1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
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The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea is an inner London borough of Royal borough status, to the west of the centre. As the smallest borough in London and the second smallest district in England, the borough is immediately to the west of the City of Westminster and to the east of London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. It contains major museums and universities in Albertopolis, department stores such as Harrods, Peter Jones and Harvey Nichols and it is home to the Notting Hill Carnival, Europes largest. It contains many of the most expensive places in the world. The local authority is Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council, the boroughs motto is Quam Bonum in Unum Habitare, which can be roughly translated as How good to dwell in unity. The borough was created in 1965 from the boroughs of Kensington. Kensingtons Royal Borough status was inherited by the new borough, the new borough was originally to be called just Kensington – the inclusion of Chelsea was locally supported. Due to its high French population it has held the unofficial title of the 21st arrondissement of Paris. In 2005, the borough had more of its covered by domestic buildings than anywhere else in England at 19%. It also had the fifth highest proportion of land covered by buildings at 12%. As of 2010, statistics released by the Office for National Statistics showed that life expectancy at birth for females was 89.8 years in 2008–2010, male life expectancy at birth for the same period was 85.1 years. The figures in 1991–1993 were significantly lower,73.0 years for males and 80.0 for females, the borough has a higher proportion of high earners than any other local government district in the country. It has the highest proportion of workers in the financial sector, in December 2006, Sport England published a survey which showed that the boroughs residents were the fourth most active in England in sports and other fitness activities. 27. 9% of the population participate at least three times a week for 30 minutes, the top quarter earn at least £41 per hour, three and a half times the level of the lowest quarter at £12 per hour or less. Two of its more notable leaders were Nicholas Freeman, from 1977 until 1989. The Council has 42 Conservative,9 Labour and 3 Liberal Democrat councillors, the borough has combined a number of services and departments with its neighbours, Hammersmith & Fulham and Westminster City Council. Chelsea has less Underground access than Kensington, the station within Chelsea being Sloane Square. There are long-term plans for the Chelsea-Hackney line, with a station in the Kings Road near Chelsea Old Town Hall, buses Many London bus routes pass through the borough, most of them along Kings Road, Fulham Road, Kensington High Street and Ladbroke Grove
4.
The Royal Parks
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The Royal Parks is an organisation within the UK Government that manages the eight Royal Parks and certain other areas of garden and parkland in London. The Royal Parks is an agency of the Department for Culture, Media. The Chief Executive of the agency is Andrew Scattergood, the agencys primary focus is on management and conservation of the 1976 hectares of Royal Parks. The agency runs programmes of activities and events to outdoor recreation. It also allows parties to run such activities within the grounds to further these objectives. The Royal Parks also regulates filming, audio recording and the taking of photographs in these areas for anything other than personal use through the issuing of licences and it also issues news permits to the media for the specific purpose of covering breaking news items relating to the Parks. In September 2005, the agency was awarded the EST Best Practice Award at the GreenFleet Awards, the awards recognise achievements in green fuels and alternative transport technologies. The agency negotiated a contract for the installation of LPG fuel bunkers, each new contract awarded by The Royal Parks requires the contractor to use green fuel. The plan was welcomed by Royal Parks but has not yet been implemented
5.
Magnificent Seven cemeteries
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The Magnificent Seven is an informal term applied to seven large private cemeteries in London. They were established in the 19th century to alleviate overcrowding in existing parish burial grounds, for hundreds of years, almost all Londons dead were buried in small parish churchyards, which quickly became dangerously overcrowded. In the first 50 years of the 19th century the population of London more than doubled from 1 million to 2.3 million, overcrowded graveyards also led to decaying matter getting into the water supply and causing epidemics. In 1832 Parliament passed a bill encouraging the establishment of private cemeteries outside London, enabled the Secretary of State to close metropolitan London churchyards to new interments and make regulations regarding proper burial. The expenses for establishing burial boards to accommodate these changes were ordered to come from the poor rates under section 19. Sections 26 and 28 of that act enabled parish Burial Boards to purchase land anywhere and to land belonging to the relevant parish. In 1981 the architectural historian Hugh Meller dubbed the group of cemeteries The Magnificent Seven after the 1960 western film of the same name, the National Federation of Cemetery Friends website Photographic studies of each one of Londons Magnificent Seven Cemeteries
6.
Act of Parliament
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Acts of Parliament, also called primary legislation, are statutes passed by a parliament. Act of the Oireachtas is an equivalent term used in the Republic of Ireland where the legislature is known by its Irish name. It is also comparable to an Act of Congress in the United States, a draft Act of Parliament is known as a bill. In territories with a Westminster system, most bills that have any possibility of becoming law are introduced into parliament by the government. This will usually happen following the publication of a paper, setting out the issues. A bill may also be introduced into parliament without formal government backing, in territories with a multicameral parliament, most bills may be first introduced in any chamber. However, certain types of legislation are required, either by convention or by law. For example, bills imposing a tax, or involving public expenditure, are introduced into the House of Commons in the United Kingdom, Canadas House of Commons, conversely, bills proposed by the Law Commission and consolidation bills traditionally start in the House of Lords. Once introduced, a bill must go through a number of stages before it can become law, in theory, this allows the bills provisions to be debated in detail, and for amendments to the original bill to also be introduced, debated, and agreed to. In bicameral parliaments, a bill that has been approved by the chamber into which it was introduced then sends the bill to the other chamber, broadly speaking, each chamber must separately agree to the same version of the bill. Finally, the bill receives assent, in most territories this is merely a formality. In some countries, such as in Spain and Portugal, the term for a bill differs depending on whether it is initiated by the government, again, the second reading of a Government bill is usually approved. A defeat for a Government bill on this reading signifies a major loss, if the bill is read a second time, it is then considered in detail Consideration in detail, This usually takes place on the floor of the House. Generally, committees sit on the floor of the House and consider the bill in detail, third reading, A debate on the final text of the bill, as amended. Very rarely do debates occur during this stage, passage, The bill is then sent to the other House, which may amend it. If the other House amends the bill, the bill and amendments are posted back to the original House for a further stage, the State of Queenslands Parliament is unicameral and skips this and the rest of the stages. Consideration of Senate/Representatives amendments, The House in which the bill originated considers the amendments made in the other House and it may agree to them, amend them, propose other amendments in lieu, or reject them. However, the Senate may not amend money bills, though it can request the House to make amendments, a bill may pass backwards and forwards several times at this stage, as each House amends or rejects changes proposed by the other
7.
Charles James Blomfield
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Charles James Blomfield was a British divine and classicist, and a Church of England bishop for 32 years. In 1808, he graduated as third wrangler and first medallist, at Cambridge, Blomfield was tutored by John Hudson, mathematician and clergyman. Blomfield, however, soon ceased to devote entirely to scholarship. He had been ordained in 1810, and held in succession the livings of Chesterford, Quarrington, Lincolnshire, Dunton, Buckinghamshire, Great and Little Chesterford. In 1817 he was appointed chaplain to William Howley, Bishop of London. In 1819 he was nominated to the living of St Botolph, Bishopsgate. Two years later he was raised to the bishopric as bishop of Chester where he carried through many much-needed reforms, in 1828, he was appointed a Privy Counsellor and translated becoming bishop of London, a post which he held for twenty-eight years. During this period, his energy and zeal did much to extend the influence of the church and his health at last gave way, and in 1856 he was permitted to resign his bishopric, retaining Fulham Palace as his residence, with a pension of £6000 per annum. Blomfield is buried in the churchyard of All Saints Church, Fulham, London and his published works, exclusive of those above mentioned, consist of charges, sermons, lectures and pamphlets, and of a Manual of Private and Family Prayers. He was a frequent contributor to the reviews, chiefly on classical subjects. His brother was Edward Valentine Blomfield a classical scholar and he married Anna Maria Heath on 6 November 1810 at Hemblington, Norfolk and they had the following children, Anna Maria, Charles James, Charles William, Edward Thomas, Maria and Charles James. Anna Maria died on 16 February 1818 at Hildersham, Cambridgeshire and he was grandfather of the poet and hymn writer Dorothy Gurney née Blomfield, the architect Sir Reginald Blomfield and the palaeontologist, geologist and malacologist Francis Arthur Bather. Dorothy also had one son from her first marriage, Thomas Fassett Kent, John Hudson Alfred Blomfield, Memoirs of Charles James Blomfield, D. D. Bishop of London, with Selections from his Correspondence, George Edward Biber, Bishop Blomfield and his Times. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 229–230 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Blomfield, Charles James
8.
