1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
4.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
5.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
6.
Boroughs of New York City
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New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
7.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
8.
Neighborhoods of the Bronx
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This article features a list of neighborhoods in the Bronx, one of the five boroughs of New York City. When using this article, note that names of neighborhoods in the Bronx are popular based on their historical pedigree. Riverdale, Throggs Neck, and others have greater popularity, generally speaking, there are two major systems of dividing the Bronx into regions which often conflict with one another. It is a reflection on the Bronxs history considering that the towns that existed in the area prior to annexation to the City of New York generally did not straddle the Bronx River. In addition, what is today the Bronx was annexed to New York City in two stages, areas west of the Bronx River were annexed in 1874 while areas to the east of the river were annexed in 1895. e. The Blauzes Chimney Sweeps Islands City Island – The only inhabited island, hart Island High Island Hunter Island Rat Island Twin Island North Brother Island South Brother Island Rikers Island – The location of New York Citys prison. List of Brooklyn neighborhoods List of Manhattan neighborhoods List of Queens neighborhoods List of Staten Island neighborhoods
9.
Mott Haven, Bronx
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Mott Haven is a primarily residential neighborhood in the southwestern section of the Bronx borough in New York City. Zip codes include 10451,10454, and 10455, the neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 1. East 138th Street is the primary east-west thoroughfare through Mott Haven, the local subway line is the IRT Pelham Line, operating along East 138th Street. The local buses are the Bx1, Bx2, Bx15, Bx17, Bx19, Bx21, Bx32, Mott Haven is served by the Triborough Bridge, the Third Avenue Bridge, the Madison Avenue Bridge, the 145th Street Bridge, and the Willis Avenue Bridge. The closest Metro-North Railroad stops are Harlem – 125th Street and Yankees – East 153rd Street, Mott Haven is a high-density neighborhood with a population of around 52,885. The residents are 72. 3% Hispanic/Latino,24. 7% Black or African American,1. 7% White,0. 4% Asian, like most neighborhoods in New York City, the vast majority of households are renter-occupied. The neighborhood is largely Puerto Rican, with numbers of African Americans, Mexicans and Dominicans present. Mott Haven is dominated by apartment buildings and large public housing complexes. There are three historical districts consisting of brownstone-style rowhouses, in the last two decades, construction of modern 2- and 3-unit rowhouses and apartment buildings has increased the percentage of owner-occupiers. The neighborhood contains one of the highest concentrations of NYCHA projects in the Bronx, the total land area is roughly one square mile. The terrain is low-lying and flat except around St. Marys Park where it is somewhat hilly, three Historic Districts are located in Mott Haven, Mott Haven, Mott Haven East and the Bertine Block. The Mott Haven Historic District is located on Alexander Avenue between East 138th Street and East 141st Street and it also has the 40th Precinct police station, the 1905 neo-renaissance Mott Haven Branch of the New York Public Library, and Saint Jeromes Roman Catholic Church. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the Mott Haven East Historic District is located on East 139th and East 140th Street between Brook and Willis Avenues. The Bertine Block Historic District is located on East 136th Street between Brook and Willis Avenues, the district contains yellow-faced brick brownstones designed by Edward Bertine between 1891 and 1895. St. Anns Episcopal Church is located on the west side of St. Anns Avenue between East 139th and East 141st Streets and it is the Bronxs oldest church, having been built in 1841 and dedicated to Gouverneur Morriss mother Ann. Notable figures buried there include Lewis Morris, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Gouverneur Morris, the seventeen NYCHA developments in Mott Haven illustrate the various types of public housing initiatives in vogue in New York City over the decades. Dr. Ramon E. Betances III,13, two rehabilitated tenement buildings,5 stories tall, one 7-story rehabilitated tenement building Mott Haven is home to Lincoln Hospital on 149 Street between Park and Morris Avenues. The hospital was founded in 1839 and now has 342 beds, Bronx was named after the Swedish sea captain Jonas Bronck
10.
