1.
Brixton railway station
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Brixton railway station is a commuter railway station in Brixton, South London, UK. It is on the Chatham Main Line from London Victoria to Orpington, the typical service is one train every 15 minutes in both directions. It is about 110 yards north of Brixton tube station, high ground level on a railway bridge that can be seen from the tube station. Access is from Atlantic Road via staircases and it is also a busy junction, with the Catford Loop via Peckham Rye and Bellingham leaving the Chatham Main Line immediately west of the station. Brixton was opened as Brixton and South Stockwell in 1862 by the London, Chatham, the station was also connected to the LC&DRs branch to Crystal Palace High Level via Nunhead soon afterwards, with this section becoming part of the modern-day Catford Loop Line. The station is served only by trains on the main line towards Herne Hill. The Denmark Hill line platforms were closed in April 1916 as an economy measure and have been demolished except for a short section of the up platform. However, the line remains in regular and frequent use by both freight and passenger services. The London Overground network passes above the station without stopping and this segment of the South London Line became part of the network as the second phrase of the East London line extension project. Completed in December 2012, the extension connected the South London Line to the East and West London Lines, the line also passes over Loughborough Junction. Adding both stations to the route was excluded from the due to the prohibitive cost of building on the high viaducts at each location. The proposals drew criticism for not including new stations at these locations. Until 1976 trains stopped at nearby East Brixton, a number of colourful murals have been painted on the outside of the station. Inside the station, three bronze sculptures stand on the platforms and this work, Platforms Piece by Kevin Atherton, was erected in 1986 and the statues are life casts of three people - two black, one white - who regularly travelled from Brixton. The statues, believed to be the first sculptures of black British people in a place in the UK, were given Grade II listed status in November 2016. London Buses routes 2,3,35,37,45,59,109,118,133,159,196,250,322,333,345,355,415,432,689,690, P4, P5 and night routes N2, N3, N35, N109 and N133 serve the station. Train times and station information for Brixton railway station from National Rail
2.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
3.
Brixton
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Brixton is a district of London, located in the borough of Lambeth in south London. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London, Brixton is mainly residential with a prominent street market and substantial retail sector. It is a community, with a large percentage of its population being of Caribbean descent. It lies within Inner south London and is bordered by Stockwell, Clapham, Streatham, Camberwell, Tulse Hill, the district houses the main offices of the London Borough of Lambeth. Brixton is 2.7 miles south-southwest of the centre of London near Lambeth North tube station. The name Brixton is thought to originate from Brixistane, meaning the stone of Brixi, Brixi is thought to have erected a boundary stone to mark the meeting place of the ancient hundred court of Surrey. The location is unknown but is thought to be at the top of Brixton Hill, at a road known at the time as Bristow or Brixton Causeway, Brixton marks the rise from the marshes of North Lambeth up to the hills of Upper Norwood and Streatham. At the time the River Effra flowed from its source in Upper Norwood through Herne Hill to Brixton, at Brixton the river was crossed by low bridges for Roman roads to the south coast of Britain, now Brixton Road and Clapham Road. The main roads were connected through a network of country lanes, such as Acre Lane, Coldharbour Lane, Brixton Water Lane and Lyham Road. The area remained undeveloped until the beginning of the 19th century, with the opening of Vauxhall Bridge in 1816, improved access to Central London led to a process of suburban development. One of a few surviving windmills in London, built in 1816, is just off Brixton Hill, Brixton was transformed into a middle class suburb between the 1860s and 1890s. Railways linked Brixton with the centre of London when the Chatham Main Line was built through the area by the London, Chatham, in 1880, Electric Avenue was so named after it became the first street in London to be lit by electricity. By 1925, Brixton attracted thousands of new people and it housed the largest shopping centre in South London at the time, as well as a thriving market, cinemas, pubs and a theatre. In the 1920s, Brixton was the capital of South London with three large department stores and some of the earliest branches of what are now Britains major national retailers. Today, Brixton Road is the shopping area, fusing into Brixton Market. A prominent building on Brixton High Street is Morleys, an independent department store established in the 1920s, on the western boundary of Brixton with Clapham stands the Sunlight Laundry, an Art Deco factory building. Designed by architect F. E. Simpkins and erected in 1937, the Brixton area was bombed during World War II, contributing to a severe housing crisis, which in turn led to urban decay. This was followed by slum clearances and the building of council housing, in the 1940s and 1950s, many immigrants, particularly from the West Indies, settled in Brixton
4.
London Borough of Lambeth
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Lambeth is a London borough in south London, England, which forms part of Inner London. Its name was recorded in 1062 as Lambehitha and in 1255 as Lambeth, Lambeth was part of the large, ancient parish of Lambeth St Mary, the site of the archepiscopal Lambeth Palace, in the hundred of Brixton in the county of Surrey. It was an elongated north-south parish with 2 miles of River Thames frontage opposite the cities of London, Lambeth became part of the Metropolitan Police District in 1829. It remained a parish for Poor Law purposes after the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, until 1889, Surrey included the present-day London borough of Lambeth. Young was commissioned to make recommendations to the government on the shape of the future London boroughs. However, Wandsworths suggestion to merge Lambeth with the Metropolitan Borough of Battersea was rejected by both councils involved, in 1979, the administration of Edward Knight organised the boroughs first public demonstration against the Thatcher government. In 1985 Knights Labour administration was subjected to rate-capping, with its budget restricted by the government, Knight and most of the Labour councillors protested by refusing to propose budgets. As a result of the protest,32 councillors were ordered to repay interest lost by the due to budgeting delays and were disqualified from office. In 1991, Joan Twelves administration failed to collect the poll tax, the following year, Twelves and 12 other councillors were suspended from the local Labour Party by regional officials for advocating non-payment of the poll tax and other radical ideas. Twelves equally-militant deputy leader at this time was John Harrison, from 1978 to 2002 the council comprised 64 members, elected from 20 three-member and two two-member wards. Before this, the council had 60 members elected from 20 three-member wards, just before the 2010 election, its political balance was 37 Labour members,18 Liberal Democrats, seven Conservatives and one Green, giving Labour an eleven-member majority. In the 2010 Lambeth Council election, Labour gained seats and the Liberal Democrats, Conservatives, in 2014 the Liberal Democrats lost their seats, Conservatives were reduced to three and the Greens to one. Labour, gaining seats from the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, had 59 seats, in the 2016 European Union referendum, Lambeth at 78. 62% had the highest share of Remain vote in the United Kingdom, second to Gibraltars 95. 9%. Lambeth is a long, thin borough, about 3 miles wide and 7 miles long, Brixton is its civic centre, and there are other town centres. The largest shopping areas are Streatham, Brixton, Vauxhall, Clapham, in the northern part of the borough are the central London districts of the South Bank, Vauxhall and Lambeth, in the south are the suburbs of Gipsy Hill, Streatham, West Dulwich and West Norwood. Vauxhall and South Lambeth are central districts in the process of redevelopment with high-density business, Streatham is between suburban London and inner-city Brixton, with the suburban and developed areas of Streatham, Streatham Hill and Streatham Vale. Despite the boroughs population density, Lambeth has open spaces, along and around the South Bank, a tourist area has developed around the former Greater London Council headquarters of County Hall and the Southbank Centre and National Theatre. Also on the river is the London Eye and Shell Centre, nearby is St Thomas Hospital, Lambeth Palace and the Florence Nightingale Museum
5.
