1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Bob Dylan
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Bob Dylan is an American songwriter, singer, painter, and writer. He has been influential in music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s, when his songs chronicled social unrest, early songs such as Blowin in the Wind and The Times They Are a-Changin became anthems for the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war movement. Leaving behind his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single Like a Rolling Stone, recorded in 1965, Dylans lyrics incorporate a wide range of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture, initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, Dylan has amplified and personalized musical genres. Dylan performs with guitar, keyboards, and harmonica, backed by a changing lineup of musicians, he has toured steadily since the late 1980s on what has been dubbed the Never Ending Tour. His accomplishments as a recording artist and performer have been central to his career, since 1994, Dylan has published seven books of drawings and paintings, and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries. As a musician, Dylan has sold more than 100 million records and he has also received numerous awards including eleven Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award. Dylan has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Minnesota Music Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2008 awarded him a citation for his profound impact on popular music and American culture. In May 2012, Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, in 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition. Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in St. Marys Hospital on May 24,1941, in Duluth, Minnesota and he has a younger brother, David. Dylans paternal grandparents, Zigman and Anna Zimmerman, emigrated from Odessa, in the Russian Empire and his maternal grandparents, Ben and Florence Stone, were Lithuanian Jews who arrived in the United States in 1902. Dylans father, Abram Zimmerman – an electric-appliance shop owner – and mother, Beatrice Beatty Stone, were part of a small, close-knit Jewish community. They lived in Duluth until Robert was six, when his father had polio and the returned to his mothers hometown, Hibbing. In his early years he listened to the radio—first to blues and country stations from Shreveport, Louisiana, and later and he formed several bands while attending Hibbing High School. In the Golden Chords, he performed covers of songs by Little Richard and their performance of Danny & the Juniors Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone. In 1959, his high school yearbook carried the caption Robert Zimmerman, the same year, as Elston Gunnn, he performed two dates with Bobby Vee, playing piano and clapping
3.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
4.
CBS Studio Building
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It is currently owned by the Fisher Brothers who converted it to an office building in conjunction with construction of the 45-story Park Avenue Plaza to its east. It was built in 1908 as a guest house for the Vanderbilts who had a home a block away at Fifth Avenue and it was designed by Warren & Wetmore. In 1924 the Vanderbilts sold it to the Juilliard Musical Foundation where it became Juilliards first graduate school, Arthur Godfrey broadcast from Studio 21 in the building and had his main office there. From 1974 until 1982, CBS Radio Mystery Theatre originated in Studio 27, with the advent of television, large radio studios that could accommodate audiences were no longer needed. The facility became recording studios for Columbia Records, frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Leonard Cohen, Bob Dylan, and Paul Simon recorded music there. The facility contained Columbias Studio B on the floor and Studio E on the sixth floor. Radio operations moved to the CBS Broadcast Center at 524 West 57th Street, in 1979 the Fisher Brothers acquired the building in conjunction with construction of the Park Avenue Plaza building to its east. In 1988 the building was leased to Sony, a Duane Reade store opened on the ground level and for several years CBS used the space as offices. In 1995 Fisher undid the 1930s Art Moderne style, replacing the windows, CBS 30th Street Studio Cogan, Jim, Clark, William, Temples of sound, inside the great recording studios, San Francisco, Chronicle Books,2003. Cf. chapter on Columbia Studios, pp. 181–192
5.
Folk rock
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It has also been influential in those parts of the world with close cultural connections to Britain and gave rise to the genre of folk punk. By the 1980s the genre was in decline in popularity. When English bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s defined themselves as electric folk they were making a distinction with the existing folk rock. Folk rock was what they had already been producing, American or American style singer-songwriter material played on instruments, as undertaken by Bob Dylan. They drew the distinction because they were focusing on indigenous songs, the result of this hybridisation was an exchange of specific features drawn from Traditional music and Rock music. For example, electric folk groups, while using traditional material as their source for lyrics and tunes. In the same year, The Beatles began incorporating overt folk influences into their music, the Beatles and other British Invasion bands, in turn, influenced the Californian band The Byrds, who began playing folk-influenced material and Bob Dylan compositions with rock instrumentation. The Byrds recording of Dylans Mr Tambourine Man was released in April 1965 and reached #1 on the U. S. and UK singles charts, setting off the mid-1960s folk rock movement. The Beatles late 1965 album, Rubber Soul, contained a number of songs clearly influenced by the American folk rock boom, such as Nowhere Man and If I Needed Someone. Folk rock became an important genre among emerging English bands, particularly those in the London club scene towards the end of the 1960s. Like the American revival, it was often overtly left wing in its politics, most important among their responses were the foundation of folk clubs in major towns, starting with London where MacColl began the Ballads and Blues Club in 1953. These clubs were usually urban in location, but the songs sung in them often hearkened back to a rural pre-industrial past, in many ways this was the adoption of abandoned popular music by the middle classes. This meant that there were, by the later 1960s, a group of performers with musical skill and knowledge of a variety of traditional songs. The result was an interpretation of the song A Sailors Life. The rapid expansion of electric folk that followed in the wake of Liege, five Hand Reel a band formed out of the remnants of Spencers Feat proved to be one of the more successful and influential folk rock bands. Releasing 4 albums with Topic/RCA records they were popular in Europe. He then quit that and eventually formed the Albion Country Band, later the Albion Band, a much smaller group of English bands were formed in emulation of existing electric rock bands. Fiddlers Dram were often dismissed as one hit wonders for their single Day Trip to Bangor, most of their career, from that point until they disbanded in 1979, was one of declining profile and sales
6.
Contemporary folk music
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Contemporary folk music refers to a wide variety of genres that emerged in the mid 20th century which were associated with traditional folk music. Starting in the century a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. The most common name for new form of music is also folk music. This type of music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, electric folk. One of the earliest figures in this revival was Woody Guthrie, in the United Kingdom, the folk revival fostered a generation of singer-songwriters such as Donovan, who achieved initial prominence in the 1960s. The folk revival spawned Canadas first true wave of successful artists such as Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Joni Mitchell. Major performers who emerged from the 1940s to the early 1960s included Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, the mid-1960s through the early 1970s was associated with large musical, political, lifestyle, and counterculture changes. Folk music underwent a rapid evolution, expansion and diversification at that same time. During this period, the term protest music was used to characterize folk music with topical political themes. The Canadian performers Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Bruce Cockburn and Joni Mitchell represented such fusions, the late 1960s saw the advent of electric folk groups, a form of folk rock. Starting in the 1970s folk music was fueled by new singer-songwriters such as Joni Mitchell and John Denver. Other subgenres of folk include anti folk, folk punk, indie folk, folktronica, freak folk and Americana and fusion genres such as metal, progressive folk, psychedelic folk. Definitions of contemporary music are generally vague and variable. Here, it is taken to all music that is called folk that is not traditional music. According to Hugh Blumenfeld, for the American folk scene, This is the use of the term contemporary folk music. Nueva canción, an evolution of a new form of socially committed music, occurred in several Spanish-speaking countries. Contemporary country music descends ultimately from a rural American folk tradition, bluegrass music is a professional development of American old time music, intermixed with blues and jazz
7.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
8.
