1.
Bronx River
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The Bronx River, approximately 24 miles long, flows through southeast New York in the United States and drains an area of 38.4 square miles. It is named after colonial settler Jonas Bronck, the Bronx River is the only fresh water river in New York City. It originally rose in what is now the Kensico Reservoir, in Westchester County north of New York City, with the construction of the Kensico Dam in 1885, however, the river was cut off from its natural headwaters and today a small tributary stream serves as its source. The Bronx River flows south past White Plains, then south-southwest through the suburbs, passing through Edgemont, Tuckahoe, Eastchester. It empties into the East River, a tidal strait connected to Long Island Sound, the same line would be retained when manors were granted to the Dutch and the English. The tract purchased by Jonas Bronck in 1639 lay between the Harlem River and the river came to be called Broncks river. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the became a natural sewer into which industrial waste was poured every day. An early mill on the river was the Lorillard Snuff Mill. With the decline of manufacturing in the area, the continued to receive water pollution from the communities that lined its banks. In December 1948, flow of the Bronx River was changed to eliminate a curve in its course in Bronxville, during the excavations a large sand bar was uncovered where sand had accumulated at the bend over hundreds of years and made a sandy beach. In the 21st century, environmental groups including the Bronx River Alliance proposed to return the river to its state as a clean waterway. The river became a project of U. S. Representative José Serrano, who secured US$14, under a November 28,2006 agreement, the municipalities of Scarsdale, White Plains, Mount Vernon and Greenburgh agreed to stop dumping sewage in the Bronx River by May 1,2007. Urban runoff pollution continues to be a problem for the river. Local alewife, taken from a tributary in nearby Connecticut, were released in the river in March 2006. The alewife were expected to spawn in the rivers headwaters and their offspring would spend the summer in the river, migrate out to sea in the fall, and in three to five years return, like all anadromous fishes, to their spawning grounds. Stocking was intended to be repeated annually for the five years. The fishes, among a group called river herring, feed low on the food-chain, and in fact, several adult alewife were found below the first dam on the river on April 7,2009
2.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
New York Botanical Garden
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The New York Botanical Garden is a botanical garden and National Historic Landmark located in the Bronx, New York City. The 250-acre sites verdant landscape supports over one million living plants in extensive collections, the Garden is also a major educational institution. NYBG operates one of the worlds largest plant research and conservation programs, the Lorillard family owned most of the land that later became the New York Botanical Garden. That land and adjacent acreage was acquired by the City of New York and set aside for the creation of a zoo and botanical garden. The Garden was established on 28 April 1891 on part of the grounds of the Lorillard Estate and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967. The Garden contains 50 different gardens and plant collections, there is a serene cascade waterfall, as well as wetlands and a 50-acre tract of original, never-logged, old-growth New York forest. The forest, which was never logged, contains oaks, American beeches, cherry, birch, tulip and white ash trees, some more than two centuries old. The forest itself is split by the Bronx River, the fresh water river in New York City. Along the shores sits the landmark Stone Mill, previously known as the Lorillard Snuff Mill built in 1840, sculptor Charles Tefft created the Fountain of Life on the grounds in 1905. It was conceived in the spirit of Italian baroque fountains, with the movement of galloping horses. The laboratory is a research institution, with projects more diverse than research in universities. The laboratorys research emphasis is on plant genomics, the study of how genes function in plant development, one question scientists hope to answer is Darwins abominable mystery, when, where, and why flowering plants emerged. The laboratorys research also furthers the discipline of molecular systematics, the study of DNA as evidence that can reveal the evolutionary history, a staff of 200 trains 42 doctoral students at a time, from all over the world. Since the 1890s, scientists from The New York Botanical Garden have mounted about 2,000 exploratory missions worldwide to collect plants in the wild. At the Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, genomic DNA from many different species of plants is extracted to create a library of the DNA of the worlds plants. This collection is stored in a 768-square-foot DNA storage room with 20 freezers housing millions of specimens, including rare, to protect the collection during winter power outages, there is a backup 300-kilowatt electric generator. The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation has granted the NYBG $572,000 to begin a project called TreeBOL, the Tree Barcode of Life. Prominent civic leaders and financiers, including Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, founded in 1899, the LuEsther T. Mertz Library is the largest, most comprehensive botanical library in the Americas
5.
Bronx Zoo
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The Bronx Zoo is a zoo located in the Bronx, a borough of New York City, within Bronx Park. It is the largest metropolitan zoo in the United States and among the largest in the world, on average, the zoo has 2.15 million visitors each year and is world-renowned for its large and diverse animal collection, and its award-winning exhibitions. It comprises 265 acres of lands and naturalistic habitats, through which the Bronx River flows. The zoo is part of a system of four zoos and one aquarium managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society. Credit for this belonged chiefly to Club members Madison Grant and C. Grant LaFarge, the zoo opened its doors to the public on November 8,1899, featuring 843 animals in 22 exhibits. The first zoo director was William Temple Hornaday, who had 30 years of service at the zoo, Heins & LaFarge designed the original permanent buildings as a series of Beaux-Arts pavilions grouped around the large circular sea lion pool. In 1934, the Rainey Memorial Gates, designed by noted sculptor Paul Manship, were dedicated as a memorial to noted big game hunter Paul James Rainey, the gates were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The Rockefeller Fountain, that adorns the gardens just inside the Fordham Road Gate, was once a famous landmark in Como. Originally built by Biagio Catella in 1872, it stood in the square by the lakeside. It was bought by William Rockefeller in 1902 for 3,500 lire, in 1968, the fountain was designated an official New York City landmark, and is one of the few local monuments to be honored in this way. The New York Zoological Societys seal was designed by famed wildlife-artist Charles R. Knight, the seal depicted a rams head and an eagle to reflect the societys interest in preserving North American wildlife. While no longer in use, the seal can still be found on the lawn in the center of Astor Court. On December 17,1902, the zoo one of the seven zoos outside of Australia. The first animal was a male obtained from famous German animal dealer, the animal died on August 15,1908. The zoo received a male on January 26,1912, from the Beaumaris Zoo in Tasmania. The zoo received their final two animals from Sydney animal dealer, Ellis S. Joseph, the first was an unsexed individual who arrived on November 7,1916, in poor condition and died seven days later. The second and final animal was a female purchased from the Beaumaris Zoo by Joseph for £25 and then was resold to the zoo, arriving on July 14,1917. On a visit, the director of the Melbourne Zoo, Mr. Le Souef, said upon seeing the animal, I advise you to take excellent care of that specimen, for when it is gone, the species soon will be extinct
6.
Mosholu Parkway
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The roadway extends for 3.0 miles between the New York Botanical Garden and Van Cortlandt Park. The parkway is designated as New York State Route 908F, a reference route. The Mosholu Parkway begins at exit 8E of the Bronx River Parkway and it heads northward as an arterial boulevard through the northern parts of the Bronx. The highway crosses through Bedford Park, passing Bainbridge Avenue and it intersects with the Grand Concourse afterwards, with Jerome Avenue, Sedgwick Avenue and West Gun Hill Road soon after. Mosholu is an Algonquin word meaning smooth stones or small stones, the entire route is in the New York City borough of the Bronx. Mosholu, Bronx, the area surrounding Mosholu Parkway Mosholu Parkway at New York State Highway Termini Mosholu Parkway page at nycroads. com
7.
Bronx River Parkway
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The Bronx River Parkway is a 19. 12-mile long parkway in downstate New York in the United States. It is named for the nearby Bronx River, which it parallels, the southern terminus of the parkway is at Story Avenue near Bruckner Expressway in the Bronx neighborhood of Soundview. The northern terminus is at the Kensico Circle in North Castle, Westchester County, within the Bronx, the parkway is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation and is designated New York State Route 907H, an unsigned reference route. In Westchester County, the parkway is maintained by the Westchester County Department of Public Works and is designated unsigned County Route 9987, most of the exits on the parkway, including the traffic light-controlled intersections in Westchester County, have interchange numbers. Current usage of the term is confined to the roadway, the southern third of the parkway, in the Bronx, is exclusively limited-access. It serves as a route, intersecting several major east-west routes. Halfway through the borough it begins to parallel the Harlem Line of Metro-North Railroad. In Westchester County, the continues to have the same character until the Sprain Brook Parkway splits off at Bronxville. The stretches north of that junction have more of the original park character, North of White Plains the exits take the form of at-grade intersections with traffic lights. The parkway begins at Story Avenue in the Bronx neighborhood of Soundview, immediately to the north is the cloverleaf interchange at the Bruckner Expressway, where most traffic enters the parkway. Basketball courts and baseball fields flank the highway in the strip of parkland as the leads to the north. North of Watson Avenue, within a half-mile of the southern terminus, the corresponding offramp for southbound traffic merges onto Harrod Avenue north of Westchester Avenue. Now in West Farms, another onramp joins the southbound lanes from East 174th Street, North of it is exit 4, the interchange with the Cross Bronx Expressway. The single ramp of exit 5 allows southbound traffic to follow East 177th Street to the terminus of the Sheridan Expressway. North of the interchange the road veers to the northeast slightly, at East 180th Street, the linear park ends temporarily. The road becomes elevated to cross the East 180th Street Yard along the former IRT White Plains Road Line, on the northbound side, as it enters the park, is an unnumbered exit allowing authorized vehicles access to local streets via Birchall Avenue. Past the exit the large wooded area on the west is the New York Botanical Garden, one half-mile further north, exit 8 allows access to the Mosholu Parkway and Allerton Avenue. The railroad tracks join the river and the parkland in paralleling the north as it continues straight along the east edge of Woodlawn Cemetery
8.
