1.
Brown Stadium
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Brown Stadium is a football stadium located in Providence, Rhode Island. It is the home of Brown Universitys football and outdoor track teams, the athletic teams at Brown University, known as the Bears, compete in the Ivy League. The stadium opened in 1925, and was known as Brown University Field. It is located on Elmgrove Avenue in the citys East Side, approximately 3/4 of a mile from the rest of the athletic facilities, a trapezoid-shaped southwest stands and a smaller section of concrete bleachers on the northeast side are featured in the architectural design. Stands sit on both sides of the field along with a running track, the original wooden benches were replaced with aluminum ones in 1978 as part of the football teams 100th anniversary. The stadium currently has a capacity of 20,000, the stadium hosted the Division I NCAA Mens Lacrosse Championship in 1976 and 1985 and two quarterfinal matches of the 2016 NCAA Division I Mens Lacrosse Championship. Brown University Athletic Department website Summary at Ivy League official site Summary at Brownbears. com
2.
Poaceae
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Poaceae or Gramineae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses. Poaceae includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and cultivated lawns, Grasses have stems that are hollow except at the nodes and narrow alternate leaves borne in two ranks. The lower part of each leaf encloses the stem, forming a leaf-sheath, with ca 780 genera and around 12,000 species, Poaceae are the fifth-largest plant family, following the Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae. Grasslands such as savannah and prairie grasses are dominant are estimated to constitute 40. 5% of the land area of the Earth, excluding Greenland. Grasses are also an important part of the vegetation in many habitats, including wetlands, forests. Though commonly called grasses, seagrasses, rushes, and sedges fall outside this family, the rushes and sedges are related to the Poaceae, being members of the order Poales, but the seagrasses are members of order Alismatales. The name Poaceae was given by John Hendley Barnhart in 1895, based on the tribe Poeae described in 1814 by Robert Brown, the term is derived from the Ancient Greek πόα. Grasses include some of the most versatile plant life-forms, a cladogram shows subfamilies and approximate species numbers in brackets, Before 2005, fossil findings indicated that grasses evolved around 55 million years ago. Recent findings of grass-like phytoliths in Cretaceous dinosaur coprolites have pushed this back to 66 million years ago. In 2011, revised dating of the origins of the rice tribe Oryzeae suggested a date as early as 107 to 129 Mya, a multituberculate mammal with grass-eating adaptations seems to suggest that grasses were already around at 120 mya. This separation occurred within the short time span of about 4 million years. Grass leaves are always alternate and distichous, and have parallel veins. Each leaf is differentiated into a lower sheath hugging the stem, the leaf blades of many grasses are hardened with silica phytoliths, which discourage grazing animals, some, such as sword grass, are sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs called the ligule lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath, flowers of Poaceae are characteristically arranged in spikelets, each having one or more florets. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes, the part of the spikelet that bears the florets is called the rachilla. A spikelet consists of two bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or more florets, a floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts, one external—the lemma—and one internal—the palea. The flowers are usually hermaphroditic—maize being an important exception—and anemophilous or wind-pollinated, the perianth is reduced to two scales, called lodicules, that expand and contract to spread the lemma and palea, these are generally interpreted to be modified sepals. This complex structure can be seen in the image on the right, the fruit of grasses is a caryopsis, in which the seed coat is fused to the fruit wall
3.
Providence, Rhode Island
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Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U. S. state of Rhode Island, founded in 1636, and one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England, after Boston, Providence has a city population of 179,154, it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts. The Providence metropolitan area has an population of 1,604,291. This can be considered, in turn, to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of Gods merciful Providence, which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him, the city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay. Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its tool, jewelry. The city was nicknamed the Beehive of Industry, it began rebranding itself as the Creative Capital in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources. The area that is now Providence was first settled in June 1636 by Roger Williams and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States, Williams and his company felt compelled to withdraw from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Providence quickly became a refuge for persecuted religious dissenters, as Williams himself had been exiled from Massachusetts, Providence residents were among the first Patriots to spill blood in the leadup to the American Revolution during the Gaspée Affair of 1772. Rhode Island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4,1776. It was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29,1790, following the war, Providence was the countrys ninth-largest city with 7,614 people. The economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing, in particular machinery, tools, silverware, jewelry, by the start of the 20th century, Providence boasted some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country, including Brown & Sharpe, Nicholson File, and Gorham Silverware. Providence residents ratified a city charter in 1831 as the population passed 17,000. From its incorporation as a city in 1832 until 1878, the seat of city government was located in the Market House, located in Market Square, the city offices quickly outgrew this building, and the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building in 1845. The city offices moved into the City Hall in 1878, during the Civil War, local politics split over slavery as many had ties to Southern cotton. Despite ambivalence concerning the war, the number of military volunteers routinely exceeded quota, by the early 1900s, Providence was one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. Immigrant labor powered one of the nations largest industrial manufacturing centers, Providence was a major manufacturer of industrial products from steam engines to precision tools to silverware, screws, and textiles. From 1975 until 1982, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds were invested throughout the city.4 million ft² Providence Place Mall, despite new investment, poverty remains an entrenched problem as it does in most post-industrial New England cities
4.
