1.
Fort Wayne, Indiana
–
Fort Wayne is a city in the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Allen County. Located in northeastern Indiana, the city is 18 miles west of the Ohio border and 50 miles south of the Michigan border. With an estimated population of 260,326 in 2015, Fort Wayne is the 77th most populous city in the United States and the second largest in Indiana, after Indianapolis. It is the city of the Fort Wayne metropolitan area, consisting of Allen, Wells, and Whitley counties. In addition to the three counties, the combined statistical area includes Adams, DeKalb, Huntington, Noble. Under the direction of American Revolutionary War statesman Anthony Wayne, the United States Army built Fort Wayne last in a series of forts near the Miami tribe village of Kekionga in 1794. Named in Waynes honor, the European-American settlement developed at the confluence of the St. Joseph, St. Marys, the village was platted in 1823 and underwent tremendous growth after completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal and advent of the railroad. The city is a center for the industry which employs thousands. Fort Wayne was an All-America City Award recipient in 1982,1998, the city also received an Outstanding Achievement City Livability Award by the U. S. This area at the confluence of rivers was long occupied by cultures of indigenous peoples. The Miami tribe established its settlement of Kekionga at the confluence of the Maumee, St. Joseph and it was the capital of the Miami nation and related Algonquian tribes. In 1696, Comte de Frontenac appointed Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes as commander of the outpost, the French built Fort Miami in 1697 as part of a group of forts and trading posts built between Quebec and St. Louis. In 1721, a few years after Bissots death, Fort Miami was replaced by Fort St. Philippe des Miamis, the first census in 1744 recorded a population of approximately 40 Frenchmen and 1,000 Miami. Increasing tension between France and the United Kingdom developed over the territory, in 1760, the area was ceded to the British Empire after French forces surrendered during the French and Indian War. In 1763, various Native American nations rebelled against British rule, the Miami regained control of Kekionga, a rule that lasted for more than 30 years. In 1790, George Washington ordered the United States Army to secure Indiana Territory, Three battles were fought at Kekionga against Little Turtle and the Miami Confederacy. Miami warriors defeated U. S. forces in the first two battles, Anthony Wayne led a third expedition resulting in the destruction of Kekionga and the start of peace negotiations between Little Turtle and the U. S. After General Wayne refused to negotiate, the tribe advanced to Fallen Timbers where they were defeated on August 20,1794
2.
Indiana
–
Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
3.
University of California, Davis
–
The University of California, Davis, is a public research university and one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system. It is located in Davis, California, just west of Sacramento, the university has been labeled one of the Public Ivies, a publicly funded university considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. The Carnegie Foundation classifies UC Davis as a doctoral research university with a medical program. The UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine is the largest in the United States and has ranked first in the nation for two consecutive years,2015 and 2016. The UC Davis Aggies athletic teams compete in the NCAA Division I level, primarily in the Big West Conference as well as the Big Sky Conference, in its first year of full Division I status,11 UC Davis teams qualified for NCAA post-season competition. In 1905, the California legislature passed the University Farm Bill, the commission took a year to select a site for the campus, a tiny town then known as Davisville. UC Davis opened its doors as the University Farm to 40 degree students from UC Berkeley in January 1909, the Farm was established largely the result of the vision and perseverance of Peter J. Shields, secretary of the State Agricultural Society. The Peter J. Shields Library at UC Davis was named in his honor, Shields began to champion the cause of a University Farm to teach agriculture after learning that California students were going to out-of-state universities to pursue such education. After two failed bills, a law authorizing the creation of a University Farm was passed on March 18,1905, Yolo County, home to some of Californias prime farmland, was chosen as the site. A committee appointed by the Regents purchased land near Davisville in 1906, the Regents officially took control of the property in September 1906 and constructed four buildings in 1907. Short courses were first offered in 1908 and a three-year non-degree program set up in 1909, in 1911, the first class graduated from the University Farm. The Farm accepted its first female students in 1914 from Berkeley, the three-year non-degree program continued until 1923. At that time, a two-year non-degree program began, continuing until 1958, in 1922, a four-year undergraduate general academic program was established, with the first class graduating in 1926. Renamed in 1922 as the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture, by 1951 it had expanded to a size of 3,000 acres. In 1959, the campus was declared by the Regents of the University of California as the general campus in the University of California system. Davis Graduate Division was established in 1961 followed by the College of Engineering in 1962, the Law School opened for classes in Fall 1966, and the School of Medicine began instruction in Fall 1968. In a period of increasing activism, a Native American studies program was started in 1969, one of the first at a major university, it was later developed as a full department within the university. The incident drew attention and led to further demonstrations, a formal investigation
4.
Sculpture
–
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, a wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. However, most ancient sculpture was painted, and this has been lost. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, the Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith, the revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelos David. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work, many of these allow the production of several copies. The term sculpture is used mainly to describe large works. The very large or colossal statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity, another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the head, showing just that, or the bust, small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Sculpture is an important form of public art, a collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden. One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in form of association with religion. Cult images are common in cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were rather small. The same is true in Hinduism, where the very simple. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the Indus Valley civilization, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines, the Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture, from the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the Nimrud ivories, Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun
5.
Photography
–
Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. A negative image on film is used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print. The word photography was created from the Greek roots φωτός, genitive of φῶς, light and γραφή representation by means of lines or drawing, several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on 25 February 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung. Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, later Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid also independently described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566, wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, the discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley, a hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture, renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means dark chamber in Latin and it is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance and he used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. The shadow images eventually darkened all over, the first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825, in 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. Because Niépces camera photographs required a long exposure, he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy, Daguerres efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process
6.
Neon lighting
–
Neon lighting consists of brightly glowing, electrified glass tubes or bulbs that contain rarefied neon or other gases. Neon lights are a type of cold cathode gas-discharge light, a neon tube light is a sealed glass tube with a metal electrode at each end, filled with one of a number of gases at low pressure. A high potential of several thousand volts applied to the electrodes ionizes the gas in the tube, the color of the light depends on the gas in the tube. Neon tubes can be fabricated in curving artistic shapes, to form letters or pictures and they are mainly used to make dramatic, multicolored glowing signage for advertising, called neon signs, which were popular from the 1920s to the 1950s. The term can refer to the miniature neon glow lamp, developed in 1917. While neon tube lights are typically long, the neon lamps can be less than one centimeter in length. They are still in use as indicator lights. Through the 1970s, neon lamps were widely used for numerical displays in electronics, for small decorative lamps. While these lamps are now antiques, the technology of the neon glow lamp developed into contemporary plasma displays, Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British scientists William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers. After obtaining pure neon from the atmosphere, they explored its properties using an electrical gas-discharge tube that was similar to the used for neon signs today. Georges Claude, a French engineer and inventor, presented neon tube lighting in essentially its modern form at the Paris Motor Show from December 3–18,1910. Claude, sometimes called the Edison of France, had a monopoly on the new technology. There were 2000 shops nationwide designing and fabricating neon signs, the popularity, intricacy, and scale of neon signage for advertising declined in the U. S. following the Second World War, but development continued vigorously in Japan, Iran, and some other countries. In recent decades architects and artists, in addition to sign designers, have again adopted neon tube lighting as a component in their works, Neon lighting is closely related to fluorescent lighting, which developed about 25 years after neon tube lighting. Fluorescent coatings and glasses are also an option for neon tube lighting, Neon is a noble gas chemical element and an inert gas that is a minor component of the Earths atmosphere. It was discovered in 1898 by the British scientists William Ramsay, Travers later wrote, the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget. Immediately following neons discovery, neon tubes were used as scientific instruments, after 1902, Georges Claudes company in France, Air Liquide, began producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of the air liquefaction business. From December 3–18,1910, Claude demonstrated two large, bright red neon tubes at the Paris Motor Show and these neon tubes were essentially in their contemporary form
7.
Video art
–
Video art is an art form which relies on moving pictures in a visual and audio medium. Video art came into existence during the late 1960s and early 1970s as new video technology became available outside corporate broadcasting. Video art is named after the analog video tape, which was most commonly used recording technology in the forms early years. With the advent of recording equipment, many artists began to explore digital technology as a new way of expression. One of the key differences between art and theatrical cinema is that video art does not necessarily rely on many of the conventions that define theatrical cinema. This distinction also distinguishes video art from cinemas subcategories, Nam June Paik, a Korean-American artist who studied in Germany, is widely regarded as a pioneer in video art. In March 1963 Nam June Paik showed at the Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal the Exposition of Music – Electronic Television, in May 1963 Wolf Vostell showed the installation 6 TV Dé-coll/age at the Smolin Gallery in New York and created the video Sun in your head in Cologne. Originally Sun in your head was made on 16mm film and transferred 1967 to videotape, prior to the introduction of consumer video equipment, moving image production was only available non-commercially via 8mm film and 16mm film. After the Portapaks introduction and its subsequent update every few years, many of the early prominent video artists were those involved with concurrent movements in conceptual art, performance, and experimental film. There were also such as Steina and Woody Vasulka who were interested in the formal qualities of video. Kate Craig, Vera Frenkel and Michael Snow were important to the development of art in Canada. Much video art in the mediums heyday experimented formally with the limitations of the video format, for example, American artist Peter Campus Double Vision combined the video signals from two Sony Portapaks through an electronic mixer, resulting in a distorted and radically dissonant image. Much video art in America was produced out of New York City, with The Kitchen, founded in 1972 by Steina and Woody Vasulka, an early multi-channel video art work was Wipe Cycle by Ira Schneider and Frank Gillette. Wipe Cycle was first exhibited at the Howard Wise Gallery in New York in 1969 as part of an exhibition titled TV as a Creative Medium. An installation of nine screens, Wipe Cycle combined live images of gallery visitors, found footage from commercial television. The material was alternated from one monitor to the next in an elaborate choreography, on the West coast, the San Jose State television studios in 1970, Willoughby Sharp began the Videoviews series of videotaped dialogues with artists. The Videoviews series consists of Sharps’ dialogues with Bruce Nauman, Joseph Beuys, Vito Acconci, Chris Burden, Lowell Darling, in Europe, Valie Exports groundbreaking video piece, Facing a Family was one of the first instances of television intervention and broadcasting video art. Export believed the television could complicate the relationship between subject, spectator, and television, in the United Kingdom David Halls TV Interruptions were transmitted intentionally unannounced and uncredited on Scottish TV, the first artist interventions on British television
8.
