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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
4.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
5.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
6.
Boroughs of New York City
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New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
7.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
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Neighborhoods of the Bronx
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This article features a list of neighborhoods in the Bronx, one of the five boroughs of New York City. When using this article, note that names of neighborhoods in the Bronx are popular based on their historical pedigree. Riverdale, Throggs Neck, and others have greater popularity, generally speaking, there are two major systems of dividing the Bronx into regions which often conflict with one another. It is a reflection on the Bronxs history considering that the towns that existed in the area prior to annexation to the City of New York generally did not straddle the Bronx River. In addition, what is today the Bronx was annexed to New York City in two stages, areas west of the Bronx River were annexed in 1874 while areas to the east of the river were annexed in 1895. e. The Blauzes Chimney Sweeps Islands City Island – The only inhabited island, hart Island High Island Hunter Island Rat Island Twin Island North Brother Island South Brother Island Rikers Island – The location of New York Citys prison. List of Brooklyn neighborhoods List of Manhattan neighborhoods List of Queens neighborhoods List of Staten Island neighborhoods
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Allerton, Bronx
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Allerton is a working-class neighborhood geographically located in the East Bronx section of Bronx borough of New York City in the United States. It is named in honor of Daniel Allerton, an early Bronx settler who purchased and farmed this area with his wife Hustace and it consists of both the Bronxwood and Laconia neighborhoods. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 11 and its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise, are, East Gun Hill Road to the north, IRT Dyre Avenue Line to the east, Waring Avenue south, and Bronx River Parkway to the west. White Plains Road is the primary thoroughfare through Allerton, the local subway is the IRT White Plains Road Line. The area is patrolled by the NYPDs 49th Precinct located at 2121 Eastchester Avenue in the Morris Park section of the Bronx, Allerton Avenue was ethnically divided in the 1950s through the 1980s by a distinct separation of Jewish and Italian residents. Primarily a commercial avenue west of Laconia Avenue, the boundary between the Jewish and Italians was Bronxwood Avenue and Boston Post Road. Mixed in were residents representing earlier 19th and 20th century migrations from Manhattan, the arrival of West Indians in the 1980s marked the transition, north of Allerton Avenue, from a distinctly Italian area to a West Indian one. West of Bronxwood Avenue, the arrival of Dominicans concurrently marked the end of the Jewish community north of Allerton Avenue. Today, the south of Allerton Avenue and east of Bronxwood Avenue has a large population of Italian-Americans and Albanian-Americans, as well as Asians, Hispanics, West-Indians. In February 2014 Google Maps recognized Allerton as the name of a community that had previously recognized as Williamsbridge or Bronxdale. Allerton is dominated by multi-unit homes of various types, there are also some tenements scattered across the neighborhood, primarily within five blocks of the El on White Plains Road. The total land area is roughly two square miles, the area is low and flat. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of the combined Allerton-Pelham Gardens neighborhood was 28,903, covering an area of 726.98 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 39.8 inhabitants per acre. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31. 8% of the population, the neighborhood is now predominantly Hispanic south of Allerton Avenue and Black north of Allerton Avenue. A smaller longstanding Italian and immigrant Albanian population exist east of White Plains Road primarily in Bronxwood near Esplanade Avenue, under 20% of the population lives below the poverty line in Bronxwood while over 20% of the population lives below the poverty line in Laconia. Four NYCHA developments are located in Allerton and it has a population over 20,000. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are, Allerton Avenue to the north, Esplanade Avenue to the east, Pelham Parkway to the south, Bronxwood includes the Pelham Parkway Houses and Boston Road Plaza. Laconia is the part of Allerton
10.
Morris Park, Bronx
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Morris Park is a working class neighborhood in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. The neighborhood is part of Community Board 11 in the East Bronx and it borders the neighborhoods of Van Nest to its southwest and Indian Village to its northeast. Williamsbridge Road and Morris Park Avenue are the primary thoroughfares, the local subway is the IRT Dyre Avenue Line, which runs under the Esplanade. Zip codes include 10461 and 10462, the area is patrolled by the 49th Precinct of the New York City Police Department, located at 2121 Eastchester Road. The neighborhood has a large Italian American population, Morris Park is named after John Albert Morris, who built the Morris Park Racecourse, which existed from 1889 until 1910. In 1890, the Morris Park Racecourse hosted both the Preakness and the Belmont Stakes, the continued to be run there until 1905. The track was used for auto racing and was the site of the first public air show. After a 1910 fire, the property was divided into lots for the current neighborhood, several streets in Morris Park, including Cruger, Holland, Radcliffe, Colden, Paulding, and Hone Avenues, are named after mayors of New York City during the 18th and 19th centuries. Housing in Morris Park is mostly one and two homes of various styles. The neighborhood also has several apartment buildings, the total land area is a little over one-third of a square mile. The area is low-lying and relatively flat, Morris Park has a population over 25,000. The neighborhood has a large Italian population, and a mix of Albanians. As an Italian American neighborhood, the residents have ties to their heritage. After Italy’s World Cup victory in 2006, over 30,000 flocked to the neighborhood for an all-day party, since then, Morris Park has gained a rival reputation with Arthur Avenue for the prototypical Bronx Italian-American neighborhood. Morris Park has one of the highest percentage of Italian populations in the city, along with Bensonhurst in Brooklyn, Morris Park is famous for its annual Columbus Day parade, which began in 1977 to honor Christopher Columbus. It is held on the Sunday before the national Columbus Day holiday, Rudolph Giuliani, Michael Bloomberg, and Bill DeBlasio have attended as mayors. The procession begins at the intersection of Morris Park Avenue and White Plains Road, marches east on Morris Park Avenue, turns north on Williamsbridge Road, and ends at Pelham Parkway South. The reviewing stand, where the dignitaries, politicians, civic and business leaders
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Pelham Gardens, Bronx
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Pelham Gardens is a middle-class neighborhood geographically located in the Northeast section of New York City in the United States. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are, East Gun Hill Road to the north and east, Pelham Parkway to the south, Eastchester Road is the primary thoroughfare through Pelham Gardens. The local subway is the 5 line, operating alongside Esplanade, the area is patrolled by the New York Police Departments 49th Precinct located at 2121 Eastchester Road in Morris Park. The area was home to the Siwanoy, a Native American tribe affiliated with the Algonquian peoples. The name Pelham Gardens derives from Thomas Pell, who purchased the land from the Siwanoy on June 27,1654 at Treaty Oak, the oldest house in the area is what was once a farmhouse, located at the corner of Woodhull Avenue and Fielding Street. The neighborhood is diverse, with a considerable working class population as well as many upper middle class professionals. Pelham Gardens is dominated by single family homes with small apartment buildings. Many private homes have basement studio apartments but are classified as one family, the total land area is roughly two square miles. The area its largely flat but contains a significant valley between Eastchester Road and Laconia Avenue, with the most significant low point on Seymour Avenue and this dip was likely caused thousands of years ago by a glacier. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of the combined Allerton-Pelham Gardens neighborhood was 28,903, covering an area of 726.98 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 39.8 inhabitants per acre. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31. 8% of the population, demographically, the neighborhood has historically been home to a large Italian-American population as well as a sizable Jewish population, which has dramatically decreased since the 1970s. Smaller numbers of Irish-Americans and German-Americans have also made this largely Catholic community home since significant development began in the 1920s, with a construction boom in the 1950s
