1.
Bryn Mawr College
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Bryn Mawr College is a womens liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. The school has an enrollment of about 1300 undergraduate students and 450 graduate students, Bryn Mawr College is a private womens liberal arts college founded in 1885. The phrase bryn mawr means large hill in Welsh, literally hill large and it is named after the town of Bryn Mawr, in which the campus is located, which had been renamed by a representative of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Bryn Mawr was the name of an estate granted to Rowland Ellis by William Penn in the 1680s. Elliss former home, also called Bryn Mawr, was a house near Dolgellau, Merionnydd, Gwynedd, the College was largely founded through the bequest of Joseph W. Taylor, and its first president was James Evans Rhoads. Bryn Mawr was one of the first institutions of education in the United States to offer graduate degrees, including doctorates. The first class included 36 undergraduate women and eight graduate students, Bryn Mawr was originally affiliated with the Religious Society of Friends, but by 1893 had become non-denominational. In 1912, Bryn Mawr became the first college in the United States to offer doctorates in social work, through the Department of Social Economy and this department became the Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research in 1970. In 1931, Bryn Mawr began accepting men as graduate students, from 1921 to 1938 the Bryn Mawr campus was home to the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry, which was founded as part of the labor education movement and the womens labor movement. The school taught women workers political economy, science, and literature, a June 3,2008, article in The New York Times discussed the move by womens colleges in the United States to promote their schools in the Middle East. The article noted that in doing so, the schools promote the work of alumnae of womens colleges such as Hillary Clinton, Emily Dickinson, Diane Sawyer, Katharine Hepburn and Madeleine Albright. The Dean of Admissions of Bryn Mawr noted, We still prepare a number of women scientists We’re really about the empowerment of women. Middle Eastern students who attend these colleges tell of a transition that can be jarring. The College celebrated its 125th anniversary of bold vision, for women, on February 9,2015, the Board of Trustees announced approval of a working group recommendation to expand the undergraduate applicant pool. Trans women and intersex individuals identifying as women may now apply for admission and this official decision made Bryn Mawr the fourth womens college in the United States to accept trans women. In 2011, Travel+Leisure named Bryn Mawr as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States. The majority of Bryn Mawr students live on campus in residence halls, many of the older residence halls were designed by Cope & Stewardson and are known for their Collegiate Gothic architecture, modeled after Cambridge University. Each is named after a county town in Wales, Brecon, Denbigh, Merion, and Radnor, Rhoads North and South was named after the colleges first president, James E. Rhoads, Rockefeller is named after its donor, John D. Rockefeller
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
4.
Delaware County, Pennsylvania
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Delaware County, colloquially referred to as Delco, is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. With a population of 562,960, it is the fifth most populous county in Pennsylvania, the county was created on September 26,1789, from part of Chester County and named for the Delaware River. Until 1850, Chester City was the county seat of both Delaware County and, before that, of Chester County, Delaware County is adjacent to the city-county of Philadelphia and is included in the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. Delaware County is the county covered in its entirety by area codes 610 and 484. Delaware County lies in the river and bay drainage area named Delaware in honor of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, Governor of the nearby English colony of Virginia. The land was discovered and explored by Henry Hudson in 1609, and over the several decades it was variously claimed and settled by the Swedes, the Dutch. Its original human inhabitants were the Lenni-Lenape tribe of American Indians, once the Dutch were defeated and the extent of New York was determined, King Charles II of England made his grant to William Penn in order to found the colony which came to be named Pennsylvania. Penn divided his colony into three counties, Bucks, Philadelphia, and Chester, the riverfront land south of Philadelphia, being the most accessible, was quickly granted and settled. In 1789, the portion of Chester County was divided from the rest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 191 square miles. It is the third-smallest county in Pennsylvania by area, the lowest point in the state of Pennsylvania is located on the Delaware River in Marcus Hook in Delaware County, where it flows out of Pennsylvania and into Delaware. The highest point in Delaware County is 500 feet at two points southeast of Wyola in Newtown Township, waterways in Delaware County generally flow in a southward direction and ultimately drain into the Delaware River. The waterways are, from west to east, the Brandywine River, Chester Creek, Ridley Creek, Crum Creek, Muckinipates Creek, Darby Creek and Cobbs Creek. Crum Creek was dammed in 1931 near Pennsylvania Route 252 to fill Springton Lake, an approximately 391-acre drinking water reservoir maintained by Aqua America, John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge 2,600 acres of the county are occupied by the Ridley Creek State Park. 3. 0% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, as of 2000, there were 550,864 people,206,320 households, and 139,472 families residing in the county. The population density was 2,990 people per square mile, There were 216,978 housing units at an average density of 1,178 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 32% White,14. 52% African American,0. 11% Native American,3. 29% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 56% from other races, and 1. 19% from two or more races. 1. 52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 6% were of Irish,17. 5% Italian,10. 1% German and 6. 7% English ancestry
5.