Tom Wilson (record producer)
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Thomas Blanchard Tom Wilson Jr. Wilson was born on March 25,1931 to Thomas Blanchard and Fannie Odessa Wilson. He grew up in Waco, Texas, where he attended A. J. Moore High School and he was known by his initials, T. B. in his youth. On graduating from Harvard, he borrowed $900 to set up Transition Records, having a goal in mind of setting up a record label and recording the most advanced jazz musicians of the day. The label released about a dozen albums, including Sun Ras Jazz By Sun Ra, which was Ras first LP, and the album Jazz Advance by Cecil Taylor, Transition also released the first sessions led by Doug Watkins, Donald Byrd, and Herb Pomeroy. The label went bankrupt in 1957 and the catalog was sold off to the Blue Note, Wilsons work with Transition Records helped him obtain a job with United Artists Records in 1957. He went on to work as a producer for jazz labels, including Savoy Records. Wilson also produced the four tracks Dylan recorded for The Freewheelin Bob Dylan. Wilson produced Simon & Garfunkels 1964 debut LP Wednesday Morning,3 A. M. which included The Sound of Silence, Simon and Garfunkel, who had already split, re-united after the hit and went on to greater success. After working with Wilson, both Dylan and Simon & Garfunkel worked with another Columbia staff producer, Bob Johnston, who produced albums for both acts. In 1966, Wilson signed the Mothers of Invention to Verve Records and was credited as producer on the seminal debut album Freak Out. Although it is believed that Frank Zappa, the leader of the group. Also in 1966, after the Animals split from producer Mickie Most, Wilson became their producer, Wilson also produced the Velvet Underground, featuring Lou Reed and John Cale. Another of Wilsons Verve production credits was the Blues Projects first studio album Projections featuring Al Kooper as vocalist, Wilson co-produced the Soft Machines eponymous first album with Chas Chandler in 1968. Wilson was an important producer of the 1960s and he has been said to have had the skill of putting the right people together for the right projects. Wilson made an important contribution to Dylans rock and roll sound, in the 1969 Rolling Stone Interview, Jann Wenner asked, Theres been some articles on Wilson and he says that hes the one that gave you the rock and roll sound. He did to a certain extent, Frank Zappa paid this tribute, Tom Wilson was a great guy. And he really stood by us, I remember the first thing that we recorded was Any Way the Wind Blows, and that was okay. Then we did Who Are the Brain Police, and I saw him through the glass and he was on the phone immediately to New York going, I dont know
9.
Another Side of Bob Dylan
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Another Side of Bob Dylan is the fourth studio album by American singer and songwriter Bob Dylan, released on August 8,1964 by Columbia Records. The album deviates from the socially conscious style which Dylan had developed with his previous LP. The change prompted criticism from some figures in the folk community – Sing Out. Editor Irwin Silber complained that Dylan had somehow lost touch with people and was caught up in the paraphernalia of fame, despite the albums thematic shift, Dylan performed the entirety of Another Side of Bob Dylan as he had previous records – solo. In addition to his acoustic guitar and harmonica, Dylan provides piano on one selection. Another Side of Bob Dylan reached No.43 in the US, throughout 1963, Dylan worked on a novel and a play. A number of publishers were interested in signing Dylan to a contract, however, as Dylan worked on his book at a casual pace, his manager, Albert Grossman, decided to make a deal with a major publisher. Macmillans senior editor, Bob Markel, said, We gave an advance for a book of writings … The publisher was taking a risk on a young. When Markel met with Dylan for the first time, there was no book at the time … The material at that point was hazy, the poetry editor called it inaccessible. It would be years before Dylan finished his book, but the free form poetry experiments that came from it eventually influenced his songwriting, the most notable example came in a six-line coda to a poem responding to President John F. In February 1964, Dylan embarked on a trip across the United States. Riding in a wagon with a few friends, Dylan began the trip in New York. We talked to people in bars, miners, Dylan would later say, talking to people – thats where its at, man. According to Heylin, the motivation for this trip was to find enough inspiration to step beyond the folk-song form, if not in the bars, or from the miners. Dylan spent much time in the back of the wagon, working on songs. It was during this trip that Dylan composed Chimes of Freedom, Mr. Tambourine Man was also composed during this trip. It was also during this trip that the Beatles arrived in America and their first visit to the United States remains a touchstone in American culture. Maymudes recalled how Dylan nearly jumped out the car when I Wanna Hold Your Hand came on the radio and his comments, and how Dylan seemed lost in thought replaying the record over in his head
10.
Highway 61 Revisited
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Highway 61 Revisited is the sixth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. It was released on August 30,1965, by Columbia Records, having until then recorded mostly acoustic music, Dylan used rock musicians as his backing band on every track of the album, except for the closing 11-minute ballad, Desolation Row. Author Michael Gray has argued that in an important sense the 1960s started with this album. Leading with the hit single Like a Rolling Stone, the album songs that Dylan has continued to perform live over his long career, including Ballad of a Thin Man. Highway 61 Revisited peaked at No.3 in the United States charts, the album was ranked No.4 on Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Like a Rolling Stone was a hit in several countries. Two other songs, Desolation Row and Highway 61 Revisited, were listed at No.187, I always felt like Id started on it, always had been on it and could go anywhere, even down in to the deep Delta country. It was the road, full of the same contradictions, the same one-horse towns. It was my place in the universe, always felt like it was in my blood. When he was growing up in the 1950s, Highway 61 stretched from the Canada–US border through Duluth, where Dylan was born, and St. Paul all the way down to New Orleans. Along the way, the route passed near the birthplaces and homes of influential musicians such as Muddy Waters, Son House, the empress of the blues, Bessie Smith, died after sustaining serious injuries in an automobile accident on Highway 61. Critic Mark Polizzotti points out that blues legend Robert Johnson is alleged to have sold his soul to the devil at the crossroads with Route 49. The highway had also been the subject of blues recordings, notably Roosevelt Sykes Highway 61 Blues. Dylan has stated that he had to overcome considerable resistance at Columbia Records to give the album its title and he told biographer Robert Shelton, I wanted to call that album Highway 61 Revisited. I had to go up the ladder until finally the word came down and said. Many bluesmen had been there before, all recording versions of a blues called Highway 61, in May 1965, Dylan returned from his tour of England feeling exhausted and dissatisfied with his material. He told journalist Nat Hentoff, I was going to quit singing, the singer added, Its very tiring having other people tell you how much they dig you if you yourself dont dig you. As a consequence of his dissatisfaction, Dylan wrote 20 pages of verse he later described as a piece of vomit
11.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
12.