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Pelham Parkway (neighborhood), Bronx
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Pelham Parkway is a working- and middle-class residential neighborhood geographically located in the center of the Bronx, a borough of New York City in the United States. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 11, White Plains Road is the primary commercial thoroughfare through Bronx Park East. The local subway line is the IRT White Plains Road Line operating along White Plains Road, zip codes include 10461 and 10462. The area is patrolled by the New York City Police Department 49th Precinct located at 2121 Eastchester Road in the Morris Park section of the Bronx. Pelham Parkway is a parkway in the neighborhood, which gives way to the neighborhoods name, originally called The Bronx. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Pelham Parkway was 30,073, covering an area of 531.08 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 56.6 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 36. 2% White,10. 7% African American,0. 2% Native American,11. 3% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 1. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39. 4% of the population, hispanics of various races account for 45% of the community, 38% of the community are non-Hispanic White and 20% non-Hispanic Black. Like most neighborhoods in New York City, the vast majority of households are renter occupied, however, there is a large community of co-op owners in the area. There is significant income diversity on a block by block basis, while the poverty rate for The Bronx as a whole is 28%, the poverty rate in the neighborhood, at less than 20%, is much closer to the overall New York City rate of 15%. In the last decade, construction of modern 2 and 3 unit row-houses, the total land area is roughly one square mile. The terrain is low laying and flat. Bronx Park, on 718 acres along the Bronx River, is the home of the New York Botanical Garden, bicycle paths go northwest, north and east, along Mosholu Parkway, Bronx River Parkway and Pelham Parkway respectively. The east end of Fordham Road is inside the park, at an interchange with the Pelham, the park is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. The park is bounded by Southern Boulevard, Webster Avenue, Burke Avenue, Bronx Park East, the Bronx Zoo is a subsidiary of the Wildlife Conservation Society which was founded in 1895 as the New York Zoological Society. The Bronx Zoo opened to the public in 1899 and still adheres to its mission to advance the study of zoology, protect wildlife. The zoo is a leader in the care, feeding and exhibition of animals–including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians from around the world. With the award winning Congo Gorilla Forest, Tiger Mountain, Jungle World and Baboon Reserve, the neighborhood has long served as home to working and middle class New York families
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Van Nest, Bronx
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Van Nest is a working-class neighborhood geographically located in the east Bronx borough of New York City in the United States. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 11 and its boundaries, starting clockwise are as follows, Bronxdale Avenue to the northeast, the Amtrak tracks to the southeast, and Bronx Park to the west. Van Nest predated Morris Park by 20 years and is considered the older of the two communities, Morris Park Avenue and White Plains Road are the primary commercial thoroughfares through Van Nest. ZIP codes include 10460 and 10462, the area is patrolled by the 49th Precinct located at 2121 Eastchester Road in Morris Park. The neighborhood got its name from the former Van Nest station on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, which was named after the father of Abraham R. Van Nest, Van Nest predated Morris Park by 20 years and is considered the older of both communities. A short railroad spur was constructed off the line from the Van Nest station to serve the adjacent Morris Park Racecourse. Between 1892 and 1896, lots were subdivided from farmland by the Van Nest Land & Improvement Company, before the city graded the streets in 1895, the flat terrain and accumulation of rainwater in low-lying areas resulted in this area being nicknamed Mud West. The multi-legged intersection of Van Nest Avenue, Unionport Road, and Victor Street is still known as the Five Corners by many old timers, Van Nest has a population under 15,000. The neighborhood has a concentration of Puerto Ricans and also contains a significant African American population, a small longstanding Italian and Albanian population exist east of White Plains Road near Morris Park. Almost 20% of the population lives below the poverty line, Van Nest contains one of the highest concentrations of poverty in Bronx Community District 11. It is believed many of the newest residents are from higher poverty sections of the Bronx such as neighboring West Farms, with this relocation some of the social problems commonly associated with those communities have come to Van Nest. Drug trafficking, teen pregnancy, domestic violence and violent crimes, Van Nest, being roughly one square mile, is one neighborhood within the larger 49th Precinct. In January 2010, a community known as the Van Nest Neighborhood Alliance was created. Their agenda is to work jointly with the 49th Precinct to ensure that any reported crimes are handled quickly, the rise in youth-related crimes is a genuine concern for the VNNA and the local 49th police precinct. Van Nest is dominated by single family homes of various types, there are also some tenements scattered across the neighborhood. The total land area is one square mile. Architectural styles are diverse in Van Nest, which was started as a community in 1893. Italianate, Queen Anne, Art Deco and contemporary brick and mortar are all found, the Con Edison Service Center was purchased in September 1959 from the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad for $3 million
14.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
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Area codes 718, 347, and 929
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North American area codes 718,347, and 929 are New York City telephone area codes in the boroughs of The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island, as well as the Marble Hill section of Manhattan. They are overlaid by area code 917, which covers the entirety of New York City, in 1947, area code 212 was created as one of the original 86 North American area codes assigned by AT&T. It served the five boroughs of New York City. On September 1,1984, area code 718 was created as a split from 212 and was assigned to the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, in 1992, the borough of The Bronx and the Manhattan neighborhood of Marble Hill were moved from 212 to 718. On October 1,1999, area code 347 was added as an overlay to area code 718, on December 16,2009, the New York Public Service Commission approved an additional overlay of the 718/347 area code region. On January 22,2010, NeuStar-NANPA issued a release that 929 is to be the new area code to further overlay the New York City 718 and 347 area codes of boroughs outside Manhattan. Area code 929 went into effect on April 16,2011, Area code 917 overlays area codes 718,347, and 929, as well as area codes 212 and 646 in Manhattan. One Manhattan neighborhood, Marble Hill, is not in the 212/646 area code, Marble Hill used to be attached to Manhattan Island. After the Harlem River Ship Canal was built in 1895, Marble Hill was physically separated from Manhattan Island, soon after, the Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in with landfill, physically connecting Marble Hill to the Bronx. The Greater New York Charter of 1897 officially stated that Marble Hill is part of the borough of Manhattan, when the Bronxs area code was about to be changed from 212 to 718 in 1992, Marble Hill residents fought to stay in 212. This area code was celebrated in the 19982 Skinnee Js song 718, hip-hop group Theodore Unit released an album entitled 718, an homage to their home of Staten Island, which is contained within the 718 area code. Rapper/actor Mos Def refers to the 718 area code in his song Sunshine,718 is a track produced by DJ Premier from Jaz-O & Immobilarie album Kingz Kounty. The area code was mentioned in the song Dont Be One by American Metal band Emmure. The mixtape Return of the PLK contains the song titled 718 Nigga by Rapper Lloyd Banks, the FannyPack album See You Next Tuesday contains the song Seven One Eight. This song was featured in the Dont Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 episode Paris, the area code was mentioned as part of Barney Stinsons citation of many New York area codes in the How I Met Your Mother episode No Tomorrow. On the episode of Seinfeld entitled The Maid, Elaine says that she used to be a 718 which made her cry every night,718 was referred to in the Salon of the Dead episode of Gossip Girl as the slums. Included in the 2001 song Area Codes as one of the locations where rapper Ludacris has hoes. A number from the area code appears as Come forth and call 489-4608, and Ill be here in the lyrics of Diary