Bishop of London
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The Bishop of London is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese covers 458 km² of 17 boroughs of Greater London north of the River Thames and a small part of the County of Surrey. The see is in the City of London where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Paul which was founded as a cathedral in 604 and was rebuilt from 1675 following the Great Fire of London. The bishops residence is The Old Deanery, Deans Court, London, previously, for over 1000 years, Fulham Palace was the residence although, from the 18th century, London House next to the Bishops Chapel in Aldersgate Street was where he had his chambers. The current and 132nd Bishop of London is Richard Chartres, who was installed on 26 January 1996 and it has been announced that Chartres is to retire effective Shrove Tuesday,28 February 2017. The diocesan bishop of London has had direct episcopal oversight in the Two Cities area since the institution of the London area scheme in 1979, however, according to later sources, there had been 16 Romano-British bishops of London. The location of Londiniums original cathedral is uncertain, in 1995, however, a large and ornate 4th-century church was discovered on Tower Hill, which seems to have mimicked St Ambroses cathedral in the imperial capital at Milan on a still-larger scale. This possible cathedral was built between 350 and 400 out of stone taken from buildings, including its veneer of black marble. It was burnt down in the early 5th century, following the establishment of the archdiocese of Canterbury by the Gregorian mission, its leader St Augustine consecrated Mellitus as the first bishop to the Saxon kingdom of Essex. Bede records that Augustines patron, King Æthelberht of Kent, built a cathedral for his nephew King Sæberht of Essex as part of this mission and this cathedral was constructed in London and dedicated to St Paul. The diocese was reduced in 1846, when the counties of Essex. The dates and names of early bishops are very uncertain. Diocese of London website Bishop of London refuses to ban gay Bishop from church service The papers of the Bishops of London covering 1423–1945 are held at Lambeth Palace Library
9.
National Lottery (United Kingdom)
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The National Lottery is the state-franchised national lottery in the United Kingdom. It is operated by Camelot Group, to whom the licence was granted in 1994,2001, the lottery is regulated by the National Lottery Commission, and was established by the government of John Major in 1994. All prizes are paid as a sum and are tax-free. 5% to cover operating costs and 0. 5% as profit. Lottery tickets and scratch cards may be only by people of at least 16 years of age. A statute of 1698 provided that in England lotteries were by default illegal unless specifically authorised by statute, early English state lotteries included the Million Lottery and the Malt Lottery. These Lotteries were part of a series of experiments by the English government including recoinage. A1934 Act, further liberalised in 1956 and 1976, legalised small lotteries, the UKs state-franchised lottery was set up under government licence by the government of John Major in 1993. The National Lottery is franchised to an operator, the Camelot Group was awarded the franchise on 25 May 1994. The first draw took place on 19 November 1994 with a programme presented by Noel Edmonds. The first numbers drawn were 30,3,5,44,14 and 22, the bonus was 10, tickets became available on the Isle of Man on 2 December 1999 at the request of Tynwald. The National Lottery undertook a rebranding programme in late 2002 designed to combat falling sales. The main game was renamed Lotto, and the National Lottery Extra became Lotto Extra, the stylized crossed-fingers logo was modified. However, the games as a collective are still known as the National Lottery and it is one of the most popular forms of gambling in the United Kingdom. In November 2009 Camelot replaced its older Lotto draw machines, the new machines are named Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot and Merlin, reusing the names of older machines. At the same time, new machines for the Thunderball game were introduced, the new Lotto machines are the Magnum II model, manufactured by Smartplay International Inc. and the new Thunderball machines are the Smartplay Halogen II model. The ticket purchaser for a syndicate, typically its manager, must meet the eligibility criteria for ticket purchase, in the draw, six numbered balls are drawn without replacement from a set of 59 balls numbered from 1 to 59. A further Bonus Ball is also drawn, which only players who match five numbers. Prizes are awarded to players who match at least three of the six numbers, with prizes increasing for matching more of the drawn numbers
10.
West Brompton station
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The station is on the Wimbledon branch of the District line between Earls Court and Fulham Broadway stations. On the WLL, National Rail services are provided by Southern, the station is between Kensington and Imperial Wharf stations. This part of the station and track is within the London Borough of Hammersmith, since 2000 it has been a Grade II Listed Building. The West London Extension Joint Railway was opened in the early 1860s and it joined the southern end of the West London Joint Railway at Kensington station with Clapham Junction station and ran through West Brompton although a station was not opened until 1866. The original station was designed by the engineer of the Metropolitan and District Railway, Sir John Fowler. The current Lillie bridge dates from 1860 and is the work of Fowler, the soon to disappear Lillie Bridge Railway and Engineering Depot, opened in 1872, is close by. On 12 April 1869, the District Railway opened its own station adjacent to the WLEJR station as the terminus, the original plan was to connect the DR to the WLEJR but this did not take place. On 1 March 1880, the DR opened an extension south from West Brompton to Putney Bridge, in 1940, during World War II, several WLL stations sustained bomb damage. Passenger services on the WLL between Willesden Junction and Clapham Junction were withdrawn on 21 October 1940, the Underground station remained in use and the WLL continued in use for freight traffic. The WLL station buildings and platforms were subsequently demolished, full passenger services resumed on the WLL in 1994, but it was not until 1 June 1999 that new Network Rail platforms were opened at West Brompton by the then Minister of Transport, Glenda Jackson. There is a plaque to this effect on the Western lift tower. The station design was by Robinson Kenning and Gallagher of Croydon, the lift tower design is an echo of the decorative brickwork by the 19th c. City of London architect and surveyor, John Young designer of the nearby Empress Place, the works were funded by the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham on whose border the station lies. The WLL platforms do not have an entrance and access is from the Underground station. The District line serves platforms 1 and 2 and the WLL serves platforms 3 and 4, there is a fence between platforms 2 and 3, but they are on the same level and it is possible to pass directly between them. There are lifts to both platforms for wheelchair access, and this means there is also step-free access to the eastbound District line platform. Southern 1 northbound to Milton Keynes Central via Watford Junction,1 southbound to South Croydon via Clapham Junction and East Croydon. Additional District line services operate at times, with many trains continuing to Barking, Dagenham East or Upminster
11.
Fulham Road
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Fulham Road is a street in London, England, which comprises the A304 and part of the A308. It is designated the A304 as far as its junction with the A308 road at Gunter Grove, Fulham Road is roughly parallel to Kings Road, and is the westerly continuation of Brompton Road running up to Fulham Palace. There are numerous antique dealers and specialist interior furnishing shops, while designer couture outlets have begun to arrive at the eastern end, the section nearest the cinema is known as The Beach, and is home to various trendy bars, pubs and clubs. The nearest underground stations are, South Kensington and Gloucester Road, Fulham Road is known for the following landmarks, Stamford Bridge football ground, home of Chelsea F. C. Many Chelsea supporters travel to games using Fulham Broadway Underground Station. Fulham Road is cited extensively on the Jethro Tull album A Passion Play and the Morrissey song Maladjusted
12.
Frederick Richards Leyland
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Frederick Richards Leyland was one of the largest British shipowners, running 25 steamships in the transatlantic trade. He was also an art collector, who commissioned works from several of the Pre-Raphaelite painters. Leyland served as an apprentice in the firm of John Bibby, Sons & Co, in 1867, he took on the tenancy of Speke Hall, Liverpool, and in 1869 bought a house in London at 49 Princes Gate. At the end of 1872, when the Bibby partnership dissolved, he bought out his employers, under his direction the line expanded into transatlantic trade and by 1882 had 25 steamships. He retired from business in 1888, leaving his son Frederick Dawson Leyland in charge. Leylands first commissions were to Rossetti and James McNeill Whistler, Leyland collected Renaissance art, as well as that of the Pre-Raphaelites, Whistler and Albert Moore. Leyland commissioned The Beguiling of Merlin, a painting by the Pre-Raphaelite painter Edward Burne-Jones, the painting depicts a scene from Arthurian legend, the infatuation of Merlin with the Lady of the Lake, Nimue. Merlin is shown trapped, helpless in a bush as Nimue reads from a book of spells. In the 1870s, Leyland commissioned Whistler to decorate his dining room, the resulting Peacock Room is considered one of Whistlers greatest works. After Leylands death, his widow sold the Peacock Room to the American industrialist and it now resides in the Smithsonian Museums Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. Leyland died in 1892, one of the largest shipowners in Britain, the grave is 10m west of the main path between the north entrance and colonnade but is highly recognizable due to its unique form and design. In 1892, John Ellerman made his first move into shipping by leading a consortium purchased the Leyland Line of the late Frederick Richards Leyland. In 1901, Ellerman sold this business to J. P. Morgan for £1.2 million, Leylands funerary monument is the only such work by Edward Burne-Jones – the finest Arts and Crafts funerary monument in the UK, and Grade II* listed. Leyland married Frances née Dawson on 23 March 1855, but they separated in 1879, possibly because of his liaison with his married mistress Rosa Laura Caldecott and he and Frances had four children together, Frederick Dawson, Fanny, Florence married Valentine Cameron Prinsep and Elinor. Rosa bore a son named Frederick Richards Leyland Caldecott in 1883, Leyland had two further sons with his mistress Annie Ellen Wooster. Frederick Richards and Francis George Leyland Wooster Leyland, Frederick Richards, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,2004 Biography at University of Glasgow
13.
