1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Recording studio
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A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are designed by an acoustician or audio engineer to achieve optimum acoustic properties. The engineers and producers listen to the music and the recorded tracks on monitor speakers and/or headphones. Major recording studios typically have a range of large, heavy, Isolation booths are small sound-insulated rooms with doors, designed for instrumentalists. This equipment may interfere with the recording process, Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of room acoustics to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with precision and accuracy. This will consist of both room treatment and soundproofing to prevent sound from leaving the property. Even though sound isolation is a key goal, the musicians, singers, audio engineers and record producers still need to be able to see other, to see cue gestures. As such, the room, isolation booths, vocal booths. Some smaller studios do not have instruments, and bands and artists are expected to bring their own instruments, having musical instruments and equipment in the studio creates additional costs for a studio, as pianos have to be tuned and instruments need to be maintained. However, it makes it convenient for recording artists, as they do not have to bring in large. As well, less costly studio time is spent moving in gear, drummers bring their own snare drum, cymbals and sticks/brushes. The types and brands of equipment owned by a studio depends on the styles of music for the bands. A studio that mainly records heavy metal music will be likely to have large, powerful guitar amp heads, in contrast, a studio which mainly records country bands will likely have a selection of small, vintage combo amps. A studio that records a lot of 1970s-style funk may have an electric piano. General purpose computers have rapidly assumed a role in the recording process. A computer thus outfitted is called a Digital Audio Workstation, or DAW, other software applications include Ableton Live, Mixcraft, Cakewalk Sonar, ACID Pro, FL Studio, Adobe Audition, Auto-Tune, Audacity, and Ardour. While Apple Macintosh is used for most studio work, there is a breadth of available for Microsoft Windows. If no mixing console is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, the OTB is used when mixing with other hardware and not just the PC software
3.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
4.
Brian Wilson
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Brian Douglas Wilson is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer best known for being the multi-tasking leader and co-founder of the rock band the Beach Boys. After signing with Capitol Records in 1962, Wilson wrote or co-wrote more than two dozen Top 40 hits for the group, in the mid-1960s, Wilson composed, arranged and produced Pet Sounds, considered one of the greatest albums ever made. The intended follow-up to Pet Sounds, Smile, was canceled for various reasons, as he suffered repeated nervous breakdowns, Wilsons contributions to the Beach Boys diminished, and his erratic behavior led to tensions with the band. He remains a member of the Beach Boys corporation, Brother Records Incorporated, Wilsons work with the Beach Boys helped raise pop music to the level of high art. Wilson effectively set a precedent that allowed bands and artists to enter a recording studio and his songs became inextricably tied with the zeitgeist of the early 1960s, and he helped develop the sound of the wistful Flower Power era that proceeded. In later years, Wilson was regarded as a godfather to an era of musicians who were inspired by his melodic sensibilities, chamber pop orchestrations. His honors include being inducted into the 1988 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and winning Grammy Awards for Brian Wilson Presents Smile and The Smile Sessions. In lists published by Rolling Stone, Wilson ranked 52 for the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time in 2008 and 12 for the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time in 2015. In 2012, music publication NME ranked Wilson number 8 in its 50 Greatest Producers Ever list and he is an occasional actor and voice actor, having appeared in television shows, films, and other artists music videos. His life was portrayed in the 2014 biopic Love & Mercy, Brian Douglas Wilson was born on June 20,1942, at Centinela Hospital in Inglewood, California, the son of Audree Neva and Murry Wilson. He was the eldest of three boys, his brothers were Dennis and Carl. He has English, Swedish, Dutch, German, and Irish ancestry, when Brian was two, the family moved from Inglewood to 3701 West 119th Street in nearby Hawthorne, California. Murry Wilson said, He was very clever and quick, I just fell in love with him. At about age two, Brian heard George Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue, which had an emotional impact on him. A few years later, he was discovered to have diminished hearing in his right ear. The exact cause of hearing loss is unclear, though theories range from him simply being born partially deaf to a blow to the head from his father, or a neighborhood bully. While Brians father Murry was ostensibly a reasonable provider, he was often abusive, a minor musician and songwriter, he also encouraged his children in this field in numerous ways. At an early age, Brian was given six weeks of lessons on a toy accordion and, at seven and eight, at Hawthorne High School, Brian was on the football team as a quarterback, played baseball and was a cross-country runner in his senior year
5.