Melrose, Bronx
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Melrose is primarily a residential neighborhood geographically located in the southwestern section of the borough of the Bronx in New York City. Predominantly German-American in the 19th century it is home to the Haffen Building and was home to Haffen Brewing Company, the German population waned especially post-WWII. The neighborhood until the 1960s was mostly Irish and Italian and it adjoins the business and one-time theater area known as the Hub. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 1, Melrose is rectangular-shaped, being bordered by Prospect Avenue on the east, 149th Street on the south, Park Avenue on the west and 161st Street to the north. Melrose Avenue and Third Avenue are the primary thoroughfares through Melrose, ZIP codes include 10451,10455 and 10456. The area is patrolled by the NYPDs 42nd Precinct located at 830 Washington Ave. the 40th Precinct located at 257 Alexander Ave. New York City Housing Authority property in the area is patrolled by P. S. A. Grupo TACA operates a Bronx-area TACA Satellite at 570 Melrose Avenue, Melrose is considered part of the socioeconomic South Bronx. Melrose is a high-density neighborhood with a population of around 24,913, the neighborhood has a relatively diverse population consisting primarily of Latin Americans and African Americans. Almost half of the population lives below the poverty line. Melrose is dominated by residential housing complexes of various types, primarily public housing. Most of the housing stock which consisted of older multi-unit homes and tenements were structurally damaged by arson during the citywide fiscal crisis. In the last decade, construction of modern 2 and 3 unit row-houses, the neighborhood contains one of the highest concentrations of NYCHA projects in the Bronx. The Hub-Third Avenue BID is a local retail district located where five major thoroughfares converge, East 149th Street, Westchester, Willis, Melrose. The area is served by the 2 and 5 lines at East 149th Street, one of The Bronxs largest shopping areas. There are five NYCHA developments located in Melrose, East 152nd Street-Courtlandt Avenue, two buildings,11 and 12-stories tall. Morrisania Air Rights, three buildings,19,23, and 29-stories, South Bronx Area, four buildings, 3-stories tall. A mass exodus took place as New York City policy–induced arson soon ravaged the neighborhood throughout the 1960s and 1970s. In 1973, the City of New York dismantled the Third Avenue El due to low ridership, by the 1980s the neighborhood had decayed severely, and much of the original housing stock was lost
11.
Port Morris, Bronx
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Port Morris is a mixed use, primarily industrial neighborhood geographically located in the southwest Bronx, New York City. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 1, the neighborhood is served by the NYPDs 40th Precinct. Oak Point, the tip of the South Bronx is in Port Morris. The area is traversed by the Bruckner Expressway, a major freeway. Most of the neighborhood is walking distance from the Cypress Avenue station of the IRT Pelham Line. Port Morris has a population of around 3,523, the neighborhood predominately consists of Latin Americans, African Americans as well as a small white population concentrated mainly in the western portion of Bruckner Boulevard. Almost half of the population lives below the poverty line. The median income is higher than that of other South Bronx neighborhoods. This is likely due to recent rezoning to commercial and residential activity in the area. The history of Port Morris, as with other neighborhoods, is confused by the lack of fixed official boundaries. Late in the 20th century the name was applied to the area to the west. Mott Haven by older definition lies to the west rather than north of Port Morris, there is some evidence that a British paymaster ship went down off Port Morriss coast during the American Revolutionary War with millions of dollars in gold aboard. The name comes from a water port established along the neighborhoods East River waterfront by Gouverneur Morris Jr. son of Gouverneur Morris. He built a railroad from Melrose to his familys holdings on the waterfront, later called the Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad. The area is dominated by factory and warehouse buildings constructed in the mid-to-late 19th century, convenient to the railroad yards, of which the Oak Point Yard is the main survivor. Notable early businesses were the R. Hoe Co. as well as Cutler & Hammer Tool Works, while many of the early industrial buildings remain, they are little used for manufacturing anymore. The area was the site of the Hell Gate generating plant of Consolidated Edison, where George Metesky, plans are afoot to extend the South Bronx Greenway to Randalls Island, crossing Bronx Kill via the Randalls Island Connector under Hell Gate Bridge. The Connector opened on 14 November 2015, a wave of arson during the 1970s destroyed or damaged many residential, commercial, and industrial structures in the area
12.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
13.