Valentine Cameron Prinsep
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Valentine Cameron Val Prinsep RA was a British painter of the Pre-Raphaelite school. He is often known as Val Prinsep, henry and Sarah had settled at Little Holland House and made it a centre of artistic society. Prinsep was a friend of G. F. Watts. He went out with Watts in 1856–57 to watch Sir Charles Newtons excavation of Halicarnassus, after studying under Watts he proceeded to Marc-Charles-Gabriel Gleyres atelier in Paris. There Whistler, Poynter, and Du Maurier were among his fellow students, from Paris, Prinsep passed to Italy. With Burne-Jones he visited Siena and there he made the acquaintance of Robert Browning and he was an intimate friend of John Everett Millais and of Edward Burne-Jones, with whom he travelled in Italy. He had a share with Rossetti and others in the decoration of the hall of the Oxford Union, with other members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, he taught at the Working Mens College during the mid-19th century. Prinsep first exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1862 with his Bianca Capella, his first picture, Prinsep lent the costume to Millais who used it in his own painting Esther. From that time to his death Prinsep was an annual exhibitor, prinseps chief paintings were Miriam watching the infant Moses, A Venetian lover, Bacchus and Ariadne, News from abroad, The linen gatherers, The gleaners, and A minuet. In 1877, he went to India and painted a picture of the Delhi Durbar, exhibited in 1880 at the Royal Academy, presented to Queen Victoria. This colossal work attracted favourable press criticism. The best of his exhibits were À Versailles, The Emperor Theophilus chooses his Wife, The Broken Idol. He was elected A. R. A. in 1879, Prinsep died at Holland Park, west London in 1904, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. He is buried with his wife Florence, the highly distinctive Roman style monument lies on the western path between the north entrance and the central buildings. He married in 1884 Florence, daughter of Frederick Richards Leyland of Wootten Hall and she survived him with three sons. Prinsep wrote two plays, Cousin Dick and Monsieur le Duc, produced at the Court and the St Jamess theatres respectively and he was an enthusiastic volunteer, and one of the founders of the Artists Rifles. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Gibson, Frank W. Prinsep. Dictionary of National Biography,1912 supplement, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Prinsep, Valentine Cameron
14.
Nellie Farren
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Nellie Farren was an English actress and singer best known for her roles as the principal boy in musical burlesques at the Gaiety Theatre. Born into a family, Farren began acting as a child. She made her adult debut in 1864 and joined the company at Londons Olympic Theatre, performing in Shakespeare, contemporary comedies, dramas. Farren gained a following among the theatres mostly male audience. In the 1880s, she created roles in the series of famous Gaiety burlesques with musical scores by Meyer Lutz, some of her most famous of these later roles were the title characters in Little Jack Sheppard and Ruy Blas and the Blasé Roué. She also became a co-producer of the Gaiety Theatre, after Farren suffered an attack of rheumatic fever in 1891, her health forced to retire from the stage in 1892. A gala benefit for her was arranged at the Theatre Royal and it was attended by nearly the entire theatrical community at which the most famous actors of the day performed, and which raised the astonishing sum of £7,000 for her retirement. Ellen Nellie Farren was born in Lancashire to a theatrical family and her grandfather, William Farren, was a well-known actor. Her father, Henry Farren, and her uncle, William, were both actors and her mother was Ellen nee Smithson. Farren married actor and stage manager Robert Soutar in 1867, and the couple had two sons, Henry Robert Soutar, an actor who ended his days as a labourer. Her first role was as the young Duke of York in Richard III in 1853 at the Theatre Royal and she first appeared on the London stage at the age of seven, at the Victoria Theatre, playing Genie of the Ring in Dick Whittington. Although she played other juvenile singing and acting roles in London, in 1862, she played the Fairy Star in The Rose of Blarney at Sadlers Wells Theatre, receiving good notices, followed by a series of other parts at the Victoria Theatre. One of her last roles there is considered her adult debut and she also played the title role in Lydia Languish, Charlotte in High Life Below Stairs, Nerissa in The Merchant of Venice, Nan in Good for Nothing by J. B. Buckstone, Jo in Nicholas Nickleby, and Sam Willoughby in The Ticket-of-Leave Man, during this time, she also played roles in other theatres, such as Pert in London Assurance in 1866. In the second half of 1868, she joined the company at the Queens Theatre, Long Acre, playing, among other things, S. Gilbert, a burlesque of the opera Robert le Diable. Her husband, Robert Soutar, joined the theatre at the time and served as an actor. Farren next played the role in Alfred Thompsons Columbus. Or the Original Pitch in a Merry Key and she was most acclaimed in the principal boy roles
15.
William Edwardes, 2nd Baron Kensington
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William Edwardes, 2nd Baron Kensington, styled The Honourable William Edwardes until 1801, was a British peer and Member of Parliament. Kensington was the son of William Edwardes, 1st Baron Kensington, who represented Haverfordwest in the House of Commons for over 50 years, and Elizabeth Warren. He succeeded his father as second Baron Kensington in 1801 but as this was an Irish peerage it did not entitle him to a seat in the House of Lords. He was instead elected to succeed his father as Member of Parliament for Haverfordwest in 1802, lord Kensington married Dorothy Patricia Thomas, daughter of Richard Thomas, in 1797. He died in August 1852, aged 75, and was succeeded in the barony by his son William, Edwardes Square, London W8 is named in his honour. New York, St Martins Press,1990
16.
Fulham
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Fulham is part of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, in southwest London. It is an Inner London district located 3.7 miles south-west of Charing Cross and it was formerly a parish in the County of Middlesex. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London, Fulham Palace, now a museum, served between 1900 and 1976 as the official residence of the Bishops of London. Fulham has a history of industry and enterprise dating back to the 15th-century, in the shape of its Mill at Millshot and this was followed by pottery, tapestry-weaving, paper-making and brewing in the 17th and 18th-centuries all in the area of present-day Fulham High Street. The next two centuries saw involvement with production, transportation, the automotive industry, including early aviation and food production. It is to be decommissioned by 2019, in contrast to its modest post-World War II reputation, Fulham is now considered among the prime London areas by estate agents. Two football clubs, the eponymous Fulham F. C. and Premier League rivals, There are two exclusive sporting clubs, The Hurlingham Club known for Polo and the Queens tennis club known for its annual pre-Wimbledon Tennis tournament. In the 1800s Lillie Bridge Grounds, hosted the first meetings of the Amateur Athletic Association of England, the second FA Cup Final, the Lillie Bridge area was also the former home-ground of the Middlesex County Cricket Club, before it moved to Marylebone. The manor of Fulham is said to have given to Bishop Erkenwald about the year 691 for himself. In effect, Fulham Palace, for nine centuries the residence of the Bishops of London, is the manor of Fulham. In 879 Danish invaders, sailed up the Thames and wintered at Fulham, raphael Holinshed relates that the Bishop of London was lodging in his manor place in 1141 when Geoffrey de Mandeville, riding out from the Tower of London, took him prisoner. During the Commonwealth the manor was temporarily out of the bishops hands, in recent years there has been a great revival of interest in Fulhams earliest history, due almost entirely to the efforts of the Fulham Archaeological Rescue Group. Excavations have also revealed Roman settlements during the third and fourth centuries AD, There is no record of the original erection of a Parish church in Fulham, but the first written record of a church dates from 1154 as a result of a tithe dispute. The first known parish priest of All Saints Church, Fulham was appointed in 1242, interestingly, there is a comparably old church on the opposite bank of the Thames, St Marys Church, Putney, on the other side of the river crossing. In 1642 the Earl of Essex threw a bridge of boats across the river in order to march his army in pursuit of Charles I and this is thought to have been near the subsequent wooden Fulham Bridge, built in 1729 and replaced in 1886 with Putney Bridge. In 1792 it was occupied by Charles Alexander, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and his wife and his non-political wife was Maria Fitzherbert who lived in East End House in Parsons Green. They are reputed to have had several children, during the 18th century Fulham had a reputation for debauchery, becoming a playground for the wealthy of London, where there was much gambling and prostitution and breweries. Until 1834, the village of Hammersmith had been incorporated in the parish of Fulham
17.