National Rail
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The name and the accompanying double arrow symbol are the intellectual property of the Secretary of State for Transport. The National Rail logo was introduced by ATOC in 1999, and was used on the Great Britain public timetable for the first time in the edition valid from 26 September in that year. Rules for its use are set out in the Corporate Identity Style Guidelines published by the Rail Delivery Group, the NR title is sometimes described as a brand. As it was used by British Rail, the operator before franchising, its use also maintains continuity and public familiarity. National Rail should not be confused with Network Rail, the two networks are generally coincident where passenger services are run. Most major Network Rail lines carry traffic and some lines are freight only. About twenty privately owned operating companies, each franchised for a defined term by government. The Rail Delivery Group is the association representing the TOCs and provides core services. It also runs Rail Settlement Plan, which allocates ticket revenue to the various TOCs, and Rail Staff Travel and it does not compile the national timetable, which is the joint responsibility of the Office of Rail Regulation and Network Rail. Since the privatisation of British Rail there is no longer a single approach to design on railways in Great Britain, the look and feel of signage, liveries and marketing material is largely the preserve of the individual TOCs. However, National Rail continues to use BRs famous double-arrow symbol and it has been incorporated in the National Rail logotype and is displayed on tickets, the National Rail website and other publicity. The trademark rights to the arrow symbol remain state-owned, being vested in the Secretary of State for Transport. The double arrow was already prescribed for indicating a railway station, the lettering used in the National Rail logotype is a modified form of the typeface Sassoon Bold. It is a misconception that Rail Alphabet was also used for printed material. The British Rail typefaces of choice from 1965 were Helvetica and Univers, TOCs may use what they like, examples include Futura, Helvetica, Frutiger, Bliss, and a modified version of Precious by London Midland. Several conurbations have their own metro or tram systems, most of which are not part of National Rail, LO now also possesses some infrastructure in its own right, following the reopening of the former East London line of London Underground as the East London Railway of LO. Heathrow Express and Eurostar are also not part of the National Rail network despite sharing of stations, northern Ireland Railways were never part of British Rail, which was always confined to Great Britain, and therefore are not part of the National Rail network. National Rail services have a common ticketing structure inherited from British Rail, through tickets are available between any pair of stations on the network, and can be bought from any station ticket office
6.
Tramlink
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Tramlink is a light rail tram system serving Croydon and surrounding areas in South London, England. It began operation in 2000, the first tram system in London since 1952 and it is owned by London Trams, an arm of Transport for London, and operated by FirstGroup. The Tramlink is the fourth-busiest light rail network in the UK behind Manchester Metrolink, Tyne and Wear Metro, in 1990 Croydon Council with London Regional Transport put the project to Parliament and the Croydon Tramlink Act 1994 resulted, which gave LRT the power to build and run Tramlink. In 1996 Tramtrack Croydon Limited won a 99-year Private Finance Initiative contract to design, build, operate, TCL was a partnership comprising FirstGroup, Bombardier Transportation, Sir Robert McAlpine and Amey, and Royal Bank of Scotland and 3i. TCL kept the revenue generated by Tramlink and LRT had to pay compensation to TCL for any changes to the fares, TCL subcontracted operations to CentreWest Buses. One of the leading to its creation was that the London Borough of Croydon has no London Underground service. There are four routes, Route 1 – Elmers End to Croydon, Route 2 – Beckenham Junction to Croydon, Route 3 – New Addington to Wimbledon, and Route 4 – Therapia Lane to Elmers End. Route 2 runs parallel to the Crystal Palace to Beckenham Junction line of the Southern network between Birkbeck and Beckenham Junction – the National Rail track had been singled some years earlier. At Woodside the old station buildings stand disused, and the platforms have been replaced by accessible low platforms. From Woodside to near Sandilands and from near Sandilands almost to Lloyd Park, Tramlink follows the former Woodside and South Croydon Railway, including the Park Hill tunnels. The section of Route 3 between Wimbledon and West Croydon mostly follows the single-track British Rail route, closed on 31 May 1997 so that it could be converted for Tramlink, a partial obstruction near this point has necessitated the use of interlaced track. A Victorian footbridge beside Waddon New Road was dismantled to make way for the flyover over the West Croydon to Sutton railway line, the footbridge has been re-erected at Corfe Castle station on the Swanage Railway. In March 2008, TfL announced that it had reached agreement to buy TCL for £98m, the purchase was finalised on 28 June 2008. The background to this purchase relates to the requirement that TfL compensates TCL for the consequences of any changes to the fares, in 2007 that payment was £4m, with an annual increase in rate. In October 2008 TfL introduced a new livery, using the blue, white and green of the routes on TfL maps, the colour of the cars was changed to green, and the brand name was changed from Croydon Tramlink to simply Tramlink. These refurbishments were completed in early 2009, the tram stops have low platforms,35 cm above rail level. They are unstaffed and have automated ticket machines, in general, access between the platforms involves crossing the tracks by pedestrian level crossing. There are 39 stops, most being 32.2 m long and they are virtually level with the doors and are all wider than 2 m
7.
World Geodetic System
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The World Geodetic System is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS. It comprises a standard system for the Earth, a standard spheroidal reference surface for raw altitude data. The latest revision is WGS84, established in 1984 and last revised in 2004, earlier schemes included WGS72, WGS66, and WGS60. WGS84 is the coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System. The coordinate origin of WGS84 is meant to be located at the Earths center of mass, the error is believed to be less than 2 cm. The WGS84 meridian of longitude is the IERS Reference Meridian,5.31 arc seconds or 102.5 metres east of the Greenwich meridian at the latitude of the Royal Observatory. The WGS84 datum surface is a spheroid with major radius a =6378137 m at the equator. The polar semi-minor axis b then equals a times, or 6356752.3142 m, currently, WGS84 uses the EGM96 geoid, revised in 2004. This geoid defines the sea level surface by means of a spherical harmonics series of degree 360. The deviations of the EGM96 geoid from the WGS84 reference ellipsoid range from about −105 m to about +85 m, EGM96 differs from the original WGS84 geoid, referred to as EGM84. Efforts to supplement the national surveying systems began in the 19th century with F. R. Helmerts famous book Mathematische und Physikalische Theorien der Physikalischen Geodäsie. Austria and Germany founded the Zentralbüro für die Internationale Erdmessung, a unified geodetic system for the whole world became essential in the 1950s for several reasons, International space science and the beginning of astronautics. The lack of inter-continental geodetic information, efforts of the U. S. Army, Navy and Air Force were combined leading to the DoD World Geodetic System 1960. Heritage surveying methods found elevation differences from a local horizontal determined by the level, plumb line. As a result, the elevations in the data are referenced to the geoid, the latter observational method is more suitable for global mapping. The sole contribution of data to the development of WGS60 was a value for the ellipsoid flattening which was obtained from the nodal motion of a satellite. Prior to WGS60, the U. S. Army, the Army performed an adjustment to minimize the difference between astro-geodetic and gravimetric geoids. By matching the relative astro-geodetic geoids of the selected datums with an earth-centered gravimetric geoid, since the Army and Air Force systems agreed remarkably well for the NAD, ED and TD areas, they were consolidated and became WGS60
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
10.