Area codes 718, 347, and 929
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North American area codes 718,347, and 929 are New York City telephone area codes in the boroughs of The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island, as well as the Marble Hill section of Manhattan. They are overlaid by area code 917, which covers the entirety of New York City, in 1947, area code 212 was created as one of the original 86 North American area codes assigned by AT&T. It served the five boroughs of New York City. On September 1,1984, area code 718 was created as a split from 212 and was assigned to the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, in 1992, the borough of The Bronx and the Manhattan neighborhood of Marble Hill were moved from 212 to 718. On October 1,1999, area code 347 was added as an overlay to area code 718, on December 16,2009, the New York Public Service Commission approved an additional overlay of the 718/347 area code region. On January 22,2010, NeuStar-NANPA issued a release that 929 is to be the new area code to further overlay the New York City 718 and 347 area codes of boroughs outside Manhattan. Area code 929 went into effect on April 16,2011, Area code 917 overlays area codes 718,347, and 929, as well as area codes 212 and 646 in Manhattan. One Manhattan neighborhood, Marble Hill, is not in the 212/646 area code, Marble Hill used to be attached to Manhattan Island. After the Harlem River Ship Canal was built in 1895, Marble Hill was physically separated from Manhattan Island, soon after, the Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in with landfill, physically connecting Marble Hill to the Bronx. The Greater New York Charter of 1897 officially stated that Marble Hill is part of the borough of Manhattan, when the Bronxs area code was about to be changed from 212 to 718 in 1992, Marble Hill residents fought to stay in 212. This area code was celebrated in the 19982 Skinnee Js song 718, hip-hop group Theodore Unit released an album entitled 718, an homage to their home of Staten Island, which is contained within the 718 area code. Rapper/actor Mos Def refers to the 718 area code in his song Sunshine,718 is a track produced by DJ Premier from Jaz-O & Immobilarie album Kingz Kounty. The area code was mentioned in the song Dont Be One by American Metal band Emmure. The mixtape Return of the PLK contains the song titled 718 Nigga by Rapper Lloyd Banks, the FannyPack album See You Next Tuesday contains the song Seven One Eight. This song was featured in the Dont Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 episode Paris, the area code was mentioned as part of Barney Stinsons citation of many New York area codes in the How I Met Your Mother episode No Tomorrow. On the episode of Seinfeld entitled The Maid, Elaine says that she used to be a 718 which made her cry every night,718 was referred to in the Salon of the Dead episode of Gossip Girl as the slums. Included in the 2001 song Area Codes as one of the locations where rapper Ludacris has hoes. A number from the area code appears as Come forth and call 489-4608, and Ill be here in the lyrics of Diary
14.
Area code 917
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Area code 917 is an area code for all five boroughs of New York City. It was the first cellular/pager/voicemail area code for the city and is an overlay to Manhattans 212/646, occasionally,917 is also assigned to landlines, most commonly in Manhattan, in large part because of the particularly severe shortage of numbers there. Introduced on February 4,1992, area code 917 is the first overlay area code in the North American Numbering Plan, when it was established, all cellphones in New York City were switched to 917, freeing up telephone numbers for additional landlines. Shortly after its implementation, the FCC announced that any new area codes going forth must not be service-specific and it is the last area code added under the original X1X format, whose last digit was not 0. com,917 Area Code
15.