St. Peter's Basilica
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The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican, or simply St. Peters Basilica, is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome. While it is neither the church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome. It has been described as holding a position in the Christian world. Catholic tradition holds that the Basilica is the site of Saint Peter, one of Christs Apostles. Saint Peters tomb is supposedly directly below the altar of the Basilica. For this reason, many Popes have been interred at St. Peters since the Early Christian period, construction of the present basilica, which would replace Old St. Peters Basilica from the 4th century AD, began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626. St. Peters is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its liturgical functions. The Pope presides at a number of liturgies throughout the year, drawing audiences of 15,000 to over 80,000 people, either within the Basilica or the adjoining St. Peters Square. St. Peters has many associations, with the Early Christian Church, the Papacy. As a work of architecture, it is regarded as the greatest building of its age, St. Peters is one of the four churches in the world that hold the rank of Major Basilica, all four of which are in Rome. Contrary to popular misconception, it is not a cathedral because it is not the seat of a bishop, St. Peters is a church built in the Renaissance style located in the Vatican City west of the River Tiber and near the Janiculum Hill and Hadrians Mausoleum. Its central dome dominates the skyline of Rome, the basilica is approached via St. Peters Square, a forecourt in two sections, both surrounded by tall colonnades. The first space is oval and the second trapezoid, the basilica is cruciform in shape, with an elongated nave in the Latin cross form but the early designs were for a centrally planned structure and this is still in evidence in the architecture. The central space is dominated both externally and internally by one of the largest domes in the world, the entrance is through a narthex, or entrance hall, which stretches across the building. One of the bronze doors leading from the narthex is the Holy Door. The interior is of vast dimensions when compared with other churches and this in its turn overwhelms us. The nave which leads to the dome is in three bays, with piers supporting a barrel-vault, the highest of any church. The nave is framed by wide aisles which have a number of chapels off them, there are also chapels surrounding the dome
18.
Old Brompton Road
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Old Brompton Road is a major street in the South Kensington district of The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London. It starts from South Kensington tube station and runs south-west, through a residential area, until it reaches West Brompton. It runs through the SW5 and SW7 postcodes, there are several 5-star hotels and upmarket shops along the road. One of the most famous houses in the world, Christies, is located near the eastern end of the road at number 85. The Coleherne pub, located at number 261, has become infamous for being the ground for three serial killers, Dennis Nilsen, Michael Lupo and Colin Ireland. It is also mentioned in the song Hanging Around by The Stranglers, another landmark of the road is the Troubadour which has been a cultural hub for over fifty years. The coffee-house above, now a restaurant, has hosted the founding of Private Eye, the Drayton Arms is a Grade II listed pub and theatre at number 153. The most famous resident was Diana, Princess of Wales before her 1981 engagement and subsequent marriage to Charles and she shared a flat with three others before subsequently moving on to Clarence House, the home of the late Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. The road is sometimes confused with Brompton Road which lies further to the east, in Knightsbridge
19.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
20.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
21.
Royal Hospital Chelsea
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The Royal Hospital Chelsea is a retirement home and nursing home for some 300 veterans of the British Army. It is a 66-acre site located on Royal Hospital Road in Chelsea and it is an independent charity and relies partly upon donations to cover day-to-day running costs to provide care and accommodation for veterans. They must not, however, have any dependent spouse or family, King Charles II founded the Royal Hospital in 1682 as a retreat for veterans. The provision of a rather than the payment of pensions was inspired by Les Invalides in Paris. The site for the Royal Hospital was an area of Chelsea which held an incomplete building Chelsey College, the Royal Hospital opened its doors to the Chelsea Pensioners in 1692 for the relief and succour of veterans. Some of the first soldiers admitted included those injured at the Battle of Sedgemoor, Wren expanded his original design to add two additional quadrangles to the east and west of the central court, these were known respectively as the Light Horse Court and the College Court. Due to mismanagement by Lord Ranelagh, the Hospital Treasurer, the building was not completed until 1692 and it was replaced by a modern infirmary which was located to the east of the main building and opened by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 1961. The 1960s infirmary was demolished to make way for the Margaret Thatcher Infirmary which was designed by Sir Quinlan Terry and was completed in 2008, the Mace was designed by Charles Webb and Aubrey Bowden and was made by Master Goldsmith Norman Bassant. The bowl of the Mace is decorated with acorns and is surmounted by the St Edwards Crown, in March 2009, the first women in the Hospitals 317-year history were admitted as In-Pensioners. Winifred Phillips and Dorothy Hughes were the first, Phillips trained as a nurse and later joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service in 1948 before enlisting in the Womens Royal Army Corps in 1949 while serving in Egypt. After 22 years service she retired with the rank of Warrant Officer Class 2, Hughes had joined the British Army in 1941 aged 18, later working as part of 450 Heavy Anti Aircraft Battery in the London Division. In 1945 the Battery was deployed near Dover to defend against V1 flying bomb attacks and she retired with the rank of Sergeant. Chelsea Pensioners are entitled to come and go from the Royal Hospital as they please, however, within the hospital, and in the surrounding area, pensioners are encouraged to wear a blue uniform. If they travel farther from the Royal Hospital they should wear the distinctive scarlet coats instead of the blue uniform, the scarlet coats are also worn for ceremonial occasions, accompanied by tricorne hats. In uniform, the pensioners wear their ribbons and the insignia of rank they reached while serving in the military. They may also wear other insignia they earned during their service and many now wear parachute jump wings. The Royal Hospital Founders Day takes place close to 29 May each year – the birthday of Charles II, on Founders Day, in-pensioners of the Royal Hospital are reviewed by a member of the British Royal Family. The 76 statue of King Charles II which stands in the court of the Hospital was cast in copper alloy by Grinling Gibbons
22.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
23.
Commonwealth War Graves Commission
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The Commission is also responsible for commemorating Commonwealth civilians who died as a result of enemy action during World War II. The Commission was founded by Fabian Ware and constituted through Royal Charter in 1917 named the Imperial War Graves Commission, the change to the present name took place in 1960. The Commission, as part of its mandate, is responsible for commemorating all Commonwealth war dead individually and equally, to this end, the war dead are commemorated by name on a headstone, at an identified site of a burial, or on a memorial. War dead are commemorated uniformly and equally, irrespective of military or civil rank, the Commission is currently responsible for the continued commemoration of 1.7 million deceased Commonwealth military service members in 153 countries. Since its inception, the Commission has constructed approximately 2,500 war cemeteries, the Commission is currently responsible for the care of war dead at over 23,000 separate burial sites and the maintenance of more than 200 memorials worldwide. The Commission operates through the financial support of the member states, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India. The current President of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission is Prince Edward, at the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Fabian Ware, a director of the Rio Tinto Company, found that he was too old, at age 45, to join the British Army. He used the influence of Rio Tinto chairman, Viscount Milner, the new Graves Registration Commission had over 31,000 graves of British and Imperial soldiers registered by October 1915 and 50,000 registered by May 1916. When municipal graveyards began to overfill Ware began negotiations with local authorities to acquire land for further cemeteries. Ware began with an agreement with France to build joint British, similar negotiations began with the Belgian government. As reports of the grave registration work became public, the Commission began to receive letters of enquiry, by 1917,17,000 photographs had been dispatched to relatives. In March 1915, the Commission, with the support of the Red Cross, began to dispatch photographic prints, the directorates work was also extended beyond the Western Front and into other theatres of war, with units deployed in Greece, Egypt and Mesopotamia. As the war continued, Ware and others concerned about the fate of the graves in the post-war period. The National Committee for the Care of Soldiers Graves was created with the intention of taking over the work of the Directorate of Graves Registration, the government felt that it was more appropriate to entrust the work to a specially appointed body rather than to any existing government department. By early 1917, a number of members of the committee believed a formal imperial organisation would be needed to care for the graves. With the help of Edward, Prince of Wales, Ware submitted a memorandum to the Imperial War Conference in 1917 suggesting that an imperial organisation be constituted, the Commissions undertakings began in earnest at the end of the First World War. Once land for cemeteries and memorials had been guaranteed, the task of recording the details of the dead could begin. By 1918, some 587,000 graves had been identified, the scale, and associated high number of casualties, of the war produced an entirely new attitude towards the commemoration of war dead
24.