Victoria line
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The Victoria line is a deep-level London Underground route running from Brixton in the south in Zone 2 to Walthamstow Central in the north-east in Zone 3 of London. It is coloured blue on the Tube map. It is one of two lines to run entirely below ground, the other being the Waterloo & City line. The line has always operated using automatic train operation. The main purpose was to relieve congestion in the central area, the necessary Private Bill was introduced into Parliament in 1955. It described a line from Victoria to Walthamstow, there was also a proposal, though not included in the Bill, for a subsequent extension from Victoria to Fulham Broadway station on the District line. Construction began in 1962 on the initial Walthamstow to Victoria section, a test tunnel from Tottenham to Manor House under Seven Sisters Road had been bored in 1959 and was later incorporated into the running tunnels. In August 1967 the government gave approval for the Brixton extension, preparatory work had already started at Bessborough Gardens near Vauxhall Bridge Road in May 1967. In June 1968 a proposal to build a station at Pimlico was approved, the entire Walthamstow-Brixton line was completed in 1972. The name Victoria line dates back to 1955, other suggestions were Walvic line, during the planning stages, it was known as Route C and then was named the Victoria line after Victoria Station by David McKenna, whose suggestion was seconded by Sir John Elliot. It had been intended to build the line beyond Walthamstow Central to Wood Street, proposals were also made to extend the line as far north as South Woodford or Woodford, to provide interchange with the Central line. However, in a decision in 1961 the line was cut back to Walthamstow station. The first section to be opened was between Walthamstow Central and Highbury & Islington, there was no initial opening ceremony, instead the normal timetable started on Sunday 1 September 1968. The first train left Walthamstow Central for Highbury & Islington at about 6,30 am, later that year, the section between Highbury & Islington and Warren Street was opened, again without ceremony, on 1 December 1968. The official opening took place at Victoria station on 7 March 1969. After a short ceremony, she bought a 5d ticket and travelled to Green Park, the 3.5 mile extension from Victoria to Brixton was approved in August 1967. At the time, London Transport mentioned the possibility of extensions to Streatham, Dulwich and Crystal Palace. Princess Alexandra opened the Brixton extension on 23 July 1971, making a journey from Brixton to Vauxhall, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh had previously visited the line during its construction, in July 1968, they visited tunnel workings under Vauxhall Park
11.
Railroad switch
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A railroad switch, turnout or points is a mechanical installation enabling railway trains to be guided from one track to another, such as at a railway junction or where a spur or siding branches off. The switch consists of the pair of linked tapering rails, known as points and these points can be moved laterally into one of two positions to direct a train coming from the point blades toward the straight path or the diverging path. A train moving from the end toward the point blades is said to be executing a facing-point movement. Passage through a switch in this direction is known as a trailing-point movement, a switch generally has a straight through track and a diverging route. The handedness of the installation is described by the side that the track leaves. Right-hand switches have a path to the right of the straight track, when coming from the point blades. In many cases, such as yards, many switches can be found in a short section of track. Sometimes a switch merely divides one track into two, at others, it serves as a connection between two or more tracks, allowing a train to switch between them. A straight track is not always present, for example, both tracks may curve, one to the left and one to the right, or both tracks may curve, with differing radii, while still in the same direction. A railroad cars wheels are guided along the tracks by coning of the wheels, only in extreme cases does it rely on the flanges located on the insides of the wheels. When the wheels reach the switch, the wheels are guided along the route determined by which of the two points is connected to the track facing the switch. In the illustration, if the point is connected, the left wheel will be guided along the rail of that point. If the right point is connected, the right wheels flange will be guided along the rail of that point, and the train will continue along the straight track. Only one of the points may be connected to the track at any time. A mechanism is provided to move the points from one position to the other, historically, this would require a lever to be moved by a human operator, and some switches are still controlled this way. However, most are now operated by a remotely controlled electric motor or by pneumatic or hydraulic actuation and this both allows for remote control and for stiffer, strong switches that would be too difficult to move by hand, yet allow for higher speeds. In a trailing-point movement, the flanges on the wheels will force the points to the proper position and this is sometimes known as running through the switch. Some switches are designed to be forced to the position without damage
12.
Asbestos
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They are commonly known by their colors, as blue asbestos, brown asbestos, white asbestos, and green asbestos. It was used in applications as electrical insulation for hotplate wiring. When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire or heat and these desirable properties made asbestos very widely used. Prolonged inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious and fatal illnesses including cancer, mesothelioma. Concern of asbestos-related illness in modern times began in the 20th century, by the 1980s and 1990s, asbestos trade and use were heavily restricted, phased out, or banned outright in an increasing number of countries. S. History and a much lesser legal issue in most other countries involved, asbestos-related liability also remains an ongoing concern for many manufacturers, insurers and reinsurers. Asbestos derives from the ancient Greek ἄσβεστος, meaning unquenchable or inextinguishable, the word is pronounced /æsˈbɛstəs/, /æzˈbɛstəs/ or /æzˈbɛstɒs/. Six mineral types are defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as asbestos including those belonging to the serpentine class, all six asbestos mineral types are known to be human carcinogens. The visible fibers are themselves composed of millions of microscopic fibrils that can be released by abrasion. Chrysotile is the member of the serpentine class. 12001-29-5, is obtained from rocks which are common throughout the world. Its idealized chemical formula is Mg34, chrysotile appears under the microscope as a white fiber. Chrysotile has been used more than any type and accounts for about 95% of the asbestos found in buildings in America. Chrysotile is more flexible than amphibole types of asbestos, and can be spun, the most common use was corrugated asbestos cement roofing primarily for outbuildings, warehouses and garages. It may also be found in sheets or panels used for ceilings and sometimes for walls, chrysotile has been a component in joint compound and some plasters. Amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite are members of the amphibole class, one formula given for amosite is Fe7Si8O222. Amosite is seen under a microscope as a grey-white vitreous fiber and it is found most frequently as a fire retardant in thermal insulation products, asbestos insulating board and ceiling tiles. 12001-28-4, is the form of the amphibole riebeckite, found primarily in southern Africa
13.