Pelham Parkway
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The Bronx and Pelham Parkway is a 2. 25-mile long parkway in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. Despite the parkway moniker, Pelham Parkway is a local street, like other parkways in New York City, commercial traffic is disallowed, and is redirected to the service roads. Pelham Parkway runs from the Bronx River Parkway out to Pelham Bay Park, hence the name, at the eastern end, it intersects with Interstate 95. Though the parkway ends here, the road continues as Shore Road. At its west end, it continues as East Fordham Road, then West Fordham Road, the residential neighborhood that surrounds the parkway is known by the same name. Pelham Parkway is maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation, while the surrounding landscaping, the parkway is designated as New York State Route 907F, an unsigned reference route, by the New York State Department of Transportation. The parkway was constructed from 1935 to 1937, a proposal put forth by Robert Moses recommended that the at-grade boulevard be upgraded to a limited access freeway in the 1950s. However due to Moses’ career coming to a close, the project never materialized, the parkway now handles approximately 35,000 vehicles per day. The Pelham Parkway begins at an interchange with the Bronx River Parkway in the Bronx Park section of The Bronx, an eastward continuation of East Fordham Road, the Pelham Parkway is six-lane divided parkway, crossing under the IRT White Plains Road Line at the Pelham Parkway station. The parkway continues east through the Bronxwood neighborhood, passing and intersecting with Williamsbridge Road, at this interchange, the Pelham crosses over the IRT Dyre Avenue Line. Leaving Bronxwood, the parkway bends eastward, crossing Eastchester Road, after Stillwell Avenue, the parkway crosses over the Northeast Corridor and enters Pelham Bay Park. In the park, the Pelham enters an interchange with the Hutchinson River Parkway. Less than 0.5 miles later, the parkway enters a cloverleaf with I-95 and this junction serves as the eastern terminus of the Pelham Parkway, which continues east into the park as Shore Road. The East Coast Greenway travels along Pelham Parkway and Shore Road, the entire route is in the New York City borough of the Bronx. New York Roads portal Pelham Parkway at New York State Highway Termini Pelham Parkway & Pelham Bay-Shore Drive @ NYCROADS. com
9.
Fordham Road
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Fordham Road is a major street in the Bronx borough of New York City that runs east-west from the Harlem River to Bronx Park. This street runs through the neighborhood of University Heights, divides Fordham from Fordham-Bedford and it begins at its eastern point as a continuation of Pelham Parkway and at its western point continues over the University Heights Bridge into Manhattan, where it runs as West 207th Street. It is a two-way, four-lane road, East of Webster Avenue Fordham Road runs concurrent with U. S. Route 1 from Webster Avenue to Boston Road. It geographically separates the North Bronx from the South Bronx, Fordham Road is under the management of the Fordham Road Business Improvement District, a non-profit organization under contract with the city of New York. The BID maintains, develops, and markets the merchants along Fordham Road, East of Webster Avenue and directly across from Fordham University, Fordham Plaza is a major hub for buses and a stop on the Metro-North Railroads Harlem and New Haven lines. Metro North Railroads Hudson Line stops at the University Heights station, Fordham Road is served by the New York City Subway at Jerome Avenue and Grand Concourse. The many bus routes in the include the Bx9, Bx15, Bx17, Bx19, Bx22, Bx41. The Bx12 and Bx12 Select Bus Service are the primary routes, Fordham Plaza is a major commercial and transportation hub. St. Nicholas of Tolentines Church is a prominent landmark on West Fordham Road at University Avenue in University Heights, rose Hill Campus of Fordham University is at 441 East Fordham Road. Theodore Roosevelt High School is on the side of Fordham Road from Fordham University. The Bronx Zoo and New York Botanical Garden are at the terminus of Fordham Road in Bronx Park
10.
New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
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The total area of the properties maintained by the department is over 30,000 acres. The department maintains more than 1,700 parks, playgrounds, Parks also cares for park flora and fauna, community gardens,23 historic houses, over 1,200 statues and monuments, and more than 2.5 million trees. The City of New York Department of Parks & Recreation produces many special events, including concerts, the largest single component of parkland maintained by the department is the forever wild Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with an area of 2,765 acres. The symbol of the department is a cross between the leaf of the London plane and a maple leaf and it is prominently featured on signs and buildings in public parks across the city. The London plane tree is on the NYC Parks Departments list of restricted use species for tree planting because it constitutes more than 10% of all street trees. The department is a mayoral agency, the current Parks Commissioner is Mitchell Silver. The current chair of the New York City Council Committee on Parks & Recreation is Mark D. Levine, the department is allocated an expense budget and a capital budget. The expense budget covers the expenses incurred by the agency. The capital budget is dedicated solely for new projects, as well as major repairs in parks that have a useful life of more than five years. Its regulations are compiled in Title 56 of the New York City Rules, Parks Enforcement Patrol officers have peace officer status under NYS Penal Law and are empowered through this status to make arrests and issue tickets. PEP officers patrol land, waterways and buildings under the jurisdiction of the Department of Parks and Recreation on foot, bicycle, horseback, boat, PEP officers are also responsible for physical site inspections of NYC park concession facilities to assure the concessionaires compliance with state laws. The Urban Park Rangers was founded as a program in 1979 by then Parks Commissioner Gordon J. Davis, with the support. The program provides free programs year-round, such as nature walks. They also operate programs such as The Natural Classroom for class trips, explorer programs are available for activities such as canoeing in the citys flagship parks in all five boroughs. NYC Urban Park Rangers are easily identified by their uniforms, although NYC Park Rangers possess peace officer status, their primary mission is environmental education, protection of park resources, and visitor safety. Law enforcement in city parks is the responsibility of the New York City Police Department, most businesses that operate or generate revenue on New York City parkland are considered concessions and must obtain a permit or license from the Revenue Division of Parks. Pursuant to the Citys Concession Rules, these licenses and permits are awarded through a public solicitation process. Approximately 500 concessions currently operate in parks throughout the five boroughs, the food service concessions range from pushcarts selling hot dogs to restaurants such as Tavern on the Green and Terrace on the Park
11.
East Coast Greenway
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The spine route and branching complementary routes are meant to be safe avenues for long bike rides, or even quick trips to the store. The ECG is similar in length and conception to the 12 routes of the EuroVelo project throughout Europe, the entire route has been marked, although as of 2016, just 30 percent of the trail is off-road. The vision is for the trail to be off-road. In summer 1992, the ECGA sent nine cyclists from Boston, New York City, Vermont, in 1993, tours went along the route to explore options and promote the idea of the greenway. In 1994, the first promotional tour took place from Maine to Washington, East Coast Greenway became a trademark in 1995. The first five segments were designated in 1996. These trails make up 56 miles of the greenway, between 1997 and 2000, about 150 miles of trail segments were designated throughout the region. In 2000, Amtrak became a partner, helping to open access to parts of the route. Between February and June 2000, the ECG Wave non-motorized relay carried a bottle of seawater from Key West to Canada along the route of the ECG. From 2001 to 2004, another 173 miles were designated, and this brought in more partnerships with government organizations, such as NJDOT, that would be essential for trail development. In 2003, members of the House of Representatives and the Senate signed letters to President Bush in support of the greenway, in 2004, seven cyclists rode the entire route, from Key West to Calais, in 55 days. Later that year, the first Maine-to-Florida tour was held, four cyclists completed the event in 52 days, in the following years, more people would complete the ride outside of ECG events. A2005 GQ magazine article about a ride by Wil Hylton brought national attention to the greenway, the entire spine route was finalized and mapped in 2008. The accessibility of the trail expanded with support of the states, as of 2016, about 30% of the greenway was off-road. Efforts to increase the amount of routes are continuing. Major cities connected by the route are, Other cities may be connected by alternate route in some locations. More information about these routes can be found online along with maps, the routes rejoin north of Portland, then head on towards Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The route through Maine is 350 miles long, and 39% of that is currently off-road, New Hampshire has the shortest portion of the greenway, about 17 miles, all on-road
12.
Southern Boulevard (Bronx)
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Southern Boulevard is a street in the Bronx, New York City. It stretches from 142nd Street in the south to White Plains Road in the north, until 2011, the portion north of Fordham Road, adjacent to the New York Botanical Garden, was also named Dr. Theodore L. Kazimiroff Boulevard. The 25 trains run directly above Southern Boulevard from Simpson Street to 174th Street, the 6 <6> trains also run under Southern Boulevard from East 143rd Street to Hunts Point Avenue
13.