Alexander Anderson (Royal Marines officer)
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General Alexander Anderson CB was a senior Royal Marines officer. He served in the Royal Marine Light Infantry and became a Companion of the Order of the Bath, Anderson is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. His memorial is a composition of cannonballs, one of which has disappeared. Three of the balls have the words Beyrout, Gaza. The grave lies on the east side of the main path, Alexander Anderson at Find a Grave
25.
Tomasz Arciszewski
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Tomasz Stefan Arciszewski was born in Sierzchowy, a tiny town halfway between Warsaw and Łódź, to Mikołaj Arciszewski, a veteran of the January Uprising, and Helena Młynarska. After graduating from schools in Lubań and Radom, Tomasz Arciszewski moved to Sosnowiec. There in 1894, at the age of 17, he started working as a worker in a steel foundry. In 1896 he joined the Polish Socialist Party and soon took part in a strike action. Initially active in Zagłębie, he had to flee the country, despite being endangered with arrest by the tsarist police, Arciszewski returned to Poland in August 1900 and was arrested soon afterwards. Released in 1903, Arciszewski returned to service in the ranks of the socialists. He became one of the PPS members used to develop the organization and he spent some time in Częstochowa, Piotrków and in the poorly developed region of Podlaskie. In 1904 he joined the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party, a close associate of Józef Piłsudski, Arciszewski moved to Warsaw, where he became the head of the local branch of his organization. With it, he organized a number of attempts of various Russian high-ranking officials. He also took part in the famous Bezdany raid near Vilna, after the action of Bezdany he had to flee the Privislinsky Krai and settled in Lwów, where he joined the Association of Active Struggle, a secret para-military organization. Shortly before the outbreak of the Great War he left the Revolutionary Faction, in August 1914 he joined the Polish Legions and served with distinction in the 1st Infantry Regiment of the 1st Brigade. After the Act of 5 November and the proclamation of the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Central Powers plan of Mitteleuropa, there he became the founder of trade unions and the editor of various socialist newspapers. He served at that post until 16 January 1919, soon afterwards he was elected a member of the Sejm. During the Polish-Bolshevik War he organized various workers voluntary units and supported the sabotage beneath Russian lines, after the war, in 1922 he was again elected member of the Sejm from the Socialist lists and held his post until 1935. One of the most prominent leaders of the socialists, Arciszewski gradually broke up with his former colleague Piłsudski and this made him one of the prominent leaders of the Centrolew coalition of centrist and leftist parties. Apart from his seat in the Sejm, between 1919 and 1934, and then from 1938 until the outbreak of World War II, among other duties, he was also the founder of the Workers Society of Friends of Children. After the outbreak of the Invasion of Poland of 1939, Arciszewski took part in the defense of Warsaw as one of the commanders of the Workers Volunteer Battalions and he headed that party until July 1944. After that he entered the Council of National Unity, a quasi-parliament of the Polish Secret State headed by Jan Stanisław Jankowski, shortly before the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, Arciszewski was evacuated from Poland through an air bridge on 26 July 1944
26.
Frederick Arthur
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Sir Frederick Leopold Arthur, 2nd Baronet was a British soldier. The son of Sir George Arthur, 1st Bt and Eliza Orde Smith and he transferred to the 40th Foot in 1850 and the 18th Hussars in 1863. He became a colonel, and succeeded to the baronetcy in 1854, on 24 April 1856, he married Lady Elizabeth Hay-Drummond, daughter of the Earl of Kinnoull
27.
James Atkinson (Persian scholar)
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James Atkinson was a surgeon, artist and Persian scholar - a Renaissance man among Anglo-Indians Atkinson was born in Darlington, County Durham, England, the son of a woolcomber. He showed at an age a remarkable gift for languages and portraiture and was enabled by the kindness of a friend to study medicine at Edinburgh. He first sailed to India in 1802 as Surgeon’s Mate on board a ship of the Honourable East India Company. On his second trip in 1805 he was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the Bengal service of the HEIC and it was whilst at Backergunj that he began his study of Persian and other oriental languages. He became a friend of Sir Charles D’Oyly who was the Collector of Dacca. George Chinnery stayed with D’Oyly during this period and both D’Oyly and Atkinson became his pupils becoming heavily influenced by his passion for painting Indian landscapes and village life. The Assay Master was Horace Hayman Wilson, orientalist and Secretary to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for most of 1820 while Wilson was setting up the new Mint at Benares Atkinson worked alongside James Prinsep, the antiquarian and numismatist, at the Calcutta Mint. The appointment at the Mint while not a sinecure as such afforded Atkinson a considerable amount of time to pursue more academic pursuits. Atkinson was a member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, Atkinson was also Editor of the Calcutta Gazette, one of the earliest English language newspapers in India being founded in 1784. In 1815 the Government transferred these rights to the Bengal Military Orphan Society in order to provide an income for the charity as well as providing the orphans with a potential trade, the new paper was named the Government Gazette and was thenceforth printed from the Orphan Society’s Press. Atkinson became the Editor of the new Government Gazette in 1815, for the years 1825-1828 Atkinson leased the Press and the Government Gazette from the Orphan Society for an annual fee of 40,000 rupees effectively becoming its proprietor to run as his own business. In the same year he published Customs and Manners of the Women of Persia, in 1838 he was appointed Superintending Surgeon of the Army of the Indus, Bengal Division. Atkinson was present at the storming of Ghuznee in July 1839 and he writes of the history of the land, its buildings and people, having met and painted many of the protagonists in the campaign, including both Shah Shoojah-ool-Moolk and Dost Mohammad Khan. He died on 7 August 1852 and was interred at Brompton Cemetery, Atkinson married Jane Bathie on 4 October 1815 at Fort William, Calcutta. Together they had four sons and one daughter, Frederick Dayot, Charles D’Oyly, George Francklin, Julia, rodolpho, a poetical romance, dedicated to Lady Charlotte Campbell printed by J Denovan for R Phillips & W Glendinning, Booksellers London. Edinburgh 1801 Soohrab, a poem, from the original Persian of Firdousee, being a portion of the Shahnama of that celebrated poet, printed for the author and sold by Smith, Elder & Co. London 1814 Antiquities of Dacca, with engravings by J Landseer from drawings by Sir C DOyly, James Atkinson wrote the descriptive text. Translated from the Italian of Alessandro Tassoni, with notes, published by J M Richardson, printed by Botson and Palmer, Savoy Street, Strand
28.
William Edward Ayrton
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William Edward Ayrton, FRS was an English physicist and electrical engineer. Ayrton was born in London, the son of Edward Nugent Ayrton, a barrister and he later studied under Lord Kelvin at Glasgow. Ayrton’s second wife, Hertha Marks Ayrton, whom he married in 1885, assisted him in his research, and became known for her own scientific work on the electric arc and other subjects. In 1899, Ayrton supported Hertha on her way to being elected the first woman member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and their daughter Barbara later became a Labour MP, and grandson Michael Ayrton, was an artist and sculptor. Chaplin and Ayrtons daughter was the feminist and author Edith Ayrton, wife of Israel Zangwill, in 1873, Ayrton accepted an invitation from the Japanese government as Chair of Natural Philosophy and Telegraphy at the new Imperial College of Engineering, Tokyo. He is credited with introducing the electric arc light to Japan in 1878 and they also worked on railway electrification, produced a dynamometer and the first electric tricycle. Ayrton is also known for his work on the electric searchlight, Ayrton died in London in 1908 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery. He was elected president in 1892 of the Institute of Electrical Engineers and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1881 and awarded their Royal Medal in 1901. Graham Goodays entry in the New Dictionary of National Biography published in September 2004, britain and Japan, Biographical Portraits, Volume IV. The Technological Transformation of Japan, From the Seventeenth to the Twenty-First Century, henry Dyer John Milne Anglo-Japanese relations Ayrton shunt
29.