Carl Wilson
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Carl Dean Wilson was an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer who co-founded the Beach Boys. He is best remembered as their lead guitarist and as the youngest brother of bandmates Brian, unlike other members of the band, he often played alongside the studio musicians employed during the groups critical and commercial peak in the mid 1960s. During the 1980s, he attempted to launch a career, releasing the albums Carl Wilson. Shortly before his death, he recorded material with Gerry Beckley and Robert Lamm, in 1988, Carl was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Beach Boys. Carl Dean Wilson was born in Hawthorne, California, the youngest son of Audree Neva, from his pre-teens he practiced harmony vocals under the guidance of his brother Brian, who often sang in the family music room with his mother and brothers. Inspired by country star Spade Cooley, at the age of 12, Carl asked his parents to buy him a guitar, for which he took some lessons. In 1982, Carl remembered from this time, The kid across the street, David Marks, was taking lessons from John Maus, so I started. David and I were about 12 and John was only three years older, but we thought he was a shit-hot guitarist, John and his sister Judy did fraternity gigs together as a duo. Later John moved to England and became one of the Walker Brothers and he showed me some fingerpicking techniques and strumming stuff that I still use. When I play a solo, hes still there, while Brian perfected the bands vocal style and keyboard base, Carls Chuck Berry-esque guitar became an early Beach Boys trademark. While in high school, Carl also studied saxophone, turning 15 as the groups first hit, Surfin, broke locally in Los Angeles, Carls father and manager, Murry, bought him a Fender Jaguar guitar. Dave Marsh, in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, Carls lead vocals in the bands first three years were infrequent. Although all members of the played on their early recordings. Unlike the other members of the band, Carl often played alongside session musicians and he also recorded his individual guitar leads during the Beach Boys vocal sessions, with his guitar plugged directly into the soundboard. His playing can be heard on tracks like 1965s Girl Dont Tell Me, after Brians retirement from touring in 1965, Carl became the musical director of the band onstage. Contracts at that time stipulated that promoters hire Carl Wilson plus four other musicians, following his lead vocal performance on God Only Knows in 1966, Carl was increasingly lead vocalist for the band, a role previously dominated by Mike Love and Brian. He sang leads on the singles Good Vibrations, Darlin, starting with the album Wild Honey, Brian requested that Carl become more involved in the Beach Boys records. In 1969, the Beach Boys rendition of I Can Hear Music was the first track produced solely by Carl Wilson, by then, he had effectively become the bands in-studio leader, producing the bulk of the albums during the early 1970s
6.
Dennis Wilson
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Dennis Carl Wilson was an American musician, singer, and songwriter who co-founded the Beach Boys. He is best remembered as their drummer and as the brother of bandmates Brian. Dennis was the only true surfer in the Beach Boys, and he was also known for his brief association with then-aspiring songwriter Charles Manson, who was later convicted of murder conspiracy. Dennis served mainly on drums and backing vocals for the Beach Boys from its formation until his death in 1983 and it is often erroneously stated that Dennis drumming in the bands recordings was filled in exclusively by studio musicians. His drumming is documented on a number of the singles, including I Get Around, Fun, Fun, Fun. While he was allowed few lead vocals in the 1960s, his prominence as a singer-songwriter increased into the 1970s and his original songs for the group included Little Bird, Forever, and Slip On Through. Although uncredited, Wilson helped pen You Are So Beautiful, a hit for Joe Cocker in 1974 and his music has been characterized for reflecting his edginess and exhibited little of his happy charm, setting it apart from Brian’s music. By all appearances the happy-go-lucky Beach Boy, Dennis Wilson lived out the proverbial live-fast-die-young motto and his wild side masked an underside that was, by turns, brooding, self-loathing, sensitive, and anxious. Wilsons only solo album, Pacific Ocean Blue, was released to warm reviews, written and recorded over a span of several years, the album peaked on US record charts at number 96 during a 12-week stay. Sessions for a follow-up, Bambu, disintegrated before his death in 1983, five years later, Wilson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Beach Boys. Dennis Carl Wilson was the son of Audree Neva and Murry Gage Wilson and he spent his family years with his brothers and parents in Hawthorne, California. Dennis role in the dynamic, which he himself acknowledged, was that of the black sheep. Though anxiety-filled and aggressive at times he was sensitive and generous. Out of the three Wilson brothers, he was the most likely to get beaten by their strong-willed father Murry. However, Dennis would sing with his brothers late at night in their shared bedroom, Brian noted of the late night brotherly three-part harmonies, We developed a little blend which aided us when we started to get into the Beach Boys stuff. Dennis mother, Audree, forced Brian to include Dennis in the lineup of the Beach Boys. Urged by older cousin Mike Love, Dennis had approached Brian to form a group, the Beach Boys formed in August 1961, with Murry taking over as manager, and were immediately successful. Though the Beach Boys developed their image based on the California surfing culture, in the early years of the Beach Boys, Brian gave him the role of the drummer
7.