New York City Police Department
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The New York City Police Department, officially the City of New York Police Department, is the largest municipal police force in the United States. Established in 1845, the agency has primary responsibilities in law enforcement, the NYPD is one of the oldest police departments established in the U. S. tracing its roots back to the nineteenth century. According to the department, its mission is to enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, the departments regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules. In June 2004, there were about 40,000 sworn officers plus several thousand employees, in June 2005. As of December 2011, that figure increased slightly to over 36,600, the NYPDs current authorized uniformed strength is 34,450. The Patrolmens Benevolent Association of the City of New York, the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active, the NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in 11 cities internationally. In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since established in other cities. The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan across the street from City Hall, the NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units which assist with computer crime investigations. The NYPD runs a Real Time Crime Center, essentially a search engine. A Domain Awareness System, a joint project of Microsoft and the NYPD, links 6,000 closed-circuit television cameras, license plate readers, members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, some media and their own police cars by the nickname New Yorks Finest. The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system, in 1857, it was tumultuously replaced by a Metropolitan force, which consolidated many other local police departments in 1898. Twentieth-century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption, Officers begin service with the rank of Probationary Police Officer, also referred to as Recruit Officer. After successful completion of six months of Police Academy training and various academic, physical, There are three career tracks in the NYPD, supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of 12 sworn titles, referred to as ranks, promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is determined by the current police labor contract, the entry level appointment to detective is third grade or specialist. The commissioner may grant discretionary grades of first or second and these grades offer compensation roughly equivalent to that of supervisors. Specifically, a second grade detectives pay roughly corresponds to a sergeants, Detectives are police officers who have been given a more investigatory position but no official supervisory authority. A Detective First Grade still falls under the command of a sergeant or above, just like detectives, sergeants and lieutenants can receive pay grade increases within their respective ranks
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East River
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The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River. The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently, and is subject to fluctuations in its current. The waterway is navigable for its length of 16 miles. Technically a drowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City, the distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion, running perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering. The lower portion runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion and it is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened, washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded like a bull bellowing for more drink at half tide, whilte at full tide it slept as soundly as an alderman after dinner. He said it was like a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, the river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles. Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is currently geologically unknown, in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of Queens, lies Roosevelt Island, a narrow 2-mile long island consisting of 147 acres. Politically part of Manhattan, it begins at around the level of East 46th Street of that borough and it is connected to Queens by the Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by the Roosevelt Island Tramway, and to both by a subway station. The Queensboro Bridge runs across Roosevelt Island, but no longer has an elevator connection to it. The abrupt termination of the island on its end is due to an extension of the 125th Street Fault. The Bronx River drains into the East River in the section of the strait. North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate
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Harlem River
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The Harlem River is an 8-mile tidal strait flowing between the Hudson River and the East River and separating the island of Manhattan from the Bronx on the New York mainland. The northern stretch, also called the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, has significantly altered for navigation purposes. Originally it curved round the north of Marble Hill, but in 1895 the Harlem River Ship Canal was dug between Manhattan and Marble Hill, and in 1914 the original course was filled in. The Harlem River forms a part of the Hudson estuary system, approximately 18,000 years ago the Laurentide ice sheet receded northward across the continent leaving behind a large escarpment creating the modern day Hudson River. The Harlem River is therefore affected by the actions of the ocean, the ebb and flow of the tides causes the Harlem River’s currents to fluctuate dramatically throughout the day. The effects of the tides have influenced the spread of silts, pollutants, Sherman Creek is a small inlet off the Harlem River at 10th Avenue and Dyckman Street in Inwood. Named for a family settled there in 1807, it was once the site of a number