NCAA Division I Football Championship
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The NCAA Division I Football Championship is an American college football tournament played each year to determine the champion of the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Prior to 2006, the game was known as the NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship, the FCS is the highest division in college football to hold a playoff tournament sanctioned by the NCAA to determine its champion. The four-team playoff system used by the Bowl Subdivision is not sanctioned by the NCAA, the reigning national champions are the James Madison Dukes, who had previously won in 2004. When Division I-AA was formed for football in 1978, the playoffs included just four teams, in 1982 the I-AA playoffs were expanded to 12 teams, with each of the top four seeds receiving a first-round bye and a home game in the quarterfinals. In its ninth season of 1986, the I-AA playoffs were expanded again to a 16-team format, eight conference champions received automatic bids, with the remaining eight bids available on an at-large basis. The field is set the Sunday before Thanksgiving and play begins that weekend. The top four teams are seeded, however, the matchups are not strictly set up by these seedings as geographic considerations are taken into account to minimize travel. In April 2008 the NCAA announced that the field would again expand to include 20 teams beginning in 2010. At the same time, it announced that the number of conferences receiving automatic bids would increase to 10, the structure then adopted included eight teams playing in four first round games. The four first round advance to the second Round of Sixteen where they play the top four seeds. The playoffs expanded to 24 teams beginning with the 2013 season, the tournament has historically been played in November and December, with the 2010 expansion to a 20-team field, the championship game moved from December to January. The title game is now played in the Dallas suburb of Frisco, Texas at Toyota Stadium, the original contract with Frisco began in the 2010 season and ran through the 2012 season. The contract has since been extended twice, first through the 2015 season, three Football Championship Subdivision conferences usually do not participate in the tournament. The teams that make the playoffs are determined by the FCS Playoff Selection Committee, the current committee chairman is Mark Wilson. The others who serve on the committee are Chuck Burch, Troy Dannen, Brian Hutchinson, Richard Johnson, Nathan Pine, Marty Scarano, Paul Schlickmann, Dr. Brad Teague. ++ The MEAC Champion, since 2015, forgoes its automatic bid to allow its champion to participate in the Celebration Bowl, non-champions are eligible for at-large bids. % The SWAC abstains from the tournament to allow for a longer regular season, an in-conference championship game. † Known as University of Louisiana at Monroe since 1999, ‡ Now Toyota Stadium * Toyota Stadium capacity reduced due to construction ^ Now a member of the Football Bowl Subdivision
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Ivy League
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The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, the term Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism. While the term was in use as early as 1933, it became official after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954. Seven of the eight schools were founded during the United States colonial period, Ivy League institutions account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution, the other two are Rutgers University and College of William & Mary. Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious, all eight universities place in the top fifteen of the U. S. News & World Report 2017 nation university rankings, including the top four schools and five of the top eight. Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,000 to 14,000, making them larger than those of a private liberal arts college. Total enrollments, including students, range from approximately 6,400 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard. Ivy League financial endowments range from Browns $3 billion to Harvards $36.4 billion, as of 2014, Harvard University has an endowment of $36.4 billion. Additionally, each university receives millions of dollars in grants and other subsidies from federal. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college, Harvard was chartered in 1650, although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then. The University of Pennsylvania initially considered its founding date to be 1750, later in Penns early history, the university changed its officially recognized founding date to 1749, which was used for all of the nineteenth century, including a centennial celebration in 1849. In 1899, Penns board of trustees adopted a third founding date of 1740. Penn was chartered in 1755, the same year classes began. Religious affiliation refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, all of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion. Students have long revered the ivied walls of older colleges, planting the ivy was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893 an alumnus told The Harvard Crimson, In 1850, the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time. At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873, Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale, Simmons, Bryn Mawr and many others
6.