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
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Montgomery County, locally also referred to as Montco, is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Montgomery County is very diverse, ranging from farms and open land in Upper Hanover to densely populated streets in Cheltenham. Montgomery County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is a suburban county northwest of Philadelphia, and marks part of the regions northern border with the Lehigh Valley region of the state to the north. In 2010, it was the 51st wealthiest county in the country, in 2008, it was named the 9th Best Place to Raise a Family by Forbes. The county was created on September 10,1784, out of land originally part of Philadelphia County, the first courthouse was housed in the Barley Sheaf Inn. Early histories of the county indicate the origin of the name as uncertain. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 487 square miles. About 4. 3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino, as of the census of 2000,750,097 people,286,098 households, and 197,693 families resided in the county. The population density was 1,553 people per square mile, the 297,434 housing units averaged 238 units/km². The racial makeup of the county was 86. 46% White,7. 46% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,4. 02% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 75% from other races, and 1. 16% from two or more races. About 2. 04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,17. 5% were of German,16. 7% Irish,14. 3% Italian,6. 5% English, and 5. 0% Polish ancestry according to 2000 United States Census. Around 90. 5% spoke English,2. 0% Spanish,1. 1% Korean, Historically, much of western Montgomery County is part of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, with a great many descendants of German-speaking settlers from the 18th century. Montgomery County is home to large and growing African American, Korean American, Puerto-Rican American, Mexican American, the county has the second-largest foreign-born population in the region. About 25. 60% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.09. In the county, the population was distributed as 24. 10% under the age of 18,7. 10% from 18 to 24,30. 50% from 25 to 44,23. 40% from 45 to 64, the median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.60 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.00 males. The median income for a household in the county was $60,829, males had a median income of $48,698 versus $35,089 for females. The per capita income for the county was $30,898, about 2. 80% of families and 4. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 60% of those under age 18 and 5. 10% of those age 65 or over
6.
Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania
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Radnor Township is a township with home rule status in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,531. Radnor Township lies along the Main Line, a collection of affluent Philadelphia suburbs, Villanova University, Cabrini University, the Valley Forge Military Academy and College and Eastern University are all located within Radnor Township. Radnor Township was founded 1682 as a grant from William Penn. The township was part of the Welsh Tract and was named for Radnorshire in Wales, in 1717, the Welsh Friends erected a Quaker meetinghouse near what is now the intersection of Conestoga Road and Sproul Road at the geographic center of the township. The new town, Radnorville, later known as the community of Ithan after nearby Ithan Creek, the Welsh influence waned in the late 18th century as many left the area due to high taxation. Stone monuments were erected in locations throughout the township in the late 20th century to commemorate the townships Welsh heritage. Lancaster Pike, the first toll road in the United States, connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania, passing through Radnor Township and that road is now part of the Lincoln Highway. The Columbia Railroad, later part of the Pennsylvania Railroad also passed through in 1832, thus, Radnor is one of the towns associated with the local moniker Main Line. A separate railroad passing through Radnor Township, the Philadelphia and Western Railroad, was opened in the early 20th century. The Main Line railroad facilities and a portion of the P&W facilities are used by SEPTA. The Radnor Friends Meetinghouse and Woodcrest are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Radnor Township is located at 40°2′0″N 75°22′18″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 13.8 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 30,878 people,10,347 households, the population density was 2,244.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 10,731 housing units at a density of 779.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the township was 89. 55% White,5. 67% Asian,3. 09% African American,0. 08% Native American,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 62% from other races, and 0. 98% from two or more races. 2. 03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,31. 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the family size was 3.08
7.
Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania
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Haverford Township was founded in 1682 and incorporated in 1911. Its a Main Line suburb of Philadelphia, so named as they were located along the Pennsylvania Railroad Main Line, in northern Delaware County, the township is also skewered by US Route 30 which intersects with Interstate 476 towards its western border. Haverford Township contains portions of the communities of Haverford, Bryn Mawr, Ardmore, Drexel Hill, the unincorporated town of Havertown lies wholly within Haverford Township. The township population as of the 2010 census was 48,491, Haverford, along with Upper Darby, Cheltenham, Lower Merion together form as the major inner ring suburbs of Philadelphia. Companies of Adventurers were formed, with the most prominent person in taking out the patent on 5,000 acres of land as trustee. The first three arrived in Haverford Township in 1682. Lewis David, Henry Lewis and William Howell selected land along the southern border, the area was primarily agricultural until the second decade of the twentieth century. The census returns of 1860 show the value of livestock as $62,485.00, animals slaughtered $11,255.00,46,049 bushels of grain harvested, the two creeks that mark part of the township boundaries provided good millseats for the early settlers. On Darby Creek to the west, Richard Hayes Jr. David Morris and Samuel Lewis erected a gristmill, known as Haverford New Mill, near the border with Marple Township, Humphrey Ellis operated a very early fulling mill. In 1807 Henry Lawrence built a sawmill on site, and in 1832 his son, William. The sawmill remained in the ownership for more than 125 years. Toward the eastern boundary, Cobbs Creek, called Karakung by the Native Americans, was the site of a number of mills, Haverford Mill was the first, a gristmill built by William Howell in 1658. Daniel Humphreys purchased the property in 1703 and built a sawmill and these were added to Dennis Kellys holding in 1826 and became the Castle Hill Mills. This site is just north of Eagle Road on the west bank of Cobbs Creek, Israel Whelen, Sr. built the Nitre Hall Powder Mills on Cobbs Creek, which were in operation by 1810. During the American Revolution very little black powder was manufactured in this country, between 1810 and 1840 these mills were the second largest powder mills in the U. S. with production of 800,000 pounds in 1812. The mills ceased operations in 1840 and were sold to Dennis Kelly, in 1814, Dennis Kelly borrowed capital to purchase a mill-seat on Cobbs Creek. He erected a wooden factory known as Clinton Mills. This was a successful venture and, after enlarging the mill
8.
Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania
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Lower Merion Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania and part of the Pennsylvania Main Line. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the township had a population of 57,825. Lower Merion has the 5th highest per-capita income and the 12th highest median income in the country with a population of 50,000 or more. The name Merion originates with the county of Merioneth in north Wales, Merioneth is an English-language translation of the Welsh Meirionnydd. Lower Merion, along with Upper Darby, Haverford, Cheltenham together form as the inner ring suburbs of Philadelphia. Lower Merion Township was first settled in 1682 by Welsh Quakers who were granted a tract of land by William Penn, in 1713, Lower Merion was established as an independent Township with about 52 landholders and tenants. In 1900, the Township was incorporated as a Township of the First Class, Lower Merion is home to the oldest continuously used place of worship in the United States, the Merion Friends Meeting House, used continuously since 1695. The Mill Creek Historic District, and Seville Theatre are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, green Hill Farms was added in 2011. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 23.9 square miles. The Borough of Narberth, a political entity of one-half square mile, is completely surrounded by the Township. Forming the Townships southern border is City Avenue separating it from the City of Philadelphia, in back of these buildings are the One-Ninety-One Condominiums and the Bala Cynwyd Plazas. The famed Mid-County Interchange is located just outside the Township, other highways serving the Township are U. S. Route 30 and Pennsylvania Routes 23 and 320. Before European settlement, Lower Merions dense forest was home to bears, cougars, wolves, rattlesnakes, otters, beavers, weasels, turkeys, grouses, woodland bison, trout, when Europeans arrived, they began cutting down the forests, chasing away much of the wildlife. After World War Two, Lower Merion transformed from a township to a suburban one. Today, red foxes, white-footed mice, horned owls, skunks, raccoons, crayfish, songbirds, butterflies,3. 0% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 59,850 people,22,868 households, the population density was 2,526.1 people per square mile. There were 23,699 housing units at a density of 1,000. 3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 90. 30% White,4. 50% African American,0. 08% Native American,3. 42% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,0. 50% from other races and 1. 12% from two or more races
9.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