Subterranean Homesick Blues
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Subterranean Homesick Blues is a song by Bob Dylan, recorded on January 14,1965, and released as a single by Columbia Records, catalogue number 43242, on March 8. It was the track on the album Bringing It All Back Home. It was Dylans first Top 40 hit in the United States and it also entered the Top 10 on the singles chart in the United Kingdom. The song has subsequently reissued on numerous compilations, the first being the 1967 singles compilation Bob Dylans Greatest Hits. One of Dylans first electric recordings, Subterranean Homesick Blues is also notable for its innovative film clip, an acoustic version of the song, recorded the day before the single, was released on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 1961–1991. Subterranean Homesick Blues is an amalgam of Jack Kerouac, the Woody Guthrie–Pete Seeger song Taking It Easy, in 2004, Dylan said, Its from Chuck Berry, a bit of Too Much Monkey Business and some of the scat songs of the 40s. Dylan has also stated that when he attended the University of Minnesota in 1959, he fell under the influence of the Beat scene, It was Jack Kerouac, Ginsberg, Corso and Ferlinghetti. Kerouacs The Subterraneans, a novel published in 1958 about the Beats, has suggested as a possible inspiration for the songs title. The songs first line is a reference to codeine distillation and the politics of the time, the song also depicts some of the growing conflicts between straights or squares and the emerging counterculture of the 1960s. According to rock journalist Andy Gill, an entire generation recognized the zeitgeist in the whirlwind of Subterranean Homesick Blues. The song also refers to the surrounding the American civil rights movement. The song was Dylans first Top 40 hit in the United States, listed by Rolling Stone magazine as the 332nd Greatest Song of All Time, Subterranean Homesick Blues has had a wide influence, resulting in iconic references by artists and non-artists alike. John Lennon was reported to find the song so captivating that he did not know how he would be able to write a song that could compete with it. The group Firehose took its name from another of the songs enigmatic warnings, in addition, the opening of the last verse, Ah get born, keep warm, provided the Australian garage rock band Jet with the title of their debut album Get Born. It was also the basis for the title of the episode of Law & Orders premiere season. In the 1980s sitcom Murphy Brown, a flashback sequence shows Brown, in order to prove to one another their genuine counterculture credentials from the mid-1960s, they join in a challenge duet of the first verse of Subterranean Homesick Blues. Covers of the span a range of styles, including those by the reggae musician Gregory Isaacs on Is It Rolling Bob. The song was covered by Alanis Morissette when she stood in for Dylan at his 2005 induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame
13.
She Belongs to Me
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She Belongs to Me is a song by Bob Dylan, and was first released as the second track on his 1965 album Bringing It All Back Home. It was one of the first anti-love songs and one of Dylans first of many songs that describe a witchy woman. The song may be about a girlfriend, Suze Rotolo, or fellow folk singer Joan Baez, contemporary siren Nico, or Sara Lownds. The version of the song appears on Bringing It All Back Home was recorded on the afternoon of January 14,1965. Dylan performed it with the band that accompanied him on the songs on side one of the album. Different versions of the song were recorded during the January 1965 sessions for Bringing It All Back Home, like the other love song on side one, Love Minus Zero/No Limit, She Belongs to Me had been recorded on January 13,1965, in acoustic versions. 7, No Direction Home, The Soundtrack, the January 13 recordings and a first take from January 14 were released on the 6-disc and 18-disc versions of The Bootleg Series Vol.12, The Cutting Edge 1965–1966 in 2015. The title of the song is ironic, the singer clearly belongs to the woman described in the song, and that woman belongs to no one, as suggested by the lyric Shes nobodys child, the law cant touch her at all. The lyrics describe how the woman cuts her man down to size but leaves him proud to serve her, as he bow down to her on Sunday, other lines celebrate the womans assertiveness and moral conviction as the singers tone alternates between devotion and contempt. The lyrics may refer to Suze Rotolo, Dylans girlfriend from July 1961 to early 1964 and their relationship failed to survive the abortion, Dylans affair with Joan Baez and the hostility of the Rotolo family. Suze moved into her sisters apartment in August 1963 and she and Dylan broke up in 1964, in circumstances which Dylan described in his Ballad in Plain D. Twenty years later, he apologized for the song, saying, I look back at that particular one and say, of all the songs Ive written, maybe I could have left that alone. Some of the lyrics appear to refer to Dylans former lover, folk singer Joan Baez, particularly the line about the wearing a Egyptian ring. Other lines that may refer to Baez are a line describing her as an artist and a reference to being a walking antique, which may be a reference to Baez desire to keep Dylan writing protest songs. John Cale of the Velvet Underground has stated that he believes the song to be about Nico, an alternate interpretation of the song is that it is a paean to Dylans muse, depicting it as unapproachable but domineering. The song She Belongs To Me was written in 1965, the year Bob Dylan married Shirley Noznisky and he adopted her three year old daughter Maria in 1965. When the song was new most people assumed it was about Maria, given the lyrics, any bitterness in the lyrics is offset by the gentleness of Dylans singing and the delicacy of the accompaniment. The song is in a symmetrical 12-bar blues form, the song, first released on Bringing It All Back Home in 1965, has been subsequently released on several Dylan compilation and live albums, including Bob Dylans Greatest Hits Vol. II in 1971
14.
Maggie's Farm
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Maggies Farm is a song written by Bob Dylan, recorded on January 15,1965, and released on the album Bringing It All Back Home on March 22 of that year. Like many other Dylan songs of the 1965–66 period, Maggies Farm is based in electric blues and it was released as a single in the United Kingdom on June 4,1965, and peaked at #22 on the chart. The lyrics of the song follow a straightforward blues structure, with the line of each verse sung twice. The third to fifth lines of each verse elaborate on and explain the sentiment expressed in the verses opening/closing lines, on the other hand, this biographical context provides only one of many lenses through which to interpret the text. While some may see Maggies Farm as a repudiation of the tradition associated with folk music. We are told, for example, that the National Guard stands around the door. The farm that Dylan sings of can in this case easily represent racism, state oppression, in fact this theme of capitalist exploitation came to be seen by some as the major theme of the song. In this interpretation, Maggies Farm is the industrial complex. The common thread is that Dylan is pointing the finger of refusal, Maggies Farm is described by critic Bill Wyman in Salon. com as a loping, laconic look at the service industry. However, Allmusics William Ruhlmann also notes that in between the absurdities, the songwriter describes what sound like real problems. I got a full of ideas/That are drivin me insane, he sings in the first verse. In the last verse, he sings, I try my best/To be just like I am/But everybody wants you/To be just like them, one of the critical responses to the song, favored by many contemporary fans, is that of film director Todd Haynes. In his Dylan biopic Im Not There, the song debuts at the Newport Folk Festival, with Dylan, at the conclusion of the performance, Haynes Dylan declares to a cartoonish folk-protest audience, Im sorry for everything Ive done, and I hope to remedy it soon. The festivals production manager Joe Boyd claimed that that first note of Maggies Farm was the loudest thing anybody had ever heard and it is still unknown what exactly was the biggest source of the controversy, with accounts of the event differing from individual to individual. Though Dylans move from acoustic folk to electric rock had been extremely controversial and he was singing Maggies Farm and you couldnt understand a word because the mic was distorting his voice. I ran to the desk and said, Fix the sound. The guy said No, this is what the people want. And I did say that if I had an axe Id cut the cable, but I wanted to hear the words
15.