London Overground
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The London Overground is a suburban rail network in the United Kingdom. Established in 2007, it serves a large part of Greater London and parts of Hertfordshire, the network forms part of the National Rail network, but under the franchise control and branding of Transport for London. Operation has been franchised to Arriva Rail London since 13 November 2016, the Overground has been assigned the colour orange as a mode specific colour by Transport for London. This colour is used in the Overground version of the TfL roundel, for the representation of Overground routes on the map, in train interiors. Rail services in Great Britain are mostly run under franchises operated by train operating companies. The concept of developing a network of services around London goes back to the independently produced Ringrail proposals in the early 1970s. The proposal from Barren was for several overlapping services mainly using the North London Line and this was given the marketing name Cross Town Link-Line, and operated with basic 2-car diesel units. The next initiative came from the GLC in 1984, when the government supported the Broadgate development that would entail the demolition of Broad Street Station. The closure process was convoluted because of problems in making arrangements for the North London Line. These would eventually run to and from Liverpool Street via a new section of track and this used a name once associated with a semicircular service that operated from Broad Street to Mansion House, but ceased during World War 1. The pamphlets and briefings, first issued in 1997, initially suggested a route from Clapham Junction to the Greenwich Peninsula, intended to improve access from south London to the Millennium Dome. However, this was thwarted by architect Richard Rogers who considered a railway route on an elevated viaduct could cause community severance, nothing further happened to develop this network until after the new GLA was set up in 2000. But the lobbying discreetly continued with a series of short briefings published by one RDS member based in North London, mayoral and GLA candidates were approached to discuss the viability of the Outer Circle concept. The principle was widely supported and was adopted into the first Mayors Transport Plan, meanwhile, a pilot scheme was launched in 2003 to bring several National Rail local services, mainly in South London and operated by multiple companies, under the ON – Overground Network brand. TfL introduced consistent information displays, station signage and maps on the routes in South London. The pilot scheme was later dropped, in January 2004 the Department for Transport announced a review of the rail industry in Great Britain. As part of review, proposals were put forward by TfL for a London Regional Rail Authority to give TfL regulatory powers over rail services in. A result of consultation was agreement by the then Secretary of State for Transport, Alistair Darling
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South London line
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The South London Line is an Inner London part of the London Overground rail network. The line is run together with the East London Line to provide services between Clapham Junction and Highbury & Islington. It consists of eight stations, one of which marks the crossover into the East London Line network, most of the line is on high viaduct over other transport infrastructure. Interchanges with the London Underground are at Clapham High Street and the closest on its London Overground extension is Canada Water, the line is in Travelcard Zone 2. From the early 20th century until 2012 a shorter precursor route ran from the major terminus Victoria in Westminster to the interchange station London Bridge adjoining the City of London. Sections of the line are used by other railways and a section of the line was used by Eurostar when the London terminus was Waterloo International. It is proposed to use the capacity of the line as part of a Victoria-Bellingham service. The London, Chatham and Dover Railway was authorised to build the route of the line by the South London Railway Act 1862. Designed and engineered under Frederick Banister, it re-used the Wandsworth Road to Brixton section built as part of the LCDR main line, the line was quadrupled and extended to London Bridge. Several stations were shared by the two companies, the LBSCR scheme, authorised in 1903, pioneered main-line rail electrification in the UK, and the first electric train ran on 1 December 1909. For the following three years, steam trains alternated with electrics, the latter operating every 15 minutes from 7. 30am to midnight, passenger numbers had fallen on introducing electric tramways in South London by 1.25 million in six months. In the first year of the rival lines electric operation passengers increased from 4 million to 7.5 million, the electrification used the overhead system at 6700 V AC, supplied by a power station at Deptford. After creation of the Big Four railway companies, the Southern Railway installed standard third-rail 660 V DC supply on 17 June 1928 and this created the route from Surrey Quays to Clapham Junction via Queens Road Peckham, Peckham Rye, Denmark Hill, Clapham High Street and Wandsworth Road. Completion was scheduled for May 2012 in time for the London 2012 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games, the East London line connects to the North London line at Highbury & Islington, completing an orbital rail route around Central London, fulfilling the Orbirail concept. Passenger rail services were provided post-privatisation in the 1991 until 2012 by Southern, services along part of the line are operated by Southeastern on the Victoria-Dartford and the Chatham Main Lines, calling only at Denmark Hill and Peckham Rye. A campaign group was formed in 2009 by Bermondsey residents to press for funding to be made available, during a presentation at the site as part of the Open House 2014 weekend, Renewal announced a process of choosing a more recognizable name was underway with TfL. The decision reached for this part of the former south London dockyards is New Bermondsey, speed of access of major destinations has changed as a result of the 2012 re-routing. The line since 2012 takes in Canada Water tube station, closely linked to Canary Wharf, London Victoria and London Bridge since 2012 became indirectly linked — via Clapham Junction or Peckham respectively
15.
London Buses
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London Buses is the subsidiary of Transport for London that manages bus services within Greater London. Contracts are normally for five years, with two-year extensions available if performance criteria is met, operators provide staff to drive the buses, provide the buses to operate and also adhere to set TfL guidelines. Operators are then in return paid per mile that each bus runs, London Buses publishes a variety of bus maps. Some are traditional street maps of London marked with bus numbers, in 2002, TfL introduced the first spider maps. The arachnoid form of bus routes radiating from a centre earned them the nickname spider maps, the maps are displayed at most major bus stops, and can be downloaded in PDF format via the Internet from the TfL website. The legal identity of London Buses is London Bus Services Limited, East Thames Buses was the trading name of another wholly owned subsidiary of TfL called, rather confusingly, London Buses Limited. The operating units were sold off in 1994/95, and their purchasers make up the majority of companies awarded bus operating tenders from the current London Buses, after 1994/95, the LBL company lay dormant, passing from LRT to TfL. It was resurrected when East Thames Buses was formed, separated by a wall from LBSL. The local bus network in London is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world, over 8000 scheduled buses operate on over 700 different routes. Over the year this network carries over 1.8 billion passenger journeys, Buses in the London Buses network accept Travelcards, Oyster card products and contactless debit and credit cards. Cash fares have not been available since 6 July 2014, single journey fares used to be charged in relation to length of journey, but are now charged as single flat fares for any length of journey. Alternatively, weekly and monthly passes may also be purchased and loaded onto an Oyster card, passengers using contactless payment cards are charged the same fares as on Oyster pay as you go. Unlike Oyster cards, contactless cards also have a 7-day fare cap though it only operates on a Monday-Sunday basis. Under 11s can travel free on London buses and trams at any time unaccompanied by an adult, children aged 11 to 15 travel free on buses with an 11–15 Oyster photocard, without an Oyster card or Travelcard, they have to pay the full adult fare. Visitors can have a special discount added to an ordinary Oyster card at TfLs Travel Information Centres, there are also concessions for London residents aged 16 to 18. The Freedom Pass scheme allows Greater London residents over state pension age, people who have concessionary bus passes issued by English local authorities travel free on TfL bus services at any time. Each company has its own operating code, and every bus garage in London has its own garage code, however, London Buses in fact maintains a close control over both the age and specification of the vehicles. These have been known to tear and get dirty quickly, however there have been improvements with LED Backlights and the SmartBlind system installed on newer vehicles
16.
London Buses route 2
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London Buses route 2 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Norwood garage and Marylebone station, it is operated by Arriva London, route 2 was the last West End bus route that was operated by step-entrance buses other than AEC Routemasters. Ironically, it was also the first London bus route to use the Routemaster, in the 1950s, the route was run using AEC Regent IIIs. On 8 February 1956, the first prototype AEC Routemaster ran on route 2 between Golders Green and Crystal Palace and after undergoing modifications the following year, it passed to route 260. On 29 January 1994 route 2 was converted to one man operation with the AEC Routemasters replaced by Leyland Olympians, in 2003, brand new Alexander ALX400 bodied Volvo B7TLs were introduced. Conversion to the type took place a few months before the contract was renewed and it is operated out of Norwood garage with a peak vehicle requirement of 24 buses. In 2015, the received a part allocation of Enviro 400s from route 341. Some of its longer 10.6 metre Volvo B7TLs transferred to Edmonton Garage for use on route 123
17.
London Buses route 3
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London Buses route 3 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Crystal Palace and Oxford Circus station, it is operated by Abellio London, route 3 was included in the sale of Connex to Travel London in February 2004 which in turn was sold to Abellio London in May 2009. It is operated out of Battersea garage with a peak vehicle requirement of 22, on 8 February 2016, New Routemasters were introduced on the route
18.