Harvard Crimson football
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The Harvard Crimson football program represents Harvard University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Harvards football program is one of the oldest in the world, Harvard is the eighth winningest team in NCAA Division I football history. The Harvard Crimson was one of the dominant forces in the days of intercollegiate football. In both 1919 and 1920, headed by All-American brothers Arnold Horween and Ralph Horween, Harvard was undefeated, the team won the 1920 Rose Bowl against the University of Oregon, 7–6. It was the bowl appearance in Harvard history. In the forty-year period from 1889 to 1928, Harvard had more than 80 first-team All-American selections, under head coach Percy Haughton, Harvard had three consecutive undefeated seasons from 1912 to 1914, including two perfect seasons in 1912 and 1913. Harvard claims the national championships, The NCAA decided to split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated an average attendance must be at least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the hand, as only some of the member schools met the attendance qualification. The Crimson are behind Penn and Dartmouths 18 Ivy League Football Championships, Harvard and Yale have been competing against each other in football since 1875. The annual rivalry game between the two schools, known as The Game, is played in November at the end of the football season, as of 2015, Yale led the series 65-59-8. The Game is the second oldest continuing rivalry and also the third most-played rivalry game in football history, after the Lehigh–Lafayette Rivalry. Sports Illustrated On Campus rated the Harvard–Yale rivalry the sixth-best in college athletics in 2003, ted Kennedy played football for Harvard and caught a touchdown pass in the 1955 Harvard/Yale game. In 2006, Yale ended a losing streak against Harvard. That Harvard winning streak was third longest in the history of the series, after Yales 1902–1907 six-game winning streak, Harvard has since beaten Yale in 2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014 and 2015. The Game is significant for historical reasons as the rules of The Game soon were adopted by other schools. Footballs rules, conventions, and equipment, as well as elements of such as the mascot and fight song, include many elements pioneered or nurtured at Harvard. Harvard Stadium is a football stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts
7.
Rhode Island Rams football
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The Rhode Island Rams football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of Rhode Island located in the U. S. state of Rhode Island. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision and are members of the Colonial Athletic Association, Rhode Islands first football team was fielded in 1895. The team plays its games at the 5,180 seat Meade Stadium in Kingston. They have just three winning seasons since that time, and none since 2002
8.
Dartmouth Big Green football
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The Dartmouth Big Green football team represents Dartmouth College in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision college football competition as a member of the Ivy League. The sport of football, in its form, was played on the campus as early as 1876. Goalposts were erected on the green where they stood for several months, the first intercollegiate game occurred on November 16,1881, when Amherst traveled to Dartmouth. The Green won with a score of one goal to none, on November 21, the teams met in Amherst, Massachusetts for a rematch on Thanksgiving Day, and the scoreless game ended prematurely in a tie because of snow. In the following years, Dartmouth played games against some of the best teams in the nation, in 1882, Dartmouth played Harvard for the first time and lost, 53–0. In 1884, Yale visited Dartmouth and routed the Green, 113–0, the Elis teams did not return to Hanover until 1971. From 1887 to 1898, Dartmouth competed against schools such as MIT, Amherst, during that period, the Big Green secured eight conference championships, all of them outright except one shared with MIT in 1888. From 1901 to 1909, Dartmouth compiled a 58–9–7 record under several different head coaches, in 1901, Dartmouth played their first game against their intrastate rivals, UNH. In 1903, Dartmouth traveled to Harvard for the game of their opponents stadium. The Green, who had lost the first 18 meetings by a margin of 552 points to 18, upset the Crimson. From 1911 to 1916, Frank the Iron Major Cavanaugh, led the Green to a 42–9–3 record and he volunteered for World War I at the age of 41, and was replaced as coach by one of his former players, Clarence Spears. Spears attained a 21–9–1 record with the Green, and went on to success at West Virginia and Minnesota. Before the 1922 game against Harvard, the media referring to Dartmouth as the Indians. In 1923, Jesse Hawley took over as head coach, in 1925, the Green finished 8–0, and two of that teams players, Swede Oberlander and Myles Lane, were later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. One, Nathan Parker, became a Rhodes Scholar, the Indians were named 1925 national champions by Parke H. Davis and the Dickinson system. Earl Red Blaik became head coach in 1934 and posted a 45–15–4 mark in his seven seasons, in 1935, he led them to their first victory over Yale, 14–6. Between 1936 and 1938, the Green compiled a 22-game unbeaten streak, against Cornell, in 1940, they played the infamous Fifth Down Game. In 1941, Blaik left to coach the Army team at West Point, the 1970 Dartmouth football team was undefeated and won the Lambert Trophy, symbolizing the best Division 1 football team in the Northeast
9.