Gates of Eden (song)
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Gates of Eden is a song by Bob Dylan that appears on his fifth studio album Bringing It All Back Home, released on March 22,1965 by Columbia Records. It was also released as a single as the B-side of Like a Rolling Stone, Dylan plays the song solo, accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and harmonica. It is considered one of Dylans most surreal songs, in a 2005 Mojo magazine poll of its writers and various well-known musicians, Gates of Eden was ranked 76th among Dylans 100 greatest songs. According to Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin, Gates of Eden was written in late June or July 1964, in the draft, eight of the songs nine verses are complete and only two lines were revised for the final version. Tambourine Man, Its Alright, Ma and Its All Over Now, the songs dream imagery is reminiscent of William Blakes images in The Gates of Paradise and The Keys of the Gates. The abstract poetry inspires a nightmarish vision, each verse provides a separate description of a decaying society. Although the songs title seems to provide hope of paradise, there is no paradise in the place this song describes, rather, the imagery evokes corruption and decay. Dylans ominous delivery of the last line of verse followed by a sour harmonica note emphasizes that this Eden cannot be reached. Oliver Trager interprets Gates of Eden as Dylans declaration that blind belief in an afterlife is the ultimate lie because it creates complacency in this one. Music critic Robert Shelton has an interpretation, that belief in life after death without worry or care is the ultimate myth because it takes us past the ugliness in life. Carolyn Bliss has noted about the song that Eden is inside, any other paradise is a sham, and pursuit of it potentially deadly to the spirit. The lyrics describe others besides the narrator who are searching for truth in this false paradise, but the experiences that the characters endure are rendered meaningless at the end of each verse by the inevitable specter of the Gates of Eden. In the first verse, an angel riding on the clouds searches for the sun using a black wax candle. In the second verse, the cry of babies longing for the silence of Eden is shrouded by the industrialized city, in the third verse, a savage soldier sticks his head in the sand like an ostrich and waits with a deaf hunter for the mythical ship to Eden. In the fourth verse, Aladdin with his lamp and monks riding on the Golden Calf promise paradise. The fifth verse describes Marxists philosophizing and waiting for kings to succeed each other, while their intended audience ignores them, in verse six, a motorcycle hipster torments his opposite, a midget businessman, as vultures look on. Although both the hipster and the businessman are concerned with sin, there are no sins in death or in Eden, in the eighth verse, people attempt to change their fates, but it is all futile once they get to Eden. 6, Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall, in his introduction to the song at this performance, Dylan described the song as a sacrilegious lullaby in D minor and as a love song
16.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
17.
Protest song
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A protest song is a song that is associated with a movement for social change and hence part of the broader category of topical songs. It may be folk, classical, or commercial in genre, Protest songs are frequently situational, having been associated with a social movement through context. Goodnight Irene, for example, acquired the aura of a protest song because it was written by Lead Belly, a black convict and social outcast, although on its face it is a love song. Or they may be abstract, expressing, in general terms, opposition to injustice and support for peace, or free thought. Beethovens Ode to Joy, a song in support of universal brotherhood, is a song of this kind and it is a setting of a poem by Schiller celebrating the continuum of living beings, to which Beethoven himself added the lines that all men are brothers. Songs which support the status quo do not qualify as protest songs, Protest song texts may have significant cognitive content. The labor movement musical Pins and Needles summed up the definition of a protest song in a number called Sing Me a Song of Social Significance, Phil Ochs once explained, A protest song is a song thats so specific that you cannot mistake it for BS. There is no evidence that it was sung as a movement song. A more recent song advocating sexual liberation is Sexo by Los Prisioneros, reggae* music, originating in Jamaica, has become a major global form of protest song on a wide variety of themes. The sociologist R. Serge Denisoff saw protest songs rather narrowly in terms of their function, Denisoff saw the protest song tradition as originating in the psalms or songs of grass-roots Protestant religious revival movements, terming these hymns protest-propaganda, as well. Denisoff subdivided protest songs as either magnetic or rhetorical, magnetic protest songs were aimed at attracting people to the movement and promoting group solidarity and commitment – for example, Eyes on the Prize and We Shall Overcome. Rhetorical protest songs, on the hand, are often characterized by individual indignation. Denisoff argued that although rhetorical songs often are not overtly connected to building a larger movement, examples include Bob Dylans Masters of War and Whats Going On by Marvin Gaye. They point out that Denisoff had paid attention to the song tunes of protest music, considered them strictly subordinate to the texts. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. described the songs this way. Raï has been music in Algeria, to the point of one popular singer being assassinated. According to Memi, It is a song against racism, so I wanted to sing it with a North African who was born in France Because of that and because of his talent, in the song, we say, In your eyes, I feel like foreigner. Its like the kids who were born in France but they have Arab faces and they are French, and they should be considered French
18.
Blowin' in the Wind
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Blowin in the Wind is a song written by Bob Dylan in 1962 and released as a single and on his album The Freewheelin Bob Dylan in 1963. Although it has described as a protest song, it poses a series of rhetorical questions about peace, war. In 1994, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, in 2004, it was ranked number 14 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Dylan originally wrote and performed a version of the song, its first public performance. Shortly after this performance, he added the verse to the song. The song was published for the first time in May 1962, in the issue of Broadside. Dylan was certainly familiar with Guthries work, his reading of it had been a turning point in his intellectual and political development. In June 1962, the song was published in Sing Out, accompanied by Dylans comments, There ain’t too much I can say about this song except that the answer is blowing in the wind. It aint in no book or movie or TV show or discussion group, man, its in the wind — and it’s blowing in the wind. Too many of hip people are telling me where the answer is. I still say its in the wind and just like a piece of paper its got to come down some. But the only trouble is no one picks up the answer when it comes down so not too many people get to see. I still say that some of the biggest criminals are those that turn their heads away when they see wrong, im only 21 years old and I know that theres been too many. You people over 21, youre older and smarter, Dylan recorded Blowin in the Wind on July 9,1962, for inclusion on his second album, The Freewheelin Bob Dylan, released in May 1963. According to Alan Lomaxs The Folk Songs of North America, the song originated in Canada and was sung by slaves who fled there after Britain abolished slavery in 1833. In 1978, Dylan acknowledged the source when he told journalist Marc Rowland, I took it off a song called No More Auction Block – thats a spiritual and Blowin in the Wind follows the same feeling. Dylans performance of No More Auction Block was recorded at the Gaslight Cafe in October 1962, the critic Michael Gray suggested that the lyric is an example of Dylans incorporation of Biblical rhetoric into his own style. They have eyes to see but see not, ears to hear, in Blowin in the Wind, Dylan transforms this into Yesn how many ears must one man have
19.
Woodstock, New York
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Woodstock is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States. The population was 5,884 at the 2010 census, down from 6,241 at the 2000 census, Woodstock is in the northern part of the county, northwest of Kingston, and lies within the borders of the Catskill Park. The first non-indigenous settler arrived around 1770, the Town of Woodstock was established in 1787. Later, Woodstock contributed some of its territory to form the towns of Middletown, Windham, Shandaken, Woodstock played host to numerous Hudson River School painters during the late 1800s. The Arts and Crafts Movement came to Woodstock in 1902, with the arrival of Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead, Bolton Brown and Hervey White, who formed the Byrdcliffe Colony. In 1906, L. Birge Harrison and others founded the Summer School of the Art Students League of New York in the area, ever since, Woodstock has been considered an active artists colony. From 1915 through 1931, Hervey Whites Maverick Art Colony held the Maverick Festivals, in hundreds of free spirits gathered each summer for music, art, theater. A series of Woodstock Sound-Outs were staged at Pan Copelands Farm just over the line in Saugerties from 1967 to 1970. These featured folk and rock acts like Richie Havens, Paul Butterfield, Dave van Ronk, Woodstock is also home to the Karma Triyana Dharmachakra Buddhist monastery, situated at the top of Meads Mountain Road. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 67.8 square miles, of which 67.3 square miles is land and 0.54 square miles. The north town line is the border of Greene County, as of the census of 2000, there were 6,241 people,2,946 households, and 1,626 families residing in the town. The population density was 92.5 people per square mile, there were 3,847 housing units at an average density of 57.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 25% White,1. 30% Black or African American,0. 21% Native American,1. 57% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 79% from other races, and 1. 87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 56% of the population,35. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the family size was 2.71. In the town, the population was out with 18. 0% under the age of 18,3. 7% from 18 to 24,23. 0% from 25 to 44,38. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 48 years, for every 100 females there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $49,217, and the median income for a family was $65,938
20.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
21.