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Area codes 212, 646, and 332
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Area codes 212,646 and 332 are the area codes for most of the borough of Manhattan in New York City in the North American Numbering Plan. By area, it is one of the smallest plan areas in North America and it is overlaid by area code 917, which covers the entirety of New York City. Area code 212 is one of the original 86 area codes assigned by AT&T in 1947 and it originally served the entire five boroughs of New York City. On September 1,1984, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island were split off as a new numbering plan area with area code 718, leaving Manhattan, in 1992, numbering plan area 718 was expanded to include the Bronx, while reducing NPA212 to most of Manhattan. In 1992, the city was overlaid with area code 917. Area code 212 was overlaid with area code 646 in Manhattan on July 1,1999, in November 2015, area code 332 was assigned as an additional overlay area code for Manhattans numbering plan area 212, the fourth serving the area and the seventh serving New York City. It is expected to be installed in 2017, as area codes 212 and 646 are expected to run out of numbers in the quarter of 2017. One Manhattan neighborhood, Marble Hill, is not in the 212/646 area code, Marble Hill, although legally a part of Manhattan to this day, was geographically severed from Manhattan by the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal in 1895. It was physically connected to the Bronx in 1914 when the segment of the Harlem River was filled in. When the Bronx shifted to 718 in 1992, Marble Hill residents fought to stay in 212, Marble Hills trunk is wired into the Bronx line, and it would have been too expensive for New York Telephone to rewire it. A business with a 212 area code is perceived as having stability and roots in Manhattan. One example is PEnnsylvania 6-5000 ), the number for the Hotel Pennsylvania in Midtown, the hotel claims that it is the oldest continuously used number in New York City. This claim is in dispute, but PEnnsylvania 6-5000 did appear in a 1940 Glenn Miller Orchestra song title, businesses now sell phone numbers with 212 area codes. In August 2010, AT&T reported that there are no new numbers available in the 212 area code, for several years before then, new landlines in Manhattan have been assigned numbers in 917. In addition, the Inwood section in far northern Manhattan is overlaid with area code 347, which also began as a cell phone area code
17.
New York City Police Department
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The New York City Police Department, officially the City of New York Police Department, is the largest municipal police force in the United States. Established in 1845, the agency has primary responsibilities in law enforcement, the NYPD is one of the oldest police departments established in the U. S. tracing its roots back to the nineteenth century. According to the department, its mission is to enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, the departments regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules. In June 2004, there were about 40,000 sworn officers plus several thousand employees, in June 2005. As of December 2011, that figure increased slightly to over 36,600, the NYPDs current authorized uniformed strength is 34,450. The Patrolmens Benevolent Association of the City of New York, the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active, the NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in 11 cities internationally. In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since established in other cities. The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan across the street from City Hall, the NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units which assist with computer crime investigations. The NYPD runs a Real Time Crime Center, essentially a search engine. A Domain Awareness System, a joint project of Microsoft and the NYPD, links 6,000 closed-circuit television cameras, license plate readers, members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, some media and their own police cars by the nickname New Yorks Finest. The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system, in 1857, it was tumultuously replaced by a Metropolitan force, which consolidated many other local police departments in 1898. Twentieth-century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption, Officers begin service with the rank of Probationary Police Officer, also referred to as Recruit Officer. After successful completion of six months of Police Academy training and various academic, physical, There are three career tracks in the NYPD, supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of 12 sworn titles, referred to as ranks, promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is determined by the current police labor contract, the entry level appointment to detective is third grade or specialist. The commissioner may grant discretionary grades of first or second and these grades offer compensation roughly equivalent to that of supervisors. Specifically, a second grade detectives pay roughly corresponds to a sergeants, Detectives are police officers who have been given a more investigatory position but no official supervisory authority. A Detective First Grade still falls under the command of a sergeant or above, just like detectives, sergeants and lieutenants can receive pay grade increases within their respective ranks
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Government of New York City
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The government of New York City, headquartered at New York City Hall in Lower Manhattan, is organized under the New York City Charter and provides for a strong mayor-council system. The mayor is elected to a term and is responsible for the administration of city government. The New York City Council is a body consisting of 51 members, each elected from a geographic district. All elected officials are limited to a two consecutive-term limit, the court system consists of two city courts and three state courts. New York City government employs 325,000 people, more than any city in the United States and more than any U. S. state. However, each county retains its own district attorney to prosecute crimes, three main public-library systems represent the citys five boroughs, namely Brooklyn Public Library, New York Public Library, and Queens Public Library. The executive branch of New York City consists of the Mayor, the Mayor also appoints several deputy mayors to head major offices within the executive branch of the city government. The City Record is the journal published each weekday containing legal notices produced by city agencies. The mayor is elected by popular vote for a four-year term. Along with the mayor, the Public Advocate and the Comptroller are the only three directly elected officials in New York City. The Public Advocate is a member of the Council, the Public Advocate stands first in line of succession to the mayoralty. The Comptroller stands second, after the Public Advocate, in the line to succeed a mayor who has become unable to serve, legislative power in the City of New York is vested in the New York City Council. The New York State Constitution empowers local governments to local laws in addition to ordinances, resolutions, rules. The Council is a body consisting of 51 Council members. The Speaker of the Council, selected by the 51 Council members, is considered the second most powerful post in New York Citys government after the Mayor. Bills passed by a majority are sent to the mayor. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a majority vote. The codified local laws of New York City are contained in the New York City Administrative Code, the Council has several committees with oversight of various functions of the city government
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Bronx River Parkway