Squire Bancroft
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Sir Squire Bancroft, born Squire White Butterfield, was an English actor-manager. He and his wife Effie Bancroft are considered to have instigated a new form of known as drawing-room comedy or cup and saucer drama. Bancroft was born in Rotherhithe, London and his first appearance on the stage was in 1861 at Birmingham, and he played in the provinces with success for several years. His first London appearance was in 1865 as Jack Crawley in J. P. Woolers A Winning Hazard at the Prince of Waless Theatre off Tottenham Court Road and this theatre was managed by Henry Byron and Effie Marie Wilton, whom Bancroft married in December 1867. After their marriage the couple became joint managers of the theatre, together, Robertson and the Bancrofts are considered to have instigated a new form of drama known as drawing-room comedy or cup and saucer drama. The Bancrofts gave Robertson an unprecedented amount of control over his plays. The Bancroft management at the Prince of Waless Theatre constituted a new era in the development of the English stage and had the effect of reviving the London interest in modern drama and they also provided their actors with salaries and wardrobes. Other plays they premiered or produced there were W. S. C, having made a considerable fortune, they retired from management in 1885, but Bancroft continued to act until 1918. Between 1917, and his death in 1926, Bancroft maintained rooms at the fashionable Albany, both he and his wife are buried in Brompton Cemetery. The Bancrofts, Recollections of Sixty Years Information about the Bancrofts and cup and saucer drama from the People Play website Britannica. com article Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Bancroft, Sir Squire. Works by or about Squire Bancroft at Internet Archive Squire Bancroft Photograph part of the Nineteenth Century Notables Digital Collection at Gettysburg College
30.
Anthony of Sourozh
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Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh was best known as a writer and broadcaster on prayer and the Christian life. He was a monk and Metropolitan bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church and he was founder and for many years bishop - then archbishop, then metropolitan - of the Diocese of Sourozh, the Patriarchate of Moscows diocese for Great Britain and Ireland. As a bishop he became known as a pastor, preacher, spiritual director and writer on prayer. Andrei Bloom was born on 19 June 1914, in Lausanne, Switzerland, to Xenia, on his mothers side, he was the nephew of the composer Alexander Scriabin. He spent his childhood in Russia and Iran. During the Russian Revolution the family had to leave Iran, and by 1923 they were settled in Paris and he graduated in physics, chemistry and biology, and took his doctorate in medicine at the University of Paris. By his own words, he met Christ, when he was a teenager, I met Christ as a Person at a moment when I needed him in order to live, I was found, I did not find him. Life had been difficult in the years and now it had of a sudden become easier. Hardships and suffering had to be overcome, there was something beyond them. Happiness seemed to be if it had no further meaning. -- In 1939, before leaving for the front as a surgeon in the French Army. In 1943 he was tonsured and received the name of Antony, during the occupation of France by Nazi Germany he worked as a doctor, and took part in the French Resistance. In 1950 he was appointed vicar of the Russian Patriarchal parish in London, in 1957 he was consecrated as Bishop, and as archbishop in 1962 in charge of the Russian Orthodox Church in Great Britain and Ireland. In 1963 he was appointed Exarch of the Moscow Patriarchate in Western Europe, in 1974 by mutual agreement he was released from the function of Exarch, in order to devote himself more fully to the pastoral needs of the growing flock of his diocese. Between 1966 and 1986 he brought out six books on prayer, in the summer of 2003 Bloom resigned as diocesan bishop. He died on 4 August 2003 and his grave in the Brompton Cemetery, London, is visited by Christians and many others. His books were published in English in Britain and his texts were subsequently widely published in Russia as books and in periodicals. Note, dates are for British editions, as of July 2011, the foundation undertakes this by managing the copyrights in his works and by commissioning new selections and approved translations. The foundation is also establishing the official archive of Blooms papers and writings, together with related materials such as recordings of talks, broadcasts, the foundation is the legal owner of the worldwide copyrights and other intellectual property rights in Blooms works
31.
Metropolitan bishop
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Before the establishment of patriarchs, metropolitan was the highest episcopal rank in the Eastern rites of the Church. They presided over synods of bishops, and were granted privileges by canon law. The Early Church structure generally followed the Roman imperial practice, with one bishop ruling each city, the bishop of the provincial capital, the metropolitan, enjoyed certain rights over other bishops in the province, later called suffragans. The other bishops are known as suffragan bishops, the metropolitan is obliged to request the pallium, a symbol of the power that, in communion with the Church of Rome, he possesses over his ecclesiastical province. This holds even if he had the pallium in another metropolitan see and it is the responsibility of the metropolitan, with the consent of the majority of the suffragan bishops to call a provincial council, decide where to convene it, and determine the agenda. It is his prerogative to preside over the provincial council, no provincial council can be called if the metropolitan see is vacant. As of April 2006,508 archdioceses were headed by metropolitan archbishops,27 archbishops lead an extant archdiocese, but were not metropolitans, see also Catholic Church hierarchy for the distinctions. In those Eastern Catholic Churches that are headed by a patriarch, similarly, a metropolitan has the right to ordain and enthrone the bishops of his province. The metropolitan is to be commemorated in the liturgies celebrated within his province, a major archbishop is defined as the metropolitan of a certain see who heads an autonomous Eastern Church not of patriarchal rank. The canon law of such a Church differs only slightly from that regarding a patriarchal Church, there are also autonomous Eastern Catholic Churches consisting of a single province and headed by a metropolitan. In his autonomous Church it is for him to ordain and enthrone bishops, in the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the title of metropolitan is used variously, in terms of rank and jurisdiction. In terms of rank, in some Eastern Orthodox Churches metropolitans are ranked above archbishops in precedence, primates of autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches below patriarchal rank are generally designated as archbishops. In the Greek Orthodox Churches, archbishops are ranked above metropolitans in precedence, some Eastern Orthodox Churches have functioning metropolitans on the middle level of church administration. In Romanian Orthodox Church there are six regional metropolitans who are the chairmen of their respective synods of bishops, for example, Metropolitan of Oltenia has regional jurisdiction over four dioceses. On the other hand, in some Eastern Orthodox Churches title of metropolitan is only honorary, in Serbian Orthodox Church, honorary title of metropolitan is given to diocesan bishops of some important historical sees. For example, diocesan bishop of the Eparchy of Montenegro and the Littoral is given the title of metropolitan. Diocesan bishop of the Eparchy of Dabar-Bosnia is also given the title of metropolitan. Non-canonical Eastern Orthodox Churches generally use metropolitan title according to traditions of usage in Churches from which they were split
32.
Joseph Bonomi the Younger
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Joseph Bonomi the Younger was an English sculptor, artist, Egyptologist and museum curator. Bonomi was born in London into a family of architects and his father, Joseph Bonomi the Elder, had worked with Robert and James Adam, while his older brother, Ignatius Bonomi, was a notable architect of the early and mid-19th century. Bonomi studied under Charles Bell at the Royal Academy, and in 1822 went to Rome to study under Antonio Canova and this began a lifelong interest in Egyptology. From 1824 to 1826, he was a member of Hays expedition where he sketched many antiquities, at Abu Simbel in 1825, Bonomi – responding to Hays demands for great accuracy – devised a drawing frame to help them draw the temples interior decorations. The expedition then moved on to Kalabsha, where Bonomi laboured to produce several casts of the reliefs, to Philae. However, Bonomis relationship with Hay was stormy, Bonomi was frustrated at what he regarded as a low salary, Hay resented Bonomis wish to enhance his own reputation by producing drawings and casts for himself. In Cairo, Bonomi illustrated James Burtons Excerpta hieroglyphica, in July 1832, with his finances now more stable, he met Hay again, at Asyut, and was persuaded to rejoin his team along with a French artist, Dupuy. After Hay left Egypt in 1834, Bonomi undertook tours of Syria, in 1839 he prepared illustrations for Sir John Gardiner Wilkinsons Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. He also designed an Egyptian facade for John Marshalls Temple Works in Leeds, the latter was undertaken shortly before Bonomi returned to Egypt as part of a Prussian expedition led by Karl Richard Lepsius. An Egyptian Spring in Hartwell, Buckinghamshire was designed by Bonomi in 1850 for Dr John Lee of Hartwell House, on his return to England, Bonomi got married to Jessie, daughter of artist John Martin, in 1844. He published Nineveh and its Palaces and works on Egypt, Nubia, in 1861, Bonomi applied to become curator of the Sir John Soanes Museum. As this was normally a post awarded to an architect, he was only appointed after a fierce struggle. With his brother Ignatius, he built a house, The Camels and he also invented a machine for measuring the proportions of the human body, and wrote a treatise, The Proportion of the Human Figure published in 1856. He died in Wimbledon in March 1878 and was buried in Brompton Cemetery and he married Jessie Martin, daughter of the artist John Martin. They had twelve children, the first four of which died of whooping cough, dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical. 4, Covent Garden, London, Original from Fogg Library, Digitized 18 May 2007, George Bell and Sons
33.