Joan Baez
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Joan Chandos Baez is an American folk singer, songwriter, musician, and activist whose contemporary folk music often includes songs of protest or social justice. Baez has performed publicly for over 55 years, releasing over 30 albums, fluent in Spanish and English, she has recorded songs in at least six other languages. She is regarded as a singer, although her music has diversified since the counterculture days of the 1960s and now encompasses everything from folk rock and pop to country. In recent years, she has found success interpreting songs of modern songwriters such as Ryan Adams, Josh Ritter, Steve Earle and her recordings include many topical songs and material dealing with social issues. She began her career in 1960 and achieved immediate success. Her first three albums, Joan Baez, Joan Baez, Vol.2, and Joan Baez in Concert all achieved gold status and stayed on the Billboard. Songs of acclaim include Diamonds & Rust and covers of Phil Ochss There but for Fortune and she is also known for Farewell, Angelina, Love Is Just a Four-Letter Word, Forever Young, Joe Hill, Sweet Sir Galahad and We Shall Overcome. Baez will be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7,2017, Baez was born on Staten Island, New York, on January 9,1941. Joans grandfather, the Reverend Alberto Baez, left Catholicism to become a Methodist minister and her father, Albert Baez, was born in Puebla, Mexico and grew up in Brooklyn, New York, where his father preached to—and advocated for—a Spanish-speaking congregation. Albert first considered becoming a minister but instead he turned to the study of mathematics and physics, Albert was later credited as a co-inventor of the x-ray microscope. Baez, is a mathematical physicist, whom Albert interested in physics as a child, born in April 1913, she died on April 20,2013, days after her one hundredth birthday. Baez had two sisters — the elder, Pauline Thalia Baez Bryan, and the younger, Mimi Fariña, Mimi, also a musician and activist, died of cancer in California in 2001. The Baez family converted to Quakerism during Joans early childhood, and she has continued to identify with the tradition, particularly in her commitment to pacifism, while growing up, Baez was subjected to racial slurs and discrimination due to her Mexican heritage. Consequently, she became involved with a variety of social causes early in her career and she declined to play in any venues that were segregated, which meant that when she toured the Southern states she would play only at black colleges. Joan graduated from Palo Alto High School in 1958, Joan Baez became involved with a variety of social causes early in her career, including civil rights and non-violence. Social justice, she stated in the PBS series American Masters, is the core of her life. The opening line of Baezs memoir And a Voice to Sing With is I was born gifted, a friend of Joans father gave her a ukulele. She learned four chords, which enabled her to play rhythm and blues and her parents, however, were fearful that the music would lead her into a life of drug addiction
22.
If You Gotta Go, Go Now
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If You Gotta Go, Go Now is a song written by Bob Dylan in 1964. It was another English band, Manfred Mann, who issued the song as a single in September 1965. This version reached number 2 on the UK charts, Dylan began the recording for If You Gotta Go, Go Now on January 13,1965, during the first session for Bringing It All Back Home. Of the two acoustic takes completed, neither was used and he recorded the song again on January 15, producing four takes. On May 21,1965, producer Tom Wilson brought in several unidentified musicians to overdub various parts onto the takes recorded on January 15. From these overdubbing sessions, two takes were released, take 5, released as a single in The Netherlands in 1967. Dylans Netherlands single-only release failed to chart, no Dylan version was released in the U. S. or the UK until the appearance of The Bootleg Series, which, as noted above, featured a different version of the song from the single. The song also appears on The Bootleg Series Vol.6, Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall, albeit in an acoustic, live form. Fairport Convention also took the song onto the charts, albeit in an unusual fashion, recorded for the Unhalfbricking album, the song was issued as a single in 1969. This was the only charting single, reaching number 21. Tillman, Subterranean Homesick Blues tribute Official lyrics from BobDylan. com
23.
Surrealism
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Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream, leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I, the word surrealist was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire and first appeared in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias, which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917. The Dadaists protested with anti-art gatherings, performances, writings and art works, after the war, when they returned to Paris, the Dada activities continued. Meeting the young writer Jacques Vaché, Breton felt that Vaché was the son of writer. He admired the young writers anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition, later Breton wrote, In literature, I was successively taken with Rimbaud, with Jarry, with Apollinaire, with Nouveau, with Lautréamont, but it is Jacques Vaché to whom I owe the most. Back in Paris, Breton joined in Dada activities and started the literary journal Littérature along with Louis Aragon and they began experimenting with automatic writing—spontaneously writing without censoring their thoughts—and published the writings, as well as accounts of dreams, in the magazine. Breton and Soupault delved deeper into automatism and wrote The Magnetic Fields, continuing to write, they came to believe that automatism was a better tactic for societal change than the Dada form of attack on prevailing values. They also looked to the Marxist dialectic and the work of such theorists as Walter Benjamin, freuds work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious was of utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination. They embraced idiosyncrasy, while rejecting the idea of an underlying madness, as Salvador Dalí later proclaimed, There is only one difference between a madman and me. Beside the use of analysis, they emphasized that one could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical. The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true, the stronger the image will be−the greater its emotional power, the group aimed to revolutionize human experience, in its personal, cultural, social, and political aspects. They wanted to people from false rationality, and restrictive customs. Breton proclaimed that the aim of Surrealism was long live the social revolution. To this goal, at various times Surrealists aligned with communism and anarchism, in 1924 two Surrealist factions declared their philosophy in two separate Surrealist Manifestos. That same year the Bureau of Surrealist Research was established, leading up to 1924, two rival surrealist groups had formed. Each group claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Guillaume Apollinaire, the other group, led by Breton, included Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Paul Éluard, Jacques Baron, Jacques-André Boiffard, Jean Carrive, René Crevel and Georges Malkine, among others. Goll and Breton clashed openly, at one point literally fighting, at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées, in the end, Breton won the battle through tactical and numerical superiority
24.
Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)
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In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or device that depicts the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind. Pointed Roofs, the first work in Richardsons series of 13 semi-autobiographical novels titled Pilgrimage, is the first complete stream of consciousness novel published in English. Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in thought. In stream of consciousness the speakers thought processes are often depicted as overheard in the mind. The term Stream of Consciousness was coined by philosopher and psychologist William James in The Principles of Psychology, consciousness, then and it is nothing joined, it flows. A river or a stream are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described, in talking of it hereafter, lets call it the stream of thought, consciousness, or subjective life. In a psychological sense, stream of consciousness is the subject‐matter and it has been suggested that Edgar Allan Poes short story The Tell-Tale Heart foreshadows this literary technique in the nineteenth-century. The short story An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by another American author, Ambrose Bierce, because of his renunciation of chronology in favor of free association, Édouard Dujardins Les Lauriers sont coupés is also an important precursor. Indeed, the possibility of an influence is evoqued by James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. Henry James has also suggested as a significant precursor, in a work as early as Portrait of a Lady. However, it has suggested that Arthur Schnitzler, in his short story Leutnant Gustl, was in fact the first to make full use of the stream of consciousness technique. But it is only in the twentieth-century that this technique is developed by modernists. The term was first applied in a context in The Egoist, April 1918, by May Sinclair. Possibly the most famous use of the came in 1922 with the publication of James Joyces Ulysses. Prominent uses in the years that followed include Italo Svevo, La coscienza di Zeno, Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and William Faulkner in The Sound and the Fury. Samuel Beckett, a friend of James Joyce, uses interior monologue in novels like Molloy, Malone meurt and Linnommable. the technique continued to be used into the 1970s in a novel such as Robert Anton Wilson/Robert Shea collaborative Illuminatus. With regard to which The Fortean Times warns readers, to e prepared for streams of consciousness in which not only identity but time and space no longer confine the narrative. With regard to Salman Rushdie one critic comments, that ll Rushdies novels follow an Indian/Islamic storytelling style, other writers who use this narrative device include Sylvia Plath in The Bell Jar and Irvine Welsh in Trainspotting
25.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
26.
Marijuana
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
27.
Fats Domino
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Antoine Fats Domino, Jr. is an American pianist and singer-songwriter of French Creole descent. Five of his records released before 1955 sold over a million copies and were certified as gold records and his musical style is based on traditional rhythm and blues, accompanied by saxophones, bass, piano, electric guitar, and drums. Domino was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana, the Domino family was of French Creole background. Louisiana Creole French was his first language, antoine was born at home with the assistance of his grandmother, a midwife. His name was given as Anthony on his birth certificate but was later corrected. His family were new arrivals in the Lower Ninth Ward from Vacherie and his father was a well-known violinist. Domino learned to play the piano from his brother-in-law, the jazz guitarist Harrison Verrett, even after his success, he continued to live in his old neighborhood. His large home was enough for his 13 children. In the summer of 1947, Billy Diamond, a New Orleans bandleader, Domino played well enough that Diamond asked him to join his band, the Solid Senders, at the Hideaway Club, in New Orleans. Diamond nicknamed him Fats, because Domino reminded him of the renowned pianists Fats Waller, the Fat Man sold one million copies by 1953, it is widely considered the first rock-and-roll record to achieve this feat. Other notable and long-standing musicians in Dominos band were the saxophonists Reggie Houston, Lee Allen, Domino crossed into the pop mainstream with Aint That a Shame, which reached the Top Ten. Pat Boones milder cover version reached number 1, having received wider radio airplay in a racially segregated era, Domino eventually had 37 Top 40 singles. The reissue reached number 17 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart and his 1956 recording of Blueberry Hill, a 1940 song by Vincent Rose, Al Lewis and Larry Stock, reached number 2 in the Top 40 and was number 1 on the R&B chart for 11 weeks. Blueberry Hill sold more than 5 million copies worldwide in 1956 and 1957. Domino had further hit singles between 1956 and 1959, including When My Dreamboat Comes Home, Im Walkin, Valley of Tears, Its You I Love, Whole Lotta Loving, I Want to Walk You Home, and Be My Guest. Domino appeared in two films released in 1956, Shake, Rattle & Rock. and The Girl Cant Help It, on December 18,1957, his hit recording of The Big Beat was featured on Dick Clarks television program, American Bandstand. On November 2,1956, a riot broke out at Dominos show in Fayetteville, the police resorted to using tear gas to break up the unruly crowd. Domino jumped out a window to avoid the melee, he, Domino had a steady series of hits for Imperial through early 1962, including Walking to New Orleans, co-written by Bobby Charles, and My Girl Josephine in the same year
28.
Simon & Garfunkel
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Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decades social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys. Their biggest hits—including The Sound of Silence, Mrs. Robinson, Bridge over Troubled Water and their often rocky relationship led to artistic disagreements, which resulted in their breakup in 1970. Their final studio record, Bridge over Troubled Water, was their most successful, the duo met as children in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing original material. By 1957, under the name Tom & Jerry, the teenagers had their first minor success with Hey Schoolgirl, afterwards, the duo went their separate ways, with Simon making unsuccessful solo records. In 1963, aware of a public interest in folk music. Their début, Wednesday Morning,3 A. M. sold poorly, and they again disbanded, Simon returned to a solo career. In June 1965, their song The Sound of Silence was overdubbed, adding electric guitar and this later version became a major U. S. AM radio hit in 1965, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100, Simon & Garfunkel reunited, releasing their second studio album Sounds of Silence and touring colleges nationwide. On their third release, Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme and their music was featured in the 1967 film The Graduate, giving them further exposure. Bookends, their album, topped the Billboard 200 chart. After their 1970 breakup following the release of Bridge over Troubled Water, Simon & Garfunkel were described by critic Richie Unterberger as the most successful folk-rock duo of the 1960s and one of the most popular artists from the decade in general. They won 10 Grammy Awards and were inducted into the Rock and their Bridge over Troubled Water album was nominated at the 1977 Brit Awards for Best International Album and is ranked at number 51 on Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Individually, when young, they developed a fascination with music. That first stage appearance was followed by the duo forming a street-corner doo-wop group and they began performing for the first time as a duo at school dances. They moved to Forest Hills High School in 1955, where, in 1956, they wrote their first song, The Girl for Me, Simons father sent a handwritten copy to the Library of Congress to register a copyright. While trying to remember the lyrics to the Everlys song Hey Doll Baby, they created their own song, Hey Schoolgirl, while recording they were overheard by a promoter, Sid Prosen, who – after speaking to their parents – signed them to his independent label Big Records. While still aged 15, Simon & Garfunkel now had a contract with Sid Prosens independent label Big Records
29.
The Sound of Silence
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The Sound of Silence, originally The Sounds of Silence, is a song by the American music duo Simon & Garfunkel. The song was written by Paul Simon over a period of months in 1963 and 1964. M. Released in October 1964, the album was a failure and led to the duo breaking apart, with Paul Simon returning to England. In spring 1965, the song began to attract airplay at radio stations in Boston, Massachusetts, the growing airplay led Tom Wilson, the songs producer, to remix the track, overdubbing electric instrumentation. Simon & Garfunkel were not informed of the remix until after its release. The single was released in September 1965, the song was a top-ten hit in multiple countries worldwide, among them Australia, Austria, West Germany, Japan and the Netherlands. Originally titled The Sounds of Silence on Wednesday Morning,3 A. M. the song was re-titled for later compilations beginning with Simon, Simon and Garfunkel became interested in folk music and the growing counterculture movement separately in the early 1960s. Having performed together previously under the name Tom and Jerry in the late 1950s, in 1963, they regrouped and began performing Simons original compositions locally in Queens. They billed themselves Kane & Garr, after old recording pseudonyms, and signed up for Gerdes Folk City, a Greenwich Village club that hosted Monday night performances. In September 1963, the duo performed three new songs, among them The Sound of Silence, getting the attention of Columbia Records producer Tom Wilson, who worked with Bob Dylan. Simon convinced Wilson to let him and his partner have a studio audition, the songs origin and basis remain unclear, with multiple answers coming forward over the years. Many believe that the song commented on the John F. Kennedy assassination, the main thing about playing the guitar, though, was that I was able to sit by myself and play and dream. And I was always doing that. I used to go off in the bathroom, because the bathroom had tiles, Id turn on the faucet so that water would run and Id play. Hello darkness, my old friend / Ive come to talk with you again, in a more recent interview, Simon was directly asked, How is a 21 year old person thinkin about the words in that song. His reply was, I have no idea, according to Garfunkel, Simon originally wrote the lyric as Aloha darkness, my old friend. To promote the release of their album, Wednesday Morning,3 A. M. the duo performed again at Folk City. Dave Van Ronk, a singer, was at the performances
30.