London Buses route 35
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
19.
London Buses route 45
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London Buses route 45 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Clapham Park and St Pancras station, it is operated by London Central, on 17 January 1951 it was extended from Battersea to South Kensington station. On 1 February 1961, the route was extended from Farringdon Street to Hampstead Heath via Grays Inn Road, on 8 January 1972, it was withdrawn between Kings Cross and Hampstead and replaced by route 46. On 28 October 1978, the route was extended from Kings Cross to Archway station, on 3 August 1985, route 45 was converted to one man operation with the AEC Routemasters replaced by Leyland Titans. The southern terminus changed again to Brixton garage on 29 January 1994, upon being re-tendered, route 45 was retained by London Central with a new contract commencing on 13 November 2010
20.
London Buses route 59
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London Buses route 59 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Streatham Hill and Kings Cross, it is operated by Arriva London, route 59 was introduced in 1999 in order to replace part of route 109 and also provide a service between Streatham and Euston station. It was and still is contracted to Arriva London, on 10 November 2007 the route was extended from Euston to Kings Cross. The move, which was intended to provide a link between Waterloo and St Pancras stations, coincided with the relocation of the Eurostar terminal. In 2007, the route was used by two residents of Brixton as the point for a journey around the world using any method of transport except the aeroplane. On 20 December 2013, thirty people were injured when the driver of a route 59 bus swerved to avoid a vehicle, new Routemasters were introduced on 22 March 2016
21.
London Buses route 109
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London Buses route 109 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Croydon and Brixton, it is operated by Abellio London using 25 buses. It replaced tram routes 16 and 18, operating from Brixton and Thornton Heath garages with AEC Regent III RTs, from 16 October 1957 it ran between Purley High Street and Victoria Embankment. On 23 January 1966, the Sunday service was withdrawn with the exception of a few early morning journeys operated by Thornton Heath Garage. On 31 October 1970, these journeys were converted to One Person Operation using single-deck AEC Swift, on 19 July 1975, crew-operated Daimler Fleetlines were introduced at Brixton Garage on 133, with vehicles spare on Saturday converting Route 109 from RTs on that day. The weekday Brixton Garage allocation was converted to Daimler Fleetline operation on 4 March 1978, on 15 August 1981, the universally unsuccessful DM class was removed entirely from Brixton Garage, with their share of route 109 reverting to AEC Routemaster operation. The massive service cuts of 4 September 1982 produced enough spare vehicles to convert the Thornton Heath allocation on route 109 back to AEC Routemaster operation. On 2 February 1985, the route was revised to operate from South Croydon Garage to either Victoria Embankment or Blackfriars on weekdays and it was withdrawn between Purley and South Croydon with the Sunday service withdrawn entirely. On 1 February 1986, route 109 was withdrawn between South Croydon Garage and Croydon, with buses terminating in Park Street, on 7 February 1987, the service ceased to operate via the Victoria Embankment loop, with all journeys operating via Westminster Bridge to Trafalgar Square. Furthermore, and partly as a consequence of events, both Leyland Olympians and Leyland Titans were added into the mix of vehicle types. On 14 March 1992, the service was reinstated on Sundays, on 29 March 1994, after the aforementioned upheaval started to settle, full operation of the route passed to Thornton Heath using Leyland Olympians. The journeys to Purley were curtailed again at Croydon from 29 August 1998 with the extension of route 60 to Old Coulsdon, on 18 September 1999, route 109 was withdrawn between Brixton and Trafalgar Square, with replacement by route 159. On 3 February 2001, it was converted to low floor operation with Alexander ALX400 bodied DAF DB250s, on 31 March 2012, route 109 was transferred from Thornton Heath to Brixton Garage. Upon being re-tendered in 2002, the route was retained by Arriva London from 1 February 2003, upon being re-tendered in 2009, the route was retained by Arriva London from 30 January 2010. Upon being re-tendered in 2014, the route was awarded to Abellio London from 31 January 2015, Route 109 operates via these primary locations, Croydon West Croydon Thornton Heath Pond Norbury Streatham Streatham Hill Brixton Matthew Wharmby, Geoff Rixon. Media related to London Buses route 109 at Wikimedia Commons
22.
London Buses route 159
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London Buses route 159 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Streatham station and Marble Arch, it is operated by Abellio London, when first introduced, the route was operated by STL-class double-deckers. In 1951, RTs and RTLs replaced the STLs, in June 1970, the RTs were replaced by AEC Routemasters. On 9 December 2005, route 159 was the last route to be converted from Routemaster to low-floor bus operation, Brixton Garage gained the whole service. The route was converted gradually from the start of service on the last day, with the last scheduled Routemaster journey departing Marble Arch at 12,08, the final service operated by RM54, terminated at Streatham at 14,07. On 24 August 2010 TfL announced an intention to extend route 159 north from Marble Arch to Paddington Basin, on 29 March 2014, route 159 was withdrawn between Marble Arch and Paddington Basin. Arriva London successfully retained route 159 with new contracts starting on 10 December 2005 and 11 December 2010, in June 2015 Abellio London won the contract, which commenced with the introduction of the New Routemaster buses on 12 December 2015
23.
London Buses route 333
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
24.
London Buses route 355
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
25.
London Buses route 415
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
26.
London Buses route 432
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
27.
London Buses route 689
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
28.
London Buses route 690
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
29.
London Buses route P4
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
30.
London Buses route N2
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The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet
31.
London Buses route N3
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The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet
32.
London Buses route N35
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The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet
33.
London Buses route N109
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The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet
34.
London Buses route N133
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The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet
35.
Transport for London
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Transport for London is a local government body responsible for the transport system in Greater London, England. Its head office is in Windsor House in the City of Westminster, the underlying services are provided by a mixture of wholly owned subsidiary companies, by private sector franchisees and by licensees. In 2015-16, TfL had a budget of £11.5 billion, the rest comes from government funding, borrowing, other income and Crossrail funding. On 21 January 2016, it was announced that the responsibility for franchising all of Londons inner suburban services would be transferred from the DfT to TfL. This transfer will take place as current franchises fall due for renewal, TfL was created in 2000 as part of the Greater London Authority by the Greater London Authority Act 1999. It gained most of its functions from its predecessor London Regional Transport in 2000, the first Commissioner of TfL was Bob Kiley. The first Chair was then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, and the first Deputy Chair was Dave Wetzel, Livingstone and Wetzel remained in office until the election of Boris Johnson as Mayor in 2008. Johnson took over as Chairman, and in February 2009 fellow-Conservative Daniel Moylan was appointed as his Deputy, TfL did not take over responsibility for the London Underground until 2003, after the controversial Public-private partnership contract for maintenance had been agreed. Management of the Public Carriage Office had previously been a function of the Metropolitan Police, Transport for London Group Archives holds business records for TfL and its predecessor bodies and transport companies. Some early records are held on behalf of TfL Group Archives at the London Metropolitan Archives. After the bombings on the underground and bus systems on 7 July 2005 and they helped survivors out, removed bodies, and got the transport system up and running, to get the millions of commuters back out of London at the end of the work day. Those mentioned include Peter Hendy, who was at the time Head of Surface Transport division, and Tim OToole, head of the Underground division, carrying open containers of alcohol was also banned on public transport operated by TfL. The Mayor of London and TfL announced the ban with the intention of providing a safer, there were Last Round on the Underground parties on the night before the ban came into force. Passengers refusing to observe the ban may be refused travel and asked to leave the premises, the Greater London Authority reported in 2011 that assaults on London Underground staff had fallen by 15% since the introduction of the ban. In an effort to reduce sexual offences and increase reporting, TfL—in conjunction with the British Transport Police, Metropolitan Police Service, TfL is controlled by a board whose members are appointed by the Mayor of London, a position held by Sadiq Khan since May 2016. The Commissioner of Transport for London reports to the Board and leads a management team with individual functional responsibilities, the body is organised in three main directorates and corporate services, each with responsibility for different aspects and modes of transport. This network is sub-divided into three service units, BCV, Bakerloo, Central, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines. JNP, Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines, SSL, Metropolitan, District, Circle and Hammersmith & City lines
36.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
37.