The Beach Boys
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The Beach Boys are an American rock band formed in Hawthorne, California in 1961. The groups original lineup consisted of brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, distinguished by their vocal harmonies and early surf songs, they are one of the most influential acts of the rock era. The Beach Boys began as a band managed by the Wilsons father Murry. Emerging at the vanguard of the California Sound, they performed material that reflected a southern California youth culture of surfing, cars. After 1964, they abandoned the surfing aesthetic for more personal lyrics, in 1966, the Pet Sounds album and Good Vibrations single vaulted the group to the top level of rock innovators and established the band as symbols of the nascent counterculture era. Following Smiles dissolution, Brian gradually ceded production and songwriting duties to the rest of the band, reducing his input because of mental health and substance abuse issues. The continued success of their greatest hits albums during the mid 1970s precipitated the transition into an oldies act. Since the 1980s, much-publicized legal wrangling over royalties, songwriting credits, Dennis drowned in 1983 and Carl died of lung cancer in 1998. After Carls death, many live configurations of the band fronted by Mike Love, Even though Wilson and Jardine have not performed with Love and Johnstons band since their one-off 2012 reunion tour, they remain a part of the Beach Boys corporation, Brother Records Inc. The Beach Boys are one of the most critically acclaimed, commercially successful, the group had over eighty songs chart worldwide, thirty-six of them US Top 40 hits, four reaching number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. They received their only Grammy Award for The Smile Sessions, the core quintet of the three Wilsons, Love and Jardine were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988. At the time of his birthday on June 20,1958, Brian Wilson shared a bedroom with his brothers, Dennis and Carl – aged thirteen and eleven. He had watched his father, Murry Wilson, play piano, after dissecting songs such as Ivory Tower and Good News, Brian would teach family members how to sing the background harmonies. For his birthday that year, Brian received a tape recorder. He learned how to overdub, using his vocals and those of Carl, Brian played piano with Carl and David Marks, an eleven-year-old longtime neighbor, playing guitars they had each received as Christmas presents. Soon Brian and Carl were avidly listening to Johnny Otis KFOX radio show, inspired by the simple structure and vocals of the rhythm and blues songs he heard, Brian changed his piano-playing style and started writing songs. His enthusiasm interfered with his studies at school. Family gatherings brought the Wilsons in contact with cousin Mike Love, Brian taught Loves sister Maureen and a friend harmonies
8.
Brother Records
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Brother Records, Inc. is a holding company established in 1967 that holds the intellectual property rights of The Beach Boys, including The Beach Boys trademark. Prior to being incorporated, Brother Records was a label founded by Beach Boys manager Nick Grillo in October 1966. Its output was distributed by Capitol Records in 1967, and then Reprise Records throughout 1970–78, motivated in no small part by the negative reaction of Capitol Records to some of Brians ideas for Smile, the new company gave the band more control over their recordings. In 1983, shortly after the death of Dennis Wilson, his estate sold his share back to the corporation to repay loans, in 1998, following Carl Wilsons death, his share of the corporation passed to and is still controlled by his estate. The labels first releases were the Beach Boys Heroes and Villains single and Smiley Smile album in 1967, distributed by Capitol Records. In 1969, however, concurrent with their signing to Reprise Records, the Brother label was reactivated, beginning with the single Add Some Music to Your Day, and the Sunflower album. Numerous other Beach Boys albums followed on the joint Brother/Reprise label during the 1970s, including Holland, an album by The Flame, produced by Carl Wilson, was released in 1970 on the Brother label, distributed by Star-day King Records. By the late 1970s, Beach Boys records were issued on Brother, as of 2007, the most recent CD re-release series of the Beach Boys 1970s albums is on the joint Brother/Capitol Records label. Since the 1980s, Brother Records business manager is Elliott Lott, the logo for Brother Records is a rendition of Cyrus E. Dallins life size bronze statue, Appeal to the Great Spirit, in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. The choice of the logo was Brians, edwards, David, Patrice Eyries, Mike Callahan
