1.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
2.
West Yorkshire
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West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is an inland and in relative terms upland county having eastward-draining valleys while taking in moors of the Pennines and has a population of 2.2 million, West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. West Yorkshire consists of five boroughs and shares borders with the counties of Derbyshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, North Yorkshire. In the heart of the county is Leeds Bradford International Airport, West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 so its five districts became effectively unitary authorities. However, the county, which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres, continues to exist in law. West Yorkshire includes the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which is the most built-up, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council inherited the use of West Riding County Hall at Wakefield, opened in 1898, from the West Riding County Council in 1974. Since 1987 it has been the headquarters of Wakefield City Council, the county initially had a two-tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and five districts providing most services. In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished, the functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs, joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport, and to other special joint arrangements. Organisations such as the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive continue to operate on this basis, although the county council was abolished, West Yorkshire continues to form a metropolitan and ceremonial county with a Lord Lieutenant of West Yorkshire and a High Sheriff. Wakefields Parish Church was raised to cathedral status in 1888 and after the elevation of Wakefield to diocese, Wakefield Council immediately sought city status and this was granted in July 1888. However the industrial revolution, which changed West and South Yorkshire significantly, led to the growth of Leeds and Bradford, Leeds was granted city status in 1893 and Bradford in 1897. The name of Leeds Town Hall reflects the fact that at its opening in 1858 Leeds was not yet a city, the county borders, going anticlockwise from the west, Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire and North Yorkshire. It lies almost entirely on rocks of carboniferous age which form the southern Pennine fringes in the west, in the extreme east of the metropolitan county there are younger deposits of magnesian limestone. The Bradford and Calderdale areas are dominated by the scenery of the slopes of the Pennines, dropping from upland in the west down to the east. There is a conjunction of large scale industry, urban areas. The dense network of roads, canals and railways and urban development, the carboniferous rocks of the Yorkshire coalfield further east have produced a rolling landscape with hills, escarpments and broad valleys. In this landscape there is evidence of both current and former industrial activity. There are numerous derelict or converted mine buildings and recently landscaped former spoil heaps, the scenery is a mixture of built up areas, industrial land with some dereliction, and farmed open country
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Music venue
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A music venue is any location used for a concert or musical performance. A music venue range in size and location, from an outdoor bandshell or bandstand or a hall to an indoor sports stadium. Typically, different types of venues host different genres of music, music venues may be either privately or publicly funded, and may charge for admission. An example of a publicly funded music venue is a park bandstand, a nightclub is a privately funded venue, venues like these often charge an entry fee to generate a profit. Music venues do not necessarily host live acts, disc jockeys at a discothèque or nightclub play recorded music through a PA system. Depending on the type of venue, the hours, location and length of performance may differ. Other attractions, such as art or social activities, may also be available. For example, at a bar or pub, the band may be playing live songs while drinks are being served. Some classes of venues may play live music in the background, music venues can be categorised in a number of ways. Typically, the genre of music played at the venue, whether it is temporary, the majority of music venues are permanent, however, there are temporary music venues. An example of a venue would be one constructed for a music festival. Music venues may be the result of private or public enterprises, some venues only promote acts of one particular genre and example of this are opera houses. Music venues can be categorised by size and capacity, a nightclub will often have a much smaller capacity than that of a stadium. Music venues are either outdoor or indoor, examples of outdoor venues include bandstands and bandshells, such outdoor venues provide minimal shelter for performing musicians and are usually located in parks. A temporary music festival is typically an outdoor venue, examples of indoor venues include public houses, nightclubs, coffee bars and stadia. Venues can play music, recorded music, or a combination of the two, depending on the event or time of day. A characteristic of every live music venue is that one or more stages are present. Venues may be unticketed, casual entry available on the door, or advance tickets only, a dress code may or may not apply
5.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
6.
Social club
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A social club may be a group of people or the place where they meet, generally formed around a common interest, occupation, or activity. This article covers only three types of social clubs, the historic gentlemens clubs, the modern activities clubs. This article does not cover a variety of types of clubs having some social characteristics. Working mens clubs developed in Britain during Victorian times as institutes where working men could attend lectures. The Reverend Henry Solly founded the Working Mens Club and Institute Union for this purpose in 1862, many middle class social reformers founded these clubs during the temperance movement as a place to relax without alcohol, but in time this changed. They became a combination of houses, music-halls, and clubs, becoming places to be entertained, to drink socially. The CIU was heavily involved in resisting the smoking ban in private clubs, in the Dutch East Indies, sociëteits were established in various cities. The traditional club referred to is the elitist gentlemens club, a fixture of upper class male British society and this is not to be confused with the modern use of the phrase, which now stands as a euphemism for a strip club. Clubs in England and Wales were not controlled by the system until the Licensing Act of 1902 was passed. The act required the registration of every club that occupied any premises used for the purposes of a club. Social activities clubs are a combination of several types of clubs and reflect todays more eclectic. These clubs are centered on the activities available to the members in the city or area in which the club is located. Some have a clubhouse, bar, or restaurant where members gather. Events can include a range of activities from sporting events and social parties to ballet. Unlike traditional clubs they are not limited to one kind of event or special interest, the members choose the events in which the club is going to take part, based upon the changing interests of the members. The members themselves determine the events they will attend of those offered, because the purpose of these clubs is split between general social interaction and taking part in the events themselves, both single and married people can take part. However clubs tend to have more members than married, and many clubs exist for only single people, only married couples. Membership can be limited or open to the public, as can the events
7.
Hyde Park, Leeds
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Hyde Park is an inner-city area of north-west Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, situated between the University of Leeds and Headingley. It is mainly in the Hyde Park & Woodhouse ward, though areas of what is often considered to be Hyde Park lie within the Headingley Ward. The boundary is roughly Queens Road, the boundary between the two wards is also the boundary between Leeds Central constituency, which contains Hyde Park & Woodhouse, and Leeds North West constituency, which contains Headingley. Unlike the nearby areas of Burley, Headingley and Woodhouse, Hyde Park was not historically a village so its boundaries are inevitably vague. Local people would largely consider Victoria Road, Cardigan Road, Alexandra Road, the area is in the centre of the citys student community. Being next to Headingley, a student community, Hyde Park is now an established alternative student district. There are also many full-time, long-term, non-student families and single people, there is a sizable South Asian community. According to J. Landfear Lucas, writing in 1914, Two suggested explanations have been offered, the present Hyde Park Hotel at Leeds was then called the Red Lion, but its name was soon afterwards changed. Subsequently, however, he took a journey to London, where, to his annoyance, on the other hand, Hyde Park had pleased him mightily, and on his return he substituted that appellation, and reserved Henrietta exclusively for his daughter. In July 2005, Hyde Park became the focus of attention as police carried out a raid connected to the 7 July 2005 London bombings. Officers used an explosion to enter a property at 28 Alexandra Grove, situated roughly where the Hyde Park. Hundreds of local residents were evacuated as police searched the house, despite media speculation that the house had allegedly been used as a bomb factory by the suicide bombers, police later said they found no explosives in the property. According to official police statistics Hyde Park and Woodhouse now has one of the lowest crime rates in the city making it one of the safest neighbourhoods in which to live. In July 1995 the area suffered serious rioting after the taking over of a pub, The Newlands. The local community rallied and created Unity Day, a community festival started by the Hyde Park Residents Association held on the adjacent Woodhouse Moor. The non-student community is vibrant, artsy and centres around Unity Day, Friends of Woodhouse Moor, Royal Park Community Consortium and other groups. The area is home to the Leeds Grand Mosque, the largest in Leeds, one Hindu temple, alongside outlets primarily catering for the student population there remain a number of smaller shops selling largely traditional South Asian goods. This arguably lessens the impact of studentification, though some community groups do consider this to be a problem, Hyde Park is the home of the Hyde Park Picture House, an independent, historic, art house cinema
8.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
9.
Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
10.
Licensing Act 2003
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The Licensing Act 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Permission to carry on some or all of these activities is now contained in a single licence — the premises licence — replacing several different. These authorities are required to establish a Licensing Committee, which acts in a quasi-judicial capacity under the Act. The powers of the Act came fully into force at midnight at the start of 24 November 2005. Key measures contained in the Act include, Flexible opening hours Flexible opening hours for licensed premises, with the potential for up to 24 hour opening, seven days a week, will now be available. This flexibility is intended to minimise public disorder resulting from a set closing time whereby numerous intoxicated individuals may leave licensed premises simultaneously at 23,00 and it is also an effort to decrease the culture of binge-drinking. Single premises licences The single integrated premises licence, bringing together the six existing licensing regimes with the intention of cutting down on bureaucracy, personal licences A new system of personal licences relating to the supply of alcohol is to be introduced. This will enable licence holders to move freely between premises where a premises licence is in force than is currently the case. Each local authority must set up a Licensing Committee with between ten and fifteen members and it is envisaged that most member level decisions will be made by a sub-committee of three. The Committee can and should have a scheme of delegation for different types of decision, the full Committee is expected to receive monitoring reports. The Committee is regarded as quasi-judicial, and many of the requirements of a council committee will not apply. The Committee should make its decisions in accordance with the principles of natural justice, the Act sets out four licensing objectives which must be taken into account when a local authority carries out its functions. Late night refreshment is defined as the supply of hot food or drink to the public for consumption, a premises licence is required for any premises offering licensable activities. However, once a licence is granted it is valid until it is either surrendered or lapses in accordance with the Act, in contrast to the predecessor schemes which generally had to be renewed annually. The application for a premises licence requires the completion of a schedule and the offering of conditions to be included on the premises licence. A premises licence that includes the sale of alcohol must name an individual who holds a licence granted under the Act. This person is known as the designated premises supervisor and must sign a consent form consenting to being named as that DPS and these bodies are all known as Responsible Authorities. Responsible Authorities are able to make representations to the licensing authority about an application, in addition to the Responsible Authorities the Act now allows for any other person to make representations
11.