Drawing
–
Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. A drawing instrument releases small amount of material onto a surface, the most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything, the medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas, the wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities. In addition to its artistic forms, drawing is frequently used in commercial illustration, animation, architecture, engineering. A quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a work, is sometimes called a sketch. An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper/other material, traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour, while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks, dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a medium, applied with brushes or pens. Drawing is often exploratory, with emphasis on observation, problem-solving. Drawing is also used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies, there are several categories of drawing, including figure drawing, cartooning, doodling, free hand and shading. There are also many drawing methods, such as drawing, stippling, shading, the surrealist method of entopic graphomania. A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch, in fields outside art, technical drawings or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called drawings even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing. Drawing as a Form of Communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression and these drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts. The sketches and paintings produced in prehistoric times were eventually stylised and simplified, Drawing in the Arts Drawing is used to express ones creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practise, initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings
9.
Printmaking
–
Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Printmaking normally covers only the process of creating prints that have an element of originality, except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print produced is not considered a copy but rather is considered an original, a print may be known as an impression. Printmaking is not chosen only for its ability to multiple impressions. Prints are created by transferring ink from a matrix or through a screen to a sheet of paper or other material. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the screenprinting process, other types of matrix substrates and related processes are discussed below. Multiple impressions printed from the matrix form an edition. Prints may also be printed in book form, such as illustrated books or artists books, Printmaking techniques are generally divided into the following basic categories, Relief, where ink is applied to the original surface of the matrix. Relief techniques include woodcut or woodblock as the Asian forms are known, wood engraving. Intaglio, where ink is applied beneath the surface of the matrix. Intaglio techniques include engraving, etching, mezzotint, aquatint, planographic, where the matrix retains its original surface, but is specially prepared and/or inked to allow for the transfer of the image. Planographic techniques include lithography, monotyping, and digital techniques, stencil, where ink or paint is pressed through a prepared screen, including screenprinting and pochoir. Other types of printmaking techniques outside these groups include collagraphy and viscosity printing, collagraphy is a printmaking technique in which textured material is adhered to the printing matrix. This texture is transferred to the paper during the printing process, Contemporary printmaking may include digital printing, photographic mediums, or a combination of digital, photographic, and traditional processes. Many of these techniques can also be combined, especially within the same family, for example, Rembrandts prints are usually referred to as etchings for convenience, but very often include work in engraving and drypoint as well, and sometimes have no etching at all. Woodcut, a type of print, is the earliest printmaking technique. It was probably first developed as a means of printing patterns on cloth, woodcuts of images on paper developed around 1400 in Japan, and slightly later in Europe. These are the two areas where woodcut has been most extensively used purely as a process for making images without text, the artist draws a design on a plank of wood, or on paper which is transferred to the wood
10.
Performance
–
A performance, in the performing arts, generally comprises an event in which a performer or group of performers present one or more works of art to an audience. Usually the performers participate in rehearsals beforehand, the means of expressing appreciation can vary by culture. Chinese performers will clap with the audience at the end of a performance, in Japan, folk performing-arts performances commonly attract individuals who take photographs, sometimes getting up to the stage and within inches of performers faces. Sometimes the dividing line between performer and the audience may become blurred, as in the example of theatre where audience members get involved in the production. Theatrical performances can take place daily or at some other regular interval, performances can take place at designated performance spaces, or in a non-conventional space, such as a subway station, on the street, or in somebodys home. Theatrical performances, especially when the audience is limited to only a few observers and this increase takes place in several stages relative to the performance itself, including anticipatory activation, confrontation activation and release period. The same physiological reactions can be experienced in other mediums, such as instrumental performance, heart rate shares a strong, positive correlation with the self reported anxiety of performers. Other physiological responses to public performance include perspiration, secretion of the adrenal glands, a performance may also describe the way in which an actor performs. In a solo capacity, it may refer to a mime artist, comedian, conjurer. Audio electronics Entertainment Live sound mixing Performance science Rock festival Sound technology Spectacle Stadium Stagecraft Theater
11.
Venice Biennale
–
The Venice Biennale is an arts organization based in Venice, and also the original and principal exhibition it organizes. The organization changed its name to the Biennale Foundation in 2009, while the exhibition is called the Art Biennale to distinguish it from the organisation. The Art Biennale, a visual art exhibition, is so called as it is held biennially. A year later, the council decreed to adopt a by invitation system, to reserve a section of the Exhibition for foreign artists too, to works by uninvited Italian artists. The first Biennale, I Esposizione Internazionale dArte della Città di Venezia was opened on April 30,1895 by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I, the first exhibition was seen by 224,000 visitors. In 1910 the first internationally well-known artists were displayed- a room dedicated to Gustav Klimt, a show for Renoir. A work by Picasso was removed from the Spanish salon in the central Palazzo because it was feared that its novelty might shock the public, by 1914 seven pavilions had been established, Belgium, Hungary, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. During World War I, the 1916 and 1918 events were cancelled, in 1920 the post of mayor of Venice and president of the Biennale was split. The new secretary general, Vittorio Pica brought about the first presence of avant-garde art,1922 saw an exhibition of sculpture by African artists. Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there, in 1928 the Istituto Storico dArte Contemporanea opened, which was the first nucleus of archival collections of the Biennale. In 1930 its name was changed into Historical Archive of Contemporary Art, in 1933 the Biennale organised an exhibition of Italian art abroad. From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section, during World War II, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted,1942 saw the last edition of the events. The Film Festival restarted in 1946, the Music and Theatre festivals were resumed in 1947, the Art Biennale was resumed in 1948 with a major exhibition of a recapitulatory nature. Peggy Guggenheim was invited to exhibit her famous New York collection,1949 saw the beginning of renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European—and later worldwide—movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into the canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964. From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of interventions in the Biennales exhibition spaces. In 1954 the island San Giorgio Maggiore provided the venue for the first Japanese Noh theatre shows in Europe,1956 saw the selection of films following an artistic selection and no longer based upon the designation of the participating country. The 1957 Golden Lion went to Satyajit Rays Aparajito which introduced Indian cinema to the West,1962 included Arte Informale at the Art Exhibition with Jean Fautrier, Hans Hartung, Emilio Vedova, and Pietro Consagra
12.
Galisteo, New Mexico
–
Galisteo is a census-designated place in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 265 at the 2000 census. Galisteo is located at 35°23′43″N 105°56′52″W, the present settlement is located along the Galisteo Creek in the Galisteo Basin. All of these are named for Galisteo Pueblo, one of abandoned and ruined Tanoan villages in the basin. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 2.6 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 265 people,119 households, the population density was 101.4 people per square mile. There were 136 housing units at a density of 52.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 80. 38% White,0. 38% Native American,18. 87% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 35. 47% of the population. 29. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.79. In the CDP, the population was out with 18. 5% under the age of 18,4. 2% from 18 to 24,24. 5% from 25 to 44,39. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 47 years, for every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $45,324, and the median income for a family was $45,735. Males had an income of $18,625 versus $31,875 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,719, none of the families and 3. 6% of the population were living below the poverty line. Galisteo has served as a location for a number of motion pictures. Nearly all have been westerns though the town served as backdrop for fantasy blockbusters Legion. Lippard is a long-term resident Artist Harmony Hammond Artist Woody Gwyn is a long-term resident Chef/Author Deborah Madison is a resident, fashion Designer, Producer and Director Tom Ford www. suite101
13.
General Electric
–
General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers
14.
William T. Wiley
–
William T. Wiley is an American artist. His practice spans a range of media including drawing, painting, sculpture, film, performance. At least some of Wileys work has been referred to as funk art and he was born in Bedford, Indiana. Raised in Indiana, Texas, and Richland, Washington, Wiley moved to San Francisco to study at the California School of Fine Arts where he earned his BFA in 1960 and his MFA two years later. In 1963, Wiley joined the faculty of the UC Davis art department with Bay Area Funk Movement artists Robert Arneson, during that time Wiley instructed students including Bruce Nauman and Deborah Butterfield. According to Dan Graham, the literary, punning element of Naumans work came from Wiley, Wiley also acknowledges the effect Nauman had on his own work. His first solo exhibition was held at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 1960, in the late 1960s Wiley collaborated with the minimalist composer Steve Reich and introduced him to Bruce Nauman. Wiley continued to build upon his stature as a major artist with works appearing in the Venice Biennial. He also had exhibitions at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco. In 2009, the Smithsonian American Art Museum presented a retrospective of Wileys career titled Whats It All Mean, William T. Wiley in Retrospect, a review in the Wall Street Journal stated, Mr. Wileys work is unlike any other in recent art. He is less a contemporary artist than a national treasure, in 2010, the retrospective moved to the Berkeley Art Museum, from March 17 to July 18. The catalogue for the retrospective, Whats It All Mean, William T. Wiley in Retrospect, was co-published by the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Wiley was the recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship Award in 2004. He is represented by Hosfelt Gallery in San Francisco and by Maxwell Davidson Gallery in New York City. C. Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, Netherlands Walker Art Center, Minneapolis Whitney Museum of American Art Joann Moser with John Yau and John G. Hanhardt, WHATS IT ALL MEAN, WILLIAM T. O. E. Video interview and artists films at www. artbabble. org In Case You Missed the Revolution, hes Wily, And Witty Wall Street Journal of Wileys 2009-2010 Smithsonian American Art Museum show
15.