Egyptology
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A practitioner of the discipline is an Egyptologist. In Europe, particularly on the Continent, Egyptology is primarily regarded as being a philological discipline, the first explorers were the ancient Egyptians themselves. Thutmose IV restored the Sphinx and had the dream that inspired his restoration carved on the famous Dream Stele, less than two centuries later, Prince Khaemweset, fourth son of Ramesses II, is famed for identifying and restoring historic buildings, tombs and temples including the pyramid. The Ptolemies were much interested in the work of the ancient Egyptians, the Romans too carried out restoration work in this most ancient of lands. A number of their accounts have survived and offer insights as to conditions in their time periods. Abdul Latif al-Baghdadi, a teacher at Cairos Al-Azhar University in the 13th century, similarly, the 15th-century Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi wrote detailed accounts of Egyptian antiquities. In the early 17th century, John Greaves measured the pyramids, having inspected the broken Obelisk of Domitian in Rome, then destined for the Earl of Arundels collection in London. In the late 18th century, with Napoleons scholars recording of Egyptian flora, fauna and history, the British captured Egypt from the French and gained the Rosetta Stone. Modern Egyptology is generally perceived as beginning about 1822, egyptologys modern history begins with the invasion of Egypt by Napoleon Bonaparte. The subsequent publication of Description de lÉgypte between 1809 and 1829 made numerous ancient Egyptian source materials available to Europeans for the first time, jean-François Champollion, Thomas Young and Ippolito Rosellini were some of the first Egyptologists of wide acclaim. The German Karl Richard Lepsius was a participant in the investigations of Egypt, mapping, excavating. Champollion announced his general decipherment of the system of Egyptian hieroglyphics for the first time, the Stones decipherment was a very important development of Egyptology. Egyptology became more professional via work of William Matthew Flinders Petrie, Petrie introduced techniques of field preservation, recording, and excavating. Howard Carters expedition brought much acclaim to the field of Egyptology, a tradition of collecting objets-orientales Egyptologists Electronic Forum, version 64. List shows Egyptology societies and Institutes Egyptology at DMOZ Egyptology Books, the University of Memphis Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology. Hawass, Zahi, Brock, Lyla Pinch, eds, Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists. Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library Underwood & Underwood Egypt Stereoviews Collection, czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague
34.
Curator
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A curator is a manager or overseer. Traditionally, a curator or keeper of a heritage institution is a content specialist charged with an institutions collections. A traditional curators concern necessarily involves tangible objects of some sort—artwork, collectibles, historic items, more recently, new kinds of curators have started to emerge, curators of digital data objects and biocurators. In smaller organizations, a curator may have responsibility for acquisitions. In very small, volunteer-based museums such as historical societies. Such institutions can have multiple curators, each assigned to a collecting area. In the museum setting, a curator in the United Kingdom may also be called a keeper, in Scotland, the term curator is also used to mean the guardian of a child. In the United States, this job is multifaceted and dependent on the particular institution, however, in recent years, the role of a curator has evolved alongside the changing role of museums. As museums in the United States have become increasingly more digitized, curators find themselves constructing narratives in both the material and digital worlds. Historian Elaine Gurian has called for museums in which “visitors could comfortably search for answers to their own regardless of the importance placed on such questions by others. ”This would change the role of curator from teacher to “facilitator and assistor. ”In this sense, the role of curator in the United States is precarious, as digital and interactive exhibits often allow the public to become their own curator. Citizens are then able to educate themselves on the subject they are interested in. More recently, advances in new technologies have led to a widening of the role of curator. This has been a focus in major art institutions internationally and has become an object of academic study, in contemporary art, the title curator is given to a person who selects and often interprets works of art. In addition to selecting works, the curator often is responsible for writing labels, catalog essays, such curators may be permanent staff members, guest curators from an affiliated organization or university, or freelance curators working on a consultant basis. The late twentieth century saw an explosion of artists organizing exhibitions, the artist-curator has a long tradition of influence. Notable among these was Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, in some US organizations, the term curator is also used to designate the head of any given division of a cultural organization. This has led to the proliferation of such as Curator of Education. The term literary curator has been used to persons who work in the field of poetry
35.
George Borrow
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George Henry Borrow was an English author who wrote novels and travelogues based on his experiences traveling around Europe. Over the course of his wanderings, he developed an affinity with the Romani people of Europe. His best known books are The Bible in Spain, the autobiographical Lavengro, Borrow was born at East Dereham, Norfolk, the son of Army recruiting officer Thomas Borrow and farmers daughter Ann Perfrement. He was educated at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and Norwich Grammar School and he studied law, but languages and literature became his main interests. In 1825, Borrow began his first major European journey, walking in France, over the next few years he visited Russia, Portugal, Spain and Morocco, acquainting himself with the people and languages of the various countries he visited. After his marriage on 23 April 1840, he settled in Lowestoft, Suffolk, having a military father, Borrow had a childhood of growing up at different posts. In the autumn of 1815, he accompanied the regiment to Clonmel in Ireland, there he attended the Protestant Academy, where he learned to read Latin and Greek ‘from a nice old clergyman’. He was also introduced to the Irish language by a student named Murtagh. In keeping with the friction of the time, he learned to sing the glorious tune Croppies Lie Down at the military barracks. He was introduced to horsemanship and learned to ride without a saddle, the regiment moved to Templemore early in 1816, and George took to ranging around the country on foot and later on horseback. After less than a year in Ireland, the regiment returned to Norwich, with the threat of war having receded, the strength of the unit was greatly reduced. Because of his precocious linguistic skills, as a youth Borrow became the protégé of the Norwich-born scholar William Taylor, Borrow depicts Taylor, an advocate of German Romantic literature, in his semi-autobiographical novel Lavengro. For his lampooning of Norwich society, the young Borrow earned the humiliation of having Norwich public subscription library burn his first publication, George Borrow was a linguist adept at acquiring new languages. He informed the British and Foreign Bible Society that – I possess some acquaintance with the Russian and he left Norwich to travel to Saint Petersburg on 13 August 1833. As an agent of the Bible Society, Borrow was charged with supervising a translation of the Bible into Manchu, during his two-year sojourn in Russia, Borrow called upon writer Alexander Pushkin. The poet was out on a social visit and he left two copies of his translations of Pushkins literary works and later Pushkin expressed his regret at not meeting him. Borrow had an empathy with nomadic people such as Gypsies. He was fascinated by music, dance and customs
36.
Peter Borthwick
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Peter Borthwick was a British Conservative Party politician and newspaper editor. Borthwick was MP for Evesham from 1835–37 and again from 1841-47, in between, from 1837–41, the MP for Evesham was Sir George Rushout of Northwick Park, Worcestershire. These two gentlemen fought one of the last duels in England on 8 May 1838 over the election of 1837. Borthwick was editor of the Morning Post from 1848 until his death in 1852 and this paper was noted for its outspoken support of Lord Palmerstons foreign policy. Borthwick died on 18 December 1852 and is buried in the Church of the Holy Trinity in Brompton, the grave lies at the eastmost end of the main east-west path. He married Margaret Colville, who died on 13 November 1864 and their son was Algernon Borthwick, 1st Baron Glenesk, who took over as editor of the Morning Post on the death of his father. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Peter Borthwick
37.