Webster Avenue
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Webster Avenue is one of the longest thoroughfares in the Bronx, New York City, United States. It stretches for 5.8 miles from Melrose to Woodlawn, the road starts at the intersection of Melrose Avenue, East 165th Street, Brook Avenue, and Park Avenue in the neighborhood of Melrose, ending at Nereid Avenue in the neighborhood of Woodlawn. On March 29,1936, a trolley on Webster Avenue crashed into a new automobile at 209th Street, the crash hurt 20 people, and 12 of them were rushed to Fordham Hospital. It begins in a direction, parallelling the Metro-North railroad tracks. After about 0.2 miles, East 167th Street intersects Webster Avenue, at Claremont Parkway, the still parallel Brook Avenue comes to an end, and Webster Avenue continues north. At 1.2 miles, the Cross Bronx Expressway passes over Webster Avenue, East Tremont Avenue intersects it soon afterward, in the eastern section of Tremont. Most of the half of Webster Avenue is concurrent with US1. Webster Avenue continues northerly by entering the eastern portion of the Fordham neighborhood, in Fordham, it forms a large intersection at Fordham Plaza with Decatur Avenue, East Fordham Road, and Third Avenue, across the street from Fordham Universitys Rose Hill campus. Decatur Avenue then parallels Webster Avenue on its west side as both roads continue north, Bedford Park Boulevard then intersects Webster Avenue in Bedford Park as it heads further north towards Woodlawn. Soon after the intersection with Bedford Park Boulevard, Mosholu Parkway crosses over Webster Avenue, now parallel to the Bronx River Parkway, Webster Avenue then intersects with East 233rd Street, and finally ends at Nereid Avenue in northern Woodlawn, where it continues as Bronx River Road. Additionally, the New York City Subway IRT Jerome Avenue Line, IND Concourse Line, and IRT White Plains Road Line, the entire route is in Bronx County
14.
Pelham Parkway (neighborhood), Bronx
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Pelham Parkway is a working- and middle-class residential neighborhood geographically located in the center of the Bronx, a borough of New York City in the United States. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 11, White Plains Road is the primary commercial thoroughfare through Bronx Park East. The local subway line is the IRT White Plains Road Line operating along White Plains Road, zip codes include 10461 and 10462. The area is patrolled by the New York City Police Department 49th Precinct located at 2121 Eastchester Road in the Morris Park section of the Bronx. Pelham Parkway is a parkway in the neighborhood, which gives way to the neighborhoods name, originally called The Bronx. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Pelham Parkway was 30,073, covering an area of 531.08 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 56.6 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 36. 2% White,10. 7% African American,0. 2% Native American,11. 3% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 1. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39. 4% of the population, hispanics of various races account for 45% of the community, 38% of the community are non-Hispanic White and 20% non-Hispanic Black. Like most neighborhoods in New York City, the vast majority of households are renter occupied, however, there is a large community of co-op owners in the area. There is significant income diversity on a block by block basis, while the poverty rate for The Bronx as a whole is 28%, the poverty rate in the neighborhood, at less than 20%, is much closer to the overall New York City rate of 15%. In the last decade, construction of modern 2 and 3 unit row-houses, the total land area is roughly one square mile. The terrain is low laying and flat. Bronx Park, on 718 acres along the Bronx River, is the home of the New York Botanical Garden, bicycle paths go northwest, north and east, along Mosholu Parkway, Bronx River Parkway and Pelham Parkway respectively. The east end of Fordham Road is inside the park, at an interchange with the Pelham, the park is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. The park is bounded by Southern Boulevard, Webster Avenue, Burke Avenue, Bronx Park East, the Bronx Zoo is a subsidiary of the Wildlife Conservation Society which was founded in 1895 as the New York Zoological Society. The Bronx Zoo opened to the public in 1899 and still adheres to its mission to advance the study of zoology, protect wildlife. The zoo is a leader in the care, feeding and exhibition of animals–including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians from around the world. With the award winning Congo Gorilla Forest, Tiger Mountain, Jungle World and Baboon Reserve, the neighborhood has long served as home to working and middle class New York families
15.
New York Zoological Society
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WCS was founded in 1895 as the New York Zoological Society and currently works to conserve more than two million square miles of wild places around the world. The organization is led by President and CEO Cristián Samper, former Director of the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of Natural History, based at the Bronx Zoo, WCS maintains approximately 500 field conservation projects in 65 countries, with 200 PhD scientists on staff. It manages four New York City wildlife parks in addition to the Bronx Zoo, together these parks receive 4 million visitors per year. All of the New York City facilities are accredited by the Association of Zoos, the Wildlife Conservation Society was originally chartered by the state of New York on April 26,1895. Then known as the New York Zoological Society, the organization embraced a mandate to advance wildlife conservation, promote the study of zoology and its name was changed to the Wildlife Conservation Society in 1993. Among the founders of WCS were Andrew H. Theodore Roosevelt, members of the Boone and Crockett Club, the Bronx Zoo was designed along the lines of other cultural institutions in New York City, such as the American Museum of Natural History. The city provided the land for the new zoo and some funding for buildings, WCS raised most of the funds for construction and operations from private donors, and selected the scientific and administrative personnel. In 1897 Hornaday also hired field researcher Andrew J. Stone to survey the condition of wildlife in the territory of Alaska, on the basis of these studies, Hornaday led the campaign for new laws to protect the wildlife there and the United States as a whole. In 1901, a herd of American Bison were gathered in a 20-acre meadow just off what is now the Pelham Parkway roadway. Starting in 1905, Hornaday led a campaign to reintroduce the almost extinct bison to government sponsored refuges. Hornaday, Theodore Roosevelt and others formed the American Bison Society in 1905, the Bronx Zoo sent 15 bison to Wichita Reserve in 1907 and additional bison in later years. The saving of this uniquely American symbol is one of the success stories in the history of wildlife conservation. Hornaday campaigned for protection throughout his thirty years as director of the Bronx Zoo. William Beebe, the first curator of birds at the Bronx Zoo and his research on wild pheasants took him to Asia from 1908 to 1911 and resulted in a series of books on pheasants. Beebes field work also resulted in the creation of the Society’s Department of Tropical Research, the bathysphere is currently displayed at the New York Aquarium. The war years marked the arrival of Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr as NYZS president, a best selling writer on conservation and son of WCS founder Henry Fairfield Osborn, Osborn soon embraced changes that signaled new thinking in the organization. After World War II, under the leadership of Osborn, the extended its programs in field biology. In 1946 WCS helped found the Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, which part of Grand Teton National Park in 1962
16.
Protected areas of the United States
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The protected areas of the United States are managed by an array of different federal, state, tribal and local level authorities and receive widely varying levels of protection. Some areas are managed as wilderness, while others are operated with acceptable commercial exploitation, as of 2015, the 25,800 protected areas covered 1,294,476 km2, or 14 percent of the land area of the United States. This is also one-tenth of the land area of the world. The U. S. also had a total of 787 National Marine Protected Areas, covering an additional 1,271,408 km2, some areas are managed in concert between levels of government. The Father Marquette National Memorial is an example of a park operated by a state park system. As of 2007, according to the United Nations Environment Programme, federal level protected areas are managed by a variety of agencies, most of which are a part of the National Park Service, a bureau of the United States Department of the Interior. They are often considered the jewels of the protected areas. Other areas are managed by the United States Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Army Corps of Engineers is claimed to provide 30 percent of the recreational opportunities on federal lands, mainly through lakes and waterways that they manage. The highest levels of protection, as described by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, are Level I, the United States maintains 12 percent of the Level I and II lands in the world. These lands had an area of 210,000 sq mi. A confusing system for naming protected areas results in some types being used by more than one agency, for instance, both the National Park Service and the U. S. Forest Service operate areas designated National Preserves and National Recreation Areas. The National Park Service, the U. S. Forest Service, National Wilderness Areas are designated within other protected areas, managed by various agencies and sometimes wilderness areas span areas managed by multiple agencies. States and local zoning bodies may or may not choose to protect these, the state of Colorado, for example, is very clear that it does not set any limits on owners of NRHP properties. State parks vary widely from urban parks to large parks that are on a par with national parks. Some state parks, like Adirondack Park, are similar to the National parks of England and Wales, about half the area of the park, some 3,000,000 acres, is state-owned and preserved as forever wild by the Forest Preserve of New York. Wood-Tikchik State Park in Alaska claims to be the largest state park by the amount of protected land, it is larger than many U. S. National Parks. Many states also operate game and recreation areas. S, State and tribal wilderness areas Various counties, cities, metropolitan authorities, regional parks, townships, soil conservation districts and other units manage a variety of local level parks. Some of these are more than picnic areas or playgrounds, however
17.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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National Historic Site (United States)
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A National Historic Site is a protected area of national historic significance in the United States. An NHS usually contains a historical feature directly associated with its subject. As of 2015, there are 50 NHPs and 90 NHSs, most NHPs and NHSs are managed by the National Park Service. Some federally designated sites are owned by local authorities or privately owned, one property, Grey Towers National Historic Site, is managed by the U. S. Forest Service. As of October 15,1966, all areas, including NHPs and NHSs. There are also about 80,000 NRHP sites, the majority of which are neither owned nor managed by the NPS. Of these, about 2,500 have been designated at the highest status as National Historic Landmark sites, National Historic Sites are generally federally owned and administered properties, though some remain under private or local government ownership. There are currently 90 NHSs, of which 78 are official NPS units,11 are NPS affiliated areas, one is managed by the US Forest Service, and one by the Bureau of Land Management. Derived from the Historic Sites Act of 1935, a number of NHSs were established by United States Secretaries of the Interior, in 1937, the first NHS was created in Salem, Massachusetts in order to preserve and interpret the maritime history of New England and the United States. There is one International Historic Site in the US park system, the title, given to the site of the first permanent French settlement in America, recognizes the influence that has had on both Canada and the United States. The NPS does not distinguish among these designations in terms of their preservation or management policies, in the United States, sites are historic, while parks are historical. The NPS explains that a site can be intrinsically historic, while a park is a legal invention. As such, a park is not itself historic, but can be called historical when it contains historic resources and it is the resources which are historic, not the park. Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park was formally established in 1998 by the United States and Canada, the park comprises Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park in Washington and Alaska, and Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site in British Columbia. It was this trail which so many prospectors took in hopes of making their fortunes in the Klondike River district of Yukon, list of World Heritage Sites in the Americas Designation of National Park System Units
19.