DIY ethic
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DIY ethic refers to the ethic of self-sufficiency through completing tasks without the aid of a paid expert. Literally meaning do it yourself, the DIY ethic promotes the idea that anyone is capable of performing a variety of rather than relying on paid specialists. The DIY ethic requires that the adherent seeks out the required to complete a given task. The term can refer to a variety of disciplines, including home improvement, rather than belittling or showing disdain for those who engage in manual labor or skilled crafts, DIY champions the average individual seeking such knowledge and expertise. In the punk subculture, the DIY ethic is tied to punk ideology and it espouses the rejection of consumer culture, using existing systems or existing processes that would foster dependence on established societal structures. According to the aesthetic, one can express oneself and produce moving. Arguably the earliest example of this attitude was the music scene of the 1970s. Since many venues tend to shy away from experimental music, houses. Riot Grrrl, associated with feminism, also adopted the core values of the DIY punk ethic by leveraging creative ways of communication through zines. Adherents of the DIY punk ethic can also work collectively, for example, punk impresario David Fergusons CD Presents was a DIY concert production, recording studio, and record label network. The German punk band Mono für Alle, perfected the mass production of the self-made DIY album. Their album included a wooden cover and sold over 6000 units from their website. The DIY punk ethic also applies to simple living, such as. Sewing, repairing, or modifying clothing rather than buying new clothes, reclaiming recyclable products by dumpster diving. Some educators also engage in DIY teaching techniques, sometimes referred to as Edupunk, DIY music has its origins in the mid 1970s punk rock scene. It developed as a way to circumnavigate the mainstream music industry, in 2014, speaking about the 80s and 90s, Steve Albini told of the difficulties of getting record and played on the radio, saying So these independent bands had to be resourceful. They’d built their own infrastructure of independent clubs, promoters, fanzines, DIY music bands do everything themselves or with independent collaborators, from album production to marketing and communication. This choice primarily reflects a need to emphasize its independence in relation to big record labels, advances in technology and lowering costs have progressively made it easier for bands to be independent
12.
Noise regulation
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Noise regulation includes statutes or guidelines relating to sound transmission established by national, state or provincial and municipal levels of government. After the watershed passage of the United States Noise Control Act of 1972, other local, a noise regulation restricts the amount of noise, the duration of noise and the source of noise. It usually places restrictions for certain times of the day, in the 1960s and earlier, few people recognized that citizens might be entitled to be protected from adverse sound level exposure. Most concerted actions consisted of groups organized to oppose a specific highway or airport. Passage of the NCA was remarkable considering the lack of historic organized citizen concern, many municipalities do not follow up on complaints. Even where a municipality has an enforcement office, it may only be willing to issue warnings, japan actually passed the first national noise control act, but its scope was much more limited than the U. S. law, addressing mainly workplace and construction noise. Initially these laws had a significant effect on thoughtful study of transportation programs and they also gave states and cities an impetus to consider environmental noise in their planning and zoning decisions, and led to a host of statutes below the federal level. Awareness of the need for control was rising. In fact, by 1973 a national poll of 60,000 U. S. residents found that sixty percent of people considered street noise to have a disturbing, harmful or dangerous impact. This trend continued throughout the 1970s in the U. S. with about half of the states. Noise regulation subsided sharply in 1981, when Congress ended funding for the NCA, EPA had pre-empted lower levels of government from regulating sources, so states could not legislate standards such as for truck noise emissions. Nevertheless, some continued to act. Many cities throughout the U. S. also have noise ordinances and these ordinances can be enforced with local police powers. Several European countries emulated the U. S. national noise control law, Netherlands, France, Spain, in some cases unlegislated innovations have led to quieter products exceeding legal mandates. Environmental noise is a definition in the European directive 2002/49/EC article 10.1. The U. S. activities lag by 10 to 20 years behind most European countries, russia, China and undeveloped countries lag even further behind. After the passage of the NCA, EPA promulgated regulations setting maximum noise limits on a gamut of motor vehicles, industrial machinery, the Agency conducted extensive testing and consulted with industry on the practicality of manufacturing quieter devices. EPAs efforts had an influence on the future of a generation of machines
13.
Public address system
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Simple PA systems are often used in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. Intercom systems, installed in buildings, have both speakers throughout a building, and microphones in many rooms allowing the occupants to respond to announcements. Sound reinforcement systems and PA systems may use some similar components, Sound reinforcement systems are for live music or performance, whereas PA systems are primarily for reproduction of speech. A short time later the Automatic Enunciator Company was established in Chicago in order to market the new device, in August 1912 a large outdoor installation was made at a water carnival held in Chicago by the Associated Yacht and Power Boat Clubs of America. Seventy-two loudspeakers were strung in pairs at intervals along the docks. The system was used to announce race reports and descriptions, carry a series of speeches about The Chicago Plan, and provide music between races. Four years later, in 1915, they built a dynamic loudspeaker with a 1-inch voice coil, a 3-inch corrugated diaphragm, the electromagnet created a flux field of approximately 11,000 G. Their first experiment used a carbon microphone, when the 12 V battery was connected to the system, they experienced one of the first examples of acoustic feedback. They then placed the loudspeaker on the roof, and claims say that the amplified human voice could be heard 1 mile away. Jensen and Pridham refined the system and connected a phonograph to the loudspeaker to be able to broadcast recorded music and this demonstration was official presentation of the working system, and approximately 100,000 people gathered to hear Christmas music and speeches with absolute distinctness. The first outside broadcast was one week later, again supervised by Jensen. Jensen oversaw the governor using the microphone while Pridham operated the loudspeaker, the following year, Jensen and Pridham applied for a patent for what they called their Sound Magnifying Phonograph. Over the next two years developed their first valve amplifier. In 1919 this was standardized as a 3-stage 25 watt amplifier, wilsons speech was part of his nationwide tour to promote the establishment of the League of Nations. It was held on September 9,1919 at City Stadium, as with the San Francisco installation, Jensen supervised the microphone and Pridham the loudspeakers. Wilson spoke into two large horns mounted on his platform which channelled his voice into the microphone, similar systems were used in the following years by Warren G. Harding and Franklin D. Roosevelt. By the early 1920s, Marconi had established a department dedicated to public address, in 1925, George V used such a system at the British Empire Exhibition, addressing 90,000 via six long-range loudspeakers. This public use of loudspeakers brought attention to the possibilities of such technology, the 1925 Royal Air Force Pageant at Hendon Aerodrome used a Marconi system to allow the announcer to address the crowds, as well as amplify the band
14.
National Lottery (United Kingdom)
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The National Lottery is the state-franchised national lottery in the United Kingdom. It is operated by Camelot Group, to whom the licence was granted in 1994,2001, the lottery is regulated by the National Lottery Commission, and was established by the government of John Major in 1994. All prizes are paid as a sum and are tax-free. 5% to cover operating costs and 0. 5% as profit. Lottery tickets and scratch cards may be only by people of at least 16 years of age. A statute of 1698 provided that in England lotteries were by default illegal unless specifically authorised by statute, early English state lotteries included the Million Lottery and the Malt Lottery. These Lotteries were part of a series of experiments by the English government including recoinage. A1934 Act, further liberalised in 1956 and 1976, legalised small lotteries, the UKs state-franchised lottery was set up under government licence by the government of John Major in 1993. The National Lottery is franchised to an operator, the Camelot Group was awarded the franchise on 25 May 1994. The first draw took place on 19 November 1994 with a programme presented by Noel Edmonds. The first numbers drawn were 30,3,5,44,14 and 22, the bonus was 10, tickets became available on the Isle of Man on 2 December 1999 at the request of Tynwald. The National Lottery undertook a rebranding programme in late 2002 designed to combat falling sales. The main game was renamed Lotto, and the National Lottery Extra became Lotto Extra, the stylized crossed-fingers logo was modified. However, the games as a collective are still known as the National Lottery and it is one of the most popular forms of gambling in the United Kingdom. In November 2009 Camelot replaced its older Lotto draw machines, the new machines are named Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot and Merlin, reusing the names of older machines. At the same time, new machines for the Thunderball game were introduced, the new Lotto machines are the Magnum II model, manufactured by Smartplay International Inc. and the new Thunderball machines are the Smartplay Halogen II model. The ticket purchaser for a syndicate, typically its manager, must meet the eligibility criteria for ticket purchase, in the draw, six numbered balls are drawn without replacement from a set of 59 balls numbered from 1 to 59. A further Bonus Ball is also drawn, which only players who match five numbers. Prizes are awarded to players who match at least three of the six numbers, with prizes increasing for matching more of the drawn numbers
15.