Robert Arneson
–
Robert Carston Arneson was an American sculptor and professor of ceramics in the Art department at UC Davis for nearly three decades. Arneson was born in Benicia, California and he graduated from Benicia High School and spent much of his early life as a cartoonist for a local paper. Arneson studied at California College of the Arts in Oakland, California for his BA and went on to receive an MFA from Mills College in Oakland, the new movement was dubbed Funk Art, and Arneson is considered the father of the ceramic Funk movement. Arneson used common objects in his work, which included both ceramic sculptures and drawings and he appeared in many of his own pieces — as a chef, a man picking his nose, a jean-jacketed hipster in sunglasses. Even his large Eggheads sculptures bear a self-resemblance, among the last works Arneson completed before his 1992 death, five Eggheads were installed on campus at UC Davis around 1994. The controversial pieces continue to serve as a source of interest and discussion on the campus, two additional copies of Eggheads were installed in San Francisco. One of Arnesons most famous and controversial works is a bust of George Moscone, Arnesons teaching career began soon after receiving his MFA degree from California College of Arts, with a stint at Santa Rosa Junior College, in Santa Rosa, California. This was followed by a position at Fremont High School in Oakland, California, before advancing to teach design and crafts at Mills College, Arnesons next appointment was at UC Davis, where his talents were recognized by Richard L. Nelson, who had founded the Art Department. It was during this period of the early 60s that Nelson was assembling a faculty that would come to be celebrated as one of the most prestigious in the nation. In addition to Arneson, Nelson had also selected Manuel Neri, Wayne Thiebaud and William T. Wiley, initially hired to teach design classes, it was Arneson who established the ceramic sculpture program for the Art Department. It was in ways a bold and radical move, in that ceramics were not yet recognized as a medium appropriate for fine art at that time. Arneson died on November 2,1992, after a battle with liver cancer. His home town of Benicia, California established a park in his memory and his creations are also at the Lowe Art Museum in Coral Gables, Florida. The Nelson Gallery at UC Davis, where Arneson was a faculty member, owns 70 of the works, including The Palace at 10am. The 70-square-foot earthenware sculpture, a depiction of his former Davis residence, is considered among his most famous sculptures, several of his etchings and lithographs also are on display in the library. Arneson, Robert, Arneson and the Object, University Park, benezra, Neal, Robert Arneson, Seattle, University of Washington Press,1986 ISBN 0-295-96348-4. Benezra, Neal, Robert Arneson, a Retrospective, Des Moines, Iowa, Des Moines Art Center,1985 ISBN 0-9614615-1-9 Faberman, Hilarie, Tenley C. Bick and Susan C. Cameron, Fired at Davis, figurative sculpture by Robert Arneson, visiting professors
16.
Wayne Thiebaud
–
Thiebaud uses heavy pigment and exaggerated colors to depict his subjects, and the well-defined shadows characteristic of advertisements are almost always included in his work. Thiebaud was born to Mormon parents in Mesa, Arizona, United States and his family moved to Long Beach, California when he was six months old. One summer during his school years he apprenticed at Walt Disney Studios drawing in-betweens of Goofy, Pinocchio. The next summer he studied at the Frank Wiggins Trade School in Los Angeles, from 1938 to 1949, he worked as a cartoonist and designer in California and New York. He served as an artist in the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces from 1942 to 1945. In 1949, he enrolled at San Jose State College before transferring to Sacramento State College, where he earned a degree in 1951. Thiebaud subsequently began teaching at Sacramento City College, in 1960, he became assistant professor at the University of California, Davis, where he remained through 1991 and influenced numerous art students. He continues to hold a Professor Emeritus title there, occasionally, he gave pro bono lectures at U. C. During this time, he began a series of small paintings based on images of food displayed in windows. Returning to California, he pursued this matter and style, isolating triangles, circles, squares. He also co-founded the Artists Cooperative gallery, now Artists Contemporary Gallery, in 1960, he had his first solo show in San Francisco at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and shows in New York City at the Staempfli and Tanager galleries. In 1961, Thiebaud met and became friends with art dealer Allan Stone, Stone was Thiebauds dealer until Stones death in 2006. Thiebauds dedication to painting and his pursuit of excellence inspire all who are lucky enough to come in contact with him and he is a very special man. After Stones death, Thiebauds son Paul Thiebaud took over as his dealer, Paul Thiebaud was a successful art dealer in his own right and had eponymous galleries in Manhattan and San Francisco, he died June 19,2010. This exhibition is considered one of the first Pop Art exhibitions in America. These painters were part of a new movement, in a time of social unrest, which shocked America, in 1963, he turned increasingly to figure painting, wooden and rigid, with each detail sharply emphasized. In 1964, he made his first prints at Crown Point Press, in 1967, his work was shown at the Biennale Internationale. Wayne Thiebaud has been married twice, with his first wife, Patricia Patterson, he produced two children, one of whom is the model and writer Twinka Thiebaud
17.
San Francisco Art Institute
–
San Francisco Art Institute is a private, non-profit college of contemporary art with the main campus in the Russian Hill district of San Francisco, California. Its graduate center is in the Dogpatch neighborhood, approximately 400 undergraduates and 200 graduate students are enrolled. Founded in 1871, SFAI is one of the oldest art schools in the United States, avery, Edward Bosque, Thomas Hill, and S. W. By 1874 the SFAA had 700 regular members and 100 life members, and had raised sufficient funds and the momentum to launch an art school. During Williams tenure, the CSD developed a reputation and amassed a significant collection of early California. Named the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art, it became San Franciscos first fine art and cultural center, through this new affiliation, students of the University of California, Berkeley were able to enroll in classes at the CSD. In 1906 the devastating fire following the San Francisco earthquake destroyed the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art building, at the time, the replacement value of the building and its contents was estimated at $2,573,000. However, the amount of numerous insurance policies yielded less than $100,000 for rebuilding. Nevertheless, within a year, the SFAA built a new but comparatively modest campus in the same location, in addition, the school was renamed the California School of Fine Arts to better reflect its mission to promote, develop and preserve regional art and culture. In 1926 the school moved to 800 Chestnut Street, which remains the main campus as of 2015. In 1930 Mexican muralist Diego Rivera was hired to paint The Making of a Fresco Showing the Building of a City, which is located in the student-directed art gallery. S. After World War II ended the school became a nucleus for Abstract Expressionism, with faculty including Clyfford Still, Ad Reinhardt, Mark Rothko, David Park, Elmer Bischoff, and Clay Spohn. Although painting and sculpture remained the dominant mediums for many years, in 1946 Ansel Adams and Minor White established the first fine-art photography department, with Imogen Cunningham, Edward Weston, and Dorothea Lange among its instructors. In 1947 distinguished filmmaker Sydney Peterson began the first film courses at CSFA, the roundtable aimed to expose “hidden assumptions” and to frame new questions about art. By the early 1950s San Franciscos North Beach had become the West Coast center of the Beat Movement, and music, poetry, collage artist Jess Collins renounced a career as a plutonium developer and enrolled at SFAI as a painting student. In 1953 he and his partner, poet Robert Duncan, along with painter Harry Jacobus, started the King Ubu Gallery, an important alternative space for art, poetry, a distinctly Californian modern art soon emerged that fused abstraction, figuration, narrative, and jazz. Students at the school, including David Simpson, William T, renamed San Francisco Art Institute in 1961, SFAI rejected the distinction between fine and applied arts. Alumni Ruth-Marion Baruch and Pirkle Jones documented the early days of the Black Panther Party in northern California
18.
University of California, Irvine
–
The University of California, Irvine, is a public research university located in Irvine, California, United States, and one of the 10 campuses in the University of California system. UC Irvine offers 80 undergraduate degrees and 98 graduate and professional degrees, UC Irvine became a member of the Association of American Universities in 1996, and is the youngest university to hold membership. UC Irvine set up the first Earth System Science Department in the United States, UCI was one of three new UC campuses established in the 1960s to accommodate growing enrollments across the UC system. A site in Orange County was identified in 1959, and in the year the Irvine Company sold the University of California 1,000 acres of land for one dollar to establish the new campus. President Lyndon B. Johnson dedicated the campus in 1964, the UC Irvine Anteaters compete in 18 mens and womens sports in the NCAA Division I as members of the Big West Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. The Anteaters have won 28 national championships in nine different team sports,64 Anteaters have won national championships. One of the new campuses was to be in the Los Angeles area, the location selected was Irvine Ranch, an area of agricultural land bisecting Orange County from north to south. Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in, at the time of the universitys founding, the name Irvine is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the 94, 000-acre Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold 1,000 acres of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, the University purchased an additional 510 acres in 1964 for housing and commercial developments. Much of the land that was not purchased by UCI is now held under The Irvine Company, during this time, the University also hired William Pereira and Associates as the Master Planner of the Irvine Ranch area. Pereira intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the community. Soon after UC Irvine opened in 1965, the City of Irvine became incorporated and established in 1971 and 1975, respectively. The College of Arts, Letters, and Science was composed of twenty majors in five Divisions, Biological Sciences, Fine Arts, Humanities, Physical Sciences, and Social Sciences. However, many of UCIs buildings were still under construction and landscaping was still in progress, with the campus only at 75% completion. By June 25,1966, UCI held its first Commencement with fourteen students, in 1965 the California College of Medicine became part of UC Irvine. In 1976, plans to establish a hospital were set aside, with the university instead purchasing the Orange County Medical Center around 12 miles from UC Irvine. As the second largest employer in Orange County, UCI contributes an annual impact of $5 billion. There are 87 undergraduate degree programs,59 masters and 46 Ph. D. programs, in June 2014, President Barack Obama gave the commencement speech for UC Irvine’s graduating class
19.