Brown University Band
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The Brown University Band is the official band of Brown University. Like all Ivy League bands except Cornells, it is a scatter band, the Brown Band began performing on ice skates in 1970, and claims to be the worlds only ice skating scatter band. It is the source of much of Browns school spirit, and often appears as a representation of Brown to the Providence community. The Band is present at Browns football, hockey, and basketball games, in addition to Commencement and it receives funding from Browns Undergraduate Finance Board. The Band was founded in 1924 by Irving Harris, a freshman who was shocked to find that the University had no band and this established a tradition of a student-run organization that currently has University practice space and a faculty advisor, but is primarily driven by its student leadership. The Band creates between 700 and 1000 buttons for each football game and these buttons have short messages that make fun of the opposing team, usually through wordplay and stereotyping the opposing school. Brown Band members proudly display these buttons on their uniforms, often making large patterns out of them, buttons are handed out to every fan who goes near the Band. During the third quarter, several bandies will walk over to the teams stands. Other bands are typically the first recipients of buttons during this time, Elrod T. Snidley is the Brown Bands mascot. He is always depicted carrying a bugle and leaning on a bass drum, Elrod was created in 1968 as a self-portrait of Band President C. Douglas Ballon,69. In those days, Ballons cross-eyed likeness of himself was referred to as Doogi. Renamed Elrod by Ballons successors, his likeness adorns almost every object that the Brown Band wears or sells, including their uniforms, pens, bandies often form intramural teams for various sports, and always sign up under the team name Snidleys. Elrod also made a successful run for President of the Undergraduate Council of Students in 1988. Bandies taped up posters of Elrod with the slogan, Vote for Snidley - he wont do diddley, while he was not officially recognized, he received nearly half of the student votes as a write-in candidate. The Brown Band is a organization with a faculty advisor. There is a board and various appointed positions of leadership. The leaders of the Band are collectively known as the Band Board, Band Board consists of a president, vice president, general manager, business manager, corresponding secretary, and recording secretary. The Brown Bands repertoire is a selection of music from the Bands music library, the repertoire itself consists of approximately fifty songs and undergoes slight changes each year
10.
Brown Bears
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The Brown Bears are the sports teams at Brown University, located in Providence, Rhode Island in the United States. The Bears are part of the Ivy League conference, both the mens and womens teams share the name, competing in 38 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I sports. In football, the Bears, along all other the Ivy League teams. The Bears participate in 38 NCAA sports, ranking third among all Division I institutions for number of sports offered. The Bears first fielded a team in 1878, playing Amherst College in their inaugural game. These proposed changes would have reduced the number of varsity sports at Brown from 37 to 34, none of the four varsity programs were cut. The Brown Bears football team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision and are members of the Ivy League, Browns first football team was fielded in 1878. The team plays its games at the 20,000 seat Brown Stadium in Providence. The Brown Bears mens basketball competes in the Ivy League. The Brown Bears have appeared in the NCAA Tournament two times, including the tournament in 1939. The Brown Bears have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament one time, the Brown Bears mens basketball team competes in the Ivy League. The Brown Bears have appeared in the NCAA Tournament once, the Brown Bears mens soccer team compete in the NCAA Division I in the Ivy League. The Bears have been semifinalists in the NCAA tournament in 1968,1973 and they also finished in fourth place in 1977. Brown added rugby as a sport in part due to the growth of rugby across communities, Brown womens rugby is led by Head Coach Kathy Flores. Brown has offered mens rugby at Brown as a sport since 1960. Brown plays in the Ivy Rugby Conference against its traditional Ivy League rivals, Brown mens rugby is led by Head Coach David Laflamme. As of July 2,2016, Brown has 7 NCAA team national championships, the burro mascot was not retained after it seemed frightened by the noise of the game, and due to the laughter it provoked. The University originally settled on the Bruin, but later changed it to a bear after the head of bear was placed at an archway above the student union in 1904, in 1905 The Bears introduced Helen, the universitys first live bear mascot, at a game against Dartmouth
11.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
12.