Stockwell tube station
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Stockwell is a London Underground station in Stockwell in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is located on the Northern line between Oval and Clapham North stations, and on the Victoria line between Brixton and Vauxhall stations and it is in Travelcard Zone 2. Stockwell station was opened on 4 November 1890 by the Prince of Wales. Passenger services began just over one month later on 18 December 1890, the station was built with a single island platform with tracks on either side, an arrangement rarely used underground on the network, but which exists today at Clapham North and Clapham Common. Stockwells original platform was further north than the new ones, the other terminus of the C&SLR line was King William Street in the City of London. In 1900, when an extension to Clapham Common was opened, a flight of stairs at the south end of the platform was also added to take passengers to a subway that passed over the new northbound tunnel and joined the lift shaft at a higher level. The original building, designed by T. P. Figgis, was similar to –, the two lifts each carried 50 people to and from the platforms until their replacement by escalators in the mid-1920s. The station was modernised in advance of the 1926 extension from Clapham Common to Morden, a new surface building was constructed on the original site. The original station platforms were closed on 29 November 1923 and platforms sited to the north of the original were opened on 1 December 1924. At the same time the platforms were rebuilt to a larger diameter –, a British Transport Police station was later built above the station. The Victoria line platforms have tiling designed by Abram Games showing a swan, Stockwell is one of eight London Underground stations with an adjacent deep-level air-raid shelter, constructed during the Second World War. The shelter is below the current station, and comprises two parallel tunnels, each six times the length of the current platform. These tunnels are 16 feet 6 inches in diameter, split horizontally into upper and lower levels, with various connecting and branch used for medical posts, lavatories. The total capacity of the shelter was around 1,600 people, the shelter was completed in September 1942, and was used by the Government until 1944 when it was opened to the public. It was used for one year as a shelter, after the war it was used for a period to billet military personnel. Like a number of deep level shelters, it is presently being used for secure archiving. Just north of the station there is a tunnel which used to lead to a nearby generating station, depot and workshop located at the junction of Stockwell. The tunnel was very steep with an incline of 1,3.5, so rolling stock was pulled up to the surface using a wire rope
38.
Walthamstow Central station
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Walthamstow Central /ˈwɔːlθəmstoʊ, ˈwɒl-/ is a railway station located in Walthamstow, London, and served by both London Underground and London Overground services. It is the terminus of the Victoria line, and is on the Chingford Line of the London Overground. It is a walk from Walthamstow Queens Road station by means of a dedicated footpath known as Ray Dudley Way. On 31 May 2015, services on the Chingford Line transferred from Abellio Greater Anglia to London Overground. The station was opened by the Great Eastern Railway in 1870 when a line was opened from Lea Bridge to a station called Shern Hall Street which was east of the Hoe Street station. The line that the Chingford branch uses today was opened two years later in 1872 with the branch being extended later to Chingford in 1873, the GER was taken over by the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923. On 29–30 May 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway put on an exhibition in the station yard. The exhibits were, Class A3 4-6-2 No.2744 Grand Parade Class A4 4-6-2 No.2512 and 4482 Golden Eagle Class P1 2-8-2 No, in 1948 the railways were nationalised and responsibility for operating the station fell to British Railways. The line was electrified in the late 1950s with electric services commencing on 12 November 1960, early services were formed of Class 305 EMUs but initial technical problems with these saw replacements by Class 302 and Class 304 EMUs. The station became a station and the eastern terminus of the Victoria line with London Underground services starting on 1 September 1968. The stations present name was changed at this time, the platforms for the Victoria line are actually underground. On 31 May 2015 the stations Abellio Greater Anglia services were transferred to London Overground Rail Operations, the up-side station building is a remarkably well preserved example of a mid-Victorian country station. The underground station, like many stations on the Victoria line, was never completely finished, white ceiling panels were never fixed to the ceilings above the platforms, instead the steel tunnel segments were painted black and used to support the fixtures and fittings. This has had an effect on the lighting levels. The main entrance to the station is on the down side and is opposite the local bus station. Until August 2015, there were three staffed ticket windows, leaving only a number of machines to serve the majority of the traffic that enters the station. The entrance to the tube was revamped in early 2006, there is a smaller entrance and ticket office on the up line, providing convenient access to the car park, however, the ticket office here is normally unstaffed outside peak hours. A subway was built in 2005 under the busy Selborne Road linking a new bus station with a new Victoria line ticket office, the subway and ticket office were finally opened on 19 November 2007, albeit without the completion of the new lifts and with unfinished building work
39.
Lea Valley lines
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The Lea Valley lines are three commuter lines and two branches in North East London, so named because they run along the Lower Lea Valley of the River Lea. They were part of the Great Eastern Railway, now part of the Anglia Route of Network Rail. The first section was opened by the Eastern Counties Railway on 20 June 1839 from the London end at Devonshire Street to Romford, extended on 1 July 1840 to Bishopsgate, a branch from Broxbourne to Hertford opened in 1843. Enfield was reached on 1 March 1849 by the single-track Enfield Town branch from the N&ER at Angel Road via Lower Edmonton, the ECR was incorporated into the Great Eastern Railway in 1862. The line from there to Enfield was doubled at the same time, another branch, the Chingford branch line, went from Lea Bridge to Walthamstow, Shern Hall Street, in 1870, extended southwards to Hackney Downs in 1872 and northwards to Chingford in 1873. A station was proposed near Clapton called Queens Road but never opened, all express services start at either London Liverpool Street or Stratford and are operated by Abellio Greater Anglia as part of the Greater Anglia franchise. Suburban services operating on the Southbury Loop terminating at Cheshunt, on the Enfield Town branch, services operating via the Southbury Loop that continue beyond Cheshunt, as well as on the line via Tottenham Hale, including services originating at Stratford, are operated by Greater Anglia. Chingford Branch, London Liverpool Street – Chingford via Walthamstow Central, Wood Street and Highams Park, until 1968 the Stratford and Chingford lines were connected by the Hall Farm Curve, which may be reconstructed. The line is part of the Network Rail Strategic Route 5, SRS05.02,05.04 and it is classified as a London and South East Commuter line. A number of services to/from Liverpool Street/Enfield Town start or terminate in different places on special occasions, when Tottenham Hotspur F. C. are playing at home, additional trains run, some starting/terminating from White Hart Lane or Seven Sisters. It is electrified at 25 kV AC using overhead line equipment and has a speed of 40–75 mph except between Cheshunt and Coppermill junction where it is 60–85 mph. Different sections have different loading gauges, most is W8, with the branches to Enfield Town and Chingford being W6 and the branch to Stratford W9. The Tottenham Hale–West Anglian route is planned to part of Crossrail 2 to Cheshunt, Broxbourne. These trains will go into service on the Romford-Upminster branch
40.