Heritage Lottery Fund
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The Heritage Lottery Fund was established in the United Kingdom under the National Lottery etc. The Fund opened for applications in 1994, although HLF is branded as though a body in its own right, it is administered by a pre-existing non-departmental public body – the Board of Trustees of the National Heritage Memorial Fund. The turnover of HLF is considerably larger than the work of the NHMF. Decisions about policies and large applications are made by the Trustees of the NHMF, there are also decision-making committees in the English regions, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Head office is in London, with offices in nine English regions and in Scotland, Wales. The Heritage Lottery Fund offers a range of different grant programmes from £3,000 to over £5 million
16.
Kaiser Chiefs
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Their album Employment enjoyed critical and commercial success with over three million copies sold. It has won the band three Brit Awards, including the award for Best British Group, a NME award for Best Album, in 2008, they had a UK number 5 hit with the Post-Punk Revival track Never Miss a Beat. In total the band has sold over 1.1 million singles combined up to their 5th album and their latest top 40 single, Coming Home hit number 31 in 2014. Their album Education, Education, Education & War hit number one in the chart also in 2014. When they were around eleven years old, Nick Hodgson, Nick Baines and Simon Rix met in the class at St. Marys Catholic High School, Menston. After leaving school, Rix and Baines left for university in 1996 whereas Hodgson remained in the Leeds area, Hodgson, White and Wilson formed the band Runston Parva, its name a deliberate misspelling of a small East Yorkshire hamlet called Ruston Parva. After Runston Parva failed to secure a deal, the group re-formed as Parva upon the return of Rix. Parvas career went beyond the boundaries of Leeds, and the band was able to both a record and publishing deal. However, after Beggars Banquet closed the Mantra label, Parva were dropped and left desolate and without any direction after the release of an album and three singles. According to manager James Sandom in an interview with HitQuarters, as a band they had become damaged goods. A lot of people used their history against them, the band decided that they would aim for a longer term record deal and started afresh with new songs and a new name, Kaiser Chiefs. The new name was taken from South African football club Kaizer Chiefs, manager James Sandom was tipped off about the band by Drowned in Sound founder Sean Adams and persuaded him to go and see them live. Sandom said, I went to see a couple of shows, soon after Sandom became their manager, Kaiser Chiefs signed to B-Unique Records. Atlantic Records had also made an offer for the band, in July 2004, while still relatively unknown inside the UK, Kaiser Chiefs performed their first festival outside the UK at a festival in Moscow. One of the factors in the bands breakthrough in 2005 was their involvement in the NME Awards Tour at the beginning of the year. Like Coldplay and Franz Ferdinand before them, their position as opening act proved an influential one, the groups debut album Employment was released in March 2005, being primarily inspired by new wave and punk rock music of the late 1970s and 1980s. The album was received by music critics, described as thrilling from beginning to end and quintessentially British, without pretension and most importantly. It reached number two on the UK albums chart, and was certified five times platinum, in 2005, Employment was shortlisted for the Mercury Prize, an annual music prize awarded for the best British or Irish album from the previous year
17.
Franz Ferdinand (band)
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Franz Ferdinand are a Scottish rock band, formed in 2002 and based in Glasgow. The bands original lineup was composed of Alex Kapranos, Nick McCarthy, Bob Hardy, the band has been known for being one of the most popular post-punk revival bands, garnering multiple UK top 20 hits and selling over 3 million albums worldwide, as of late 2009. They have been nominated for several Grammy Awards and have received two Brit Awards—winning one for Best British Group, as well as one NME Award, the band began by releasing their debut extended play, Darts of Pleasure, in 2003, under Domino Records. The band gained recognition in the United Kingdom after the EPs title track peaked at number 44 on UK Singles Chart, in January 2004, the band released the song Take Me Out. The song went on to global recognition, charting in several countries. It has since been noted as the signature song and has received critical acclaim from critics. The band subsequently released their eponymous studio album on 9 February 2004 to critical acclaim. The album won the 2004 Mercury Prize and earned a Grammy nomination for Best Alternative Album, in 2005, the band released their second studio album, You Could Have It So Much Better, which was produced by Rich Costey. The album went on to critical acclaim from critics as well as a positive commercial performance. The bands third album, Tonight, Franz Ferdinand, was announced in late 2008. The album gained a commercial performance as well as positive reviews. A remix album of Tonight, titled Blood, was released in July 2009. Four years after the release of Tonight, the released their fourth studio album, Right Thoughts, Right Words. In 2015, it was announced that Franz Ferdinand and American rock band Sparks had formed the supergroup FFS, the two released the album FFS in June 2015. In 2016, it was announced that Nick McCarthy had taken a break from the band to focus on matters and other musical projects. The members of Franz Ferdinand played in bands during the 1990s, including The Karelia, Yummy Fur, 10p Invaders. Alex Kapranos and Paul Thomson met at a party and began a friendship and played together in Yummy Fur. Around the same time, Kapranos taught his friend, Bob Hardy, Kapranos met co-guitarist Nick McCarthy, who had returned to Scotland after studying jazz bass in Germany, in 2001
18.
The Cribs
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The Cribs are an English indie rock band originally from Wakefield, West Yorkshire. The band consists of twins Gary and Ryan Jarman and their younger brother Ross Jarman and they were subsequently joined by ex-The Smiths and Modest Mouse guitarist Johnny Marr who was made a formal member of the group in 2008. Marr would remain as part of the band until 2011, his departure was announced on 11 April through the bands website. They had outgrown this tag by the time of the success of their third LP. In 2008, Q magazine described the band as The biggest cult band in the UK, in 2012, the bands 10th anniversary year, they were honoured with the Spirit of Independence award at the annual Q Awards. Several months later, they received the Outstanding Contribution to Music award at the annual NME Awards, as of 2015, their last 3 albums have charted in the UK Top 10. The Cribs were formed in late 2001 as a project for the three brothers. They also released a split 7 single on Leeds based garage/riot grrrl/punk label Squirrel Records during this period with former Shove/Boyskout member Jen Schande, limited to 300 copies on blue vinyl the record is now a rarity that sells for upwards of $150 on eBay. According to Mojo magazine, On the strength of one demo and we went to see them at the Metro on Oxford Street and completely fell in love with them. They seemed like such a pop band. Every song sounded like a single - Mark Bowen, Wichita Recordings, after signing with Wichita Recordings, the band began re-recording many of the songs from the original demo, as well as several new tracks for what would be their debut record. I tried handclaps, they were not sure about handclaps and it was all Keep it real - Bobby Conn. Then sessions moved to Toe Rag Studios in Hackney with the band self-producing, the album was completed in 7 days, live to 8-track tape, with Ed Deegan engineering. Released on 8 March 2004, the album found early supporters in the NME, who commented on its pop melodies. Lo-fi would be a term that would follow the band around for the few years. Again, from the NME in 2011, Recorded in a week, Radio 1 DJ Steve Lamacq was also an early champion. What About Me was the third and final single from the album, the Cribs toured extensively throughout 2004 and into 2005, both as headliners as well as supporting artists like old friend Bobby Conn, Death Cab For Cutie and The Libertines. After concluding touring duties for the first record, the band were taken off the road to start writing the follow up
19.
The Wedding Present
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The Wedding Present are a British indie rock group originally formed in 1985 in Leeds, England, from the ashes of the Lost Pandas. The bands music has evolved from fast-paced indie rock in the vein of their most obvious influences The Fall, Buzzcocks, throughout their career, they have been led by vocalist and guitarist David Gedge, the bands only constant member. The band has its origins in the Lost Pandas, which folded in 1984 when Janet Rigby, David Gedge and The Lost Pandas bass player, Keith Gregory, decided to continue the band, renaming it The Wedding Present. The name was conceived by Gedge and his girlfriend at the time. I’ve always thought that The Wedding Present was a name for a pop band — more like a poem, or a book or something —. I’ve also always been fascinated by weddings, the countrys clubs and bars were toured as the band prepared for the recording of their first, self-financed single. Go Out and Get ’Em, Boy. was chosen over early favourite Will You Be Up There, Charman felt somewhat insecure about his drumming abilities and so the A-side features drumming by hired hand Julian Sowa. The single was released on the bands own Reception Records label with distribution through Red Rhino, two more singles followed that did well on the independent charts helped by veteran BBC radio DJ John Peel who was one of their first champions. He invited them to do a session, starting a long collaboration. The album was released in 1987 and titled George Best after the well-known Northern Irish football player, disagreement on production values with the records producer, Chris Allison, led to the album being remixed by the band and their engineer, Steve Lyon. Musically, the album featured fast-paced rhythm guitar, lyrically, apart from a few excursions into social critique and politics, Gedges main concerns were love, lust, heartbreak and revenge. Soon after the release of George Best, the early singles, between the recording of the first and the second Ukrainian session, Charman was fired from the band. His replacement was Simon Smith, who remained the bands drummer until 1997 and for a time was, next to Gedge. The band planned on releasing eight cuts from the Ukrainian sessions on a 10 LP, rather than trying to find a new distribution company, the band decided to fold their Reception label altogether and sign with a regular record company, RCA. Although the band were criticized by quarters for selling out, under the terms of their contract they were allowed their own choice of producer. They also had the option of releasing any singles rejected by the label independently without breach of contract, the first proper album that The Wedding Present recorded for their new label was released in the same year 1989 and reunited them with Allison. Bizarro’s lyrical themes were largely the same as before and the featured the same three-chord structures. The album was recorded at Jacobs Studios by Steve Lyon and again mixed by him there, the albums companion single, Kennedy, provided the band with their first British Top 40 hit
20.