John P. Hammond
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John Paul Hammond is an American blues singer and guitarist. He is a descendant of Cornelius Vanderbilt, the patriarch of the prominent Vanderbilt family and he has a brother, Jason, and a stepsister, Rosita Sarnoff, the daughter of his fathers second wife, Esme OBrien Sarnoff. Hammonds middle name, Paul, is in honor of a friend of his father, the younger Hammond was raised by his mother and saw his father only a few times a year while growing up. He began playing guitar in school, partially inspired by the album Jimmy Reed at Carnegie Hall. He attended Antioch College for one year but dropped out to pursue a music career, by the mid-1960s he was touring nationally and living in Greenwich Village. He befriended and recorded with electric blues musicians in New York, including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton. Hammond usually plays acoustically, choosing National Reso-Phonic Guitars, and sings in a barrelhouse style, since 1962, when he made his debut on Vanguard Records, he has made thirty-four albums. In the 1990s he began recording on the Point Blank Records label, Hammond has earned one Grammy Award and been nominated for four others. He also provided the soundtrack for the 1970 film Little Big Man, although critically acclaimed, Hammond has received only moderate commercial success. To his regret, they never recorded together and it has been suggested that Hammond deserves some credit for helping boost the Band to wider recognition. He recorded with members of the Band in 1965 and recommended them to Bob Dylan, with whom they undertook a famed. Hammond hosted the 1991 UK television documentary The Search for Robert Johnson, Hammond has had a longstanding friendship with the songwriter Tom Waits and has performed Waits songs on occasion. In 2001, he released Wicked Grin, an album consisting entirely of Waits compositions, with one exception, Waits played guitar and sang backing vocals on the album and was also its producer. In 2003, he released Ready for Love, produced by David Hidalgo of Los Lobos and it included a Mick Jagger and Keith Richards song, The Spider and the Fly. His 2009 album, entitled Rough and Tough, was a 2010 nominee for the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album, in 2011, Hammond was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame of the Blues Foundation. Hammond married his first wife, Dana McDevitt, a daughter of John Burke McDevitt, in 1991, Hammond married his second wife, Marla. Hammond discography 2006 Interview 2007 Interview with NPRs Scott Simon
31.
Robbie Robertson
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Jaime Royal Robbie Robertson, OC, is a Canadian musician, songwriter, film composer, producer, actor, and author. Robertson is best known for his work as lead guitarist and primary songwriter for The Band and his work with The Band was instrumental in creating the Americana music genre. He is ranked 59th in Rolling Stone magazine’s list of the 100 greatest guitarists. As a songwriter, Robertson is credited for writing The Weight, The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down, Up on Cripple Creek, Broken Arrow, Somewhere Down the Crazy River, and many others. Robertson has been inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame, as a film soundtrack producer and composer, Robertson is best known for his numerous collaborations with director Martin Scorsese. His working relationship with Scorsese began with the influential rockumentary film The Last Waltz and he has also worked on many other soundtracks for film and television. Robertson was born in Toronto, an only child and his mother, Rosemarie Dolly Myke Chrysler, was a Mohawk raised on the Six Nations Reserve southwest of Toronto, Ontario. In her early life as an orphan, Chrysler lived with an aunt in Toronto. Robertsons biological father was Alexander David Klegerman, a Jewish professional gambler, Klegerman was killed in a hit-and-run accident as he was changing a tire on the Queen Elizabeth Way. Robertsons mother married James Patrick Robertson, a co-worker at the jewelry plating factory, Robertson earned his nickname from teachers and students at school, who started calling him Robbie in reference to his last name. As a child, Robertsons mother would travel with her son to the Six Nations Reserve to visit her family. These two experiences would impact Robertsons view of Americana, influencing The Band song Life is a Carnival and the movie Carny, Robertson began playing in bands in 1957 with his friend Pete Thumper Traynor, who would later found Traynor Amplifiers. Traynor customized Robertsons guitar for The Robots, fitting it with antennae, after Robbie and The Robots, Robertson played with Little Caesar and the Consuls, and with the Traynor-led combo The Suedes, which featured Scott Cushnie on piano. Robertson became a fan of the Arkansas-based rockabilly group Ronnie Hawkins, Hawkins took a liking to Robertson and would have him run errands for the Hawks. Hawkins hired pianist Scott Cushnie away from The Suedes, and took him on tour with Ronnie Hawkins, when The Hawks bass player left the group, Cushnie recommended that Hawkins hire Robertson to replace him on bass. Hawkins invited Robertson to come to Arkansas, and then flew to the UK to perform on television there, meanwhile, Robertson spent his living allowance on records and practiced intensively each day. Upon returning, Hawkins was amazed at Robertsons progress and hired him to play bass, Cushnie left the band a few months after joining them, and Robertson soon switched over from bass to playing lead guitar for The Hawks. Robertson soon developed into a guitar virtuoso, Levon Helm was already a member of the Hawks and soon became close friends with Robertson
32.
Levon Helm
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Mark Lavon Levon Helm was an American musician and actor who achieved fame as the drummer and one of the vocalists for the Band. In 1998, Helm was diagnosed with cancer, which caused him to lose his singing voice. After treatment, his cancer went into remission, and he gradually regained the use of his voice. In 2010, Electric Dirt, his 2009 follow-up to Dirt Farmer, won the first Grammy Award for Best Americana Album, in 2011, his live album Ramble at the Ryman won the Grammy in the same category. On April 17,2012, his wife and daughter announced on Helms website that he was in the stages of his battle with cancer. Two days later, Helm died at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, born in Elaine, Arkansas, Helm grew up in Turkey Scratch, a hamlet west of Helena, Arkansas. His parents, Nell and Diamond Helm, were cotton farmers and they encouraged their children to play and sing at a young age. Young Lavon began playing the guitar at the age of eight and he saw Bill Monroe and His Blue Grass Boys at the age of six and decided then to become a musician. Arkansas in the 1940s and 50s stood at the confluence of a variety of musical styles—blues, country and R&B—that later became known as rock and roll. Helm was influenced by all these styles, which he heard on the Grand Ole Opry on radio station WSM and R&B on radio station WLAC out of Nashville and he also saw traveling shows such as F. S. Walcotts Rabbits Foot Minstrels that featured top African-American artists of the time, Helm established his first band, the Jungle Bush Beaters, while in high school. Helm also witnessed some of the earliest performances by country music, blues and rockabilly artists such as Elvis Presley, Conway Twitty, Bo Diddley. At age 17, Helm began playing in clubs and bars around Helena, Helms mother insisted that he graduate from high school before touring with Hawkins, but he was able to play with the Hawks locally on weekends. Helm reported in his autobiography, This Wheels on Fire, that fellow Hawks band members had difficulty pronouncing Lavon correctly and started calling him Levon because it was easier to pronounce. In 1963, the band parted ways with Hawkins and started touring as Levon, by the mid-1960s, songwriter and musician Bob Dylan was interested in performing electric rock music and asked the Hawks to be his backing band. Disheartened by fans response to Dylans new sound, Helm returned to Arkansas for what turned out to be a two-year layoff, being replaced by other drummers. With the completion of Dylans world tour, which included the four members of the Hawks, Helm went back to Arkansas—to home, to the woodshed, as he called it. The eventual result was a return to Woodstock to rejoin his group, after the Hawks toured Europe with Dylan, they followed him back to the U. S. and settled near Woodstock, New York, remaining under salary to him
33.