Blackhorse Road station
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The station is on the Victoria line of the London Underground and is the penultimate station on the eastern end of that line. Above ground, the station is located approximately at the midpoint of the Gospel Oak to Barking Line of the London Overground, the station is in Travelcard Zone 3 and is the least used station on the Victoria line with 6.44 million passengers per year. Ticket barriers control access to all platforms, passengers using Oyster cards are required to tap on an interchange Oyster card reader when transferring between the two lines. The station was opened on 9 July 1894 by the Tottenham, the station was resited by British Rail on 14 December 1981 to provide better interchange with the tube station which had opened on 1 September 1968. The station contains two platforms for the Victoria line and two for the London Overground. Due to budget restraints at the time of construction, the underground station, white ceiling panels were never fixed to the ceilings above the platforms, instead the steel tunnel segments were painted black and used to support the fixtures and fittings. This has had an effect on the lighting levels. There are two works of art at the station, both depicting black horses, in reference to the stations name. One is in the form of a motif depicting a black horse on a white cameo against a light blue background. It was done by Hans Unger, who also did the tile motif at Seven Sisters tube station, the other is a mural of a black horse outside the stations entrance, by David McFall. During peak periods, trains run every two minutes on the Victoria line in both directions. A replacement bus service is in operation for the duration of the closure period, London Bus routes 123,158,230 and night route N73 serve the station. Train times and station information for Blackhorse Road station from National Rail
41.
Gospel Oak to Barking line
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The Gospel Oak to Barking line is part of the Network Rail network of railway lines. It carries both through goods trains and London Overground passenger trains, connecting Gospel Oak station in north London, the line is part of Network Rail Strategic Route 6, and is classified as a London and South East Commuter line. The line has existed in its current form since 1981, and is mostly an amalgamation of lines built in the 19th century. This opened on 9 July 1894, linking the Midland and Great Eastern joint line at South Tottenham, the section west of South Tottenham was built as the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway, which opened in 1868 but had not been commercially successful as a stand-alone railway. Although the route between Upper Holloway and Woodgrange Park has been constant, several stations have been the ends of the line, Kentish Town, St. Pancras, Gospel Oak and Moorgate have all been the western termini. East Ham was an eastern terminus for some time. Some trains were extended beyond Barking to destinations such as Southend, there was a regular boat train service between St Pancras and Tilbury. A connection to Gospel Oak was added in 1888, but the routes via Kentish Town remained the primary ones, the connection to East Ham was abandoned in 1958. The Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway section of the line had stations that were closed due to proximity to stations or for other reasons. These include Highgate Road, Junction Road, Hornsey Road and St Anns Road, the line was considered for closure to passengers in 1963 as part of the Beeching Axe, but as Beechings proposals for London were not implemented for the most part, the line remained open. Even so, it was allowed to fall into a state of repair and reliability. The station canopies were demolished, ticket offices closed and staff withdrawn from stations. The situation began to improve in 1981 when electrification and upgrades to the out of St. Pancras displaced the line from Kentish Town. A new link to Gospel Oak was built and the service from Kentish Town was replaced by the current route from Gospel Oak with two trains per hour. The service remained very unreliable due to the age of the trains, initially part of British Rail Network SouthEast, the line was privatised in 1994, the track being owned by Railtrack with the passenger service provided by the North London Railways franchise. This passed to National Express in 1997, which operated the line under the brand name Silverlink until November 2007, under Silverlink, the slam door trains were replaced by Class 150 units in 2000, which improved reliability significantly. There were minor improvements in station facilities but no major investment to upgrade the line and boost capacity, the Railways Act 2005 abolished the franchise and gave the operation of passenger services to Transport for London. In 2005, TfL started funding a number of additional peak time
42.
Tottenham Hale station
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Tottenham Hale is a National Rail and London Underground Victoria line station in Tottenham, north London. It is on Ferry Lane, with access from Watermead Way, the station is in Travelcard Zone 3. The National Rail gateline now has automatic barriers installed, rail users must use the Underground doors to the station, a new station building is awaiting planning approval, and a third railway platform is being worked on. This is all part of the 2013/14 Tottenham Hale regeneration scheme, locations served by Tottenham Hale trains in previous years included London St Pancras, North Woolwich via the low level platforms at Stratford and York. Until recently, the station served to the south on the line to Liverpool Street was Clapton. Clapton is now served by trains on the Chingford branch instead, except for the last train to Hertford East on Mondays to Fridays. The station opened on 15 September 1840 as Tottenham, on the Northern & Eastern Railway line from Stratford in east London to Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, the Northern and Eastern Railway was leased by the Eastern Counties Railway in 1844 who took over operation of the line. On 12 September 1858 a passenger train collided with some wagons that had been shunted onto the main line. Eighteen months later on 20 February 1860 the station was the site of a railway accident when a locomotive derailed, killing the driver, fireman. The Eastern Counties Railway was taken over by the Great Eastern Railway in 1862, until 1868 Tottenham Hale was a railhead for cattle traffic from East Anglia. Trains were unloaded there, and the cattle driven miles down what is now the A10 road towards London. In 1868 the link to the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway was opened and the traffic transferred to Tufnell Park. Four years later in 1872 the route via Clapton was opened, in 1875 the suffix Hale was added to the stations name, this was removed in November 1938, before being restored in 1968. In 1882 the line through Tottenham Hale became part of a rail freight artery, with the opening of the Great Northern. This provided a link for the Great Eastern from the coalfields in the north to London and this led to a second pair of running lines known as the Slow Lines being added in 1913. On 29 August 1913 a northbound train ran into the back of a freight train just south of the station at Tottenham South Junction. The cause was a signal passed at danger in foggy conditions, two passengers were badly injured,16 less so. The area was susceptible to flooding, one of the worst instances being between 18 and 22 February 1919 when the River Lea overflowed its banks and rail traffic was suspended
43.
Seven Sisters station
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Seven Sisters is a London Overground and London Underground Victoria line station in the Seven Sisters area of the London Borough of Haringey, north London. The station is in Travelcard Zone 3, Abellio Greater Anglia also serve at peak times. It is a distance from South Tottenham station on London Overgrounds Gospel Oak to Barking line. The station was constructed by the Great Eastern Railway on its Stoke Newington & Edmonton Railway line, on 1 January 1878, the GER opened a branch line, the Palace Gates Line, from Seven Sisters station to Noel Park and later that year to Palace Gates station. The Palace Gates Line was closed by British Rail in 1963 for passengers and 1964 for freight, with the branch line track, on 24 July 1967 planning permission was granted to convert the station for London Underground use. The original entrance was closed at that time, the National Rail platforms are not at street level. Platform 1 is accessed by twin staircases, platform 2 has a staircase and an up escalator. A second entrance at the east end includes the main Victoria line ticket hall, the section of Victoria line between Seven Sisters and Finsbury Park stations is the longest between adjacent stations in deep level tunnels on the London Underground network. On 31 May 2015 the station and all services call here. Some Greater Anglia services are scheduled to call at this station at peak times, in May 2013 it was announced that the station would be on the latest proposed route for Crossrail 2, with a double-ended underground station built linking South Tottenham and Seven Sisters stations. London Buses routes 41,76,149,230,243,259,279,318,349,476 and W4 and night routes N41, N73 and N279 serve the station
44.