The Fall (band)
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The Fall are an English post-punk band, formed in 1976 in Prestwich, Lancashire. They have undergone many line up changes, with Mark E. Smith as the founder, the Falls long term musicians have included bassist Steve Hanley, drummers Paul Hanley and Karl Burns, and guitarists Marc Riley, Craig Scanlon and Brix Smith. First associated with the late 1970s punk movement, the Falls music has undergone numerous stylistic changes, while the Fall have never achieved widespread success beyond minor hit singles in the late 1980s, they have maintained a strong cult following. The Fall have been called the most prolific band of the British post-punk movement and they have released thirty-one studio albums as of 2015, and more than three times that number when live albums and compilations are taken into account. The Fall were formed in Prestwich, Lancashire in 1976 by Mark E. Smith, Martin Bramah, Una Baines, the four friends would meet to read their writings to each other and take drugs. Their musical influences included Can, The Velvet Underground, Captain Beefheart and garage bands like The Monks. The members were devoted readers, with Smith citing H. P, lovecraft, Raymond Chandler and Malcolm Lowry among his favourite writers. After seeing the Sex Pistols play Manchesters Lesser Free Trade Hall in June 1976, Smith wanted to name the group The Outsiders, but Friel came up with the name The Fall after a 1956 novel by Albert Camus. Smith became the singer, Bramah the guitarist, Friel played bass guitar and Baines bashed biscuit tins instead of drums, unable to afford buying a drum kit, the Falls music was intentionally raw and repetitive. The song Repetition, declaring that weve repetition in the music, the group played its first concert on 23 May 1977 at the North West Arts basement. The bands first drummer was remembered only as Dave or Steve for thirty-four years, Ormrod lasted just one show, at least in part due to political differences with the other members of the group. He was replaced by Karl Burns, whom Friel played with in a band Nuclear Angel, the Fall soon caught attention of Buzzcocks manager Richard Boon, who funded their first recording session. And in November 1977 they recorded material for their debut EP, Boon planned to release the EP on his New Hormones label, but after discovering that he could not afford to release the EP, he gave the tapes back to the group. The Falls line-up underwent first drastic changes in 1977–78, kay Carroll, Una Bainess friend and colleague at the psychiatric hospital, became the groups manager and occasional backing vocalist, as well as Smiths girlfriend. Friel, unhappy with Carrolls management, left in December 1977 and he was briefly replaced by Jonnie Brown and later Eric McGann. 16-year-old Marc Riley, the roadie, was eventually recruited to the group to play bass guitar. Finally was released in August 1978 on Step Forward Records, the single Its the New Thing followed in November 1978, and in December The Fall recorded their debut album Live at the Witch Trials, which was released in March 1979. Burns quit the group shortly after the album was recorded, and was replaced by Mike Leigh from Rockin Ricky, a cabaret band
21.
NME
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New Musical Express is a British music journalism magazine published since 1952. It was the first British paper to include a singles chart, in the 1970s it became the best-selling British music newspaper. It started as a newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s and 1990s. An online version of NME, NME. com, was launched in 1996 and it became the worlds biggest standalone music site, with over seven million users per month. With newsstand sales falling across the UK magazine sector, the paid circulation in the first half of 2014 was 15,830. In 2013, the list of NMEs The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, NME magazine was relaunched in September 2015 as a nationally distributed free publication. NMEs headquarters are in Southwark, London, England, the brands editor-in-chief is Mike Williams, who replaced Krissi Murison in 2012. The paper was established in 1952, the Accordion Times and Musical Express was bought by London music promoter Maurice Kinn, for the sum of £1,000, just 15 minutes before it was due to be officially closed. It was relaunched as the New Musical Express, and was published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint. On 14 November 1952, taking its cue from the US magazine Billboard, it created the first UK Singles Chart, the first of these was, in contrast to more recent charts, a top twelve sourced by the magazine itself from sales in regional stores around the UK. The first number one was Here in My Heart by Al Martino, during the 1960s the paper championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The NME circulation peaked under Andy Gray, Editor 1957–1972, with a figure of 306,881 for the period from January to June 1964, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were frequently featured on the front cover. These and other artists appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert. The concert also featured a ceremony where the winners would collect their awards. The NME Poll Winners Concerts took place between 1959 and 1972, from 1964 onwards they were filmed, edited and transmitted on British television a few weeks after they had taken place. The latter part of the 1960s saw the chart the rise of psychedelia. During this period some sections of pop music began to be designated as rock, in early 1972 the paper found itself on the verge of closure by its owner IPC. Alan Smith was made editor and in 1972 was told by IPC to turn things around quickly or face closure, according to The Economist, the New Musical Express started to champion underground, up-and-coming music. NME became the gateway to a more rebellious world
22.
Hyde Park Picture House, Leeds
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The Hyde Park Picture House is a cinema and Grade II listed building in the Hyde Park area of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Built by Thomas Winn & Sons, it opened on 7 November 1914 and it features many original features, such as an ornate balcony and external box office, and is the only remaining gas lit cinema in the United Kingdom. Following the installation of seating, the Picture House has a capacity of 275. A varied programme plays at the cinema, from movies to big new releases. This bill attracts a crowd of local residents and students. The Leeds International Film Festival began at the venue in 1987, as well as showing movies, the cinema hosts occasional musical performances and has been used as both a backdrop for films and TV programmes and as a wedding venue. Hyde Park Picture House was designed by architects Thomas Winn & Sons and it stands around halfway down Brudenell Road at the junction with Queens Road, on a canted corner. The front elevation is topped by a Dutch gable with ball finials, glazed terracotta dressings and a frieze with moulded letters spelling out Hyde Park Picture House appear at the entrance and contrast with the red brick, which makes up the majority of the building. The cinema opened shortly after the start of World War I, an advertisement in the Yorkshire Evening Post at the time of the opening, branded Hyde Park Picture House the cosiest in Leeds. Following the advent of talkies in the 1920s, the cinema was converted for sound, little is known about the history of the cinema from its initial years to the 1980s. In 1959, to promote the showing of The Big Hunt, at some point after this, the Picture House briefly closed and became a bingo hall before reopening as a cinema again roughly two years later. Members of the Friends receive discounted admission to the cinema and funds from membership go towards supporting the charitys aims, three years later, in 1987, the Leeds International Film Festival began at the venue. The Picture House was given Grade II listed status on 11 September 1996, the ornate gas lamp outside the cinema was separately Grade II listed on the same date. Along with Cottage Road, the Hyde Park Picture House is one of two surviving original single-screen cinemas in Leeds, down from peak numbers of between 60-70 in the 1930s. The Picture House retains many features, including an external ticket booth, decorated barrel-vaulted ceiling and balcony adorned with a frieze of plaster festoons, brackets. It is also the only cinema in the UK to retain modesty gas lights, the original screen, painted directly on the wall and surrounded by golden cherubs, remains intact behind its modern successor. The fireplace, which sat in the hallway, has been replaced by a kiosk. In 2016 the cinema was awarded a £2.4 million National Lottery grant, the Picture House plays an eclectic programme of films, from arthouse and independent movies to big new releases
23.
Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom
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Throughout the United Kingdom, the sale of alcohol is restricted—pubs, restaurants, shops and other premises must be licensed by the local authority. Every Premises Licence which authorises the sale of alcohol must also name a Designated Premises Supervisor who must hold a valid Personal Licence – otherwise alcohol cannot be sold at that premises, the DPS has day-to-day responsibility for the sale of alcohol at licensed premises. Premises licences, in as far as they concern the sale of alcohol, however, these distinctions are not explicitly made in the Licensing Act 2003, and the position in Scotland and Northern Ireland is more complex. Many on-licensed premises also permit off-sales, the age at which people are legally allowed to purchase alcohol is 18 in most circumstances. Adults purchasing alcohol on behalf of a person under 18 in a pub or from an off-licence are potentially liable to prosecution along with the vendor. However, legislation does allow for the consumption of alcohol by those under 18 in the circumstances, The individual is aged 5 or older. The individual is aged 16 or 17 and the alcohol, which can only be beer, the person making the purchase must themselves be over 18. The Licensing Act 2003 thoroughly revised and consolidated into one Act all the many separate legislative provisions that previously covered licensed premises in England, the Licensing Act 2005 brought the same reforms to Scotland. The same reforms have been proposed for Northern Ireland, but have not been enacted, in the mid-18th century, gin became extremely popular as it was much cheaper to buy than beer. This was known as the gin epidemic, by 1740, six times more gin than beer was being produced, and of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London, half were gin-shops. The Gin Act 1736 imposed a high duty on gin, but this caused rioting. The Gin Act 1751 was more successful, instead of a tax it restricted gin producers to selling only to licensed premises, during the 19th century, licensing laws began to restrict the opening hours of premises. The Sunday Closing Act 1881 required the closure of all houses in Wales on Sundays. After the outbreak of World War I the Defence of the Realm Act was passed by Parliament in 1914, one section of the Act concerned the hours pubs could sell alcohol, as it was believed that alcohol consumption would interfere with the war effort. It restricted opening hours for licensed premises to luncheon and supper, significantly revised rules were introduced in November 2005, when hour limits were scrapped, and pubs were allowed to apply for licences as permissive as 24 hours a day. In practice, most pubs chose to apply for more restrictive licences, is still often used to announce the last opportunity to purchase drinks, typically ten or fifteen minutes in advance and is often announced via a bell. At the point when the bar no longer serve drinks. The wartime restrictions in Scotland were repealed in 1976, as a result, Scottish laws were generally less restrictive, with local authorities being allowed to determine opening hours
24.