Meredith Monk
–
Meredith Jane Monk is an American composer, performer, director, vocalist, filmmaker, and choreographer. Since the 1960s, Monk has created works which combine music, theatre. In 1991, Monk composed an opera called Atlas with the Houston Opera and her music has been used in films by the Coen Brothers and Jean-Luc Godard. Hip hop artist DJ Shadow sampled Monks Dolmen Music on the song Midnight in a Perfect World, Meredith Monk was born to businessman Theodore Glenn Monk and singer Audrey Lois Monk, in New York City, New York. Zellman, and Rose Zellman, a concert pianist of German Jewish background from Philadelphia, Meredith Monk is primarily known for her vocal innovations, including a wide range of extended techniques, which she first developed in her solo performances prior to forming her own ensemble. Monks performances have influenced many artists, including Bruce Nauman, whom she met in San Francisco in 1968, in 1978 Monk formed Meredith Monk and Vocal Ensemble, to explore new and wider vocal textures and forms, which often were contrasted with minimal instrumental textures. Monk began a relationship with the Walker Art Center of Minneapolis. Monk during this period recorded Dolmen Music, with her first album released at Manfred Eichers record label ECM in 1981, in the 1980s, Monk wrote and directed two films, Ellis Island, and Book of Days. Monk tells this account in the notes of the ECM-recording. Apart from the film, different versions exist of this piece, two are for the concert hall, and an album, produced by Meredith Monk and Manfred Eicher, is a film for the ears. In the early 1990s, Monk composed an opera called Atlas and she has also written pieces for instrumental ensembles and symphony orchestras. Her first symphonic work was Possible Sky and it was followed by Stringsongs for string quartet, which was commissioned by the Kronos Quartet. Meredith Monk has been composer in residence for Carnegie Hall, concluding in 2015, in an interview, Monk said that her favourite music includes Brazilian music, especially Caetano Velosos recordings, the music by Mildred Bailey, and Bartóks cycle for piano Mikrokosmos. Monk has won awards, including a MacArthur Fellowship and the Creative Capital Award in the discipline of Performing Arts. She has been awarded honorary Doctor of Arts degrees from Bard College, the University of the Arts, the Juilliard School, the San Francisco Art Institute, in 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed, one of the cards featured Monks name and picture. In 2007, she received in Italy the Demetrio Stratos International Award for musical experimentation. On September 10,2015, U. S. President Barack Obama presented Monk with a National Medal of Arts and her music was used in films by the Coen Brothers, Jean-Luc Godard, and in The Rapture. Hip hop artist DJ Shadow sampled Dolmen Music on the song Midnight in a Perfect World, french singer Camille paid an explicit homage to Meredith in her song The Monk which reminds in its construction the work of Monk
20.
Leo Castelli
–
Leo Castelli was an Italian-American art dealer. His gallery showcased contemporary art for five decades, Leo Castelli was born Leo Krausz, in Trieste, Austria-Hungary, the second of three children of Italian and Austro-Hungarian Jewish origin. After World War I, which the spent in Vienna. The family changed its name to “Krausz-Castelli” and then “Castelli” in the mid-1930s, after earning a law degree at the University of Milan in 1924, Castelli returned to Trieste, where his father managed to gain him a job with an insurance company. In 1932, he went to work for a company in Bucharest. After their marriage, the couple honeymooned in Vienna and bought their first artwork, Castellis father-in-law, Mihai Schapira, helped him to be transferred in 1935 to the Banca dItalia in Paris. Ileana’s connections enabled the couple to flee to America at the start of World War II, Castellis parents did not escape but died in Budapest, hounded by members of Hungary’s fascist Arrow Cross Party. The couple would remain married for more than 25 years, and were friends and partners even after their divorce, when Ileana married Michael Sonnabend, Castelli arrived in the United States in 1941, by way of Marrakesh, Tangier, Algeciras, Vigo and Havana. He took graduate courses in economic history at Columbia University until volunteering for the Army. After the liberation of France, he was sent to Bucharest as an interpreter for the Allied commission that controlled the city, as a result of Castellis military service, he was given American citizenship. Returning to New York, Castelli took a position with his father-in-law’s clothing factory. Castellis first exercise as a private dealer came through Drouin, in 1947, some hundred canvases by Kandinsky, consigned by his widow and his first American curatorial effort was the Ninth Street Show of 1951, a seminal event in the emergence of Abstract Expressionism. He soon attached himself to the pioneering gallerist Sidney Janis, one of the proponents of the school. In 1957, he opened the Leo Castelli Gallery in a townhouse at 4 E. 77th Street between Madison and Fifth Avenues in New York City, from the mid-1960s through the 1970s, the gallery was perhaps the most prominent commercial venue for art in the world. Initially the gallery showcased European Surrealism, Wassily Kandinsky, and other European artists, however the gallery also exhibited American Abstract Expressionism. Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Cy Twombly, Friedel Dzubas, in 1958, Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns joined the gallery, signaling a turning away from Abstract Expressionism, towards Pop Art, Minimalism and Conceptual Art. He gave Johns, Stella and Lichtenstein their first one-man shows, in the 1980s, Castelli opened a second larger downtown exhibition space at a 142 Greene Street also in SoHo. He later mounted joint shows with Mary Boone, of Julian Schnabel, in 1981, Castelli also pioneered a stipend system that was unknown in New York when he opened his gallery
21.
Pecos, New Mexico
–
Pecos is a village in San Miguel County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,441 at the 2000 census, growing faster than in other parts of San Miguel County. The village is built along the Pecos River which flows from the out of the Santa Fe National Forest. Notable locations nearby include Pecos National Historical Park, Glorieta Pass, Pecos Benedictine Monastery and it is also an entry point for hunting, fishing, hiking and camping in the Pecos Wilderness. The closest metropolitan area is the Santa Fe metropolitan area, approximately twenty six miles to the west, Pecos is located at 35°34′51″N 105°40′43″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.7 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,441 people,542 households, the population density was 830.3 people per square mile. There were 628 housing units at a density of 361.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 68. 91% White,0. 21% African American,1. 39% Native American,0. 21% Pacific Islander,26. 51% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 80. 08% of the population. 24. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.15. In the village, the population was out with 29. 7% under the age of 18,10. 1% from 18 to 24,29. 6% from 25 to 44,21. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males, the median income for a household in the village was $30,549, and the median income for a family was $33,828. Males had an income of $28,625 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,306, about 13. 0% of families and 15. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 2% of those under age 18 and 22. 6% of those age 65 or over. Pecos Independent Schools serves the Village of Pecos as well as areas in western San Miguel County. National Park Service, Pecos National Historical Park U. S. Forest Service, pecos/Las Vegas Ranger District Pecos Conference San Miguel County Plan Pecos, New Mexico travel guide from Wikivoyage
22.
Susan Rothenberg
–
Susan Rothenberg is an American contemporary painter who lives and works in New Mexico, USA. Rothenberg was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1945, in 1966 she graduated from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. In 1967 she went to Washington, DC and studied at George Washington University, in 1969 she moved to New York. Rothenberg’s first solo exhibition in New York in 1975 was at the 112 Greene Street Gallery, consisting of three large-scale paintings of horses, it was heralded for introducing imagery into minimalist abstraction, while bringing a new sensitivity to figuration. Critic Peter Schjeldahl called the show a eureka, stating that the format of the pictures was a gesture of ambition. Since the mid-1970s, Rothenberg has been recognized as one of the most innovative, in 2010, New York Times art critic David Belcher wrote that comparisons between Rothenberg and Georgia OKeeffe had become hard to avoid. In addition to her earliest horse paintings, Rothenberg has taken on numerous forms as subject matter, such as dancing figures, heads and bodies, animals, although best known as a painter, Rothenberg has also made crucial contributions to the medium of drawing. This at any rate is what drawing has been for Rothenberg, Rothenberg has had solo exhibitions throughout the United States and abroad. Recent exhibitions include a retrospective organized by Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo and her 1976 work Butterfly was displayed in the Treaty Room of the White House during the Obama Administration. Rothenberg has been the recipient of the National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship Grant, the Cornell University Alumni Award, the Skowhegan Medal for Painting, Rothenberg was married to sculptor George Trakas from 1971-1979. The couple have a daughter, Maggie, born in 1972, in the 1980s, Rothenberg struggled with alcoholism and underwent treatment through Alcoholics Anonymous. She married the artist Bruce Nauman in 1989. C. 10 February –9 May 1993, The Saint Louis Art Museum, Saint Louis, MO.27 May –25 July 1993, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago,20 August –24 October 1993, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA. Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series Art,21 -- Art in the Twenty-First Century - Season 3
23.
Mission District, San Francisco
–
This mission, San Franciscos oldest standing building, is located in the northwest area of the neighborhood. The Mission District is located in east-central San Francisco and it is bordered to the east by U. S. Route 101, which forms the boundary between the eastern portion of the district, known as Inner Mission, and its eastern neighbor, Potrero Hill. Sanchez Street separates the neighborhood from Eureka Valley to the north west, the part of the neighborhood from Valencia Street to Sanchez Street, north of 20th Street, is known as the Mission Dolores neighborhood. South of 20th Street towards 22nd Street, and between Valencia and Dolores Streets is a neighborhood known as Liberty Hill. Cesar Chavez Street is the border, across Cesar Chavez Street is the Bernal Heights neighborhood. North of the Mission District is the South of Market neighborhood, bordered roughly by Duboce Avenue, the principal thoroughfare of the Mission District is Mission Street. South of the Mission District, along Mission Street, are the Excelsior and Crocker-Amazon neighborhoods, the Mission District is part of San Franciscos supervisorial districts 6,9 and 10. The Mission is often warmer and sunnier than other parts of San Francisco, the Missions geographical location insulates it from the fog and wind from the west. The Mission includes four recognized sub-districts, the northeastern quadrant, adjacent to Potrero Hill is known as a center for high tech startup businesses including some chic bars and restaurants. The northwest quadrant along Dolores Street is famous for Victorian mansions, prior to the arrival of Spanish missionaries, the area which now includes the Mission District was inhabited by the Ohlone people who populated much of the San Francisco bay area. The Yelamu Indians inhabited the region for over 2,000 years, Spanish missionaries arrived in the area during the late 18th century. They found these people living in two villages on Mission Creek and it was here that a Spanish priest named Father Francisco Palóu founded Mission San Francisco de Asis on June 29,1776. The Mission was moved from the shore of Laguna Dolores to its current location in 1783, franciscan friars are reported to have used Ohlone slave labor to complete the Mission in 1791. This period marked the beginning of the end of the Yelamu culture, the Indian population at Mission Dolores dropped from 400 to 50 between 1833 and 1841. The lands around the abandoned mission church became a focal point of raffish attractions including bull and bear fighting, horse racing, baseball. A famous beer parlor resort known as The Willows was located along Mission Creek just south of 18th Street between Mission Street and San Carlos Street. From 1865 to 1891, a conservatory and zoo known as Woodwards Gardens covered two city blocks bounded by Mission Street, Valencia Street, 13th Street, and 15th Street. During Californias early statehood period, in the 19th and 20th century, large numbers of Irish, development and settlement intensified after the 1906 earthquake, as many displaced businesses and residents moved into the area, making Mission Street a major commercial thoroughfare
24.