Brown University
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Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution. At its foundation, Brown was the first college in the United States to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation and its engineering program was established in 1847 and was the first in the Ivy League. It was one of the early doctoral-granting U. S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding master, Browns New Curriculum is sometimes referred to in education theory as the Brown Curriculum and was adopted by faculty vote in 1969 after a period of student lobbying. In 1971, Browns coordinate womens institution Pembroke College was fully merged into the university, Pembroke Campus now operates as a place for dorms and classrooms. Undergraduate admissions is very selective, with a rate of 8.3 percent for the class of 2021. The University comprises The College, the Graduate School, Alpert Medical School, the School of Engineering, the School of Public Health, and the School of Professional Studies. The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design, is a course that awards degrees from both institutions. Browns main campus is located in the College Hill Historic District in the city of Providence, the Universitys neighborhood is a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of Colonial-era buildings. On the western edge of the campus, Benefit Street contains one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth-, Browns faculty and alumni include eight Nobel Prize laureates, five National Humanities Medalists, and ten National Medal of Science laureates. Other notable alumni include eight billionaire graduates, a U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors. Stiles and Ellery were co-authors of the Charter of the College two years later, there is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles, should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it, I heartily wish you Success therein. Isaac Backus was the historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, Mr. James Manning, who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September,1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work. Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, stiless first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the College Board of Fellows would under-represent the Baptists. A revised Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Assembly on March 3,1764, in September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward was vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, the Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees be composed of 22 Baptists, five Quakers, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations, the Charter was not the grant of King George III, as is sometimes supposed, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars, the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document, the oft-repeated statement is inaccurate that Browns Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership, other college charters were also liberal in that particular
13.
Rhode Island
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Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island
14.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
15.
John Heisman
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John William Heisman was a player and coach of American football, basketball, and baseball, as well as a sportswriter and actor. His 1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado were recognized as the national champion and he served as the athletic director at Georgia Tech from 1904 to 1919 and at Rice from 1924 to 1927. While at Georgia Tech, he also was president of the Atlanta Crackers baseball team, fuzzy Woodruff dubbed Heisman the pioneer of Southern football. Heisman was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954 and his entry there notes that Heisman stands only behind Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, and Walter Camp as a master innovator of the brand of football of his day. One writer says Heisman, Stagg, and Warner constitute the Football Trinity, the Heisman Trophy, awarded annually to the seasons most outstanding college football player, is named after him. Heisman was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Bavarian German immigrants Sara and he grew up in northwestern Pennsylvania near Titusville, where he played varsity football for Titusville High School from 1884 to 1886, and was salutatorian of his graduating class. Although he was a student, he confessed he was football mad. Heismans father refused to him play at Titusville, calling football bestial. He went on to football as a lineman at Brown University and at the University of Pennsylvania. In constant dread that his immediate teammates—guards weighing 212 and 243—would fall on him and he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1892. In his book Principles of Football, Heisman described his strategy, The coach should be masterful and commanding. He has no time to say please or mister, at times he must be severe, arbitrary, and little short of a czar. Heisman always used a megaphone at practice, Heisman first coached at Oberlin College in 1892. Wrote The Oberlin Review in 1892, Mr. Heisman has entirely remade our football and he has taught us scientific football. Influenced by Yale and Pudge Heffelfinger, Heisman implemented seven-man interference and his best lineman at Oberlin was the half German, half Hawaiian John Henry Wise. Heisman also used a pass and a double pass. Heisman returned to Oberlin in 1894, in 1893 he moved to Buchtel College, where he helped make the first of many permanent alterations to the sport of football. It was then customary for the center to begin a play by rolling the ball backwards, under Heisman, the center began tossing the ball to Clark, a practice that evolved into the snap that today begins every play
16.