Garth Hudson
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Eric Garth Hudson is a Canadian multi-instrumentalist. As the organist, keyboardist and saxophonist for Canadian-American rock group the Band, Hudson has been called the most brilliant organist in the rock world by Keyboard magazine. As of 2017, Hudson and fellow musician Robbie Robertson are the last original members of The Band who are still alive, a master of the Lowrey organ, Hudsons orchestral tone sense and style anticipated many of the sonic advances of the polyphonic synthesizer. His other primary instruments are piano, electronic keyboards, saxophone and he has been a much-in-demand and respected session musician, performing with dozens of artists and earning the accolades of many, including Elton John, who has cited him as an early influence. Hudson was born in Windsor, Ontario, Canada and his parents, Fred James Hudson and Olive Louella Pentland, were musicians. His mother played piano and accordion and sang and his father, a farm inspector who had fought as a fighter pilot in World War I, played drums, C melody saxophone, clarinet, flute and piano. Hudson moved with his family to London, Ontario, around 1940, classically trained in piano, music theory, harmony and counterpoint, Hudson wrote his first song at the age of eleven and first played professionally with dance bands in 1949 at the age of twelve. In 1958, he joined a rock and roll band, the Capers and he was reported to have said that he also gained some performance experience from playing at his uncles funeral parlor. They were doing the greatest healing work and they knew how to punch through music that would cure and make people feel good. Upon joining the Hawks, Hudson took the opportunity to negotiate a new Lowrey organ as part of his package and this is significant as he was one of the few organ players in rock and roll and in rhythm and blues to eschew the Hammond organ. Under the strict supervision of Hawkins, the Hawks became an accomplished band and they split from Hawkins in 1963, recorded two singles and toured almost continually, playing in bars and clubs, usually billed as Levon and the Hawks. Hudson started work as a musician in 1965, playing on John Hammond, Jr. s So Many Roads along with Robertson. In August 1965, they were introduced to Bob Dylan by manager Albert Grossmans assistant, Mary Martin. In October, Dylan and the Hawks recorded the single Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window. Dylan recruited the band to accompany him on his controversial 1966 electric tour of the United States, Australia and Europe. Subsequent to Bob Dylans motorcycle accident in July 1966, the group settled in a house in West Saugerties, New York. Dylan was a frequent visitor, and Hudsons recordings of their collaborations resulted in The Basement Tapes, by 1968, the group recorded its debut album, Music from Big Pink. The album was recorded in Los Angeles and New York, capitol originally announced that the group would be called the Crackers, but when Music From Big Pink was released they were officially named the Band. An example can be heard on the live album Rock of Ages and his saxophone solo work can be heard on such songs as Tears of Rage and Unfaithful Servant
34.
The Band
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The Band was a Canadian roots rock group, originally consisting of four Canadians—Rick Danko, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson —and one American, Levon Helm. The members of the Band first came together as they joined the rockabilly singer Ronnie Hawkinss backing group, in 1964, they separated from Hawkins, after which they toured and released a few singles as Levon and the Hawks and the Canadian Squires. The next year, Bob Dylan hired them for his U. S. tour in 1965, because they were always the band to various frontmen, Helm said the name The Band worked well when the group came into its own. The group began performing as the Band in 1968 and went on to ten studio albums. Dylan continued to collaborate with the Band over the course of their career, the original configuration of the Band ended its touring career in 1976 with an elaborate live ballroom performance featuring numerous musical celebrities. This performance was immortalized in Martin Scorseses 1978 documentary The Last Waltz, the Band recommenced touring in 1983 without guitarist Robertson, who had found success with a solo career and as a Hollywood music producer. Following a 1986 show, Manuel committed suicide, Danko died of heart failure in 1999, after which the group broke up for good. Helm was diagnosed with cancer in 1998 and was unable to sing for several years. He continued to perform and released several albums until he died in 2012. The group was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1989, in 2004 Rolling Stone ranked them No.50 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time, and in 2008 they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2004, The Weight was ranked 41st on Rolling Stones list of the 500 greatest songs of all time, in 2014, the Band was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame. While most of the Hawks were eager to join Hawkinss group and he had earned a college degree, planned on a career as a music teacher, and was interested in playing rock music only as a hobby. The Hawks were in awe of his wild, full-bore organ sound, Hudson finally relented, as long as the Hawks each paid him $10 per week to be their instructor, all music theory questions were directed to Hudson. While pocketing a little cash, Hudson was also able to mollify his familys fears that his education had gone to waste. The piano–organ combination was uncommon in rock music, and for all his aggressive playing, there is a view that jazz is evil because it comes from evil people, but actually the greatest priests on 52nd Street, and on the streets of New York City were the musicians. They were doing the greatest healing work, and they knew how to punch through music which would cure and make people feel good. With Hawkins, they recorded a few singles in this period, Hawkins regularly convened all-night rehearsals following long club shows, with the result that the young musicians quickly developed great technical prowess on their instruments. In late 1963, the split from Hawkins over personal differences
35.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
36.
Biograph (album)
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Biograph is a box set compilation spanning the career of American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released on November 7,1985 by Columbia Records. Consisting of 53 released and unreleased tracks from 1962 to 1981, Biograph reached #33 on the Billboard 200 in the US and has been certified platinum by the RIAA. It is widely perceived as the first-ever boxset, the recordings on Biograph are a mix of rarities, hit singles, and album tracks. They are not presented in order,18 of its 53 tracks had not been previously issued. The set comes accompanied with a 42-page booklet, containing photos and liner notes by Cameron Crowe. Nine of the ten tracks from Bob Dylans Greatest Hits appear on this compilation, in 2011, the album was repackaged as a book containing 3 CDs. The 2011 edition was mastered at Sterling Sound, NYC, all tracks written by Bob Dylan except Baby Let Me Follow You Down by Gary Davis, Dave Van Ronk, and Eric von Schmidt, and both Isis and Romance in Durango by Dylan and Jacques Levy. The compact disc running order is the same, except disc two ends with Jet Pilot inserted after Isis, disc one ends with I Dont Believe You, and disc two begins with Visions of Johanna. Disc three begins with Caribbean Wind
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