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The Bronx River Parkway is a 19. 12-mile long parkway in downstate New York in the United States. It is named for the nearby Bronx River, which it parallels, the southern terminus of the parkway is at Story Avenue near Bruckner Expressway in the Bronx neighborhood of Soundview. The northern terminus is at the Kensico Circle in North Castle, Westchester County, within the Bronx, the parkway is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation and is designated New York State Route 907H, an unsigned reference route. In Westchester County, the parkway is maintained by the Westchester County Department of Public Works and is designated unsigned County Route 9987, most of the exits on the parkway, including the traffic light-controlled intersections in Westchester County, have interchange numbers. Current usage of the term is confined to the roadway, the southern third of the parkway, in the Bronx, is exclusively limited-access. It serves as a route, intersecting several major east-west routes. Halfway through the borough it begins to parallel the Harlem Line of Metro-North Railroad. In Westchester County, the continues to have the same character until the Sprain Brook Parkway splits off at Bronxville. The stretches north of that junction have more of the original park character, North of White Plains the exits take the form of at-grade intersections with traffic lights. The parkway begins at Story Avenue in the Bronx neighborhood of Soundview, immediately to the north is the cloverleaf interchange at the Bruckner Expressway, where most traffic enters the parkway. Basketball courts and baseball fields flank the highway in the strip of parkland as the leads to the north. North of Watson Avenue, within a half-mile of the southern terminus, the corresponding offramp for southbound traffic merges onto Harrod Avenue north of Westchester Avenue. Now in West Farms, another onramp joins the southbound lanes from East 174th Street, North of it is exit 4, the interchange with the Cross Bronx Expressway. The single ramp of exit 5 allows southbound traffic to follow East 177th Street to the terminus of the Sheridan Expressway. North of the interchange the road veers to the northeast slightly, at East 180th Street, the linear park ends temporarily. The road becomes elevated to cross the East 180th Street Yard along the former IRT White Plains Road Line, on the northbound side, as it enters the park, is an unnumbered exit allowing authorized vehicles access to local streets via Birchall Avenue. Past the exit the large wooded area on the west is the New York Botanical Garden, one half-mile further north, exit 8 allows access to the Mosholu Parkway and Allerton Avenue. The railroad tracks join the river and the parkland in paralleling the north as it continues straight along the east edge of Woodlawn Cemetery
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Hutchinson River Parkway
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The Hutchinson River Parkway is a north–south parkway in southern New York in the United States. It extends for 18.78 miles from the massive Bruckner Interchange in the Throggs Neck section of the Bronx to the New York–Connecticut state line at Rye Brook. The parkway continues south from the Bruckner Interchange as the Whitestone Expressway and north into Greenwich, Connecticut, the roadway is named for English-born American religious leader Anne Hutchinson. Both designations are unsigned reference routes, like the Bronx River Parkway, the reference route designation of the parkway in Westchester County violates the numbering scheme used by the New York State Department of Transportation. The second digit of a route designation typically indicates its region. Construction of the began in 1924 and was completed in 1941. The portion of the parkway between Eastern Boulevard in the Bronx and U. S. Route 1 in Pelham Manor was designated as New York State Route 1X from 1941 to 1946, NY 1A was subsequently realigned to follow the Hutch between Eastern Boulevard and US1. The NY 1A designation was removed c. 1962, the Hutchinson River Parkway begins at the large Bruckner Interchange in the Throggs Neck section of the Bronx. This interchange consists of junctions with I-95, I-295, I-678 and I-278, the Hutchinson River Parkway proceeds north as a continuation of I-678, entering exit 1, a small 1-lane ramp to Bruckner Boulevard near Saint Raymonds Cemetery. Just to the north of exit 1, gas stations appear on side of the road, which turns northeast and into exit 2. After exit 2, the parkway crosses under the IRT Pelham Line just west of Middletown Road subway station, just after crossing into Pelham Bay, the parkway enters exit 3E–W, an interchange with the Pelham Parkway in a small section of Pelham Bay Park. After crossing under Amtraks Northeast Corridor, the parkway out of Pelham Bay Park and into exit 4S–N, a junction with I-95. Crossing over Bartow Avenue and the Hutchinson River, the parkway crosses into the section of Pelham Bay Park. The now six-lane parkway crosses north through Pelham Bay Park, entering exit 6, when the Hutchinson River Parkway leaves Pelham Bay Park, the right-of-way leaves the Bronx and enters Westchester County. Now in the village of Pelham Manor, the parkway enters exit 7, southbound, an exit 8 is present, a ramp to Sandford Boulevard in Pelham Manor. Proceeding northbound, exit 9 connects to Colonial Avenue, the continuation of Sandford Boulevard after the Hutchinson River Parkway in the adjacent village of Pelham, the parkway winds north through Pelham, entering exit 10 on the southbound lanes, a connection to East 3rd Street. Winding northeast, the parkway crosses under the Metro-North Railroad New Haven Line just west of Pelham station, just after the line, the Hutchinson River Parkway crosses into exit 12, a bi-directional junction with Lincoln Avenue in Pelham. Soon the parkway leaves Pelham for Mount Vernon, entering the Chester Heights section, in Mount Vernon, the Hutchinson River Parkway enters exit 13, a connection to the Cross County Parkway
21.
Borough president
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A borough president is an elective office in each of the five boroughs of New York City. Borough presidents currently have little power in New York City government and they generally act as advocates for their boroughs at the mayoral agencies, the city council, the New York State government, public corporations, and private businesses. Their authorizing law is codified in title 4, sections 81 to 85 of the New York City Charter, Borough presidents currently have a relatively small discretionary budget for projects within their boroughs. They also act as advocates for their boroughs at mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York State government, public corporations, Borough presidents are currently elected by popular vote to four-year terms, and can serve up to three consecutive terms. Borough presidents influence the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure by appointing NYC community boards, each of the five boroughs has a borough board. They are composed of the president, council members from the borough. Community boards advise on land use and zoning, participate in the city budget process, community boards act in an advisory capacity, and have no authority to make or enforce laws. On January 1,1898, the boroughs of Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, as part of the consolidation, all town and county governments within the city were dissolved, and their powers were given to the city and the boroughs. The boroughs assumed most county functions, but did not replace them, the eastern two-thirds of Queens County was not part of the borough of Queens. The initial city charter established the five borough president offices with terms of four years, the salaries of the presidents of Manhattan, The Bronx, and Brooklyn were $5,000, and those of Queens and Richmond were $3,000. The borough presidents were subject to removal for cause by the mayor, with approval by the governor, in a later writers words, the offices of the borough presidents were created to preserve local pride and affection for the old municipalities after consolidation. Borough presidents gradually gained more authority, assisting in the formulation of more aspects of the city budget and controlling land use, contracts, and franchise powers. Although some borough presidents served for decades, the position was used as a stepping-stone to other elective offices such as judgeships or, in the case of Robert F. Wagner. On March 22,1989, the Supreme Court of the United States, the city charter was quickly revised and passed in a referendum that fall, and the Board of Estimate was abolished. The offices of the presidents were retained, but with greatly reduced power. The borough budgets became the responsibility of the mayor and City Council, Borough presidents currently have a relatively small discretionary budget for projects within their boroughs. The two major remaining appointments of the presidents are one member each on the City Planning Commission. Borough presidents generally adopt specific projects to promote while in office and they also act as advocates for their boroughs at mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York State government, public corporations, and private businesses
22.