Mill Valley, California
–
Mill Valley is a city in Marin County, California, United States, located about 14 miles north of San Francisco via the Golden Gate Bridge. The population was 13,903 at the 2010 census, Mill Valley is located on the western and northern shores of Richardson Bay, and the eastern slopes of Mount Tamalpais. Beyond the flat area and marshlands, it occupies narrow wooded canyons, mostly of second-growth redwoods. The Mill Valley 94941 ZIP code also includes the adjacent unincorporated communities, Almonte, Alto, Homestead Valley, Tamalpais Valley. The Muir Woods National Monument is also located just outside the city limits, the first people known to inhabit Marin County, the Coast Miwok, arrived approximately 6,000 years ago. The territory of the Coast Miwok included all of Marin County, north to Bodega Bay, more than 600 village sites have been identified, including 14 sites in the Mill Valley area. Nearby archaeological discoveries include the rock carvings and grinding sites on Ring Mountain, the pre-Missionization population of the Coast Miwok is estimated to be between 1,500 to 2,000. The pre-Missionization population of the Coast Miwok may have been as high as 5000, cook speculated that by 1848 their population had decreased to 300, and down to 60 by 1880. The village site was first identified by Nels Nelson in 1907 and his excavation revealed tools, burials, at that time, the mound was 20 feet high. Another famous Mill Valley site was in the Manzanita area underneath the Fireside Inn located near the intersection of U. S. Route 101, built in 1916, the blind pig roadhouse was outside the dry limits of the city itself. Shell mounds have been discovered in areas by streams and along Richardson Bay, including in the Strawberry and they called themselves the Huimen people. At the mission they were taught the Catholic religion, lost their freedom, as a result of the high death rate at Mission Dolores it was decided to build a new Mission San Rafael, built in 1817. Over 200 surviving Coast Miwok were taken there from Mission Dolores and Mission San Jose, by 1834 the Mission era had ended and California was under the control of the Mexican government. They took Miwok ancestral lands, divided them and gave them to Mexican soldiers or relatives who had connections with the Mexican governor, the huge tracts of land, called ranchos by the Mexican settlers, or Californios, soon covered the area. The Miwoks who had not died or fled were often employed under a state of indentured servitude to the California land grant owners. In 1834, the governor of Alta California José Figueroa awarded to John T. Reed the first land grant in Marin, just west of that, Rancho Saucelito was transferred to William A. Richardson in 1838 after being originally awarded to Nicolas Galindo in 1835. John Reed married Hilarita Sanchez, the daughter of a commandante in the San Francisco Presidio, William Richardson also married a well-connected woman, both he and Reed were originally from Europe. Richardsons name was applied to Richardson Bay, an arm of the San Francisco Bay that brushes up against the eastern edge of Mill Valley
25.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
The Los Angeles County Museum of Art is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits, LACMA is the largest art museum in the western United States. It attracts nearly a million visitors annually and it holds more than 150,000 works spanning the history of art from ancient times to the present. In addition to art exhibits, the museum features film and concert series, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art was established as a museum in 1961. Prior to this, LACMA was part of the Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art, howard F. Ahmanson, Sr. Anna Bing Arnold and Bart Lytton were the first principal patrons of the museum. Ahmanson made the donation of $2 million, convincing the museum board that sufficient funds could be raised to establish the new museum. In 1965 the museum moved to a new Wilshire Boulevard complex as an independent, art-focused institution, the largest new museum to be built in the United States after the National Gallery of Art. The museum, built in a similar to Lincoln Center. The board selected LA architect William Pereira over the recommendation of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the buildings. According to a 1965 Los Angeles Times story, the total cost of the three buildings was $11.5 million, at the time, the Los Angeles Music Center and LACMA were concurrent large civic projects which vied for attention and donors in Los Angeles. When the museum opened, the buildings were surrounded by reflecting pools, in the far-reaching expansion, museum-goers henceforth entered through the new partially roofed central court, nearly an acre of space bounded by the museums four buildings. The museums Pavilion for Japanese Art, designed by maverick architect Bruce Goff, opened in 1988, gerald Cantor Sculpture Garden of Rodin bronzes. In 1999, the Hancock Park Improvement Project was complete, kohlhaas edged out French architect Jean Nouvel, who would have added a major building while renovating the older facilities. The list of candidates had narrowed to five in May 2001, Koolhaas, Nouvel, Steven Holl, Daniel Libeskind. However, the project stalled after the museum failed to secure funding. In 2004 LACMAs Board of Trustees unanimously approved plans to transform the museum, the planned transformation consisted of three phases. Phase I started in 2004 and was completed in February 2008, the renovations required demolishing the parking structure on Ogden Avenue and with it LACMA-commissioned graffiti art by street artists Margaret Kilgallen and Barry McGee. The entry pavilion is a key point in architect Renzo Pianos plan to unify LACMAs sprawling, the BP Grand Entrance and the adjacent Broad Contemporary Art Museum comprise the $191 million first phase of the three-part expansion and renovation campaign
26.
Whitney Museum of American Art
–
The Whitney Museum of American Art – known informally as the Whitney – is an art museum located in Manhattan. It was founded in 1931 by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, a wealthy and prominent American socialite, the Whitney focuses on 20th- and 21st-century American art. Its permanent collection more than 21,000 paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, photographs, films, videos. The museums Annual and Biennial exhibitions have long been a venue for younger, from 1966 to 2014, the Whitney was located at 945 Madison Avenue at East 75th Street in Manhattans Upper East Side. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, the namesake and founder, was herself a well-regarded sculptor as well as a serious art collector. With the aid of her assistant, Juliana R. Force, in 1929, she offered to donate over 500 works of art to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, but the museum declined the gift. This, along with the apparent preference for European modernism at the recently opened Museum of Modern Art, led Whitney to start her own museum, exclusively for American art, in 1929. Force became the first director of the museum, and under her guidance, in 1954, the museum left its original location and moved to a small structure on 54th Street connected to and behind the Museum of Modern Art on 53rd Street. On April 15,1958, a fire on the floor of MOMA that killed one person forced the evacuation of paintings. Among the paintings moved in the evacuation was A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte which had been on loan from the Art Institute of Chicago, in 1961, the museum began seeking a site for a larger building. The Whitney settled in 1966 at the southeast corner of Madison Avenue at 75th Street in Manhattans Upper East Side, in 1967, Mauricio Lasansky showed The Nazi Drawings. The exhibition traveled to the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the institution grappled with space problems for decades. From 1973 to 1983 the Whitney operated its first branch at 55 Water Street, in 1983 Philip Morris installed a Whitney branch in the lobby of its Park Avenue headquarters. In 1981 the museum opened a space in Stamford, Connecticut. Each museum had its own director, and all plans were to be approved by a Whitney committee, but each time the effort was abandoned, either because of the cost or the design or both. In order to secure space for the museums collections, then-director Thomas N. Armstrong III developed plans for a 10-story. The proposed addition, designed by Michael Graves and announced in 1985, Graves had proposed demolishing the flanking brownstones down to the East 74th Street corner for a complementary addition. After the project gradually lost the support of many of the museum’s trustees, between 1995 and 1998, the building underwent a renovation and addition by Richard Gluckman
27.
Mario Merz
–
Mario Merz was an Italian artist, and husband of Marisa Merz. Born in Milano, Merz started drawing during World War II and he experimented with a continuous graphic stroke–not removing his pencil point from the paper. He met Marisa Merz during his studies in Turin in the 1950s and they were associated with the development of Arte Povera, and they were both influenced by each others works. He died in Milan in 2003, Merz discarded abstract expressionism’s subjectivity in favor of opening art to exterior space, a seed or a leaf in the wind becomes a universe on his canvas. Without ever using ready-made objects as things, Merz and his companions drew the lines of a renewed life for Italian art in the global context. Many of his installations were accented with words or numbers in neon, the numbers counted off the Fibonacci progression, the mathematical formula for growth patterns found in many forms of life, including leaves, snail shells, pine cones and reptile skins. The pattern is identifiable as a sequence of numbers in any given number is the sum of the two numbers that precede it,1,1,2,3,5,8. In 1972 he illustrated the Fibonacci progression with a series of photographs of a factory workers lunchroom and his 1973 show at the John Weber Gallery in New York expressed the Fibonacci in a series of low modular tables. In 1990 the sequence determined the form of a spiral assembled from sticks, iron and paper across 24 meters of a hall in Prato, an installation of Fibonacci numbers by Merz is the landmark of the Centre for International Light Art in Unna, Germany. He made big spaces feel human, intimate and natural and he was intrigued by the powerful as well as the small and applied both to his drawing. In 1968 Merz began to work on his famous igloos and continued throughout his life, revealing the prehistoric and tribal features hidden within the present time and he saw the mobility of this typical shelter for nomadic wandering as an ideal metaphor for the space of the artist. The neon words on his igloos are hallmark Italian phraseology, like rock ‘n’ roll, they have the power of being the more than catch phrases or slogans, but the voice of his time in history. His first of the structures, Giaps Igloo, in 1968 was decorated with a saying by General Vo Nguyen Giap of North Vietnam, If the enemy masses his forces. If he scatters, he loses force, from the late 1970s to the end of his career, Merz joined many artists of his generation in returning periodically to more conventional media. In Le Foglie, measuring over 26 feet across, gold leaf squares are scattered around two large asymmetrical leaf-like forms. He even, occasionally, carved in marble, with which in 2002 he made five statues displayed from the windows of a building at the International Sculpture Biennale in Carrara. Merz said, Space is curved, the earth is curved, everything on earth is curved and this retrospective was the artists first major museum show in the United States. These last works are formally transcendent and unusually light and his site-specific works in archaeological sites redeem spaces from touristy tedium with a single neon line, which serves as source of aesthetic inspiration
28.