Holbeck
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Holbeck is an inner city area of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It begins on the edge of Leeds city centre and mainly lies in the LS11 postcode district. The M1 and M621 motorways used to end/begin in Holbeck, now the M621 is the only motorway that passes through the area since the end of the M1 moved to Hook Moor near Aberford. Since large parts of Holbeck have been vacated in preparation for the regeneration of the area, Holbeck had a population of 5,505 in 2011. The district currently falls within the Beeston and Holbeck ward of the Leeds City Council, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal also runs through Holbeck. The place-name Holbeck is first attested in the century in forms such as Holebec and Holesbec, from hol a hollow and beck a stream. The old manor belonged to the priory of the Holy Trinity at York and after the Dissolution of the Monasteries passed to the Darcy, in the eighteenth century Holbeck was still a village outside Leeds, and expanded with the development of hand weaving. At this time, Holbeck was known for its spa water, which resembled that of Harrogate, in the first half of the nineteenth century, Holbeck village was a hamlet of few streets. Most were owned by John Scholey and are listed in his will at the Borthwick Institute for Archives and his family sold the properties at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. It was still listed as a separate out-township as late as 1878, but as the area industrialised around the mid-nineteenth century, it became increasingly integrated into Leeds. There were ironworks, works for the manufacture of steam engines, key factories were, John Marshalls Mill. Marshalls Mill consisted of a room lit by skylights, occupying an area of nearly two acres. Matthew Murrays Round Foundry on Water Lane was where the Middleton Railways first steam locomotives were built, starting in 1812, the factory in Silver Street belonging to Taylor, Wordsworth and Co, machine makers, eventually grew to cover three acres. Tower Works, a built in 1864–66 by Colonel Thomas Harding. Slum clearance took place after the epidemics of 1832 and 1849. Holbeck railway station was built during the century and it was notable because it was a two-tier station with a low line and a high line, the railway viaduct, built in 1869, was thought to be one of the engineering marvels of the Victorian age. Holbeck has suffered significant decline since the century, in 1921, its population was around 38,152. Many of the buildings and warehouses have been demolished or fallen into disrepair
25.
Fanzine
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A fanzine is a nonprofessional and nonofficial publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet, typically, publishers, editors and contributors of articles or illustrations to fanzines receive no financial compensation. Fanzines are traditionally circulated free of charge, or for a nominal cost to defray postage or production expenses, copies are often offered in exchange for similar publications, or for contributions of art, articles, or letters of comment, which are then published. The term fanzine is sometimes confused with fan magazine, but the term most often refers to commercially produced publications for fans. P. These publications were produced first on small tabletop printing presses, often by students, as professional printing technology progressed, so did the technology of fanzines. Early fanzines were hand-drafted or typed on a typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques. Only a very small number of copies could be made at a time, the use of mimeograph machines enabled greater press runs, and the photocopier increased the speed and ease of publishing once more. Today, thanks to the advent of publishing and self-publication. When Hugo Gernsback published the first scientifiction magazine, Amazing Stories in 1926, by 1927 readers, often young adults, would write to each other, bypassing the magazine. Science fiction fanzines had their beginnings in Serious & Constructive correspondence, fans finding themselves writing the same letter to several correspondents sought to save themselves a lot of typing by duplicating their letters. Early efforts included simple carbon copies but that proved insufficient, the first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago and edited by Raymond A. Palmer and Walter Dennis. The term fanzine was coined by Russ Chauvenet in the October 1940 edition of his fanzine Detours, fanzines were distinguished from prozines, that is, all professional magazines. Prior to that, the fan publications were known as fanmags or letterzines, Science fiction fanzines used a variety of printing methods. Typewriters, school dittos, church mimeos and multi-color letterpress or other mid-to-high level printing, some fans wanted their news spread, others reveled in the artistry and beauty of fine printing. The hectograph, introduced around 1876, was so named because it could produce up to a hundred copies, hecto used an aniline dye, transferred to a tray of gelatin, and paper would be placed on the gel, one sheet at a time, for transfer. Messy and smelly, the process could create vibrant colors for the few copies produced, the next small but significant technological step after hecto is the spirit duplicator, essentially the hectography process using a drum instead of the gelatin. Introduced by Ditto Corporation in 1923, these machines were known for the six decades as Ditto Machines and used by fans because they were cheap to use. The mimeograph machine, which forced ink through a wax paper stencil cut by the keys of a typewriter, was the standard for many decades, a second-hand mimeo could print hundreds of copies and print in color
26.
Noise rock
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Noise rock is a diverse style of experimental rock that spun off from punk rock in the 1980s. Some groups are tied to song structures, such as Sonic Youth, while the music had been around for some time, the term noise rock was coined in the 1980s to describe an offshoot of punk groups with an increasingly abrasive approach. An archetypal album is the Velvet Undergrounds White Light/White Heat, treblezines Joe Gross credits the cult classic with being the first noise rock album, accordingly, perhaps it’s an obvious starting point, but it’s also the starting point. Sonic Youths Thurston Moore explained, Noise has taken the place of punk rock, people who play noise have no real aspirations to being part of the mainstream culture. Punk has been co-opted, and this subterranean noise music and the folk scene have replaced it. Starting in the 1990s, noise punk developed mostly as a form of party music, with the band Lightning Bolt serving as key players in the 2000s noise punk scene in Providence, Rhode Island
27.
Pub
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A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer, ale and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, New Zealand, Canadian, in many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as the heart of England, Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In 1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters who would assess the quality of ale sold, most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals, the owner, tenant or manager is known as the pub landlord or publican. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s and these alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the public house, or Pub as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, the Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses,1,631 inns, Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway, in Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old, in addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, the latter tend to provide alcohol, but less commonly accommodation. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard, there is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. In North America, the aspect of the word inn lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century, alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries, the 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin
28.
Soundproofing
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Soundproofing is any means of reducing the sound pressure with respect to a specified sound source and receptor. Two distinct soundproofing problems may need to be considered when designing acoustic treatments - to improve the sound within a room, acoustic quieting, noise mitigation, and noise control can be used to limit unwanted noise. Soundproofing can suppress unwanted indirect sound waves such as reflections that cause echoes and resonances that cause reverberation, soundproofing can reduce the transmission of unwanted direct sound waves from the source to an involuntary listener through the use of distance and intervening objects in the sound path. The energy density of sound waves decreases as they spread out, in a normal three-dimensional setting, with a point source and point receptor, the intensity of sound waves will be attenuated according to the inverse square of the distance from the source. Damping means to reduce resonance in the room, by absorption or redirection, absorption will reduce the overall sound level, whereas redirection makes unwanted sound harmless or even beneficial by reducing coherence. Damping can reduce the acoustic resonance in the air, or mechanical resonance in the structure of the room itself or things in the room. Absorbing sound spontaneously converts part of the energy to a very small amount of heat in the intervening object. There are several ways in which a material can absorb sound, the choice of sound absorbing material will be determined by the frequency distribution of noise to be absorbed and the acoustic absorption profile required. Porous absorbers, typically open cell rubber foams or melamine sponges, porous open cell foams are highly effective noise absorbers across a broad range of medium-high frequencies. Performance is less impressive at low frequencies, unlike porous absorbers, resonant absorbers are most effective at low-medium frequencies and the absorption of resonant absorbers is always matched to a narrow frequency range. In an outdoor environment such as engineering, embankments or panelling are often used to reflect sound upwards into the sky. If a specular reflection from a flat surface is giving a problematic echo then an acoustic diffuser may be applied to the surface. It will scatter sound in all directions and this is effective to eliminate pockets of noise in a room. A room within a room is one method of isolating sound, most vibration / sound transfer from a room to the outside occurs through mechanical means. The vibration passes directly through the brick, woodwork and other structural elements. When it meets with an element such as a wall, ceiling, floor or window, which acts as a sounding board, a mechanical transmission is much faster, more efficient and may be more readily amplified than an airborne transmission of the same initial strength. The use of foam and other absorbent means is less effective against this transmitted vibration. The user is advised to break the connection between the room contains the noise source and the outside world
29.