New York City Council
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The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs, the Council serves as a check against the mayor in a strong mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and makes land use decisions as well as legislating on a variety of other issues. The City Council also has responsibility for approving the city budget. The head of the City Council is called the Speaker, and is currently Melissa Mark-Viverito, the Speaker sets the agenda and presides at meetings of the City Council. Proposed legislation is submitted through the Speakers Office, there are 47 Democratic council members led by Majority Leader Jimmy Van Bramer. The three Republican council members are led by Minority Leader Steven Matteo, the Council has 35 committees with oversight of various functions of the city government. Each council member sits on at least three standing, select or subcommittees, the standing committees meet at least once per month. The Speaker of the Council, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader are all ex members of every committee. Council members are elected every four years, except for two consecutive two year terms every twenty years to allow for redistricting between the terms due to the national census. Council Members currently receive $148,500 a year in base salary, Members receive no additional compensation for serving as a committee chairperson or other officer under the new salary raise. The New York City Charter is the law of the government of New York City including the Council. The New York City Administrative Code is the codification of the laws promulgated by the Council and is composed of 29 titles, the regulations promulgated by city agencies pursuant to law are contained in the Rules of the City of New York in 71 titles. A local law has an equivalent with a law enacted by the Legislature. Each local government must designate a newspaper of notice to publish or describe its laws, the Secretary of State is responsible for publishing local laws as a supplement to the Laws of New York, but they have not done so in recent years. The history of the New York City Council can be traced to Dutch Colonial times when New York City was known as New Amsterdam. On February 2,1653, the town of New Amsterdam, a Council of Legislators sat as the local lawmaking body and as a court of inferior jurisdiction. During the 18th and 19th centuries the local legislature was called the Common Council, in 1898 the amalgamation charter of the City of Greater New York renamed and revamped the Council and added a New York City Board of Estimate with certain administrative and financial powers
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New York Public Library
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The New York Public Library is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items, the New York Public Library is the second largest public library in the United States and it is a private, non-governmental, independently managed, nonprofit corporation operating with both private and public financing. The library has branches in the boroughs of Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island, the City of New Yorks other two boroughs, Brooklyn and Queens, are served by the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Library, respectively. The branch libraries are open to the public and consist of circulating libraries. The New York Public Library also has four libraries which are open to the general public as well. At the behest of Joseph Cogswell, John Jacob Astor placed a codicil in his will to bequeath $400,000 for the creation of a public library. After Astors death in 1848, the board of trustees executed the wills conditions. The library created was a reference library, its books were not permitted to circulate. An act of the New York State Legislature incorporated the Lenox Library in 1870, the library was built on Fifth Avenue, between 40th and 42nd streets, in 1877. Bibliophile and philanthropist James Lenox donated a vast collection of his Americana, art works, manuscripts, at its inception, the library charged admission and did not permit physical access to any literary items. Both the Astor and Lenox libraries were struggling financially, although New York City already had numerous libraries in the 19th century, almost all of them were privately funded and many charged admission or usage fees. On May 23,1895, Bigelow and representatives of the two agreed to create The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. The plan was hailed as an example of philanthropy for the public good. The newly established library consolidated with the grass-roots New York Free Circulating Library in February 1901, the trustees hired McKim, Mead & White, Carrère and Hastings, and Walter Cook to design all the branch libraries. The notable New York author Washington Irving was a friend of Astor for decades and had helped the philanthropist design the Astor Library. They saw their role as protecting the librarys autonomy from politicians as well as bestowing upon it status, resources, representative of many major board decisions was the purchase in 1931 of the private library of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, uncle of the last tsar. This was one of the largest acquisitions of Russian books and photographic materials, at the time, the military drew extensively from the librarys map and book collections in the world wars, including hiring its staff. For example, the Map Divisions chief Walter Ristow was appointed as head of the section of the War Departments New York Office of Military Intelligence from 1942 to 1945
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Jacobi Medical Center
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Jacobi Medical Center is a municipal hospital, under the direction of NYC Health + Hospitals and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, in Morris Park, Bronx, New York. Founded in 1955 as Bronx Municipal Hospital Center, the hospital opened concurrent with the opening of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of the Yeshiva University, Jacobi was named in honor of Dr. Abraham Jacobi, who is regarded as the father of American pediatrics. At the turn of the century, the area where Jacobi Medical Center would ultimately be established was known for the Morris Park Racecourse built by millionaire John A. Morris in 1889, in the early 20th century however, a fire destroyed the grandstand, and the racetrack closed. Much of the land was divided up and sold for residential development, bronx-native architect Anthony J. DePace has been linked to a 1960 building here. The desire to create a pristine and peaceful setting was motivated in part by the lengthy treatment protocol required for tuberculosis patients at that time. The site selection was also the function of another timely consideration, following several years of construction, Van Etten Hospital, named in honor of Dr. Nathan B. Van Etten, a well-known Bronx practitioner with deep concern for the sick poor, about one year later on November 1,1955, Jacobi Hospital, named for Dr. Abraham Jacobi, pediatrician and advocate of quality infant care, opened its doors with 898 beds. Although coincidental, Yeshiva University had at this time secured a charter with the NYS Board of Regents to establish a new medical school. Hospital representatives similarly found the arrangement an attractive one, from early on, Jacobi’s medical accomplishments and innovations in patient care were many. In the 1950s, it was the first municipal hospital which provided an emergency room staffed with pediatric house officers as well as house officers. Jacobi psychiatrists were the first to create a day hospital in a municipal facility. Cardiac catheterization on postoperative day 14 showed a patent stented anastomosis, the patient was anticoagulated with warfarin and remained free of angina for a year. He died at Jacobi on June 23,1961, of a posterior wall myocardial infarction, autopsy was not performed, and the long-term patency of the anastomosis was not established. They established the first NIH Clinical Research Center for the care, the Center’s work with severely burned patients led it to develop a new, highly effective method of hyperalimentation which was quickly adapted in burn protocols world-wide. Its research also prompted the use of germ-free isolators in the Operating Room, using this brand new technology, Jacobi obstetricians delivered the first “germ-free” baby in the world. The Center also studied and successfully treated patients with metabolic and genetic disorders, such as atherosclerosis. Jacobi anesthesiologists developed the Gertie Marx Spinal Needle, a still used today for administration of the epidural block during labor. Jacobi neurologists isolated chemical markers which made it possible to identify carriers of Tay Sachs disease and it was at Jacobi that the first clinical application of the use of the CO2 laser in burn patient care was made
25.
Iraq War
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The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict and it became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition, the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U. S. joined by the United Kingdom and several allies, launching a shock. Iraqi forces were overwhelmed as U. S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Baathist government, President Hussein was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year, the United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U. S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama, the U. S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011. Select U. S. officials accused Saddam of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship, after the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism within the U. S. in the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014, the al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the countrys Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian, and thousands of military casualties, the majority of casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007. A1990 Frontline report on The arming of Iraq said, Officially, most Western nations participated in an arms embargo against Iraq during the 1980s. Western companies, primarily in Germany and Great Britain, but also in the United States, sold Iraq the key technology for its chemical, missile, any Western governments seemed remarkably indifferent, if not enthusiastic, about those deals. N Washington, the government consistently followed a policy which allowed and perhaps encouraged the growth of Saddam Husseins arsenal. The Western arming of Iraq took place in the context of the Iran-Iraq War, prior to September 2002, the CIA was the George W. Bush administrations main provider of intelligence on Iraq. The agency was out to disprove linkage between Iraq and terrorism the Pentagon adviser told me, the U. N. had prohibited Iraq from developing or possessing such weapons after the Gulf War and required Iraq to permit inspections confirming compliance. This was confirmed by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, during 2002, Bush repeatedly warned of military action against Iraq unless inspections were allowed to progress unfettered. In accordance with U. N. Security Council Resolution 1441, Iraq agreed to new inspections under United Nations Monitoring, as part of its weapons inspection obligations, Iraq was required to supply a full declaration of its current weapons capabilities and manufacturing
26.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
27.