Claustrophobia
–
Claustrophobia is the fear of being enclosed in a small space or room and having no escape. It can be triggered by many situations or stimuli, including elevators crowded to capacity, windowless rooms, small cars and it is typically classified as an anxiety disorder, which often results in panic attacks. The onset of claustrophobia has been attributed to many factors, including a reduction in the size of the amygdala, classical conditioning, or a genetic predisposition to fear small spaces. One study indicates that anywhere from 5–7% of the population is affected by severe claustrophobia. The term claustrophobia comes from Latin claustrum a shut in place and Greek φόβος, phóbos, Claustrophobia is typically thought to have two key symptoms, fear of restriction and fear of suffocation. Another possible site for claustrophobic attacks is a chair, particularly during dental surgery, in that scenario, the fear is not of pain. Often, when confined to an area, claustrophobics begin to fear suffocation, Claustrophobia is the fear of having no escape, and being closed in to a small space. It is typically classified as an anxiety disorder and often results in a rather severe panic attack. It is also confused sometimes with Cleithrophobia and this method was developed in 1979 by interpreting the files of patients diagnosed with claustrophobia and by reading various scientific articles about the diagnosis of the disorder. Once an initial scale was developed, it was tested and sharpened by several experts in the field, today, it consists of 20 questions that determine anxiety levels and desire to avoid certain situations. Several studies have proved this scale to be effective in claustrophobia diagnosis and this method was developed by Rachman and Taylor, two experts in the field, in 1993. This method is effective in distinguishing symptoms stemming from fear of suffocation, in 2001, it was modified from 36 to 24 items by another group of field experts. This study has also proven very effective by various studies. The fears of enclosed spaces is an irrational fear, the amygdala is one of the smallest structures in the brain, but also one of the most powerful. The amygdala is needed for the conditioning of fear, or the creation of a fight-or-flight response, a fight-or-flight response is created when a stimulus is associated with a grievous situation. Cheng believes that a phobias roots are in this fight-or-flight response, in generating a fight-or-flight response, the amygdala acts in the following way, The amygdalas anterior nuclei associated with fear each other. These reactions constitute a failure in a panic attack. A study done by Fumi Hayano found that the amygdala was smaller in patients who suffered from panic disorders
29.
Artist's book
–
Artists books are works of art that utilize the form of the book. They are often published in editions, though they are sometimes produced as one-of-a-kind objects. Artists books have employed a range of forms, including scrolls, fold-outs. Artists books are books or book-like objects over the appearance of which an artist has had a high degree of control. Artists books are made for a variety of reasons and they are often created to make art that is interactive, portable, movable and easily shared. Many artists books challenge the conventional book format and become sculptural objects and they may be created in order to make art accessible to people outside of the formal contexts of galleries or museums. These works would set the tone for later books, connecting self-publishing and self-distribution with the integration of text, image. All of these factors have remained key concepts in books up to the present day. As Europe plunged headlong towards World War I, various groups of artists across the continent started to focus on pamphlets, posters, manifestos. This move toward radicalism was exemplified by the Italian Futurists, the publication of the Futurist Manifesto,1909, on the front cover of the French daily newspaper Le Figaro was an audacious coup de théâtre that resulted in international notoriety. Marinetti used the fame to tour Europe, kickstarting movements across the continent that all veered towards book-making and pamphleteering. With regards to the creation of Artists books, the most influential offshoot of futurist principles, however, Marinetti visited in 1914, proselytizing on behalf of Futurist principles of speed, danger and cacophony. Russian futurism gradually evolved into Constructivism after the Russian Revolution, centred on the key figures of Malevich, Artists books from this era include Kurt Schwitters and Kate Steinitzs book The Scarecrow, and Theo van Doesburgs periodical De Stijl. Dada was initially started at the Cabaret Voltaire, by a group of exiled artists in neutral Switzerland during World War I. Whilst concerned mainly with poetry and theory, Surrealism created a number of works that continued in the French tradition of the Livre dArtiste, one important Russian writer/artist who created artist books was Alexei Remizov. Drawing on medieval Russian literature, he creatively combined dreams, reality, in the fifties artists in Europe developed an interest in the book, under the influence of modernist theory and in the attempt to rebuild positions destroyed by the war. A fine example of the latter is Isidore Isous Le Grand Désordre, two other examples of poet-artists whose work provided models for artists books include Marcel Broodthaers and Ian Hamilton Finlay. Yves Klein in France was similarly challenging Modernist integrity with a series of such as Yves, Peintures
30.
Edward Ruscha
–
Edward Joseph Ruscha IV is an American artist associated with the pop art movement. He has worked in the media of painting, printmaking, drawing, photography, Ruscha lives and works in Culver City, California. Ruscha was born into a Roman Catholic family in Omaha, Nebraska, with a sister, Shelby. Edward Ruscha, Sr. was an auditor for Hartford Insurance Company, Ruscha’s mother was supportive of her son’s early signs of artistic skill and interests. Young Ruscha was attracted to cartooning and would sustain this interest throughout his adolescent years, while at Chouinard, Ruscha edited and produced the journal Orb together with Joe Goode, Emerson Woelffer, Stephan von Huene, Jerry McMillan, and others. Ruscha spent much of the summer of 1961 traveling through Europe, after graduation, Ruscha took a job as a layout artist for the Carson-Roberts Advertising Agency in Los Angeles. He worked as designer for Artforum magazine under the pseudonym “Eddie Russia” from 1965 to 1969. He is also a friend of guitarist Mason Williams. Ruscha achieved recognition for paintings incorporating words and phrases and for his photographic books. His textual, flat paintings have been linked both the Pop Art movement and the beat generation. While in school in 1957, Ruscha chanced upon then unknown Jasper Johns’ Target with Four Faces in the magazine Print and was greatly moved, Ruscha has credited these artists’ work as sources of inspiration for his change of interest from graphic arts to painting. He was also impacted by John McLaughlins paintings, the work of H. C, westermann, Arthur Dove’s 1925 painting Goin’ Fishin’, Alvin Lustigs cover illustrations for New Directions Press, and much of Marcel Duchamp’s work. In a 1961 tour of Europe, Ruscha came upon more works by Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, R. A. Bertelli’s Head of Mussolini, Some critics are quick to see the influence of Edward Hoppers Gas in Ruschas 1963 oil painting, Standard Station, Amarillo, Texas. In any case, Art has to be something that makes you scratch your head, examples of this include the publication Every Building on the Sunset Strip, a book of continuous photographs of a two and one half mile stretch of the 24 mile boulevard. In 1973, following the model of Every Building on the Sunset Strip, also, paintings like Standard Station, Large Trademark, and Hollywood exemplify Ruscha’s kinship with the Southern California visual language. Two of these paintings, Standard and Large Trademark were emulated out of car parts in 2008 by Brazilian photographer Vik Muniz as a commentary on Los Angeles, also, the proportions of the Hollywood print seems to mimic the Cinemascope screen. Ruscha completed Large Trademark with Eight Spotlights in 1961, one year after graduating from college, Large Trademark was quickly followed by Standard Station and Wonder Bread. In Norm’s, La Cienega, on Fire, Burning Gas Station, in 1985, Ruscha begins a series of City Lights paintings, where grids of bright spots on dark grounds suggest aerial views of the city at night
31.
University of California, San Diego
–
The University of California, San Diego is a public research university located in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California, in the United States. The university occupies 2,141 acres near the coast of the Pacific Ocean with the main campus resting on approximately 1,152 acres, UC San Diego is organized into six undergraduate residential colleges, three graduate schools, and two professional medical schools. UC San Diego is also home to Scripps Institution of Oceanography, one of the first centers dedicated to ocean, earth and atmospheric science research and education. UC San Diego Health, the only academic health system, provides patient care, conducts medical research. According to the National Science Foundation, UC San Diego spent $1.101 billion on research and development in fiscal year 2015, ranking it 5th in the nation. UC San Diego faculty, researchers, and alumni have won 20 Nobel Prizes, eight National Medals of Science, eight MacArthur Fellowships, two Pulitzer Prizes, and three Fields medals. Local citizens supported the idea, voting the same year to transfer to the university 59 acres of land on the coast near the preexisting Scripps Institution of Oceanography. This outraged local conservatives, as well as Regent Edwin W. Pauley, UC President Clark Kerr satisfied San Diego city donors by changing the proposed name from University of California, La Jolla, to University of California, San Diego. The city voted in agreement to its part in 1958, because of the clash with Pauley, Revelle was not made chancellor. Herbert York, first director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, was designated instead, York planned the main campus according to the Oxbridge model, relying on many of Revelles ideas. UC San Diego was the first general campus of the University of California to be designed from the top down in terms of research emphasis, local leaders disagreed on whether the new school should be a technical research institute or a more broadly based school that included undergraduates as well. John Jay Hopkins of General Dynamics Corporation pledged one million dollars for the former while the City Council offered free land for the latter, maria Goeppert-Mayer, later the second female Nobel laureate in physics, was appointed professor of physics in 1960. The graduate division of the school opened in 1960 with 20 faculty in residence, with instruction offered in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, before the main campus completed construction, classes were held in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. By 1963, new facilities on the mesa had been finished for the School of Science and Engineering, ten additional faculty in those disciplines were hired, and the whole site was designated the First College, later renamed after Roger Revelle, of the new campus. York resigned as chancellor that year and was replaced by John Semple Galbraith, the undergraduate program accepted its first class of 181 freshman at Revelle College in 1964. Second College was founded in 1964, on the land deeded by the federal government, the School of Medicine also accepted its first students in 1966. Political theorist Herbert Marcuse joined the faculty in 1965, a champion of the New Left, he reportedly was the first protestor to occupy the administration building in a demonstration organized by his student, political activist Angela Davis. Further student unrest was felt at the university, as the United States increased its involvement in the Vietnam War during the early 1960s, protests escalated as the war continued and were only exacerbated after the National Guard fired on student protesters at Kent State University in 1970
32.