of racing shell clubs boathouses along scullers row. The last, belonging to Fordham University, was lost to suspected arson in 1978, as a name for the several blocks around it, Sherman Creek is something of a historical relic, although many regard it as a part of Washington Heights. The Manhattan Institute held a forum, Saving Sherman Creek, in January 2006 at the Harvard Club of New York, the Daily News has written about the project. There has been an initiative among politicians over the last few years to re-zone this area for residential and commercial use, currently, Con Ed and the City of New York own some of the property in this area. The channel was difficult to navigate, resulting in the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal in 1895 and this turned the watercourse west approximately where 222nd Street would be in the Bronx, which had the effect of isolating Marble Hill. Almost two decades later, the original creekbed was filled in, physically attaching Marble Hill to the Bronx, another channel was dug in 1937 to the west of the 1895 realignment straightening the Spuyten Duyvil towards the Hudson. It pared off a protruding tip of the Bronx, which was absorbed into Manhattans Inwood Hill Park, home today to its Nature Center. It was in this era that the first crossing on the Harlem was built, at the Old Albany Road in 1693, beginning a history of bridge construction. This came to be called King’s Bridge, where a toll was assessed for access to the island, the shallow waters of the creek along this stretch were thus spanned. The issue of navigability became a topic of early in the river’s history. In 1813, the Macomb family built a dam to power a mill, however it created a millpond and impeded the river’s flow and open navigation. While this condition was tolerated for years, a vessel manned by principal landholders and politicians, including Gouverneur and Lewis Morris
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Bronx Kill
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The Bronx Kill is a narrow strait in New York City delineating the southernmost extent of the Bronx and separating it from Randalls Island. It connects the Harlem River to the East River, originally, the Bronx Kill was a sizeable waterway, approximately 600 feet in width. There were also plans by the War Department to dredge a 24-foot deep channel,480 feet in width, to improve navigation and reduce tidal currents. For this reason, in the early 20th century the New York Connecting Railroad built a bridge across the Bronx Kill on the approach to the Hell Gate Bridge. Similarly, the bridge of the Triborough Bridge across the Bronx Kill was designed to be convertible to a lift bridge. However, much of the Bronx Kill was later filled in to expand the parkland on Randalls Island, the Bronx Kill offers a venue for kayakers and other human-powered boaters without the worry of larger vessel traffic. Canoe and kayak expeditions through the waterway begin on the Harlem River, there is also low air draft under the Randalls Island Connector. Consequently, no commercial vessels navigate the kill, with local businesses mostly opting instead for road and rail transport and that plan, however, fell by the wayside when local officials argued that an improved Triborough Bridge path would be sufficient. The state authority instead paid for energy efficiency measures in the borough as a whole, a 2006 plan for a water park—the first in the nation for a large city—on the northwest corner of Randalls Island was controversial. Announced by the Giuliani administration as a $48 million, 15-acre project, Kill List of New York rivers Bronx River Friends of Brook Park
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Melissa Mark-Viverito
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Melissa Mark-Viverito is the Speaker of the New York City Council as well as the Council member for the 8th District. The district includes Concourse, Concourse Village, East Harlem, Highbridge, Longwood, Mott Haven, Port Morris, described by The New York Times as fiercely liberal, she was elected Speaker on January 8,2014, succeeding Christine Quinn. Mark-Viverito was born in San Juan and grew up in Bayamón and she came to New York at age 18 to attend college, earning a BA degree from Columbia University in 1991 and then a Master of Public Administration degree from Baruch College in 1995. Her hyphenated last name comes from her father, Anthony Mark. Her father was a doctor and a founder of San Pablo Hospital in Bayamón, in August 2014, Mark-Viverito publicly disclosed that she was infected with the most common STD, the human papillomavirus. After running unsuccessfully against Phil Reed for City Council in District 8 in 2003, during her first four years in office, Mark-Viverito sponsored and passed several pieces of legislation regarding tenant harassment, building safety, greening buildings, and park conservancies. In January 2009, she criticized the record of newly appointed New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand on immigration. During Mark-Viveritos second term in the Council, she served as chair of the Parks and Recreation Committee, in November 2013, she won re-election to her third term in the Council, and her close ally Bill de Blasio was elected mayor. Soon the New York Daily News cited Mark-Viverito as the front-runner for New York Citys second-most powerful political post — Speaker of the City Council, a grassroots effort to boost her Speaker candidacy included social media, fliers, phone banking, and volunteer recruitment. Mark-Viverito was elected City Council Speaker on January 8,2014, at age 44, becoming the first member of the Councils Black, Latino and her first State of the City speech emphasized reform of the criminal justice system. Official NYC Council Website about Melissa Mark-Viverito Official Blog about Council Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito
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2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
United States
New York
New York City
The Bronx