Tuss McLaughry
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DeOrmond Tuss McLaughry was an American football player and coach. McLaughry was also the basketball coach at Brown from 1926 to 1929. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as coach in 1962, of all coaches inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, McLaughry is the only one with a winning percentage under.500. List of college football coaches with non-consecutive tenure Tuss McLaughry at the College Football Data Warehouse
17.
Fritz Pollard
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Frederick Douglass Fritz Pollard was the first African American head coach in the National Football League. Pollard along with Bobby Marshall were the first two African American players in the NFL in 1920, Football pioneer Walter Camp ranked Pollard as one of the greatest runners these eyes have ever seen. Pollard was born in Chicago on January 27,1894 and he attended Albert Grannis Lane Manual Training High School, also known as Lane Tech, where he played football, baseball, and ran track. Pollard attended Brown University, majoring in chemistry, Pollard played half-back on the Brown football team, which went to the 1916 Rose Bowl. He was the first black player at Brown. He became the first black running back to be named to the Walter Camp All-America team and he later played pro football with the Akron Pros, the team he would lead to the NFL championship in 1920. In 1921, he became the coach of the Akron Pros. He also played for the Milwaukee Badgers, Hammond Pros, Gilberton Cadamounts, Union Club of Phoenixville, some sources indicate that Pollard also served as co-coach of the Milwaukee Badgers with Budge Garrett for part of the 1922 season. He also coached the Gilberton Cadamounts, a non-NFL team, in 1923 and 1924, he served as head coach for the Hammond Pros. Pollard, along with all nine of the players in the NFL at the time, were removed from the league at the end of the 1926 season. He spent some time organizing all-black barnstorming teams, including the Chicago Black Hawks in 1928, Pollard coached Lincoln University s football team during the 1918 to 1920 seasons and served as athletic director of the schools World War I era Students Army Training Corps. By the fall of 1920, he had begun to play for Akron, missing key Lincoln losses to Hampton and Howard, much to the consternation of the alumni, paul Robeson was enlisted by Lincolns alumni to coach the Thanksgiving 1920 game against Howard. Pollard later criticized Lincolns administration, saying they had hampered his ability to coach and had refused to provide adequate travel accommodations for the team. Prior to the Hampton game, the team was compelled to go to Hampton by boat, sleeping on the decks and under portholes, no cabins were provided, nor were they given a place to sleep after reaching Hampton. They lost the game through lack of rest and he also blamed the school for not providing the proper equipment. I, myself, bought and paid out of my pocket for football shoes for the team. He missed the 1920 Howard game, he said, because his Lincoln salary was so low that he was compelled to augment it with pay from Akron, in the 1930s, Pollard founded his own professional football team, the Brown Bombers. The Depression ended the Brown Bombers’ run in 1938, and Pollard went on to other ventures, including a talent agency, tax consulting and film, Pollard also published the first black-owned newspaper in New York City, the New York Independent News, from 1935 to 1942
18.
Eddie N. Robinson
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Edward North Robbie Robinson was a head football coach at University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Brown University, and University of Maine. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955 and he later coached professionally in 1931 in the National Football League for the Providence Steam Roller. Under Robinson, the Steam Roller finished the 1931 season 4–4–3 record, prior to his coaching career, Robinson was selected by Walter Camp in 1895 as a Third Team All-American, while playing at Brown. Eddie N. Robinson at the College Football Hall of Fame Eddie N. Robinson at the College Football Data Warehouse
19.