Lower East Side Tenement Museum
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The Lower East Side Tenement Museum, located at 97 Orchard Street in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, is a National Historic Site. The five-story brick tenement building was home to an estimated 7,000 people, from over 20 nations, the museum, which includes a visitors center down the block, promotes tolerance and historical perspective on the immigrant experience. The building at 97 Orchard Street was contracted by Prussian-born immigrant Lukas Glockner in 1863 and was modified several times to conform with the developing housing laws. When first constructed, it contained 22 apartments and a basement level saloon, over time, four stoop-level and two basement apartments were converted into commercial retail space, leaving 16 apartments in the building. Modifications over the years included the installation of indoor plumbing, an air shaft, no further changes were made until the Lower East Side Tenement Museum became involved with the building in 1988. As such, the stands as a kind of time capsule, reflecting 19th and early 20th century living conditions. In spite of the restoration, some parts of the floors are unstable. The Tenement Museum was founded in 1988 by Ruth J. Abram, the Museums key property, the tenement at 97 Orchard Street, was designated a National Historic Landmark on April 19,1994. The National Historic Site was authorized on November 12,1998 and it is an affiliated area of the National Park Service but is owned and administered by the Lower East Side Tenement Museum. The site received a Save Americas Treasures matching grant for $250,000 in 2000 for preservation work, in 2001 the museum was awarded the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal. The National Defense Authorization Act for the 2015 fiscal year expanded the National Historic Site designation to include the tenement at 103 Orchard Street. The museums tours place the lives in the broader context of American history. The museum also has a collection of historical archives and provides a variety of educational programs. There were many Tenement House Acts during the 1800s and 1900s, however, there were three particular Acts that changed the living conditions in housing today. Those three Tenement House Act were, The Tenement House Act of 1867, The Tenement House Act of 1879, the first tenement house act was called, The Tenement House Act of 1867, also known as “the Old Law”. It was the countrys first comprehensive housing reform law, the law required buildings to have fire escapes and at least one toilet for every 20 tenants, and to be connected to the city sewers if possible. However, many people did not follow the law, so it had little effect, then came the second Tenement House Act which was called The Tenement House Act of 1879, also known as “the Old Law” and was followed by the 1867 law. Many buildings were outlawing the construction of buildings like 97 Orchard Street that had interior rooms without windows, the 1879 law required all rooms to be open onto the street, the rear yard, or an air shaft
20.
National Monument (United States)
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Historically, some national monuments were managed by the War Department. National monuments can be so designated through the power of the Antiquities Act of 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt used the act to declare Devils Tower in Wyoming as the first national monument. The Antiquities Act of 1906 resulted from concerns about protecting mostly prehistoric Native American ruins, the Act authorized permits for legitimate archaeological investigations and penalties for taking or destroying antiquities without permission. Among the next three monuments he proclaimed in 1906 was Petrified Forest in Arizona, another natural feature, in 1908, Roosevelt used the act to proclaim more than 800,000 acres of the Grand Canyon as a national monument. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed Katmai National Monument in Alaska, Katmai was later enlarged to nearly 2,800,000 acres by subsequent Antiquities Act proclamations and for many years was the largest national park system unit. Petrified Forest, Grand Canyon, and Katmai were among the national monuments later converted to national parks by Congress. Substantial opposition did not materialize until 1943, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed Jackson Hole National Monument in Wyoming. He did this to accept a donation of lands acquired by John D. Rockefeller, roosevelts proclamation unleashed a storm of criticism about use of the Antiquities Act to circumvent Congress. A bill abolishing Jackson Hole National Monument passed Congress but was vetoed by Roosevelt, the proclamation authority was not used again anywhere until 1996, when President Bill Clinton proclaimed the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in Utah. This action was unpopular in Utah, and bills were introduced to further restrict the presidents authority. To date, none of them have been enacted, presidents have used the Antiquities Acts proclamation authority not only to create new national monuments but to enlarge existing ones. For example, Franklin D. Roosevelt significantly enlarged Dinosaur National Monument in 1938, lyndon B. Johnson added Ellis Island to Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, and Jimmy Carter made major additions to Glacier Bay and Katmai National Monuments in 1978. Marine National Monument List of U. S. National Forests List of areas in the National Park System of the United States List of U. S
21.
African Burial Ground National Monument
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African Burial Ground National Monument is a monument at Duane Street and African Burial Ground Way in the Civic Center section of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Its main building is the Ted Weiss Federal Building at 290 Broadway, historians estimate there may have been 10, 000–20,000 burials in what was called the Negroes Burial Ground in the 1700s. The five to six acre sites excavation and study was called the most important historic urban archeological project in the United States, the Burial Ground site is New Yorks earliest known African-American cemetery, studies show an estimated 15,000 African American people were buried here. The discovery highlighted the history of African slaves in colonial and federal New York City. By the American Revolutionary War, they constituted nearly a quarter of the population in the city, New York had the second-largest number of slaves in the nation after Charleston, South Carolina. Scholars and African-American civic activists joined to publicize the importance of the site, the site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993 and a National Monument in 2006. In 2003 Congress appropriated funds for a memorial at the site, a design competition attracted more than 60 proposals for a design. The memorial was dedicated in 2007 to commemorate the role of Africans and African Americans in colonial and federal New York City, several pieces of public art were also commissioned for the site. A visitor center opened in 2010 to provide interpretation of the site, two years after their arrival three female Angolan slaves arrived. These two groups heralded the beginning of the institution of slavery in what would become New York City that would continue for two hundred years, the first slave auction in the city took place in 1655 at Pearl Street and Wall Street-then on the East River. Although the Dutch imported Africans as slaves, it was possible for some to gain freedom or half-freedom under Dutch rule, paul DAngola and his companions petitioned the Dutch West India Company for their freedom in 1643. Their petition was granted and they were given grants of land on which to build their own houses, in the mid-17th century, farms of free blacks covered 130 acres where Washington Square Park later developed. Even slaves in full bondage were granted rights and afforded protections such as the prohibition against arbitrary physical punishment – such as a whipping. After the English took over New Amsterdam in 1664, they changed the name to New York, some 40 percent of the small population was in bondage. In 1697 Trinity Church gained control of the grounds in the city. When Trinity took control of the burial ground, now its north graveyard. Through much of the 18th century, the African burying ground was beyond the boundary of the city. As the city increased, so did the number of residents who held slaves
22.
Castle Clinton
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Castle Clinton or Fort Clinton, once known as Castle Garden, is a circular sandstone fort now located in Battery Park, in Manhattan, New York City. It is perhaps best remembered as Americas first immigration station, where more than 8 million people arrived in the U. S. from 1855 to 1890. Over its active life, it has functioned as a beer garden, exhibition hall, theater, public aquarium. Castle Clinton stands approximately two blocks west of where Fort Amsterdam was built in 1626, when New York City was known by the Dutch name New Amsterdam, construction began in 1808 and was completed in 1811. The fort, known as West Battery, was designed by architects John McComb, Jr. and it was built on a small artificial island just off shore. Subsequent landfill expanded Battery Park, and the fort was incorporated into the mainland of Manhattan Island, as with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, Castle Clinton National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. West Battery was renamed Castle Clinton in 1815, its current official name, the United States Army stopped using the fort in 1821, and it was leased to New York City as a place of public entertainment. It opened as Castle Garden on July 3,1824, a name by which it was known for most of its existence. It served in turn as a promenade, beer garden/restaurant, exhibition hall, opera house, designed as an open-air structure, it was eventually roofed over to accommodate these uses. In 1850, the castle was the site of two concerts given for charity by the Swedish soprano Jenny Lind to initiate her American tour, a year later, European dancing star Lola Montez performed her notorious tarantula dance in Castle Garden. In 1853–54, Louis-Antoine Jullien, the eccentric French conductor and composer of music, gave dozens of very successful concerts mixing classical. The Max Maretzek Italian Opera Company notably staged the New York premieres of Gaetano Donizettis Marino Faliero on June 17,1851, and Giuseppe Verdis Luisa Miller on July 20,1854 at Castle Garden. In the first half of the 19th century, most immigrants arriving in New York City landed at docks on the east side of the tip of Manhattan, around South Street. On August 1,1855, Castle Clinton became the Emigrant Landing Depot, the new facility was needed because immigrants were known to carry diseases, which led to epidemics of cholera and smallpox. After many unnecessary deaths, and scandals over immigration workers cheating and stealing from immigrants, called Kesselgarten by Yiddish-speaking Eastern European Jews, a Kesselgarten became a generic term for any situation that was noisy, confusing or chaotic, or where a babel of languages was spoken. Prominent persons associated with the administration of the immigrant station included Gulian Crommelin Verplanck, Friedrich Kapp, from 1896 to 1941, Castle Garden was the site of the New York City Aquarium. For many years, it was the citys most popular attraction, the structure was extensively altered, and roofed over to a height of several stories, though the original masonry fort remained. In 1941, the politically powerful Park Commissioner Robert Moses wanted to tear the structure down completely, due to the efforts of Albert S. Bard and other civic reformers, the Castle was saved, and finally became a national monument
23.