Smoking ban in England
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A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom before this — Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007. Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback, the pub chain Wetherspoons was the first major chain to introduce a complete ban on indoor smoking. Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005. On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a ban in almost all public places in England. Smoking restrictions would be phased in, with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006, in enclosed public places by 2007, on 26 October 2005, after external challenge and debates within the Cabinet, the government announced that it would continue with its plans. It was reported on 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban, Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt voted in favour of the amendment and, in so doing, voted against her own Departments then publicly stated policy. All other parties had offered free votes on the issue which was debated on 14 February, on 14 February 2006, the House of Commons first voted on the amendment to the original compromise plan, to extend the ban to all enclosed public places except private members clubs. The amendment was carried with a large majority, mPs then voted on a further amendment to ban smoking in all enclosed public places including private members clubs. Again this amendment gained significant support and was carried with a large majority and this therefore replaced the earlier successful amendment which would have allowed smoking only in private members clubs. The legislation was passed by the House of Lords, allowing a total smoking ban in enclosed places to come into force in England. The ban came into force on 1 July 2007, as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt, on 30 June 2010, the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban. An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading. Smoking is permitted in a residence, although not in areas used as a shared work-space. In flats with communal entrances or shared corridors, these must be smoke-free, university halls of residence presented some dilemmas in practice as regards defining what is public and private. Several universities have imposed a ban on smoking including halls of residence. The ban has since extended to cover the use of Electronic cigarettes. Smoking on board trains was banned in 2005 when both GNER and First Caledonian Sleeper withdrew smoking accommodation from their services, the Tyne and Wear Metro was the first public transport system to ban in its entirety which has been enforced since the system first opened in 1980
30.
Working Men's Club and Institute Union
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The Working Mens Club and Institute Union is a voluntary association of private members clubs in Great Britain & Northern Ireland, with about 1,800 associate clubs. One club in the Republic of Ireland, the City of Dublin Working Mens Club is also affiliated, most social clubs are affiliated to the CIU. They do not have to be working mens clubs, although most are, there are many village clubs, Royal British Legions, Labour Clubs, Liberal Clubs, and various other clubs involved. A member of one CIU-affiliated club is entitled to use the facilities of all other CIU clubs, the CIU has two main purposes, to provide a voice at national level for working mens clubs and social clubs, and to provide discounted products and services for its members. The Club and Institute Union was founded by The Rev. Henry Solly in 1862, a great propagandist for clubs, he provided a much needed conceptual clarity to the notion of club work. He was also an important advocate for the extension of working class political rights, the CIU as a national body is non-political. Though individual clubs can be affiliated to political parties, originally it was a middle class led philanthropic organisation aimed at education and non-alcoholic recreation. However, working men themselves soon took over the running of the CIU, in the Victorian era, the Liberal Working Mens Clubs were prevalent in increasing the Unions membership. Sometimes Liberal Clubs were called Gladstone Clubs in honour of the Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, in the pre- and post-World War I era these clubs were often associated with trade societies and trade union branches. In the miners strike of the early 1980s, the Miners Welfare Clubs were prominent in their support of the strike, other such clubs can still be recognised by their title e. g. Engineers or Railwaymens Clubs. There were also Socialist Clubs built before the establishment of the Labour Party, Labour Clubs were founded as that party grew in size in the 1920s. Generally, Conservative Clubs did not join as they formed their own federation, servicemen returning from the Great War would also found clubs. The only stipulation demanded for membership of the CIU was that clubs be owned by the members, the wealthier clubs have sports pitches and dining facilities as well as indoor games and entertainment. Many entertainers developed their skills in them over the years, until 2004, the CIU had its own beer brewed by the Federation brewery in Dunston, Tyne and Wear. Although CIU-affiliated clubs do still receive discounted beer, these discounts are passed on to the members. The brewery was taken over by Scottish & Newcastle in 2004 and this was active in the recent debate about smoking. As most clubs are known as the haven of the man who likes to drink and smoke. The CIU holds a congress every year and as part of its activities runs convalescent homes
31.
Sky (United Kingdom)
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Sky UK Limited is a telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband services, fixed line and mobile telephone services to consumers. It is the UKs largest pay-TV broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015 and it was the UKs most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007. Its corporate headquarters are based in Isleworth, formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, Sky became the UKs largest digital subscription television company. Following Skys 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90. 04% interest in Sky Deutschland in November 2014, the United Kingdom operations also changed the company name from British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited, still trading as Sky. Sky UK Limited is an owned subsidiary of Sky plc, with its current company directors being Andrew Griffith. Griffith acts as the Chief Financial Officer and the Managing Director for the commercial businesses division, after the two companies merged, subscribers could get access to both channels, and later the sports channel Sky Sports also became encrypted. In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid, Murdoch described sport as a battering ram for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdochs media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid. BSkyB retained the rights paying £670m 1997–2001 deal, but was challenged by On Digital for the rights from 2001–2004, in May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the four for £1. 3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid £4. 2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016 and this represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices, in September 1993, BSkyB launched Sky Multichannels which was the present digital platforms analogue predecessor. Sky Multichannels was a package that gave access not only to Skys own channels
32.
Cask ale
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Cask ale or cask-conditioned beer is unfiltered and unpasteurised beer which is conditioned and served from a cask without additional nitrogen or carbon dioxide pressure. Cask ale is also referred to as real ale in the United Kingdom. The Histories of Herodotus, written in 424 BC, refers to casks of palm-wood filled with wine being moved by boat to Babylon, stout wooden barrels held together with an iron hoop were developed by the north European Celts during the Iron Age for storing goods. Over the centuries other methods have developed for preserving and storing beer but this method is still used. Bottled beers were commonplace by the 17th century for the well off who wished to drink outside of public inns, but while the middle and upper classes could indulge themselves with such expensive luxuries, the ordinary folk continued to drink their beer served direct from the cask. But as beer developed and became paler and lower in alcohol, so it more difficult to keep it fresh tasting in the cask. By the late 19th century commercial refrigeration and Louis Pasteurs flash heating method of sterilisation prolonged the life of beer, in Britains cooler climate these methods did not catch on at this time. Not all beer in mainland Europe is pasteurised, there are plenty of examples of unfiltered, unpasteurised beers, but these will commonly be served from a container under pressure. Traditionally draught beer came from barrels, also called casks. An additional benefit of the switch to metal casks was that staling from oxygen in the air could be reduced, subsequently, in the early 1960s a form of metal cask, known as a keg, was introduced which allowed for more efficient cleaning and filling in the brewery. Also kegs have a concave bottom whilst the barrel or cask design allows sediment to be retained in the cask. Lastly, kegs have straight sides unlike the traditional barrel or cask shape, by the early 1970s most beer in Britain was keg beer, filtered, pasteurised and artificially carbonated, and most British brewers used carbon dioxide for dispensing keg beers. This led to beers containing more dissolved gas in the glass than the traditional ale, by contrast, in Ireland, where stout was dominant, the use of a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen for dispensing prevented the beer from becoming over-carbonated. In 1971 the Campaign for Real Ale was founded in Britain to save what they came to term real ale, the heart of the definition is the maturation requirements. If the beer is unfiltered, unpasteurised and still active on the yeast, it is a real ale, it is irrelevant whether the container is a cask or a bottle. This is beer which is regarded as Real Ale. It is obtained by decanting, or re-racking, Real Ale from one cask to another, the ale in the first cask/container will have already been fined, taking the majority of the yeast to the bottom of the cask. Ale should only be re-racked immediately before delivery to the point of service, cask ale usually has finings added which drag the yeast to the bottom, when the finings have cleared the beer it is said to have dropped bright and the beer will look clear rather than cloudy
33.
Kirkstall Brewery
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Kirkstall Brewery is situated in Kirkstall, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It operated as a brewery between 1833 and 1983, Kirkstall Brewery consists of several Grade II listed buildings built in the 1860s and 1870s. These buildings are situated on side of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. On one of the buildings on the west side of the canal it is possible to see the doors just above the level that were used to load barrels of beer onto barges. The Kirkstall Brewery Co Ltd was registered in 1871, and by 1898 the brewery was producing around 72,000 barrels of beer a year, the beer was sold in Leeds, Yorkshire and beyond. Kirkstall beers have even been recorded arriving as far as Australia, in 1936 Dutton’s Blackburn Brewery Ltd purchased Kirkstall Brewery Co Ltd. and its subsidiaries, Albion Brewery Ltd and Willow Brewery Co. Ltd. In 1938 the Company was renamed Dutton’s Lancashire & Yorkshire Brewery Corporation Ltd, duttons in turn was bought by Whitbread in 1957. Kirkstall Brewery was re-equipped, and the production of bitter and mild went up to quarter of a million barrels a year, the brewery was closed in 1983, bringing to an end a 150-year tradition of brewing in the Kirkstall Valley. Kirkstall Brewery stood empty and unused for years until it was given a new lease of life in the late 1990s with an ambitious project to create Kirkstall Brewery Student Village. This project was undertaken by Leeds Metropolitan University, the development provides accommodation for over 900 students. This was initially over 1000 but due to subsidence to 2 residential buildings 144 en suite rooms were lost, Kirkstall Brewery has a very friendly village atmosphere with over 200 car park spaces, a friendly reception/maintenance and security team managed by UPP. There is also a Laundry, conference room and multi-purpose hall on site, in September 2014, what was the student union bar, got refurbished and is now The Vault managed and run by Chartwells FM & catering. Following on from this Sky and BT SPORTS as well as Starbucks have all incorporated into the Vault in September 2015. A new brewery with the name has been set up close to the original site. During renovation it was discovered that a Second World War submarine engine was installed at the brewery as a power back-up facility and this engine was one of a pair built in 1943 for submarine duties but was never actually installed in a submarine. It was sold after the Second World War to the brewery for power generation, although it is the size of a Ford Transit van it was carefully removed and now resides at the Anson Engine Museum in Poynton, Cheshire, United Kingdom where it is undergoing restoration. Photographs and progress of the engine can be found here, Kirkstall Brewery Student Village won the City of Leeds Award for Architecture in 1997
34.