New York State Assembly
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The New York State Assembly is the lower house of the New York State Legislature. The Assembly is composed of 150 members representing a number of districts. Assembly members serve two-year terms without term limits, the Assembly convenes at the State Capitol in Albany. The Speaker of the Assembly presides over the Assembly, the Speaker is elected by the Majority Conference followed by confirmation of the full Assembly through the passage of an Assembly Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker also has the leadership position. The minority leader is elected by party caucus, the majority leader of the Assembly is selected by, and serves at the pleasure of, the Speaker. The current Speaker is Democrat Carl Heastie of the 83rd Assembly District, the Majority Leader is Joseph Morelle of the 136th Assembly District. The Minority Leader is Republican Brian Kolb of the 131st Assembly District, the Assembly is dominated by the Democrats, who currently hold a 62-seat supermajority in the chamber. The Democrats have controlled the Assembly since 1975, †Elected in a special election Prominent past Assembly members include U. S. Senator Chuck Schumer, U. S. presidents Millard Fillmore and Theodore Roosevelt, U. S. vice presidents Aaron Burr and George Clinton, and New York governors George Pataki and Al Smith
28.
Andy King (American politician)
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King and his wife, Neva Shillingford-King are the founders or of the Bronx Youth Empowerment Program. A native of The Bronx and a graduate of Evander Childs High School, King attended Midwestern State University on a basketball scholarship, after graduating with a bachelor degree in communications, King worked as a NYC Child Protective Caseworker. In 2007 King became the Bronx Lead Organizer for 1199SEIU/GNYHA Healthcare Education Project, in early 2015 King was accused by a former staffer, that she was wrongfully fired after refusing his alleged sexual advances. However, no formal charges have been filed to date. It has also found that King has failed to make child support payments. In November 2015, King was fined for using campaign funds for personal use. King also charged his campaign $3,568.70 for a Verizon phone line at his home address and this was in addition to previous fines he had received in 2012 for other finance misappropriation. King initially ran for New York City Council in 2009, however, when Seabrook resigned in 2012 following a scandal, King won the special election to replace him. He went on to win a term in 2013, easily rolling back primary challengers. In 2015, Council Speaker Melissa Mark Viverito named King the Chair on the Subcommittee on Libraries, Official website Official Twitter Official Facebook Elect Andy King to City Council
29.
Ritchie Torres
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Ritchie Torres is the Council member for the 15th District of the New York City Council. Torres is the first openly gay candidate to be elected to office in The Bronx. Currently, he serves as the chair of the Committee on Public Housing, Torres enrolled at New York University but dropped out at the beginning of his sophomore year, suffering from severe depression. As he recovered, Torres resumed working for council member James Vacca, in that role, Torres conducted site inspections and document conditions, ensuring critical housing issues were promptly and adequately addressed. Upon his election, Torres requested the chairmanship of the Councils Committee on Public Housing, Torres also serves as a Deputy Leader of the City Council, making him the only freshman Council Member to hold a leadership position. Torres has stated that he is intent on advancing politically, and has been floated as a candidate for Mayor
30.
Art Deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
31.
Streamline Moderne
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Streamline Moderne, or Art Moderne, is a late type of the Art Deco architecture and design that emerged in the 1930s. Its architectural style emphasized curving forms, long lines. The first streamline buildings evolved from the work of New Objectivity artists, a movement connected to the German Werkbund, as the Great Depression of the 1930s progressed, Americans saw a new aspect of Art Deco—i. e. Cylindrical forms and long horizontal windowing also may be influenced by constructivism, as a result, an array of designers quickly ultra-modernized and streamlined the designs of everyday objects. Manufacturers of clocks, radios, telephones, cars, furniture, the style was the first to incorporate electric light into architectural structure. In the first-class dining room of the SS Normandie, fitted out 1933–35, twelve pillars of Lalique glass. The Streamline Moderne was both a reaction to Art Deco and a reflection of austere economic times, Sharp angles were replaced with simple, exotic woods and stone were replaced with cement and glass. Art Deco and Streamline Moderne were not necessarily opposites, the Sterling Streamliner Diners were diners designed like streamlined trains. Although Streamline Moderne houses are less common than streamline commercial buildings, the Lydecker House in Los Angeles, built by Howard Lydecker, is an example of Streamline Moderne design in residential architecture. In tract development, elements of the style were used as a variation in postwar row housing in San Franciscos Sunset District. The style was applied to such as electric clocks, sewing machines, small radio receivers. Their manufacturing processes exploited developments in science including aluminium and bakelite. Compared to Europe, the United States in the 1930s had a focus on design as a means to increase sales of consumer products. Streamlining was associated with prosperity and an exciting future and this hope resonated with the American middle class, the major market for consumer products. A wide range of goods from refrigerators to pencil sharpeners was produced in streamlined designs, streamlining became a widespread design practice for automobiles, railroad cars, buses, and other vehicles in the 1930s. Streamline style can be contrasted with functionalism, which was a design style in Europe at the same time. One reason for the designs in functionalism was to lower the production costs of the items. Streamlining and functionalism represent two different schools in modernistic industrial design, but both reflecting the intended consumer
32.
Mayor of New York City
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The Mayor of the City of New York is head of the executive branch of New York Citys government. The mayors office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, the budget overseen by the mayors office is the largest municipal budget in the United States at $70 billion a year. The city employs 325,000 people, spends about $21 billion to more than 1.1 million students, levies $27 billion in taxes. The mayors office is located in New York City Hall, it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City, Manhattan, Brooklyn, the mayor appoints a large number of officials, including commissioners who head city departments, and his deputy mayors. The mayors regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules, according to current law, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office. It was changed two to three terms on October 23,2008, when the New York City Council voted 29–22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law. However, in 2010, a referendum reverting the limit to two terms passed overwhelmingly, the current mayor is Democrat Bill de Blasio, who was elected on November 5,2013. In 1665, Governor Richard Nicolls appointed Thomas Willett as the first mayor of New York, for 156 years, the mayor was appointed and had limited power. Between 1783 and 1821 the mayor was appointed by the Council of Appointments in which the governor had the loudest voice. In 1821 the Common Council, which included elected members, gained the authority to choose the mayor, an amendment to the New York State Constitution in 1834 provided for the direct popular election of the mayor. Cornelius W. Lawrence, a Democrat, was elected that year, gracie Mansion has been the official residence of the mayor since Fiorello La Guardias administration in 1942. Its main floor is open to the public and serves as a small museum, the mayor is entitled to a salary of $225,000, but early 21st century mayor Michael Bloomberg, the 16th-richest man in the world, declined the salary and instead was paid $1 yearly. Bloomberg had a net worth of $33 billion as of 2014. In 2000 direct control of the public school system was transferred to the mayors office. In 2003 the reorganization established the New York City Department of Education, tammany Hall, which evolved from an organization of craftsmen into a Democratic political machine, gained control of Democratic Party nominations in the state and city in 1861. It played a role in New York City politics into the 1960s and was a dominant player from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the era of Robert Wagner. The mayor of New York City may appoint several deputy mayors to help oversee major offices within the branch of the city government. The powers and duties, and even the number of deputy mayors, are not defined by the City Charter, the post was created by Fiorello La Guardia to handle ceremonial events that the mayor was too busy to attend
33.