Federal Hall
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It was also where the United States Bill of Rights was introduced in the First Congress. The building was demolished in 1812, Federal Hall National Memorial was built in 1842 as the United States Custom House, on the site of the old Federal Hall on Wall Street, and later served as a sub-Treasury building. It is now operated by the National Park Service as a memorial commemorating the historic events that occurred there. The original structure on the site was built as New Yorks second City Hall in 1699 -1703, on Wall Street, in 1735, John Peter Zenger, an American newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there. His acquittal on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it was defined in the Bill of Rights. In October 1765, delegates from nine of the 13 colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain. After the American Revolution, the City Hall served as the place for the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation. In 1788, the building was remodeled and enlarged under the direction of Pierre Charles LEnfant and this was the first example of Federal Style architecture in the United States. It was renamed Federal Hall when it became the first Capitol of the United States under the Constitution in 1789 and he was inaugurated on the balcony of the building on April 30,1789. Many of the most important legislative actions in the United States occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall, part of the original railing and balcony floor where Washington was inaugurated are on display in the memorial. The current structure, one of the best surviving examples of architecture in New York, was built as the first purpose-built U. S. Custom House for the Port of New York, designed by John Frazee, it was constructed of Tuckahoe marble and took more than a decade to complete. In 1862, Customs moved to 55 Wall Street and the served as one of six United States Sub-Treasury locations. Millions of dollars of gold and silver were kept in the basement vaults until the Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Sub-Treasury system in 1920. In 1882, John Quincy Adams Wards bronze George Washington statue was erected on its front steps, in 1920, a bomb was detonated across the street from Federal Hall at 23 Wall Street, in what became known as the Wall Street bombing. Thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured, and 23 Wall Street was visibly damaged, a famous photograph of the event shows the destruction and effects of the bombing, but also shows the statue of Washington standing stoically in the face of chaos. The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26,1939, as with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15,1966. Federal Hall was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on December 21,1965, held just four blocks from the World Trade Center site, the meeting was the first by Congress in New York since 1790
24.
Grant's Tomb
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Grants Tomb, now formally known as General Grant National Memorial, is the final resting place of Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th President of the United States, and his wife, Julia Dent Grant. Completed in 1897, the tomb is located in Riverside Park in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City and it was placed under the management of the National Park Service in 1958. On July 23,1885, Ulysses S. Grant died of cancer at age 63 in Wilton. Grants family agreed to have his remains interred in New York City, William Russell Grace, the Mayor of New York City, wrote a letter to prominent New Yorkers the following day, to gather support for a national monument in Grants honor. This preliminary meeting was attended by 85 New Yorkers and established the Committee on Organization, the chairman of the Committee was former U. S. president Chester A. Arthur, the secretary was Richard Theodore Greener. This organization would come to be known as the Grant Monument Association, the Grant Monument Association did not originally announce the function or structure of the monument, however, the idea of any monument in Grants honor drew public support. Western Union donated $5,000 on July 29, the day the committee announced its proposal, the GMA continued to receive donations of large and small amounts. At a membership meeting, former New York State governor Alonzo Cornell proposed a goal of $1 million. Private industries such as insurance and iron-trading companies donated funds to the project, for every ton of coal the Consumers Coal Company sold, it gave a major donation of 37½ cents to the GMA. Although there was great enthusiasm for a monument to President Grant, the opposition was vocal in the view that the monument should be in Washington, D. C. Mayor Grace tried to calm the controversy by publicly releasing Mrs. Grants justification for the New York site as the place for her husband. Mrs. Grant wrote, Riverside was selected by myself and my family as the place of my husband. First, because I believed New York was his preference, second, it is near the residence that I hope to occupy as long as I live, and where I will be able to visit his resting place often. Third, I have believed, and am now convinced, that the tomb will be visited by as many of his countrymen there as it would be at any other place. Fourth, the offer of a park in New York was the first which observed and unreservedly assented to the condition imposed by General Grant himself, namely. Criticism was not limited to the debate about the monuments location, according to The New York Times, there was discontent with the internal management of the GMA. The criticism was, even though the GMA members amongst the wealthiest in New York, the New York Times characterized the members as sitting quietly in an office and signing receipts for money voluntarily tendered. In this early stage, the GMA did not have a model for what the monument was to be, it continued to ask for donations without explaining its purpose, which frustrated and discouraged donors
25.
Governors Island National Monument
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In October 1995 the United States Coast Guard announced it would close its largest base, at Governors Island, as a cost savings measure. The Coast Guard had established the base on the island in 1966 after the U. S. Army closed Fort Jay, an Army post since 1794. Thirty years later, in 1996, the Coast Guard closed the base, the closure was at the initiative of the Coast Guard, then a bureau of the U. S. Department of Transportation, which was seeking to close a $400 million budget gap. The closure of the base represented an estimated 30 million dollar savings, since the closure was an initiated action by the Coast Guard, it was not subject to the Base Realignment and Closure process. In August 1997, as part of legislation to balance the budget, Congress directed that the island be sold with a right of first offer to the State. The Justice Department under President George W. Bush concluded the proclamation possessed technical errors, in an April 2002 White House meeting with city and state officials, President Bush announced his intention to sell the island to the city and state of New York. While the White House intended the transaction to be concluded by September 2002, it several months of negotiations with city, state. Presidential Proclamation 7647 of February 7,2003 formally re-affirmed the establishment of the national monument, both presidential proclamations noted that the island served as an outpost to protect New York City from sea attack. The fortifications were built on the most strategic defensive positions on the island, Fort Jay, first constructed in the 1790s and reconstructed between 1806 and 1809, is on the highest point of the island. The surrounding open space or glacis slopes down to the waterfront on all sides, by the 1830s, the protective functions of both fortifications had diminished, but the core of a small urban Army post evolved around them. By the 1870s, with reductions in a post-Civil War army, the post became a major headquarters for the U. S. Army. The island and monument, currently under development, has been open on a seasonal basis during the months since 2003. In 2010, over 400,000 visitors visited the island, in 2014, the island began opening to the public seven days a week during its public access season running from Memorial Day weekend to the last weekend in September. Notes Bibliography Hernandez, Raymond, Stewart, Barbara, Clinton, With Time Running Out, Protects Part of Governors Island, New York Times Lueck, Thomas J
26.
Hamilton Grange National Memorial
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The mansion holds a restoration of the interior rooms and an interactive exhibit on the newly constructed ground floor for visitors. The Hamilton Heights subsection of Harlem derived its name from Hamiltons 32 acre estate there, alexander Hamilton was born and raised in the West Indies and came to New York in 1772 at age 17 to study at Kings College. Hamilton commissioned architect John McComb Jr. to design a home on Hamiltons 32 acres estate in upper Manhattan. The two-story frame Federal style house was completed in 1802, just two years before Hamiltons death resulting from his duel with Aaron Burr on July 11,1804, the house was named The Grange after Hamiltons grandfathers estate in Scotland. The Grange was the only ever owned by Hamilton and it remained in his family for 30 years after his death. The Grange might have also been Hamilton’s rivalrous answer to Jeffersons Monticello, by 1889, much of the congregation of St. Lukes Episcopal Church in Greenwich Village had moved uptown. The Grange was in foreclosure and had been condemned for destruction in order to allow for the implementation of the Manhattan street grid, then just reaching that area of Harlem. The church acquired the house and moved it a half-block east, the original porches and other features were removed for the move. The staircase was removed and retrofitted to accommodate a makeshift entrance on the side of the house faced the street. St.1910 flush on the side it was tightly enclosed. The American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society bought the Grange and turned it into a museum in 1924. Furniture and decorative objects associated with the Hamilton family were displayed, the Grange was designated a National Historic Landmark in December 1960. The private National Park Foundation purchased the house and property and transferred it to the National Park Service and it was at the time determined that the claustrophobic Convent Avenue setting was inappropriate and that the country house should be viewed as freestanding building. However, the house was not relocated earlier because of overwhelming opposition to options offered that required moving it out of the neighborhood. The Grange was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15,1966, the park location was judged a more appropriate setting for display that would permit restoration of features lost in the 1889 move. The new location would also keep the house in the neighborhood, work in St. Nicholas Park for tree removal and foundation construction began in February 2008. The actual move of the Grange began with elevation of the building in one piece over the loggia of St. Lukes Church and onto Convent Avenue. The house completed its 500-foot journey on June 7,2008 by being rolled one block south on Convent Avenue, the six-hour event was a popular neighborhood attraction covered extensively in the press
27.
Statue of Liberty National Monument
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The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a United States national monument located in the U. S. states of New Jersey and New York comprising Liberty Island and Ellis Island. The monument is managed by the National Park Service as part of the National Parks of New York Harbor office, President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a national monument in 1924. In 1937, by proclamation 2250, President Franklin D. Roosevelt expanded the monument to all of Bedloes Island, and in 1956. Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965, the United States historic district, a single listing on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places, was designated in 1966. The islands were closed during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 and suffered severe damage, Liberty Island reopened July 4,2013. Extensive repairs on Ellis Island are still being made, the Statue of Liberty is a world-famous symbol of freedom, given in the 1880s by France to the United States in celebration of friendship. Nearby Ellis Island was the first stop for millions of immigrants to the U. S. in the late 19th, the national monument recalls this period of massive immigration to the United States. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door. The national monument is located in Upper New York Bay east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City, New Jersey, entrance is free, but there is a charge for the ferry service that all visitors must use. In 2007, a concession was granted to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, the waters are patrolled by the U. S. Park Police to enforce the restriction on private boat landings. Ferries depart from both parks and all stop at both islands, enabling passengers to visit both islands and choose either destination on the return trip. Tickets can be purchased at Castle Clinton in Battery Park or at the Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park, ten people per group, three groups per hour, are permitted to ascend, allowing for a total of 240 per day. After an obligatory second security screening, they may bring only medication and cameras, Liberty Island and Ellis Island have been the property of the United States government since 1800 and 1808, respectively. Historical circumstances have led to the situation of Liberty Island and 3.3 acres of Ellis Island being exclaves of one state, New York, located completely within another state. Jurisdiction not superseded by the government falls to the appropriate state. Statue of Liberty National Monument Visitor information, Ellis Island, Ellis Island home page Ellis Island Immigration Museum Ellis Island Visitor information
28.