Finsbury Park station
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Finsbury Park is a busy intermodal interchange station in north London. The interchange consists of a National Rail station, a London Underground station, the main entrances are by the eastern bus station on Station Place. There is another exit by the bus station along Wells Terrace, incorporating the Underground ticket office. The complex is located in Travelcard Zone 2, the station is named after the nearby Finsbury Park, one of the oldest of Londons Victorian parks. It is also used by many Arsenal supporters on matchdays, as the ground is just a short walk away. When the Victoria line was built in the 1960s, the walls in Finsbury Park station were decorated with mosaics of duelling pistols, Finsbury Fields was close to the present-day Finsbury Square,3 miles south. At the same time the long entrance subways and the Wells Terrace booking hall were rebuilt to a high standard, Finsbury Park station has a long and complex history involving the participation of many railway companies and there have been various changes to the station infrastructure. British Transport Police maintain a presence at Finsbury Park and have a station at the Wells Terrace entrance. Ticket barriers were installed to platforms 1,2,5 and 6 in 2011, Finsbury Park is on the route of the East Coast Main Line from Kings Cross to the north of England and Scotland. The southern section of this was built in stages during the 1840s, tracks were first laid through Finsbury Park in 1850 to the GNRs temporary terminus at Maiden Lane just north of the permanent terminus at Kings Cross. The first station at Finsbury Park opened on 1 July 1861 and was originally named Seven Sisters Road, soon after the first station opened, the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway began construction of a line from Finsbury Park to Edgware. The GNR took over the EH&LR shortly before its opening on 22 August 1867, the station was given its current name Finsbury Park on 15 November 1869. The Edgware branch platforms were on side of the main tracks. The southbound track of the branch crossed over the line by a bridge on its way into the station. The tunnels were constructed with a diameter to accommodate this service. The GN&CR tunnels, instead, terminated beneath the line station without a connection to the surface. The line opened on 14 February 1904, the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway opened on 15 December 1906 between Finsbury Park and Hammersmith in west London. The GN&SR was taken over in 1901 by a led by Charles Yerkes before any work had been carried out
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Highbury & Islington station
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Highbury & Islington is a London Underground and National Rail interchange station in the London Borough of Islington, north London. It is served by the London Undergrounds Victoria line, London Overgrounds East and North London Lines, on the Victoria line the station is between Finsbury Park and Kings Cross St. Pancras. On the Northern City Line it is between Essex Road and Drayton Park,2 miles 21 chains down-line from Moorgate, the station is in Travelcard Zone 2. The current station derives from two earlier stations, the first, which was on the same site, was an impressive Victorian-gothic building, designed by Edwin Henry Horne, with a drive-in forecourt, built in 1850 as Islington by the North London Railway. This line and stations were operated by the Metropolitan Railway and its successors from 1913 until 1975 when the line, the route is now operated by Great Northern. The NLR station was damaged by a V-1 flying bomb on 27 June 1944, however, the original westbound platform buildings remain, as does a small part of the original entrance to the left of the present station entrance. Todays single-storey structure was built in the 1960s for the opening of the Victoria line on 1 September 1968 and is the entrance for all lines, when the escalators to the deep level platforms were opened the GN&CR station building was closed. Its disused entrance remains and was refurbished externally in 2006 – it houses signalling equipment for the Victoria line, former train operating company Anglia Railways ran services known as London Crosslink from Norwich to Basingstoke via Stratford, which called at Highbury & Islington. This service operated from 2000 until 2002, during this closure, the Highbury & Islington station ticket hall was extended and step-free access installed to all of the London Overground platforms. Platforms 1 and 2, which served the NLL route on third rail lines were closed from February 2010 for reconstruction. The change of platforms allows ELL services to operate without having to cross over NLL tracks, when the ELL extension to Clapham Junction was first instituted in December 2012, trains ran through to there from this station throughout the week. From the December 2014 timetable change though, they only do so on Sundays with West Croydon the second destination served alongside Crystal Palace on weekdays & Saturdays, platforms 3 to 6 are deep-level platforms. Platforms 3 and 5 are used for services on the Victoria line,4 and 6 are used for Great Northern services, all times below are correct as of May 2016. Mondays to Fridays there is a service approximately every 7–8 minutes throughout the morning and evening peaks, on Saturdays the service is approximately every 10 minutes. Sunday services have now resumed and are similar in frequency to the services on Saturdays, prior to December 2015, weekend and evening services were diverted to Kings Cross from Finsbury Park. Northbound trains run alternately to Welwyn Garden City and to Hertford North, with extensions to Letchworth on weekdays. Westbound there is a service every 2–5 minutes all day, all week, eastbound there are services every 2–8 minutes all day, all week. London Buses routes 4,19,30,43,271,277 and 393 and night routes N19 and N41 serve the station
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King's Cross St. Pancras tube station
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Kings Cross St. Pancras is a London Underground station located within the London Borough of Camden. It serves Kings Cross and St Pancras main line stations and falls within fare zone 1, being an interchange station between six lines, it is the second busiest station on the network, second only to Waterloo. The three lines share common tracks in this area, on the Northern line Bank branch, between Euston and Angel. On the Piccadilly line, between Russell Square and Caledonian Road, on the Victoria line, between Euston and Highbury & Islington. Kings Cross serves long distance inter city services on the East Coast Main Line and regional services mainly for commuters, the expanded station has four entrances, and was opened to the public in November 2009. The main ticket hall is in front of Kings Cross station and it has been expanded and refurbished and is signposted as the Euston Road way out from the tube lines. The Pentonville Road entrance was the ticket hall for Kings Cross Thameslink station and has underground passageway connections to the Piccadilly. It was taken over by London Underground when the Thameslink platforms closed, the Western Ticket Hall is under the forecourt of St Pancras station, adjacent to Euston Road. It provides access to St Pancras Station via the St Pancras undercroft, the Northern Ticket Hall is west of Kings Cross station platform 8, underneath the main concourse. The London Underground ticket hall and associated connections to the lines were opened on 29 November 2009. It is signposted as the Regents Canal way out from the tube lines, the first underground station at Kings Cross opened as part of the original section of the Metropolitan Railway in 1863 and was rearranged in 1868 and 1926. One of the platforms may be seen from Underground trains between the present station and Farringdon, the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway platforms opened with the rest of the line in December 1906, while the City & South London Railway arrived in May 1907. The Victoria line platforms came into use on 1 December 1968 with the opening of the phase of the line. The Victoria line escalators cut through the location of the original Piccadilly line lifts, on 18 November 1987 the station was the scene of a devastating fire that killed 31 people. As a result, fire safety procedures on the Underground were tightened, staff training was improved, the existing prohibition of smoking throughout the London Underground network was tightened. On 7 July 2005, as part of a bomb attack. Each station had its own unique tile pattern and colours, since 1991, a route for a potential Crossrail 2 has been safeguarded, including a connection at Kings Cross St Pancras and Euston, forming the station Euston Kings Cross St Pancras. The proposed scheme would offer a rail link between Kings Cross and Victoria in addition to the Victoria line
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27.22 million[4]
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