The Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland, from the 14th century to the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. It was part of the historic Kuyavia region and the Greater Poland Province. Originally, its name was Brzesc Voivodeship, but after the 1569 Union of Lublin, it was renamed into Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship, to distinguish it from Lithuanian Brest Litovsk Voivodeship.

The 1793 Second Partition of Poland was the second of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The second partition occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Targowica Confederation of 1792, and was approved by its territorial beneficiaries, the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The division was ratified by the coerced Polish parliament (Sejm) in 1793 in a short-lived attempt to prevent the inevitable complete annexation of Poland, the Third Partition.