Gateway National Recreation Area
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Gateway National Recreation Area is a 26, 607-acre National Recreation Area in the Port of New York and New Jersey. Ten million people visit Gateway annually and it is owned by the United States government and managed by the National Park Service. Kennedy International Airport, along several dozen islands in Jamaica Bay. It also includes most of the part of the Rockaway Peninsula. Among the sites in this unit are, Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge is a location for viewing birds and bird migrations, diamondback turtle egg-laying and horseshoe crab mating. Its 9,155 acres are open water, but includes upland shoreline and islands with salt marsh, dunes, brackish ponds, woodland. It is the wildlife refuge in the National Park System. Originally created and managed by New York City as a wildlife refuge, all other federally managed areas titled wildlife refuge are managed by the US Fish & Wildlife Service under their own specific criteria and standards. Hangar B is open to the public at selected times during the week, exhibits and programs on the airfields history are available in the former control tower and terminal, since converted into the Ryan Visitor Center, named for William Fitts Ryan. The former airfield also accommodates public camping, with 46 campsites, as of August 2013, Floyd Bennett Field campground provides hot showers and clean modern bathrooms. There is also a camp store, still, it is the only public campground maintained by the National Park Service that is within the limits of an American city, and the only legal campground in New York City. The grasslands of Floyd Bennett Field are a place for viewing falcons. Floyd Bennett Field also includes a concession housing recreational facilities including a sports arena, within this unit, but still nearby, are Dead Horse Bay, which includes a marina concession, and a golf driving range concession adjacent. Bergen Beach on the shore of Jamaica Bay is also nearby and within the units boundary. Canarsie Pier is the latest in a series of recreational piers near this location, between 1917 and 1974, Fort Tilden served as part of the harbors system of defenses, and once housed Nike antiaircraft missiles. Today an observatory deck on one of the old batteries offers spectacular views of Jamaica Bay, New York Harbor, Fort Tilden is one of the best places on New York Harbor to observe hawks during the fall migration. Breezy Point Tip occupies the westernmost part of the Rockaway peninsula and its 200 acres contain oceanfront beach, bay shoreline, dunes, marshes and coastal grasslands. Breezy Point Tip is an area for the threatened piping plover
29.
Floyd Bennett Field
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Floyd Bennett Field was New York Citys first municipal airport, later a naval air station, and is now a park. While no longer used as a commercial, military or general aviation airfield. The airport was named after famed aviator and Medal of Honor recipient Floyd Bennett and it was dedicated on June 26,1930, and officially opened on May 23,1931. Since 1972, Floyd Bennett Field has been a part of Gateway National Recreation Area, prior to the opening of Floyd Bennett Field in 1930, a compacted dirt runway existed on the island. It was referred to as Barren Island Airport, but was used primarily by one pilot who gave flights to paying customers, the municipal airport site was chosen and designed by famed aviator Clarence D. Chamberlin. His preference was Barren Island, a 387-acre marsh with 33 small islands in Jamaica Bay, the site was favorable due to the lack of obstructions nearby, and because it was easily identifiable from the air. After much debate over the merits of other sites within the city, six million cubic yards of sand were pumped from Jamaica Bay to connect the islands and raise the site to 16 feet above the high–tide mark. A seaplane base was constructed on the waterfront as part of the installation. Flatbush Avenue was widened and straightened to create a direct route into Manhattan. In addition, particularly in the days of commercial aviation. As airmail was a fraction of air freight at the time. Public skepticism about the safety of this new form of transportation, as well as the Great Depression, as LaGuardia was never able to convince the Postal Service to move its New York City operations from Newark to Floyd Bennett Field, neither did the airlines relocate. This hindered commercial air activities at the airfield, famed aviator Wiley Post twice used the field for record-breaking round-the-world flights, and developed or adapted technology there to aid him. Famous aviatrixes of the era, such as Jackie Cochran, Laura Ingalls, howard Hughes also used Floyd Bennett Field as the start and finish of his July 1938 record-setting circumnavigation of the globe in ninety-one hours. Media-savvy pilot Roscoe Turner was also a frequent visitor at this airfield, in the midst of the Great Depression a hero-starved nation hailed Corrigan for his accident, even giving him a ticker-tape parade in Manhattan upon his return. Glenn was awarded his fifth Distinguished Flying Cross for the mission, after the 1930s closure of Naval Air Station Rockaway across the inlet, a hangar at Floyd Bennett Field was dedicated as Naval Air Reserve Base New York within the larger civilian facility. The NYPD occupied a hangar for the worlds first police aviation unit, at that time the fleet consisted of fixed-wing aircraft, it later used only helicopters. In addition, about 10 acres of Floyd Bennett Field along Jamaica Bay were leased by the city to the United States Coast Guard in 1936, the pilot Eddie August Schneider died in a training crash on the tarmac in 1940
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Fort Tilden
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Fort Tilden, also known as Fort Tilden Historic District, is a former United States Army installation on the coast in the New York City borough of Queens. Fort Tilden now forms part of the Gateway National Recreation Area, Fort Tilden Historic District is located on the Rockaway Peninsula, between Jacob Riis Park to the east and Breezy Point Tip to the west. All three of these sites are operated by the National Park Service, Fort Tilden in 2014 has largely become a natural area of beach, dunes and maritime forest. Most of the old military installations are abandoned, and military structures which formerly housed artillery, a few buildings have been renovated and are used by local arts groups, and some large open areas are used as sports grounds. Atop one of the old batteries, Battery Harris East, a platform has 360-degree views, which include the city, New York Harbor. The wilder parts of Fort Tilden are popular with bird-watchers and other nature-lovers, Fort Tilden is an important nesting area for the threatened Piping Plover, a species which NPS—as part of a large global effort—is working to protect. The eggs and chicks are small and highly camouflaged, so they are extremely difficult to see. It is very easy to step on the eggs and kill the unhatched chicks, under New York and Federal laws persons may be arrested and fined for killing, harassing, teasing, or in any way disturbing birds nesting in this area. Keep out of areas delineated by string fences and signs, common Terns and Least Terns also make their nests on the beach at Fort Tilden. These two species are threatened in New York State as well, do not, feed, come within 15 feet, disturb or harass wild animals. Take walks on the beach on the wet sand, and not the sand close to the vegetation, do not enter bird nesting areas. Report violations to the U. S. Park Police, 718-338-3988, pets, No dogs allowed anywhere in the park from March 15 through September 15. Dogs are never allowed off-leash anywhere in Fort Tilden, leashes must be 6 feet long or less. Unleashed dogs threaten wildlife and habitats that the park is bound to protect. Pets running at large may be impounded at the owners expense, stay on paths and do not walk on sand dunes, beach grass, or other vegetation. Sand dunes are easily damaged and destabilized when vegetation is trampled, the dune systems are closed to the public except at designated dune crossings. All structures, buildings, houses, remnants, etc. are closed to the public unless specifically addressed as a public use facility, do not enter any structures in the back woods or beach. Report violations to the U. S. Park Police, 718-338-3988, bathing, wading, and swimming in the ocean is not recommended at Fort Tilden
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Fort Wadsworth
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Prior to closing in 1994 it claimed to be the longest continually garrisoned military installation in the United States. Fort Wadsworth is now part of the Staten Island Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area, the site is said to have been continuously garrisoned since another blockhouse was built in 1663, which survived at least through 1808. During the American Revolution the area known as Flagstaff Fort, captured by the British in 1776. It became the responsibility of New York State in 1806, at which time four forts were built on the site with state resources, Fort Tompkins at that time included a red sandstone enclosure containing the 1663 blockhouse. Although these forts were contemporary with the governments second system of seacoast fortifications. Federal rebuilding of Forts Richmond and Tompkins did not begin until 1847, Fort Richmond was named for Richmond County, in which Staten Island is located. Fort Tompkins was named for Daniel D. Tompkins, New Yorks governor in the War of 1812, Fort Morton was possibly named for Major General Jacob Morton, commander of the New York state militia in the War of 1812. Fort Hudson was named for Henry Hudson, a British-born explorer for the Dutch East India Company who explored the river named for him, during the War of 1812 the state expanded Fort Richmond and its surrounding forts. In 1814 money was appropriated to complete Forts Richmond and Tompkins, New York City was not attacked in that war, so the forts never fired in anger. By 1835 Forts Richmond and Tompkins had deteriorated to the point that they were declared unfit for use, some sources state that the new Forts Richmond and Tompkins were initially designed by Robert E. Lee during his tenure as post engineer at Fort Hamilton in the 1840s. Fort Richmond had one front and three seacoast fronts, with an unusual four tiers of cannon totaling 116 guns to seaward. The four-tier arrangement was only duplicated in the United States by Fort Point in San Francisco, Fort Tompkins provided the bulk of the landward defense in the area, with one seaward and four landward fronts. It was unusual in having no embrasures for cannon in the main fort, a seacoast cannon battery was mounted on the roof of the seacoast front, and the rest of the fort had only musket loopholes. It had a ditch on the sides with tunnels to counterscarp galleries providing additional musket fire against enemies in the ditch. Both forts were ready for service, though incomplete, when the Civil War broke out in April,1861. New York City was not attacked by sea in the Civil War, however, they were important as mobilization centers, including Smiths Cantonment near the forts. The North and South Cliff batteries were built flanking Fort Richmond, two small batteries of two and five guns were also built near Fort Tompkins. Following the war, it was determined that masonry forts were obsolete, in the 1870s a large-scale but short-lived program of building new earth-protected batteries near existing forts commenced
32.