New York City Public Advocate
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The office of Public Advocate for the City of New York is a citywide elected position in New York City, which is first in line to succeed the Mayor. The office serves as a link between the electorate and city government, effectively acting as an ombudsman, or watchdog, for New Yorkers. The office was created in 1993, when the New York City Council voted to rename the position of President of the City Council, at the time, it was thought likely that the post would be abolished altogether. The position survived, and has held by Democrats throughout its history. Mark Green was the first Public Advocate and served through his run for Mayor in 2001. He was succeeded by Betsy Gotbaum, the 2009 election to succeed Gotbaum was highly competitive and was won by Bill de Blasio, who later became the first Public Advocate to win the Mayors office. In November 2013, Brooklyn Councilwoman Letitia James was elected Public Advocate, the Public Advocate is a non-voting member of the New York City Council with the right to introduce and co-sponsor legislation. Prior to a 2002 charter revision, the Public Advocate was also the officer of the Council. These duties, worded somewhat ambiguously, are out in Section 24 of the City Charter. The Public Advocate also serves as chair of the Commission of Public Information and Communication established by Section 1061 of the New York City Charter, along with the Mayor and the Comptroller, the Public Advocate is one of three municipal offices elected by all the citys voters. New York City Public Advocate election,2013 New York City Public Advocate election,2009 New York City Council#Presiding officers since 1898 Official website
34.
New York City Comptroller
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The Office of Comptroller of New York City is the chief fiscal officer and chief auditing officer of the city. The comptroller is elected, citywide, to a four-year term, the current comptroller is Democrat Scott Stringer, the former Borough President of Manhattan. Stringer was elected on November 5,2013, the comptroller also is the custodian and investment advisor to the Boards of the five pension funds which are collectively referred to as NYC Public Pension Funds or New York City pension funds. The funds collectively amounted to US$158,700,000,000 as of September 30,2014, the comptrollers regulations are compiled in title 44 of the New York City Rules. The office was created as an office in 1801. Thirty years later, the comptroller became head of the department of finance, in 1884 the office became elective, and in 1938 the comptroller became head of a separate, independent department of the Citys government. If vacancies should simultaneously occur in the offices of Mayor of New York City and New York City Public Advocate and these have been the three offices elected citywide, so traditional practice has tried to balance a winning three-candidate ticket among the citys different ethnic, religious and political interests. But, while there is a interaction between the campaigns for the three offices, the actual election results can sometimes differ quite markedly. The Democratic nominee in the 2009 general election, John Liu won 76% of the vote on Tuesday. The Republican nominee, Joseph Mendola, won 19. 3%, the Conservative nominee, Stuart Avrick,2. 5%, former Wall Street financier John Burnett was unopposed as the Republican candidate in 2013. The Libertarian Party has nominated Hesham El-Meligy as their candidate for the office, in a prior convention, since declared invalid, they had nominated Kristin Davis, who decided not to challenge the new conventions outcome. Flagg 1859–1863 Robert T. Haws 1863–1867 Matthew T, brennan 1867–1871 Richard B. Connolly 1871–1876 Andrew H. Green 1876–1881 John Kelly 1881–1883 Allan Campbell 1883–1884 S. Hastings Grant 1884–1888 Edward V. Garelick in The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson NYC Comptrollers New York City Office of the Comptroller Comptroller in the Rules of the City of New York
35.
New York City Board of Elections
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The Commissioners appoint a bipartisan staff to oversee the daily activities of its main and five borough offices. These include over 316 deputies, clerks and other personnel who ensure that no one party controls the Board of Elections, together, the executive and support staffs provide a wide range of electoral services to residents in Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island. Over the past few years, the Board has come under fire for what is seen as its botched handling of several recent elections. The Board of Elections in the City of New York, as provided under Section 3-200 of the New York State Election Law, is responsible,1, to conduct fair and honest elections, from local to federal levels,2. To enfranchise all eligible New Yorkers to register to vote and to practice those rights,3, to conduct elections, certify the canvass and to retain the official records,4. Briefly stated, this means, First, the preparation of the ballot for Primary, Special and General Elections to the extent that all vacancies for public office and party positions may be filled. Second, that voters may exercise their right to franchise. Third, that the votes of the electorate at Primary, Special and General Elections be properly canvassed and that a true count be given for each candidate voted for. Finally, that the Board makes every effort to inform and educate the public of their rights as a voter. One of these two is from each of the two parties whose candidates got the most votes in the last gubernatorial election, the ten Commissioners meets once a week at 32 Broadway, New York City NY, on the Sixth Floor. List of electronic voting machines in New York state Board of Elections in the City of New York Vote the New Way with the NYCBOE
36.
New York City Civil Court
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It handles about 25% of all the New York state and local courts total filings. The court has divisions by county, but it is a single citywide court, the courts divisions are by each county. Small claims parts, for the hearing and disposition of all small claims proceedings. Trial part, for the trial of actions and for the hearing and determination of all motions and applications, including orders to show cause. Motion part, for the hearing and determination of motions and applications that are not otherwise required to be made in a calendar part, conference part, for the precalendar or pretrial conference of actions. Multipurpose part, for the performance of the functions of a part, a trial part, a motion part. Party leaders frequently designate candidates for the Civil Court judgeships, who face an open primary against others who qualify for the ballot. The party machine usually manages to elect most of its judicial candidates, housing Part judges are appointed by the Chief Administrative Judge to five-year terms. Civil Court or Family Court Judges may be assigned by the New York Chief Judge to the Supreme Court and are referred to as Acting Supreme Court Judges, with the consent of the parties, a volunteer arbitrator hears and decides disputes in small claims parts. Over 2800 arbitrators preside over 95% of the cases heard in small claims parts and they are appointed by the administrative judge of the court. Landlords in New York City may use a blacklist of persons who have appeared in housing court as a plaintiff or defendant, known among housing advocates and lawyers as the tenant blacklist, it is compiled by tenant-screening database companies from housing court records. The Civil Court was formed in 1962 in a consolidation of predecessor courts
37.
