developed a friendship with Minton during their time together in the Senate. He was confirmed by the Senate on October 4,1949, by a vote of 48 to 16,15 Republicans and he served on the Supreme Court for seven years. In 1956, poor health forced Mintons retirement, after which he traveled and lectured until his death in 1965, historians note the unusual contrast between his role as a partisan liberal Senator and his role as a conservative jurist. They attribute his shift in position as a reaction to the relationship between the New Deal senators and the conservative 1930s Court, which ruled much of the New Deal legislation unconstitutional. When Minton became a Supreme Court Justice, the Senate had become more conservative, as a Justice, Minton frequently played the role of peace-maker and consensus builder during a period when the Court was riven with feuds. He generally ruled in favor of order over freedom as a result of his interpretation of governmental powers.
These rulings and their limited impact lead some historians to have an opinion of his judicial record. Other historians point out Mintons strong commitment to his principles as a valuable attribute. In 1962, the Sherman Minton Bridge in southern Indiana and the Minton-Capehart Federal Building in Indianapolis were named in his honor, Sherman Minton was born on October 20,1890, to John Evan and Emma Livers Minton, in their Georgetown, home. He was the third of the five children and was nicknamed Shay because of his younger brothers inability to properly pronounce Sherman. Mintons paternal grandfather, Jonathan Minton, was killed during the American Civil War, Minton received his basic education in a two-room schoolhouse in Georgetown, which he attended through eighth grade
10.
Modjeska Monteith Simkins
Modjeska Monteith Simkins was an important leader of African-American public health reform, social reform and the Civil Rights Movement in South Carolina. Modjeska Monteith was born on December 5,1899, in Columbia and her father, Henry Clarence Montieth, worked as a brick mason, and her mother was Rachel Evelyn Hall. Modjeska lived on a farm near Columbia and attended school, high school and Benedict College. The same year, she began teaching at Booker T. Washington High School, because public schools in Columbia did not allow married women to teach, she was asked to resign when she married Andrew Whitfield Simkins in December 1929. For decades prior to the 1930s, southern racism and poverty had created an increase in deaths among African Americans due to tuberculosis, pellagra. By creating alliances with white and African-American groups and raising funds. In 1942, Simkins lost her position with the Tuberculosis Association, in 1939, when the South Carolina NAACP was formed, Simkins was already a member of the executive board of the local Columbia NAACP branch and the chair of its program committee.
Simkins became one of the founders of the conference, elected to the first executive board. In 1941, she was elected Secretary of the state conference, during her tenure as Secretary, her work helped the state move towards racial equality. From 1943 to 1945, she was instrumental in gaining approval and support for teacher equalization lawsuits in Sumter, South Carolina. Perhaps her most significant work took place in 1950 with the South Carolina federal court case of Briggs v. Elliott, board of Education in Topeka in 1954. Because her activism was at times controversial, her life and home became targets of violence, an unknown person shot at her house during the time she was active with the NAACP. In the late 1950s, many began to accuse Simkins of being a communist, some of her friends were members of the American Communist Party, and she was accused of subversive activities by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the House Un-American Activities Committee. Furthermore, accusations against civil rights activists for being communists intensified after the Brown decision was passed down, in 1957, Simkins was not nominated as a candidate for secretary by the Nominations Committee of the South Carolina NAACP.
It was the first time in sixteen years that she did not get nominated, some NAACP officials have suggested that her associations with communists and supposedly subversive groups were the cause of this. She remained active for years in the Southern Conference Educational Fund. Simkins was able to serve in positions that were traditionally unavailable to women in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1981, she was honored by a coalition of rights groups
11.
Fred M. Vinson
Frederick Fred Moore Vinson was an American politician who served the United States in all three branches of government and was the most prominent member of the Vinson political family. In the legislative branch, he was an member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisa, Kentucky. In the executive branch, he was Secretary of the Treasury under President Harry S. Truman, in the judicial branch, President Truman appointed Vinson the 13th Chief Justice of the United States in 1946. To date, he is the last candidate nominated by a president from the Democratic Party to be confirmed as Chief Justice. As a child he would help his father in the jail, Vinson worked odd jobs while in school. He graduated from Kentucky Normal School in 1908 and enrolled at Centre College, while at Centre, he was a member of the Kentucky Alpha Delta chapter of Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He became a lawyer in Louisa, a town of 2,500 residents. He first ran for and was elected to office as the City Attorney of Louisa and he joined the Army during World War I.
Following the war, he was elected as the Commonwealths Attorney for the Thirty-Second Judicial District of Kentucky, Vinson married Julia Roberta Dixon on January 24,1924 in Ashland, Kentucky. In 1924, he ran in an election for his districts seat in Congress after William J. Fields resigned to become the governor of Kentucky. Vinson was elected as a Democrat and was reelected twice before losing in 1928 and his loss was attributed to his refusal to dissociate his campaign from Alfred E. Smiths presidential campaign. When the position of the American Medical Association on the measure was questioned, while he was in Congress he befriended Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman, a friendship that would last throughout his life. He soon became an advisor, card player. Vinsons Congressional service ended after he was nominated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on November 26,1937, Roosevelt wanted him to fill a seat vacated by Charles H. Robb on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Vinson was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 9,1937, while he was there, he was designated by Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone on March 2,1942, as chief judge of the United States Emergency Court of Appeals. He served here until his resignation on May 27,1943 and he resigned from the bench to become Director of the Office of Economic Stabilization, an executive agency charged with fighting inflation. He spent time as Federal Loan Administrator and director of War Mobilization and Reconversion and he was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury by President Truman and served from July 23,1945, to June 23,1946. Before the war ended, Vinson directed the last of the great war-bond drives, in order to encourage private investment in postwar America, he promoted a tax cut in the Revenue Act of 1945
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