Stuart Collection
–
The Stuart Collection is a collection of public art on the campus of the University of California, San Diego. It is supported by the UCSD Department of Visual Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, the collection was conceived by and named after its initial benefactor, James Stuart DeSilva. Since its creation, it has been administered by Director Mary L. Beebe and it contains eighteen works, with numerous others planned that have not or never will come to fruition. The first work added to the collection was Niki de Saint Phalles Sun God, selections from the Stuart Collection Stuart Collection Web Site Stuart Collection. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library
33.
Tate Modern
–
Tate Modern is a modern art gallery located in London. It is Britains national gallery of modern art and forms part of the Tate group. It is based in the former Bankside Power Station, in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark, Tate holds the national collection of British art from 1900 to the present day and international modern and contemporary art. Tate Modern is one of the largest museums of modern and contemporary art in the world and it is directly across the river from St Pauls Cathedral. The power station closed in 1981, prior to redevelopment, the power station was a 200 m long, steel framed, brick clad building with a substantial central chimney standing 99 m. The structure was divided into three main areas each running east-west - the huge main turbine hall in the centre, with the boiler house to the north. For many years after closure Bankside Power station was at risk of being demolished by developers, many people campaigned for the building to be saved and put forward suggestions for possible new uses. An application to list the building was refused, in April 1994 the Tate Gallery announced that Bankside would be the home for the new Tate Modern. In July of the year, an international competition was launched to select an architect for the new gallery. Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron were announced as the architects in January 1995. The £134 million conversion to the Tate Modern started in June 1995, the most obvious external change was the two-story glass extension on one half of the roof. Much of the internal structure remained, including the cavernous main turbine hall. The history of the site as well as information about the conversion was the basis for a 2008 documentary Architects Herzog and de Meuron and this challenging conversion work was carried by Carillion. Tate Modern was opened by the Queen on 11 May 2000, Tate Modern received 5.25 million visitors in its first year. The previous year the three existing Tate galleries galleries had received 2.5 million visitors combined, Tate Modern had attracted more visitors than originally expected and plans to expand it had been in preparation since 2004. These plans focused on the south west of the building with the intention of providing 5, 000m2 of new display space, the southern third of the building was retained by the French power company EDF Energy as an electrical substation. In 2006, the released the western half of this holding and plans were made to replace the structure with a tower extension to the museum. The tower was to be built over the old oil storage tanks, structural, geotechnical, civil, and façade engineering and environmental consultancy was undertaken by Ramboll between 2008 and 2016
34.
Land art
–
Land art, earthworks, or Earth art is an art movement in which landscape and the work of art are inextricably linked. It is also an art form that is created in nature, using materials such as soil, rock, organic media. Sculptures are not placed in the landscape, rather, the landscape is the means of their creation, often earth moving equipment is involved. The works frequently exist in the open, located away from civilization, left to change. Many of the first works, created in the deserts of Nevada, New Mexico, Utah or Arizona were ephemeral in nature and they also pioneered a category of art called site-specific sculpture, designed for a particular outdoor location. Land art is an artistic protest against the perceived artificiality, plastic aesthetics, Land art was inspired by minimal art and conceptual art but also by modern movements such as De Stijl, cubism, minimalism and the work of Constantin Brâncuși and Joseph Beuys. Many of the associated with land art had been involved with minimal art. His influence on contemporary art, landscape architecture and environmental sculpture is evident in many works today. Alan Sonfist is a pioneer of an approach to working with nature and culture that he began in 1965 by bringing historical nature. His most inspirational work is Time Landscape an indigenous forest he planted in New York City, according to critic Barbara Rose, writing in Artforum in 1969, he had become disillusioned with the commodification and insularity of gallery bound art. In 1967, the art critic Grace Glueck writing in the New York Times declared the first earthwork was done by Douglas Leichter and Richard Saba at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. The movement began in October 1968 with the group exhibition Earth Works at the Dwan Gallery in New York, in February 1969, Willoughby Sharp curated the Earth Art exhibition at the Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The artists included were Walter De Maria, Jan Dibbets, Hans Haacke, Michael Heizer, Neil Jenney, Richard Long, David Medalla, Robert Morris, Dennis Oppenheim, Robert Smithson, the exhibition was directed by Thomas W. Leavitt. Gordon Matta-Clark, who lived in Ithaca at the time, was invited by Sharp to help the artists in Earth Art with the execution of their works for the exhibition. S. How much of the work, if any, is visible is dependent on the water levels. Since its creation, the work has completely covered, and then uncovered again. Smithsons Gravel Mirror with Cracks and Dust is an example of art existing in a gallery space rather than in the natural environment. It consists of a pile of gravel by the side of a partially mirrored gallery wall, in its simplicity of form and concentration on the materials themselves, this and other pieces of land art have an affinity with minimalism
35.
Museum of Modern Art
–
The Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world. The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, over 1,000 periodical titles, the archives holds primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and they became known variously as the Ladies, the daring ladies and the adamantine ladies. They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7,1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. At the time, it was Americas premier museum devoted exclusively to art. One of Abbys early recruits for the staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees, Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, under Barrs guidance, the museums holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne. Abbys husband was opposed to the museum and refused to release funds for the venture. Nevertheless, he donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time. During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, the museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars, Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 1941, MoMA hosted the exhibition, Indian Art of the United States. His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the board of trustees in 1948. David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the garden and name it in honor of his mother
36.
Schaulager
–
The Schaulager is a museum in Newmünchenstein, a sub-district of Münchenstein in the canton of Basel-Country, Switzerland. Built in 2002/2003 under commission of the Laurenz Foundation, it was designed by the architectural office of Herzog & de Meuron. The Schaulager was conceived as a warehouse that provides the optimal spatial. The institution functions as a mix between public museum, art storage facility and art research institute and it is primarily directed at a specialist audience but is also open to the general public for special events and the annual exhibitions. The special annual exhibitions to date are,2003, Roth-Zeit, a retrospective on Dieter Roth 2004, Herzog & de Meuron. Photographs from 1978–20042006, Tacita Dean, analogue, Films, Photographs, Drawings 1991–2006 and Francis Alÿs. The Sign Painting Project, A revision»2007, Robert Gober, work 1976–20072008, Andrea Zittel, Monika Sosnowska. Prominent guests from the Kunstmuseum Basel 2010, Matthew Barney, prayer Sheet with the Wound and the Nail 2011, Francis Alÿs. Selected Works The collection from the Emanuel Hoffmann Foundation forms the core of the Schaulager exhibits. This collection was founded in 1933 by Maja Hoffmann-Stehlin, later known as Maja Sacher, museums in Basel Schaulager website Interviews Theodora Vischer, director of the Schaulager
37.
Terry Allen (artist)
–
Terry Allen is a country music singer in the outlaw country/Texas country genre, painter, and conceptual artist from Lubbock, Texas. He lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico, Allens father was Fletcher Allen a catcher in 1910 for the St. Louis Browns, who continued his career as a player-manager in the Texas League. Allen attended Monterey High School in Lubbock, Texas and his contemporaries at Monterey High School included Butch Hancock, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Joe Ely, Jo Harvey Allen and Jo Carol Pierce. Trained as an architect, he received a B. F. A. from the Chouinard Art Institute in 1966 and his art has been supported by three National Endowment for the Arts grants and a prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship. His work Trees is installed on the campus of the University of California and his artwork has been featured at the L. A. Louver art gallery in Venice, California. Allen is represented by Gallery Paule Anglim in San Francisco, California, kansas City, Missouri is home to both his controversial public sculpture Modern Communication as well as The Belger Collection which features Terry Allen as one of their seven core artists. Allen recorded eight albums during the years 1975 to 2004 and collaborated with David Byrne on the soundtrack for Byrnes movie True Stories, Allens music is far from traditional. A quotation attributed to Allen states, People tell me its country music, allmusic calls his 1979 release, Lubbock, one of the finest country albums of all time and a progenitor of the alt-country movement. Allen made a appearance on the track Ghost of Travelin Jones from Ryan Binghams 2007 album. Juarez Lubbock Smokin the Dummy Bloodlines Pedal Steal Amerasia Silent Majority Chippy Human Remains Salivation Live at Als Grand Hotel, jason Gross, Terry Allen Interview, Perfect Sound Forever, May 1998. Chris Oglesby, Chris Oglesby Interviews Terry Allen above the Caravan of Dreams, Ft. Worth, virtualblock, booking and tour information from Davis McLarty Agency, Austin, Texas. Art exhibitions and sales from Gallery Paule Anglim, San Francisco, dugout, a multimedia, multi-venue art exhibition and theatre program in Los Angeles. Terry Allens bio page at LA Louver gallery, oral history interview with Terry Allen,1998 Apr.22 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
38.
Des Moines Art Center
–
The Des Moines Art Center is an art museum with an extensive collection of paintings, sculpture, modern art and mixed media. It was established in 1948 in Des Moines, Iowa, a large main gallery rotates through several exhibitions throughout the year, most of which are featured from one to three months at a time. These shows include shows by internationally recognized artists, travelling shows from other institutions. Included on the grounds are outdoor sculptures and a rose garden, an external reflecting pool is surrounded on all sides by the museum. Some paintings from the collection are known examples of the artist and/or movement they represent. The architecture of the museum wing was designed in a combination of Art Nouveau and Art Deco styles by Eliel Saarinen in 1945. The second addition, originally intended for sculpture, was designed in a Modernist style by I. M. Pei in 1966. Legend says that Pei designed the windows, which look out onto the rose garden, to resemble PEI. The third wing was designed by Richard Meier and completed in 1985 and this wing was designed to allow as much natural ambient light in as possible. The Art Center also includes a restaurant and a gift shop, workshops, film festivals and lectures are conducted on a regular basis through the museums large studio program, with classes available for students of all ages. Museum hours are Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday from 11am to 4pm, Thursday from 11am to 9pm, Saturday from 10am to 4pm, and Sunday from noon to 4pm
39.