New York City Criminal Court
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It is a single citywide court. 107 judges may be appointed by the Mayor to 10-year terms, most people who are arrested and prosecuted in New York City will appear before a Criminal Court judge for arraignment. The New York Criminal Procedure Law is the criminal procedure law. Felonies are heard by the Supreme Court, some violations and other issues are adjudicated by other city and state administrative courts, e. g. New York police officers may arrest someone they have reason to believe has committed a felony, misdemeanor, or violation and those arrested are booked at central booking and interviewed by a representative of the Criminal Justice Agency for the purposes of recommending bail or remand at arraignment. In New York state, the time from arrest to arraignment must be within 24 hours, at arraignment, the accused is informed of the charges against them and submits a plea. The accused have a right to be represented by a lawyer, arraignments are held every day from 9,00 am to 1,00 am, and Manhattan also has a lobster shift arraignment from 1,00 am to 9,00 am. At arraignment the prosecutor may also provides defense counsel with certain notices, such as notices about police lineups, after notices are served, the prosecutor may ask the court to keep the accused in jail or released on bail. Otherwise, the accused is released on their own recognizance.30, for those accused of a felony, their case is sent to a court part where felony cases await the action of the grand jury. If the grand jury finds that there is evidence that the accused has committed a crime. If the accused waives their right to a jury, the prosecutor will file a Superior Court Information. If the grand jury votes an indictment, the case will be transferred from Criminal Court to the Supreme Court for another arraignment. This arraignment is similar to the arraignment in Criminal Court, and if the accused does not submit a guilty plea, felony defendants must be released on CPL §180. The most common pre-trial evidence suppression hearings are Mapp, Dunaway, Huntley, Wade, once pretrial hearings are completed, the case is considered ready for trial and will usually be transferred to a courtroom that specializes in handling trials. A bail review in Supreme Court may be requested by misdemeanor defendants who cannot make bail at the CPL §170.70 day appearance, defendants in summons court may waive their right to a trial before a judge and have the trial held by a judicial hearing officer. There are several specialized parts of the Criminal Court which handle specific subject areas, defendants arraigned on felony or misdemeanor complaints are initially arraigned in the arraignment part of the Criminal Court. The all-purpose or AP parts are the parts of the Criminal Court. Criminal Court has preliminary jurisdiction over cases filed in New York City
38.
New York City Department of Buildings
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Its regulations are compiled in title 1 of the New York City Rules. Building and construction regulations have existed in New York City since its days as New Amsterdam in the 17th century. A Superintendent of Buildings position was created within the Fire Department in 1860, in response to the Elm Street Fire on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, the first Buildings Department was created in Manhattan in 1892. In 1901 the New York State Legislature passed the Tenement Housing Act of 1901, which established a city Tenement Housing Department, including a Buildings Bureau, a city-wide Department of Buildings though did not exist until 1936. The Department includes both development and enforcement units, overseen by numerous Deputy Commissioners that report directly to the agency Commissioner. The First Deputy Commissioner, with jurisdiction over all Borough Office operations, is second in command to the Commissioner and is responsible for running the agency in their absence. There are five City Borough Offices of the Department handling permitting and enforcement for each part of the City, each office is overseen by a Borough Commissioner and one or more Deputy Borough Commissioners that report directly to the First Deputy Commissioner. The enforcement division also includes a Building Marshals Office, the Department issues 140,000 work permits annually, and performs 324,000 inspections each year. The commissioner is Rick D. Chandler, PE, who was appointed by Mayor Bill de Blasio in July of 2014, officially replacing Bob LiMandri
39.
New York City Department of Consumer Affairs
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Its regulations are compiled in title 6 of the New York City Rules. Bill de Blasio appointed Julie Menin, the currect commissoner, the duties were performed by the Commissioner of Public Markets until 1968. Bess Myerson was appointed by mayor John Lindsay as the first commissioner of the agency in 1969. Gerard Maxwell Weisberg was the last Commissioner of Public Markets from 1966 to 1968, bess Myerson was appointed by John V. Lindsay from 1969 to 1973 as the first commissioner of the renamed agency. Mark J. Green was appointed by David N. Dinkins, cerullo III was appointed by Rudolph W. Giuliani and served until 1995. Jules Polonetsky by Rudolph Giuliani from 1998 to 2000, jonathan Mintz was appointed by Michael Bloomberg and served from 2006 to 2013. Julie Menin appointed by Bill de Blasio in 2014
40.
New York City Department of Correction
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It employs 8,000 uniformed officers and 1,400 civilian staff, has 543 vehicles, and processes over 100,000 new inmates every year, retaining a population of inmates of between 13,000 and 18,000. Its nickname is New Yorks Boldest and its regulations are compiled in title 39 of the New York City Rules. Previously located in Manhattan, the Department of Correction headquarters has now moved to the Bulova building in the section of Jackson Heights, Queens. The agency is headed by the Correction Commissioner, who is chosen, the New York City Department of Correction was first founded as a separate entity in New York City in 1895 after a split from the Department of Public Charities and Correction. Roosevelt Island, then called Blackwells Island, was the penal institution under the jurisdiction of the DOC until the 1930s when it was closed. The penal institutions moved to Rikers Island, which the city purchased for $180,000, in 1995, the New York City jail system was one of the most violent in the United States, averaging more than 100 stabbings and slashings per month. By 2007, the number of stabbings was reduced to 19, making that year the Department of Corrections safest on record, although the issue of underreporting of incidents has not been addressed. In 2009, former commissioner of both the Missouri and Arizona prison systems Dora Schriro was selected to head the department, with some citing a need in the department for a boost in morale. Schriro was named in several court cases such as Schriro v. Smith. Schriro served with the United States Department of Homeland Security prior to coming to the Department, Correction officers are responsible for the care, control, custody, work performance and job training of inmates. Duties include, Inspecting facilities for safety and security, and safeguarding supplies, interacting with inmates, and recommending medical and/or psychiatric referrals. Escorting and transporting inmates within and outside of the facility, Correction Officers are New York State peace officers and hold such status on and off duty when acting under color of law. There are nine uniformed titles in the New York City Department of Correction, from highest to lowest, the uniformed ranks are, There are certain civilian leadership positions in the agency which have power equivalent to the high ranking uniformed personnel. If they outrank a present uniformed officer, they are saluted due to agency customs, from highest to lowest, the civilian leadership ranks are, The Correction Commissioner is the highest ranking official in the agency and is in command of all uniformed and civilian personnel. Correction officers are trained in the use of a firearm, Officers assigned to prisoner transport units, outside hospital posts, exterior patrol posts, and security posts carry a firearm. On duty firearm is provided however should the member elect there is a list of authorized firearms such as Glock, SIG Sauer, for officers hired before March 1994, the model 10 &64 revolvers are still an option. Correction officers must be approved by a warden to carry firearms off duty, Officers options include the on duty firearms and, but not limited to, the Glock 26 of off duty use. The department uses numerous marked vehicles including Chevrolet Impalas, Ford vans, transport buses, firetrucks, in 2016, the total salary for a correctional officer, including benefits, ranged from $44,861 to $94,321
United States
New York
New York City
The Bronx