Waxahatchee
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Waxahatchee is an American indie music project, formed in 2010 by the American singer-songwriter Katie Crutchfield. The band is named after Waxahatchee Creek, in Alabama, eliot, a band formed with her twin sister Allison, Crutchfield released her first music as Waxahatchee as a split cassette with Chris Clavin on Plan-It-X Records. Her bedroom-recorded debut album, American Weekend, was released on Don Giovanni Records in 2012, Crutchfield wrote and recorded the album in one week at her family home in Birmingham, Alabama. Her lyrics focused on relationships, devastation and longing. The album garnered positive reviews and was named a top album of 2012 by Dusted magazine, be Good was a song of the day on National Public Radio, and listed as one of the best 50 songs of 2012. Catfish was featured in Welcome to Night Vale, a second album, Cerulean Salt, was released in March 2013 on Don Giovanni Records in the United States and four months later on Wichita Recordings in the U. K. The critically acclaimed album reached #1 on the Official Record Store Chart in July 2013, Waxahatchee supported Tegan And Sara on their U. K. tour, before playing a headline U. K. tour in October that same year. Crutchfield signed to Merge Records which released her album, Ivy Tripp. In 2017 Waxahatchee announced that they would be touring with The New Pornographers, dragon Subsite at Don Giovanni Records Waxahatchee official website Subsite at Wichita Recordings Subsite at Merge Records
35.
Mogwai (band)
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Mogwai are a Scottish post-rock band, formed in 1995 in Glasgow. The band consists of Stuart Braithwaite, Barry Burns, Dominic Aitchison, the band typically compose lengthy guitar-based instrumental pieces that feature dynamic contrast, melodic bass guitar lines, and heavy use of distortion and effects. The band were championed by John Peel from their early days. Peel also recorded an introduction for the compilation Government Commissions. Stuart Braithwaite and Dominic Aitchison met in April 1991, and four later formed Mogwai with old schoolfriend Martin Bulloch. Mogwai means evil spirit or devil in Cantonese, the band debuted in February 1996 with the Tuner/Lower single and by the end of the year they received single of the week from NME for Summer, a feat repeated early in 1997 with New Paths to Helicon. The album, released in October 1997, reached number 75 on the UK Albums Chart, and featured a guest appearance from Aidan Moffat of Arab Strap. In 1998 the band had their first singles success with a split single with Magoo of Black Sabbath cover versions reaching number 60 in the UK. In the same year, an album of remixes of the tracks by the likes of Kevin Shields, Alec Empire. The band also remixed tracks for David Holmes and Manic Street Preachers, oHare was sacked after the release of the album. Barry Burns was brought in prior to the recording of Come On Die Young and he had already played a few shows with the band, as a flautist and as an occasional pianist. According to Stuart, Barry was invited into the band because he was a good laugh, the album reached number 29 in the UK. The band line up remained unchanged from 1998 until November 2015, fellow Scottish musician Luke Sutherland has contributed violin to Mogwais records and live performances. The bands 2001 album Rock Action gave them their highest UK album chart placing, reaching number 23, shortly afterwards the band released My Father My King, a cacophonous 20-minute song which closed their Rock Action-period shows, and was billed as a companion piece to the album. Mogwais 2003 album Happy Songs for Happy People continued the movement into the use of electronica. It was the bands first album to sell in any numbers in the US, reaching No.13 on the Billboard Independent Albums Chart, reviews were generally favourable, although as Pitchfork Media said in 2008. Reception ranged from middling to favorable, the album was described by Creation Records head Alan McGee as probably the best art rock album Ive been involved with since Loveless. In fact, its better than Loveless
36.
King Charles Spaniel
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The King Charles Spaniel is a small dog breed of the spaniel type. In 1903, the Kennel Club combined four separate toy spaniel breeds under this single title, the other varieties merged into this breed were the Blenheim, Ruby and Prince Charles Spaniels, each of which contributed one of the four colours available in the breed. Thought to have originated in the Far East, toy spaniels were first seen in Europe during the 16th century and they were made famous by their association with King Charles II of England and have been linked with English royalty since the time of Queen Mary I. Members of the breed have been owned by Queen Victoria, Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, and Queen Elizabeth II. The King Charles Spaniel and the types of toy spaniels were crossbred with the Pug in the early 19th century to reduce the size of the nose. The 20th century saw attempts to restore lines of King Charles Spaniels to the breed of Charles IIs time and these included the unsuccessful Toy Trawler Spaniel and the now popular Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. The Cavalier is slightly larger, with a head and a longer nose, while the King Charles is smaller, with a domed head. Historically the breeds that were merged into the King Charles Spaniel were used for hunting and they have kept their hunting instincts, but do not exhibit high energy and are better suited to being lapdogs. The modern breed is prone to health problems, including cardiac conditions. It is thought that the toy spaniels that eventually became the King Charles Spaniel originated in the Far East and they may share a common ancestry with the Pekingese and Japanese Chin. Toy spaniels were given as gifts to European royalty, the red and white variety of toy spaniel was first seen in paintings by Titian, including the Venus of Urbino, where a small dog is used as a symbol of female seductiveness. Further paintings featuring these toy spaniels were created by Palma Vecchio and these dogs already had high domed heads with short noses, although the muzzles were more pointed than they are today. These Italian toy spaniels may have crossed with local small dogs such as the Maltese. The Papillon is the descendant of similar toy-sized spaniels. The earliest recorded appearance of a toy spaniel in England was in a painting of Queen Mary I, Mary, Queen of Scots, was also fond of small toy dogs, including spaniels, showing the fondness of the British royalty for these types of dogs before Charles II. King Henry III of France owned a number of small spaniels, caius did discuss the Spainel-gentle, or Comforter though, which he classified as a delicate thoroughbred. This spaniel was thought to originate from Malta and was out only as a lapdog for daintie dames. He noted that dogs were a gift and thought that the earlier voyage of Captain Saris introduced a Japanese type of spaniel into England
37.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
38.
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi or WiFi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE802.11 standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers, digital audio players, Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN network and a wireless access point. Such an access point has a range of about 20 meters indoors, hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5 gigahertz SHF ISM radio bands, having no physical connections, it is more vulnerable to attack than wired connections, such as Ethernet. In 1971, ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network, ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet, and later the IEEE802.11 protocols, respectively. A1985 ruling by the U. S. Federal Communications Commission released the ISM band for unlicensed use and these frequency bands are the same ones used by equipment such as microwave ovens and are subject to interference. In 1991, NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11, the first wireless products were under the name WaveLAN. They are the credited with inventing Wi-Fi. In 1992 and 1996, CSIRO obtained patents for a method used in Wi-Fi to unsmear the signal. The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997 and this was updated in 1999 with 802. 11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds, and this proved to be popular. In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as an association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold. Wi-Fi uses a number of patents held by many different organizations. In April 2009,14 technology companies agreed to pay CSIRO $1 billion for infringements on CSIRO patents and this led to Australia labeling Wi-Fi as an Australian invention, though this has been the subject of some controversy. In 2016, the local area network Test Bed was chosen as Australias contribution to the exhibition A History of the World in 100 Objects held in the National Museum of Australia. The name Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand, the Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was a little catchier than IEEE802. 11b Direct Sequence. Phil Belanger, a member of the Wi-Fi Alliance who presided over the selection of the name Wi-Fi, has stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a pun upon the word hi-fi. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo, the yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability
39.