Great Kills Park
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Great Kills Park in Great Kills, Staten Island is a part of the Staten Island unit of Gateway National Recreation Area. Part of the National Park System, it covers an area of approximately 580 acres of marsh, beach. In 1860 the businessman and pioneering naturalist John J. Crooke bought a part of the land, in 1916 an erosion cut the narrow spit of land and Crookes Point became an island to itself. In 1929 New York City bought Crookes Point and adjacent land, due to the Great Depression the work was delayed and the park could not be opened to the public until 1949. In 1973 the park became a part of the Gateway National Recreation Area, Great Kills Harbor, located within the park, is a man-made harbor that was created by joining Crookes Island back to the mainland of Staten Island with dredge material. The park is frequented by various species of birds due to the habitats within the park. Half of the area was used as landfill in the past, and in 2005, radium. A part of material has been removed, to the present. Directly at the sources, a level about 200 times higher than the natural background radiation has been measured. In August 2012 the decontamination of the park was scheduled to proceed, a section of the park is closed to the public. The parks main entrance is at Hylan Boulevard and Buffalo Street, on Hylan Boulevard many MTA buses operate. The Staten Island Railway station Bay Terrace is near the main entrance, with a boat, the park can be reached via the Great Kills Harbor. Media related to Great Kills Park at Wikimedia Commons
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Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
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Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife refuge in New York City managed by the National Park Service as part of Gateway National Recreation Area. It is composed of the water and intertidal salt marshes of Jamaica Bay. It lies entirely within the boundaries of New York City, divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens and it is near John F. Kennedy International Airport, which was built upon a portion of the wetlands in Jamaica Bay. In April 1942, the City of New York started placing hydraulic fill over the marshy tidelands of the area, the refuge provides habitat for a wide variety of flora and fauna, both marine and terrestrial. It is a location for viewing birds and bird migrations, diamondback terrapin egg-laying and horseshoe crab mating. The primary diet of the diamondback terrapins include fish, snails, worms, clams, crabs and marsh plants, ospreys are currently being captured, tagged and studied in the Wildlife Refuge to help scientists better understand the birds habits. Small mammals such as eastern gray squirrels and raccoon are also present in the area, the recently increased raccoon population, however, has developed a taste for diamondback terrapin eggs, and many nests are often destroyed only 24 hours after being laid. The extent of the refuge is open water, but includes upland shoreline and islands with salt marsh, dunes, brackish ponds, woodland. It is the wildlife refuge in the National Park System. Originally created and managed by New York City as a wildlife refuge, usually, federal wildlife refuges are managed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Features created under city ownership include two large freshwater ponds, a visitor center with a parking lot provides free permits to walk the trails. The two main trails go around the East Pond and the West Pond, the West Pond and its trail, however, were breached by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. On March 1,1962, at 10,08,49, American Airlines Flight 1 crashed into Pumpkin Patch Channel, list of National Park System areas in New York nps
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Jacob Riis Park
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Jacob Riis Park in the New York City borough of Queens, is part of the Jamaica Bay Unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area, and is managed by the National Park Service. It lies at the foot of the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge, toward the end the Rockaway Peninsula, just east of Fort Tilden. The Jacob Riis Park Historic District features a sand beach and an art deco bath house built in 1932. The bathhouse provides a place to get out of the sun, the park is named for Jacob Riis, a famous New York City muckraker journalist and photographer who documented the plight of the poor and working class. It is associated with the Jacob Riis Park Historic District, which it is in, the park was largely built on the site of the former Rockaway Naval Air Station, one of the first US naval air stations. Riis Park was designed by the politically powerful NYC Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, Moses saw Riis Park as a Jones Beach for poor immigrants. The Atlantic Ocean beach, boardwalks, courtyards, and walkways gave the poor a respite from cramped tenements. Moses also wanted to bring public transportation closer to the park, also, the New York Water Taxi offered Rockaway ferry service starting in May 2008, though not at the time that Moses was Parks commissioner. In 1972, Jacob Riis Park was transferred to the control of the National Park Service, today, its sand, surf, seaside recreation areas and famous Art Deco bathhouse are a popular summer destination. Facilities available in season include a pitch and putt golf course, the historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. Media related to Jacob Riis Park at Wikimedia Commons Jacob Riis Park Visitor information Jamaica Bay Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area
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Miller Field (Staten Island)
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Miller Field was a United States Army facility on Staten Island, New York, in New Dorp. It was founded in November 1919 and completed in 1921 and it was named after Captain James Ely Miller, commanding officer of the 95th Aero Squadron in the Air Service of the AEF, who died in combat on March 9,1918 over Rheims in World War I. He was the first United States aviator killed in action serving with an American military aviation unit. He was also an organizer, along with Major Raynal Bolling, of the 1st Reserve Aero Squadron, when built, Miller Field was the only coastal defense air station in the eastern United States and was part of the network of fortifications around New York City. It was built on land belonging to the Vanderbilt family. It had a runway, ramps for seaplanes, and four hangars for planes. Miller Field was used for fire and training Coast Guard personnel. Miller Field closed as an airbase in 1969, the Field was the site of the Elm Tree Beacon Light, a lighthouse from the 19th century through 1924 when it was abandoned. The light had replaced a landmark elm tree, the 1960 New York air disaster was the worst airline disaster to that point. The Miller Army Air Field Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, currently the field is also in use as a local park, with baseball and soccer fields. It hosts the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in the summer, the field is directly east of New Dorp High School. Miller Field is a part of the Staten Island Unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area, a tropical storm helped propel the cork-lined, floating box to Staten Island. Official National Park Service website Historic Miller Field website List of Air Force fields Photos of Miller Field
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East River State Park
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East River State Park is an 11-acre state park located in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The park stretches along the East River near North 7th, 8th, and 9th Streets, the park is built on the former site of the Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal, the first offline railroad terminal to be located in Brooklyn. It is adjacent to the city-run Bushwick Inlet Park, the park opened on May 26,2007. Unlike other nearby parks, it closes at dusk, State park rules prohibit dogs and bicycle riding. In 2009 the music concerts that were held at the McCarren Park Pool were relocated to the East River State Park, the Open Space Alliance for North Brooklyn selected the East River State Park as the site for future performances. The park has been nicknamed the Williamsburg Waterfront, through a public/private partnership the Open Space Alliance and Ticketmaster, live music performances will be held through the summer months at the East River State Park. List of New York state parks List of parks in New York City New York State Parks, East River State Park Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal, Palmers Dock - A Comprehensive History, 1870-1983
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Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park
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The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park is a four-acre memorial to Franklin D. Roosevelt that celebrates the Four Freedoms he articulated in his 1941 State of the Union address. It is located adjacent to the historic Smallpox Hospital in New York City at the southernmost point of Roosevelt Island and it was designed by the architect Louis Kahn. President Roosevelt made his Four Freedoms speech to the United States Congress in 1941, Roosevelt Island was named in honor of the former president in 1973, and the planners announced their intention to build a memorial to Roosevelt at the islands southern tip. In 2005, William J. vanden Heuvel, a former U. N, the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute subsequently kept the project going over time. The foundations said they were promised their names would appear close to the bust and those responsible for the memorials construction did not dispute that. Rather, vanden Heuvel said, Yes, we have a contract that we believe is now a mistake. As we came to the spring of 2012, we understood that we had a work of art, the purity and integrity of the Kahn memorial is what made it so stunning. Louis Kahn was asked to design the monument in 1972, Four Freedoms Park is one of Kahns last works. He was carrying the finished designs with him when he died in 1974 in Pennsylvania Station in New York City, after Kahns death, his designs were continued by Mitchell | Giurgola Architects, who kept to Kahns original intentions. An exhibition at Cooper Union in 2005 brought additional attention and helped to advance the project, in 2006, ENYA made the islands abandoned southern end the subject of one of its annual competitions. However, the park was tied up in litigation during its construction, the park was dedicated in a ceremony on October 17,2012. Tom Brokaw served as master of ceremonies, participants included former President Bill Clinton, Governor Andrew Cuomo, former Mayor Michael Bloomberg, and relatives of Roosevelt. Cuomo said that New York became the laboratory of progressive democracy and he praised vanden Heuvel as a juggernaut of determination. Clinton noted the location, As we look out on this bright new day, we are close to the U. N. which he, more than any other soul. Four Freedoms Park became a New York State Park when it opened to the public on October 24,2012, in a 1973 lecture at Pratt Institute, Kahn said, I had this thought that a memorial should be a room and a garden. Why did I want a room and a garden, I just chose it to be the point of departure. The garden is somehow a personal nature, a kind of control of nature. And the room was the beginning of architecture, I had this sense, you see, and the room wasnt just architecture, but was an extension of self
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Gantry Plaza State Park