Wallace Wade
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William Wallace Wade was an American football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball. His tenure at Duke was interrupted by service during World War II. Wade won a total of ten Southern Conference football titles, four with Alabama and he coached in five Rose Bowls including the 1942 game, which was relocated from Pasadena, California to Durham, North Carolina after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Wade served as the basketball and baseball coach at Vanderbilt University for two seasons, tallying a mark of 24–16, while he was an assistant football coach there. He was also the baseball coach at Vanderbilt from 1922 to 1923 and at Alabama from 1924 to 1927. Wade played football at Brown University, after retiring from coaching, Wade served as the commissioner of the Southern Conference from 1951 to 1960. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1955, Dukes football stadium was renamed in his honor as Wallace Wade Stadium in 1967. Wade was born in Trenton, Tennessee and he first played football under Tuck Faucett at Peabody High School in Trenton. Wade also attended Chicagos Morgan Park Academy and he went on in 1913 to play football at Brown University. Wade played guard on the Brown football team, which went to the 1916 Rose Bowl, one of his teammates at Brown was Fritz Pollard, who went on to become the first African American coach in the National Football League. After spending time in the Army and rising to the rank of captain, W. S. Fitzgerald hired him as head coach at the Fitzgerald and Clarke Military School in Tullahoma. He went 15–2 in football, winning a state championship in 1920. Among his players were future consensus All-Americans Lynn Bomar and Hek Wakefield and he also posted successful basketball teams at Fitzgerald–Clarke. In 1921 Wade was hired as an assistant and line coach at Vanderbilt University under Dan McGugin, soon after, on March 14,1922, Fitzgerald & Clarke burned to the ground and was never rebuilt. Vanderbilt posted an undefeated 15–0–2 with Wade, and shared conference titles both years he was there, defending Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association champion Georgia was undefeated, having not allowed a score through its powerful line all year. Its line was composed of four All-Southerns, Joe Bennett, Bum Day, Owen Reynolds, Vanderbilt, too, was undefeated, and so the game was figured to decide the conference champion. It was described by the New York Times as an important clash, the Bulldogs were the favorite to win this meeting of the two schools, first since 1912, in part because the Bulldogs may have outplayed Harvard and defeated Auburn earlier in the season. Lynn Bomar starred at the linebacker position, Georgia would have trampled Vanderbilt to atoms but for Lynn Bomar, observed Nashville Tennessean sportswriter Blinkey Horn
20.
Joe Paterno
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Joseph Vincent Paterno, sometimes referred to as JoePa, was an American college football player, and later athletic director and coach. He was the coach of the Penn State Nittany Lions from 1966 to 2011. With 409 victories, Paterno is the most victorious coach in NCAA FBS history and his career ended with his dismissal from the team in November,2011 as a result of the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. Paterno was born in Brooklyn, New York and attended Brown University, originally planning to be a lawyer, he instead signed on as an assistant football coach at Penn State in 1950, persuaded by his college coach Rip Engle who had taken over as Penn States head coach. In 1966, Paterno was named as Engles successor and he soon coached the team to two undefeated regular seasons in 1968 and 1969. The team won two national championships—in 1982 and 1986, Paterno coached five undefeated teams that won major bowl games, and in 2007 he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach. After the child sex abuse scandal involving his former defensive coordinator Jerry Sandusky broke in full in November 2011, however, on November 9, the Penn State Board of Trustees rejected this disclosure and fired him, effective immediately. An investigation conducted by former FBI director Louis Freeh concluded in July 2012 that Paterno concealed facts relating to Sanduskys sexual abuse of young boys, the investigation also uncovered information that Paterno may have persuaded university officials not to report Sandusky to authorities in 2001. A report composed by the law firm King & Spalding and commissioned by the Paterno family has disputed his involvement in the alleged coverup, Paterno died of complications from lung cancer on January 22,2012, only two months after being fired by the university. Paterno was born December 21,1926, in Brooklyn, New York and he was the son of Florence de LaSalle Cafiero, a homemaker, and Angelo Lafayette Paterno, a law clerk. His family was of Italian ancestry, in 1944, Paterno graduated from Brooklyn Preparatory School. Six weeks later he was drafted into the Army during World War II, Paterno spent a year in the Army before being discharged in time to start the 1946 school year at Brown University where his tuition was paid by Busy Arnold. In college Paterno was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and he played quarterback and cornerback for the Brown Bears, and shares the career record for interceptions with Greg Parker at 14. Paterno graduated as an English literature major in 1950 and had been accepted into Boston University School of Law, although his father asked, For Gods sake, what did you go to college for. After hearing of his choice, Paterno joined Rip Engle as an assistant coach at Penn State in 1950, Engle had coached five seasons, 1944–1949. Paterno was promoted to coach, the top assistant, in June 1964. Paterno had one Heisman Trophy winner, John Cappelletti, who took the award in 1973, Paternos abbreviated 2011 season was his 62nd on the Penn State coaching staff, which gave him the record for most seasons for any football coach at a single university. The 2009 season was Paternos 44th as head coach of the Nittany Lions, Paterno was known for his gameday image—thick glasses, rolled-up dress slacks, white socks and Brooklyn-tinged speech