Fanny Brawne
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Frances Brawne Lindon is best known for her betrothal to English Romantic poet John Keats, a fact largely unknown until 1878, when Keatss letters to her were published. Their engagement, lasting from December 1818 until Keatss death in February 1821, Frances Brawne was born 9 August 1800 to Samuel and Frances at the Brawnes’ farm near the hamlet of West End, close to Hampstead, England. She was the eldest of three surviving children, her brother Samuel was born July 1804, and her sister Margaret was born April 1809. By 1810, her family was in Kentish Town, and on 11 April of that year her father died, at age thirty-five, subsequently, Mrs. Brawne moved the family to Hampstead Heath. Fanny was introduced to a society which was “varied and attractive, young officers from the Peninsular Wars, perhaps from Waterloo. Exotic French and Spanish émigrés. from their lodgings round Oriel House in Church Row and the chapel in Holly Place. ”After living at Wentworth Place for a brief time the Brawnes became friends with the Dilkes. At eighteen, Fanny Brawne “was small, her eyes were blue and often enhanced by blue ribbons in her hair, her mouth expressed determination. She was not conventionally beautiful, her nose was a little too aquiline, her face too pale and she could answer, at a moment’s notice, any question on historical costume. She was a politician, fiery in discussion, she was a voluminous reader. Indeed, books were her favourite topic of conversation” and it was through the Dilkes that Fanny Brawne met John Keats in November 1818 at Wentworth Place, where Keats had been living for some time with Charles Brown in the companion house to the Dilkes. Their initial meeting was cordial and expected—the Dilkes were fond of Keats, Keats’s grief was deep, as “Some years before, Keats had written that his love for his brothers was “an affection ‘passing the Love of Women’”. Fanny showed him the depth of her understanding and she gave him invigorating sympathy, keeping his mind from the past and from introspection, she encouraged his love of life by her obvious interest in him, and by her vivacity. Remarkably soon his own gaiety returned. ”In a letter begun 16 December 1818 to his brother George, in America, the first, Mrs. Brawn who took Browns house for the summer still resides in Hampstead. She is a nice woman and her daughter senior is I think beautiful, elegant, graceful, silly, fashionable. We have a tiff now and then—and she behaves a little better, or I must have sheered off. I am however tired of such style and shall decline any more of it It was not long before Keats fell completely in love with Fanny. “He had transfigured Fanny in his imagination, his passion creating in her the beauty which for him became the truth, and so she had come to be. The fulfilment of Endymion, the symbol of beauty, the reconciliation between real life and his poetic quest. ”On 18 October 1819, Keats proposed to Fanny Brawne
38.
John Keats
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John Keats was an English Romantic poet. He had a significant influence on a range of poets. Jorge Luis Borges stated that his first encounter with Keatss work was the most significant literary experience of his life, the poetry of Keats is characterised by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes. This is typical of poets, as they aimed to accentuate extreme emotion through the emphasis of natural imagery. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular, John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on 31 October 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, born Frances Jennings. There is no evidence of his exact birthplace. Although Keats and his family seem to have marked his birthday on 29 October and he was the eldest of four surviving children, his younger siblings were George, Thomas, and Frances Mary Fanny who eventually married Spanish author Valentín Llanos Gutiérrez. Another son was lost in infancy and his father first worked as a hostler at the stables attached to the Swan and Hoop Inn, an establishment he later managed, and where the growing family lived for some years. Keats believed that he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins, the Globe pub now occupies the site, a few yards from the modern-day Moorgate station. He was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent to a dame school as a child. His parents were unable to afford Eton or Harrow, so in the summer of 1803, he was sent to board at John Clarkes school in Enfield, the small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive curriculum more modern than the larger, more prestigious schools. In the family atmosphere at Clarkes, Keats developed an interest in classics and history, the headmasters son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introducing Keats to Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Spenser, and Chapmans translations. The young Keats was described by his friend Edward Holmes as a character, always in extremes, given to indolence. However, at 13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study, in April 1804, when Keats was eight, his father died. The cause of death was a fracture, suffered when he fell from his horse while returning from a visit to Keats. Frances remarried two months later, but left her new husband soon afterwards, and the four went to live with their grandmother, Alice Jennings. In March 1810 when Keats was 14, his mother died of tuberculosis and she appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, to take care of them. That autumn, Keats left Clarkes school to apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and apothecary who was a neighbour, Keats lodged in the attic above the surgery at 7 Church Street until 1813
39.
Francis Trevelyan Buckland
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Francis Trevelyan Buckland, better known as Frank Buckland, was an English surgeon, zoologist, popular author and natural historian. He was born in a family of naturalists. After a brief career in medicine he took an interest in fishes, Frank was the first son of Canon William Buckland, a noted geologist and palaeontologist, and Mary, a fossil collector, palaeontologist and illustrator. Frank was born and brought up in Oxford, where his father was a Canon and his godfather was the sculptor Sir Francis Chantrey. Educated at home by his mother, he went, at eight, from 1837–39, he went to a preparatory school in Laleham, Surrey, run by his uncle, John Buckland, a brutal headmaster who flogged his pupils quite excessively. Relief came with a scholarship to Winchester College, a school with an history of six hundred years. Here he was taught by the Second Master, Charles Wordsworth, Winchester had a harsh regime, but was much preferable to his previous school. While at Winchester he continued to take an interest in animals, trapping rats and mice, dissecting, students complained of a foul smell emanating from the remains of a cat under his bed. Towards the end of his schooling he was dissecting human parts that he obtained from the hospital on the sly and he was known for his exploits with a lancet. One student with a dolichocephalous head heard Frank muttering what wouldnt I give for that fellows skull and he was not a first-rate scholar, but managed to gain entrance to Christ Church, Oxford in October 1844, after failing to get a scholarship to the smaller Corpus Christi. He joined a club and the first essay he read was on whether Rooks are beneficial to the farmer or not. He became a friend of the curator at Surrey Zoo and when he heard that a panther had died, he had it dug up and declared that the meat was not very good. When the British Association met in 1847 at Oxford, Frank took along his pet bear Tigleth Pileser dressed in student attire of a cap, Charles Lyell wrote that Buckland introduced the bear formally to him and other zoologists present. This was not to go on for long as the Dean finally informed him that either you or your bear must go, in 1845 Frank went to Giessen for three months to study chemistry under Justus von Liebig. In September 1846 he made a trip around Switzerland, Frank also attended some of the lectures of his father. Buckland studied at Christ Church from 1844–48, graduating at the second attempt, passing out in May 1848 and at the advice of Richard Owen and Sir Benjamin Brodie, his father sent him to study surgery in London at St Georges Hospital under Caesar Hawkins. He attended classes by Henry Gray where another classmate was Francis Day, bartlett who would send him dead animals at the zoo and he continued to keep many animals. A visit to Paris in 1849 gave him a chance of comparing their methods with those in London, in London most of the nurses were illiterate, one who claimed to read was tested with a label reading This lotion to be applied externally only
40.
John Fox Burgoyne
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Field Marshal Sir John Fox Burgoyne, 1st Baronet GCB was a British Army officer. He served under Sir Edward Pakenham as chief engineer during the War of 1812, born the illegitimate son of General John Burgoyne and the opera singer Susan Caulfield, Burgoyne was brought up by the 12th Earl of Derby following his fathers early death. Educated at Eton College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, promoted to lieutenant on 1 July 1800, he took part in the Siege of Malta in Autumn 1800 during the French Revolutionary Wars before becoming aide-de-camp to General Henry Fox. Promoted again, this time to captain on 18 March 1805, he took part in the capture of Alexandria in February 1807. During the Peninsular War, Burgoyne became commanding engineer on the staff of Sir John Moore in April 1808 and went with Moores army to Sweden in May 1808 and he then took part in the retreat from Corunna blowing up bridges behind the retreating army in January 1809. Burgoyne returned to Portugal in April 1809 to join Sir Arthur Wellesleys army, promoted to brevet major on 6 February 1812, he led the storming parties at the Siege of Badajoz in March 1812. In the closing stages of the War he was present at the crossing of the River Adour in February 1814. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1814 and he then served as chief engineer of the Army of Occupation in France until 1821 when he became commanding engineer at the Royal Engineers Depot, Chatham. In 1826 he accompanied General Henry Clinton on a mission to Portugal to support the government against the absolutist forces of Dom Miguel. He became garrison engineer at Portsmouth in 1828 and, having promoted to brevet colonel on 22 July 1830. In this role he advised on relief works during the Great Famine in Ireland and he also advised on the fortifications in Gibraltar in 1848 making the wise recommendation that the guns on the Devils Tongue Battery be directed into Gibraltar Harbour. He was promoted to lieutenant general on 11 November 1851 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 31 March 1852, before the outbreak of the Crimean War, Burgoyne went to Constantinople to assist in its fortification and that of the Dardanelles. He became Colonel Commandant of the Royal Engineers on 22 November 1854 and, following his recall to England in February 1855 and he was awarded a baronetcy in March 1856 and the French Legion of Honour, 2nd Class on 2 August 1856. Burgoyne was appointed Constable of the Tower in April 1865 and promoted to field marshal on his retirement on 1 January 1868 and he died at Kensington in London on 7 October 1871 and is buried in the nearby Brompton Cemetery, London. Castle Hill Fort in Dover was renamed Fort Burgoyne in memory of him, in 1821 Burgoyne married Charlotte Rose, they had a son, and seven daughters. Fa, Darren, Finlayson, Clive, Hook, Adam, the British Field Marshals, 1736–1997, A Biographical Dictionary. Military Opinions of Sir John Fox Burgoyne, Sir John Burgoyne - obituary from The Times
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