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Gantry Plaza State Park is a 12-acre state park on the East River in the Hunters Point section of Long Island City, in the New York City borough of Queens. The park is located in a dockyard and manufacturing district. The southern portion of the park is a dock facility. These were built in 1925 to load and unload rail car floats that served industries on Long Island via the Long Island Rail Road tracks that used to run along 48th Avenue. The northern portion of Gantry Plaza State Park was part of a former Pepsi bottling plant that closed in 1999, the park first opened in May 1998 and was expanded in July 2009. The park is being developed in stages by the Queens West Development Corporation, the original section of Gantry Plaza State Park was designed by Thomas Balsley with Lee Weintraub, both New York City landscape architects, and Richard Sullivan, an architect. Stage 2, the new section of the park, was designed by New York City landscape architecture firm Abel Bainnson Butz. When complete, Gantry Plaza State Park is expected to total 40 acres in size, the Pepsi-Cola sign was designated a New York City landmark on April 12,2016. The park offers picnic tables, a playground, playing fields, and a waterfront promenade with a view of United Nations Headquarters, fishing and crabbing is permitted at pier #4, subject to New York State Department of Environmental Conservation regulations. The film Munich took advantage of the park in its final scene, the pier and the Pepsi-Cola sign to its north are visible in this scene. The same location was used in The Interpreter, in the scene where Nicole Kidmans character says goodbye to Sean Penns character. The Pepsi-Cola sign at the bottling plant is visible in the scene as well. James Slip Ferry List of New York state parks New York State Parks, Gantry Plaza State Park
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Riverbank State Park
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Riverbank State Park is a 28-acre state park built on the top of a sewage treatment facility on the Hudson River, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Riverbank State Park was designed by Dattner Architects and Abel Bainnson Butz Landscape Architects, the original idea for a park atop the sewage plant was Phillip Johnsons. It is located on the West Side Highway from 137th Street to 145th Street in Upper Manhattan,69 feet above the Hudson River, in order to minimize odors emitted by the plant, dedicated odor-control facilities have been installed at the plant, including $55 million in recent upgrades. The plant sits on 2,300 caissons pinned into bedrock up to 230 feet beneath the river, construction of the foundation was completed in 1978, and the wastewater treatment facilities were constructed in two phases between 1986 and 1991. One of only three parks within Manhattan, it has become one of the most heavily used state parks in New York. The 28-acre site includes synthetic sport surfaces as well as several acres of green roofs, with varying depths of soil supporting plantings and this is the largest green roof in New York City. Bicycling is strictly forbidden in the park but the Hudson River Greenway passes at water level, a popular work is the Totally Kid Carousel created by Maria Reidelbach and Milo Mottola. List of New York state parks New York State Parks, Riverbank State Park North River Treatment Plant page
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Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
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79th Street Boat Basin
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The 79th Street Boat Basin is a marina located in the Hudson River on the Upper West Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan, on Riverside Park at the foot of West 79th Street. Maintained and operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, the boat basin, first proposed in 1924, was constructed in 1937, during the tenure of Robert Moses as Parks Commissioner, to offer a place for boats to dock during the summer. The multi-level structure was designed by Gilmore David Clarke, the Works Projects Administration provided $5.1 million for the project, which created the Freedom Tunnel, an underground parking garage, a restaurant, and the marina. By the 1960s, though the restaurant was long gone, the majority of slips were occupied by year-round boaters. In 1979, the city sought to cancel a 1977 concession agreement with Nichols Yacht Yards to operate the marina, Boat owners would manage the marina until a suitable operator would be found. In 1992, a agreement was signed with boaters and the city, tying increases of nearly 25% in docking fees to improvements in facilities at the marina, such as new docks. By 1996, year-round residents had complained that the 18-month-long project, the city stopped issuing new year-round permits in 1994, seeking to make space available for seasonal boaters among the basins 116 slips. After complaints were received, the Parks Department agreed to an increase to 52 year-round spots, by May 2009, the Department was to require that all boats be seaworthy. As of February 2008, there were 19 boats that were considered unseaworthy, year-round residents have included Mad Magazine writer Dick DeBartolo who uses a boat as his office. Mario Puzo and Frank Sinatra have all used the basin to moor their boats, in the 1960s, Roy Cohn docked his 95-foot yacht here, and used it to entertain the citys political leaders. By summer 2012, several boaters noticed that the basin was in a state of disrepair, rules and regulations covering the 79th Street Boat Basin also apply at the Sheepshead Bay Piers and the Worlds Fair Marina. The Boat Basin is also used as a site for kayaks, canoes. The Hudson River sloop Clearwater often docks here, as part of its mission of informing the public about environmental, as of May 2012, seasonal docking fees are $120 per linear foot for the summer and $105 per linear foot during the winter. Total dock fee revenue was over $240,000 in 2007, as of February 2008, there was a waiting list of 450 boaters seeking part-time docking privileges during the summer. Fees were raised again in December 2011, the granite and fieldstone open rotunda surrounded by a vaulted Guastavino tiled arcade overlooks the marina, and is the site of the open-air O’Neals’ West 79th Street Boat Basin Café. A boat pump-out system connects directly to boats to allow for sewage disposal, along with a fresh-water line system, the service is provided at no additional cost by the Parks Department. All other services, including electricity, telephone, television, and Internet access, must be paid for by boat owners, between the Hudson River and the Henry Hudson Parkway at the western edge of 79th Street. There are two ways to access the site by foot, one way is to walk along Riverside Park, drivers briefly drive atop the rotunda’s traffic circle as they exit the Henry Hudson Parkway or enter the Parkway from 79th Street
42.
Abingdon Square Park
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Abingdon Square Park is located in the New York City borough of Manhattan in Greenwich Village. The park is bordered by Eighth Avenue, Bank Street, Hudson Street, Abingdon Square Park is one of New York Citys oldest parks, and at 0.25 acres, one of it smallest. It is maintained by the Abingdon Square Conservancy, a community-based park association, in cooperation with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. New York City acquired the land on which the park resides on April 22,1831, in the 1880s, an effort was initiated by Mayor Abram Stevens Hewitt to expand public access to parks. Architect Calvert Vaux was part of a group created a new design for Abingdon Square. The square was part of a 300-acre estate purchased by Sir Peter Warren in 1740, in 2005, the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation recognized the parks then-recent renovation with a Village Award. On August 3,2009, a garden was established inside the park as a memorial to Adrienne Shelly. The M11 and M14A bus lines terminate at Abingdon Square, media related to Abingdon Square Park at Wikimedia Commons New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, Abingdon Square Park. January 2004 - Capital Project of the Month Literary Reading Interrupted - The Fool of Abingdon Square Park
43.
Albert Capsouto Park
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Albert Capsouto Park is a triangular-shaped pocket park in the Tribeca neighborhood of lower Manhattan in New York City. It is bounded by Canal Street to the northeast, Varick Street to the west, opened in November 2009, the park cost approximately $3.4 million to build. Formerly, the site was a parking lot, following September 11,2001, the lot was used as a staging area for search and rescue operations. In the following members of the public placed flowers, cards and letters at the site. The park features a 114-foot fountain designed by local artist Elyn Zimmerman which refers to the canal formerly ran along the path of Canal Street. In 2007 the design concept was recognized for Excellence in Design by the New York City Public Design Commission, the original name, CaVaLa, referred to the streets surrounding the park, and was described by one nearby resident as kitschy. A few months after it opened, a movement was started to rename the park after Tribeca restaurateur, Capsouto had been a member of CB1 for twenty years before his death, and was frequently seen riding his bicycle around Tribeca. The name was adopted in 2010. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
44.
Municipal Asphalt Plant
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The Municipal Asphalt Plant is located in Manhattans Upper East Side in New York City. The building was built in 1941 and it currently serves as home to Asphalt Green, a pool and fitness center that opened in 1984. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, built for the Office of the Borough President of Manhattan by architects Ely Jacques Kahn and Robert Allen Jacobs, the Municipal Asphalt Plant was built from 1941 -1944. Although an asphalt plant had stood there previously, that asphalt plant had become outdated, therefore, he called for the new asphalt plant to be made in a style that would be an industrial structure, but also be more suited towards the residential character of the neighborhood. The internal design of the plant was designed first, and the design of the building was designed based on the internal design. Based on the design, the external design was designed with four arched ribs. They are spaced twenty two feet apart, eighty four feet and six high, and ninety feet wide. The sides of the ribs have windows a third of the way up the walls, the arch was an efficient design because a more conventional form, such as a rectangle, would have resulted in unused space at the top of the building. The arch further reduced stresses, and therefore the need for extraneous reinforced steel, meeting this need was important because the United States was entering World War II, which made reinforced steel very expensive. One of the most significant aspects of building is its use of reinforced concrete, a cheaper alternative that had been experimented with in Europe. The surrounding structures, such as the facility and the conveyor, were torn down in 1968 because the mixing plant was no longer functioning as a mixing plant. Designated a New York City landmark in 1972, the city added a one hundred yard long recreation field, the City contributed $1.6 million in Federal Community Development Funds from the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. There were plans to remake the Municipal Asphalt Plant into three high buildings and a new school. The architects for this project were Pasanella + Klein and this meant massive changes to the structure of the interior of the building. For instance, the entrance is now where trucks would have been received. They also infilled the entrance with glass blocks and used new materials, in 1993, a new building was added to Asphalt Green because the original remaining building had reached maximum capacity. This building was designed by Richard Dattner, the Municipal Asphalt Plant has been described as post-modernist. It continues, Sharply diversified industrial operations invite sharply differentiated architectural forms, here there are three distinct and well related elements, conveyor belt, storage building and mixing plant