Girls Against Boys
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Girls Against Boys is an American indie rock/post-hardcore band, formed in Washington, D. C. in 1988 and currently based in New York City. The group began as a project of Eli Janney and Fugazi drummer Brendan Canty. Canty left the project by 1990 due to his commitments with Fugazi, Janney went on to recruit three former members of D. C. hardcore punk group Soulside—Scott McCloud, Johnny Temple and Alexis Fleisig—to complete the line-up. Girls Against Boys are perhaps most notable for employing dual bass guitars and their second album, Venus Luxure No.1 Baby, was a heavy yet nuanced entry into early 1990s post-hardcore. They provided music for the soundtrack to the film Series 7, The Contenders, the cover sounds highly similar to their song Let Me Come Back. They have also contributed to soundtracks of the films Permanent Midnight, White Oleander, SubUrbia, Terror Firmer, Mallrats, the band has toured extensively throughout Europe, Japan, Australia and the United States and Canada. The last tour took place in 2009 in Poland and Russia and they have appeared on Late Night with Conan OBrien, The Jon Stewart Show, Canal+ and MTV. Bands who supported them before going on to have mainstream success include the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, dEUS, in May 2013, Girls Against Boys resumed touring in support of a new EP. The first show of their tour was performed at the Donaufestival in Krems, Austria. In November 2013, the played the final holiday camp edition of the world-famous All Tomorrows Parties festival in Camber Sands. Scott McCloud and Johnny Temple also played together in a side-project called New Wet Kojak and they followed with three more on Beggars Banquet—Do Things, No.4 EP and This Is the Glamorous. The group featured Geoff Turner, Nick Pellicciotto and Charles Bennington, Alexis Fleisig performed with Moby for his album Animal Rights. The tour consisted of Gershon and three members of Girls Against Boys performing songs penned by Stephen Trask and Linda Perry, the tour resulted in the reality series/documentary Rocked with Gina Gershon. Scott McCloud currently plays in Paramount Styles with Alexis Fleisig, who have released two records on Dutch Label Cycle/Konkurrent Records, Failure American Style and Heavens Alright, the group has toured extensively in Europe and less extensively in the United States and Canada. The group features revolving guests including Richard Fortus, producer/bass player Geoff Sanoff, Julia Kent, Michael Hampton, John Schmersal, Simon Lenski, Chris Smets and Libor Palucha. After Girls Against Boys became inactive in 2003, Eli Janney became a producer for many musical acts, including Obits. Johnny Temple founded Akashic Books, an independent publisher, known for books including Go the Fuck to Sleep, Hairstyles of the Damned
40.
Superchunk
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Superchunk is an American indie rock band from Chapel Hill, North Carolina, consisting of singer-guitarist Mac McCaughan, guitarist Jim Wilbur, bassist Laura Ballance, and drummer Jon Wurster. Formed in 1989, they were one of the bands that helped define the Chapel Hill music scene of the 1990s and their energetic, high-velocity style and do-it-yourself ethics were influenced by punk rock. Superchunk released a string of albums and compilations throughout the 1990s. After releasing their studio album in 2001, the band went into a period of reduced activity. In 2010, the released a new studio album, Majesty Shredding. Superchunk was formed in 1989 in the town of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, by Mac McCaughan, Laura Ballance, Chuck Garrison, initially, the band went by the name Chunk, and they released their first single as Chunk. Both releases were well received, and Superchunk released its debut self-titled album in 1990 on Matador Records to more critical acclaim, McCook decided to leave the group after the release of the first album, Superchunk, and Connecticut-born James Wilbur was recruited to take over guitar duties. Garrison left the band a few weeks before the records release, the band put out one more record for Matador, On the Mouth in 1993. Instead, the band opted to release their records through Merge. The next album, Foolish, brought further acclaim for the band in 1994. A second singles compilation came out in the summer of 1995 and it was titled Incidental Music 1991–95 and contained most of their hard-to-find tracks released between 1991 and 1995. Boston was the setting for Superchunk’s next album session, 1995’s Here’s Where the Strings Come In was recorded at the city’s Fort Apache Studios and slated for a fall release. The band toured hard for Strings all over the world as well as appearing on the Lollapalooza tour, scoring a hit with the “Hyper Enough” single. After a brief hiatus and another Australian tour, the released a limited-edition EP called The Laughter Guns. They then started writing for what would become Indoor Living, recording started in Bloomington, Indiana’s Echo Park Studios with Chapel Hillian John Plymale co-producing with the band. Superchunk stretched out a bit on Indoor Living, expanding their sound by adding some new instruments to the mix, piano, organ, vibes, the album was by far their most adventurous and at the same time their most accessible to date. Superchunk delivered Come Pick Me Up, their seventh studio release, in 1999. Superchunk continued the expansion and growth of their sound that started with Foolish, in 2001, the band released Heres to Shutting Up
41.
Rocket from the Crypt
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This page is about the San Diego punk rock band Rocket from the Crypt. For the Cleveland protopunk band, see Rocket from the Tombs, Rocket from the Crypt is an American rock band from San Diego, California, originally active from 1989 to 2005, then active during 2011 and again from 2013 to the present. The band gained praise and the attention of major record labels after the release of their 1992 album Circa. Leading to a contract with Interscope Records. They experienced a surge of popularity with the release of the albums Scream, Dracula, Scream. and RFTC, accompanied by numerous vinyl singles, however, album sales were not as high as expected and Interscope soon turned their attention to higher-grossing acts. The band left the label, and shortly thereafter drummer Atom Willard departed the group and they experienced a revitalization of creative energy and released two more albums, but were not as prolific as in the past. Over the next few years the members became increasingly involved with other projects. They decided to disband in 2005, playing a farewell show on Halloween in their hometown of San Diego. The band reunited in 2011 for an appearance on the television program Yo Gabba Gabba. and in 2013 reformed once more for a series of performances in the US, Europe. After the breakup of his post-hardcore band Pitchfork in 1990, singer/guitarist John Reis formed both Rocket from the Crypt and Drive Like Jehu. Envisioned as a rock and roll band, Rocket from the Crypt original lineup consisted of Reis, guitarist Andy Stamets, bassist Pete Reichert, drummer Sean. The band took their name from the then defunct 1970s underground punk band Rocket from the Tombs and this lineup lasted roughly six months and recorded the bands debut album Paint as a Fragrance, released in 1991 on local label Cargo Music. At this time Reis began to use the pseudonym Speedo when working with the band and he was also simultaneously performing in Drive Like Jehu, who recorded their debut album around the same time. When Sean and Elaina moved away from San Diego, drummer Adam Willard joined the band under the stage name Atom, the rest of the band also assumed stage monikers, with Stamets performing as ND and Reichert as Petey X. The band soon added a section, recruiting saxophone player Paul Apollo 9 OBeirne. They developed a reputation for their creative and energetic live shows, taking measures to encourage audience participation such as handing out homemade lyric booklets. They released many vinyl singles around this time and began to attract a dedicated underground following, Reis recalls, It was really immediate, thats why we loved putting out singles early on. We recorded some songs for Sympathy for the Record Industry, and by the time people were able to get them, it was still under a month
42.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
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Ryan Jarman
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Ryan James Jarman is the guitarist and vocalist with English lo-fi indie rock band The Cribs. Jarman now resides in Brooklyn, New York, Ryan formed The Cribs in the early 2000s with his twin brother Gary and younger brother Ross. The band are known for their short, punchy tunes with pop riffs, the Cribs have released six albums on the Wichita label, the first two being The Cribs, and The New Fellas. The Cribs third album, Mens Needs, Womens Needs, Whatever was released on 21 May 2007, the record was produced by Alex Kapranos of Franz Ferdinand. Their fourth studio album Ignore the Ignorant, released on 7 September 2009 included ex The Smiths guitarist, Johnny Marr, the Cribs fifth album, In the Belly of the Brazen Bull produced by Dave Fridmann and Steve Albini was released on 7 May 2012. The Cribs later released compilation album Payola which featured some of their greatest hits and their sixth studio album, For All My Sisters, was released on 23 March 2015. Jarman is known primarily for his repetitive, high pitched and catchy guitar riffs, Ryan is one of the best guitarists to come out of British pop culture. Hes in a handful of people doing innovative, unexpected things. Up until The Cribs third album, Jarman played Fender Mustang guitars and he discovered the Gibson ES-335 in recording Mens Needs, Womens Needs, Whatever, and took to using it almost exclusively live afterwards. He now uses a Squier Venus for his Cribs work, and he has also been seen using a vintage Mosrite Ventures, and a Pawn Shop series Fender Mustang in Lake Placid blue as well as a Sonic Blue Fender Mustang with a black hotrails pickup. Signature Squier Guitar, After using Fender guitars for years, Ryan Jarman was given his own signature model in 2016. An adjust-o-matic bridge with Fender Jaguar tailpiece, large ‘60s-style headstock and metal control plate offer vintage looks, amps/Effects, Although sparingly spotted with Vox amplifiers in the early days of The Cribs, Jarman has almost always played through Orange amps. Jarman has been quoted as saying that, out of habit, he runs both an AD30 combo and head at the time with the combo on top of an Orange cabinet. In situations where taking both would be impractical, he uses just the AD30R Combo, as of 2012, Jarman has started using a Green Matamp head alongside the Orange head. For effects, his regular pedals are the Fulltone OCD and the Ibanez Tube Screamer, primarily using just distortion, Jarman has however recently started using an Electro Harmonix Poly-Chorus regularly both live and in the studio. Jarman also claims to use the thickest possible strings, both for reasons and to minimise any string bend, giving his playing a more robotic feel. Rotosound custom make his own gauge for him, as well as producing/co-producing many tracks with The Cribs, Ryan has also produced records by various other bands. In 2010, he produced the Comet Gain album Howl of the Lonely Crowd, more recently, he has produced tracks for Frankie & The Heartstrings, Kate Nash and has produced the debut record by This Many Boyfriends
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