Documenta
–
Documenta is an exhibition of contemporary art which takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. This first documenta featured many artists who are considered to have had a significant influence on modern art. The more recent documentas feature art from all continents, nonetheless most of it is site-specific, every documenta is limited to 100 days of exhibition, which is why it is often referred to as the museum of 100 days. Documenta is not a selling exhibition and it often coincides with three other major art world events, the Venice Biennale, Art Basel and Skulptur Projekte Münster. The name of the exhibition is an invented word, the term is supposed to demonstrate the intention of every exhibition to be a documentation of modern art which was not available for the German public during the Nazi era. Each edition of documenta has commissioned its own identity, most of which have conformed to the typographic style of solely using lowercase letters. Initiator of the first documenta was art professor and designer Arnold Bode from Kassel, originally planned as a secondary event to accompany the Bundesgartenschau, he achieved to attract more than 130,000 visitors in 1955. Therefore, abstract art, in particular the paintings of the 1920s and 1930s were the focus of interest in this exhibition. Over time, the focus shifted to contemporary art, at first, the show was limited on works from Europe, but it soon covered works of artists from the Americas, Africa and Asia. Documenta, the first ever to turn a profit, featured a selection of Pop Art, Minimal Art, also, it devoted a large section to the work of Adolf Wolfli, the great Swiss outsider, then unknown. Joseph Beuys performed repeatedly under the auspices of his utopian Organization for Direct Democracy, additionally, the 1987 documenta show signaled another important shift with the elevation of design to the realm of art – showing an openness to postmodern design. In 2012, dOCUMENTA was described as rdently feminist, global and multimedia in approach and including works by dead artists, Documenta typically gives its artists at least two years to conceive and produce their projects, so the works are often elaborate and intellectually complex. However, the participants are not publicised before the very opening of the exhibition. At dOCUMENTA, the official list of artists was not released until the day the show opened, even though curators have often claimed to have gone outside the art market in their selection, participants have always included established artists. In the dOCUMENTA, for example, art critic Jerry Saltz identified more than a third of the represented by the renowned Marian Goodman Gallery in the show. The first four documentas, organized by Arnold Bode, established the exhibitions international credentials, since the fifth documenta, a new artistic director has been named for each documenta exhibition by a committee of experts. Documenta 8 was put together in two instead of the usual five. The original directors, Edy de Wilde and Harald Szeemann, were unable to get along and they were replaced by Manfred Schneckenburger, Edward F. Fry, Wulf Herzogenrath, Armin Zweite, and Vittorio Fagone
40.
National Endowment for the Arts
–
The National Endowment for the Arts is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence. It was created by an act of the U. S. Congress in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government, the NEA had its offices in Washington, D. C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, in March of 2017, a proposal to eliminate all federal funding for the program was put forward by the Trump administration. The NEA is dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established, bringing the arts to all Americans, and providing leadership in arts education. Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99, since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 million. For FY2010, the reached the level it was at during the mid-1990s at $167.5 million. The NEA is governed by a Chairman appointed by the President to a four-year term and this body consists of 14 individuals appointed by the President for their expertise and knowledge in the arts, in addition to six ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting capacity. On June 12,2014, Dr. Jane Chu was confirmed as the 11th Chair of the NEA by the Senate, the NEA offers grants in the categories of, 1) Grants for Arts Projects, 2) National Initiatives, and 3) Partnership Agreements. The NEA also grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose, the NEA has partnerships in the areas of state and regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional organizations are the NEAs primary partners in serving the American people through the arts. Forty percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies, the NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually by the President. The NEA is the largest grantmaker to arts organizations in the nation, artist William Powhida has noted that in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought almost a billion dollars in contemporary art at Christies in New York. He further commented, If you had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could double the NEA budget in two nights. Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year period, another proposal would have halved the arts endowment budget. In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family Association held a press conference attacking what he called anti-Christian bigotry, in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The work at the center of the controversy was Piss Christ, republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al DAmato began to rally against the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Club, on June 12,1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that it did not want to adversely affect the NEAs congressional appropriations
41.
Marcia Tucker
–
Marcia Tucker was an American art historian, art critic and curator. In 1977 she founded the New Museum of Contemporary Art, a dedicated to innovative art and artistic practice in New York City. Marcia Tucker was born on April 11,1940, in Brooklyn, in 1961 she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Connecticut College, where she studied theatre and art. Tucker spent her junior year studying at the École du Louvre and her first job was as a secretary of the Museum of Modern Art, however, she soon quit after being asked to sharpen too many pencils. In 1969, Tucker became the Curator of Painting and Sculpture at the Whitney Museum of American Art and she held this position until 1977 and she organized major exhibitions of the work of Bruce Nauman, Lee Krasner, Joan Mitchell, Richard Tuttle, and Jack Tworkov among others. In 1975, Tucker organized a Richard Tuttle exhibition, however, on January 1,1977, at the age of 37, Tucker founded The New Museum. Tucker wanted the New Museum to exhibit living artists, to have knowledgeable guards and she was the series editor of Documentary Sources in Contemporary Art, five books of theory and criticism published by the New Museum. In 1983, she was chosen as the U. S, commissioner for the 1984 41st Venice Biennale. Tuckers exhibition was entitled Paradise Lost/Paradise Regained and was organized with Ned Rifkin, the exhibition included twenty-four American artists, including Eric Fischl, David True, and Richard Bosman. ”. In 1999, Tucker stepped down from directing the museum and Lisa Phillips was appointed as the new director, in 2004 she moved to Santa Barbara, California. From 1999 to 2006 Tucker worked as an art critic, writer. She taught at Cornell University, Colgate University, and The Bard College Center for Curatorial Studies. While living in Santa Barbara, California, she was a critic in residence in the Fine Arts Department and Graduate Studies, Fine Arts at Otis College of Art and Design from 2005-2006. She wrote for The New York Times, The Christian Science Monitor, Art in America, Art Forum, Marcia Tucker performed as a stand up comedian, under the pseudonym Mabel McNeil as Miss Mannerist. “No Title, ” in The Space of Art, Buddha, “No Title, ” in Buddha Mind in Contemporary Art, ed. Jacquelynn Baas and Mary Jane Jacob, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London,2004. “A Labor of Love, ” in Objects and Meaning, Readings that Challenge the Norm, ed. Anna Fariello and Paula Owen, Scarecrow Press, Maryland,2003. Talking Visions, Multicultural Feminism in a Transnational Age, Documentary Sources in Contemporary Art, Vol. V, Press,1998, Series editor and foreword. Museums Experiment with New Exhibition Strategies, The New York Times, Arts and Leisure section, Sunday, questing for New Definitions of Contemporary Art, The New York Times, Arts and Leisure section, Sunday, March 29,1998
42.
Walker Art Center
–
The Walker Art Center is a multidisciplinary contemporary art center in the Lowry Hill neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The museums permanent collection includes over 13,000 modern and contemporary art pieces including books, costumes, drawings, media works, paintings, photography, prints, the Walker Art Center began 1879 as a personal art gallery in the home of lumber baron Thomas Barlow Walker. Walker formally established his collection as the Walker Art Gallery in 1927, with the support of the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration, the Walker Art Gallery became the Walker Art Center in January 1940. The Walker celebrated its 75th anniversary as an art center in 2015. The Walkers building, designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes and opened in May 1971, Swiss architects Herzog & de Meurons addition included an additional gallery space, a theater, restaurant, shop, and special events space. The Visual Arts program has been a part of the Walker Art Center since its founding, the program includes an ongoing cycle of exhibitions in the galleries as well as a permanent collection of acquired, donated, and commissioned works. The Walker’s collection represents works of modern and contemporary art, especially focused after 1960, the Walker’s holdings include more than 13,000 individual pieces including books, costumes, drawings, media works, paintings, photography, prints, and sculpture. In 2015, the Walker celebrated the 75th anniversary of its founding as an art center with a yearlong exhibition. In 1940, the Walker began presenting local dance, poetry, by 1963, this group had become Center Opera, the Walker’s performing arts program focused on exhibiting new works emphasizing visual design. In 1970, Center Opera disbanded from the Walker and became Minnesota Opera, the same year, Performing Arts was officially designated as a department of the Walker Art Center. Since the 1960s, Performing Arts at the Walker has commissioned 265 performance works, in addition, the department programs a 25-show season every year that includes performances ranging from performance art, theater, dance, spoken word and music. It is one of the largest performing arts programs of its kind found in a museum in the nation. As a longtime associate of the Merce Cunning ham Dance Company, the agreement included sculptures, sets, costumes and other works by artists like Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns. The Walker Art Centers film and video programs feature both contemporary and historical works, in the 1940s, the Walker identified moving images as integral to contemporary life. Artists of that time were experimenting with film’s formal properties, such as light, motion, in 1973, the Film/Video Department was officially formed and the Edmond R. Ruben Film and Video Study Collection was established, along with an endowment to fund the development of the archive. Ruben, a figure in film exhibition in the Upper Midwest. Today, with more than eight hundred fifty titles, the Ruben Collection brings together classic and contemporary cinema as well as documentaries, avant-garde films, the Walker Art Center maintains a professional, in-house design and editorial department to fulfill its various communication needs. Additionally, the department organizes design-related projects and programs, such as lectures, exhibitions, during the 1940s, the Walker built two idea houses exhibiting the latest in building materials, furnishings and architectural design trends
.JPG)
