1.
Sherman, Texas
–
Sherman is a city in and the county seat of Grayson County, Texas, United States. The citys population in 2010 was 38,315 and it is one of the two principal cities in the Sherman–Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area, and it is part of the Texoma region. Sherman was named after General Sidney Sherman, a hero of the Texas Revolution, the community was designated as the county seat by the act of the Texas legislature which created Grayson County on March 17,1846. In 1847, a post office began operation, Sherman was originally located at the center of the county, but in 1848 it was moved about 3 miles east to its current location. By 1850, Sherman had become a town under Texas law. It had also become a stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail route through Texas, by 1852, Sherman had a population of 300. It consisted of a square with a log court house, and several businesses, a district clerks office. During the 1850s and 1860s, Sherman continued to develop and to participate in regional politics, the first flour mill was built in 1861. In 1862 the publisher of Shermans anti-secessionist Whig newspaper, the Patriot, was murdered, during and after the Civil War, north Texas outlaw bands led by Jesse James and William Quantrill were seen in Sherman. Years later, James spent at least part of his honeymoon in Sherman, education developed in north Texas during this time. The Sherman Male and Female High School started accepting students during 1866 and it was one of three private schools in Sherman at the time. This school operated under several names until 1935 and it gradually lost Methodist support, after the opening of Southern Methodist University in 1915 in Dallas. In 1876, Austin College, the oldest continuously operating college in Texas, Sherman Female Institute, later known as Mary Nash College, opened in 1877 under sponsorship of the Baptist Church. It continued operation until 1901 when the campus was sold to Kidd-Key College, carr–Burdette College, a womens college affiliated with the Disciples of Christ, operated there from 1894 to 1929. Jews have had a history in Sherman, too, settling in the area. While there was general depression and lawlessness during Reconstruction, Sherman remained commercially active, during the 1870s Shermans population reached 6,000. In 1875, two fires destroyed many buildings east of the square and they were rebuilt with superior materials. This included a new Grayson County Courthouse built in 1876, in 1879, the Old Settlers Association of North Texas formed and met near Sherman
Sherman, Texas
–
Paul Brown United States Courthouse in Sherman
Sherman, Texas
–
Sherman in 1891
Sherman, Texas
–
Administration Building on the Austin College campus.
2.
Bakersfield, California
–
Bakersfield is a city in California, United States, and the county seat of Kern County. It covers about 142 square miles near the end of the San Joaquin Valley. Bakersfields population is approximately 365,000, making it the ninth-most populous city in California, the Bakersfield–Delano Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Kern County, had a 2010 census population of 839,631, making it the 62nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. The more built-up urban area that includes Bakersfield and areas immediately around the city, such as East Bakersfield, the city is a significant hub for both agriculture and oil production. Kern County is the most productive oil producing county, and the fourth most productive county in the United States. Industries include natural gas and other energy extraction, aerospace, mining, petroleum refining, manufacturing, distribution, food processing, the city is also the birthplace of the country music genre known as the Bakersfield sound. Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of Native American settlements dating back thousands of years, the Yokuts lived in lodges along the branches of the Kern River Delta and hunted antelope, tule elk, deer, bear, fish, and game birds. In 1776, Spanish missionary Father Francisco Garcés became the first European to explore the area, following the discovery of gold in California in 1848, settlers flooded into the San Joaquin Valley. In 1851, gold was discovered along the Kern River in the southern Sierra Nevada, the Bakersfield area, once a tule-reed-covered marshland, was first known as Kern Island to the handful of pioneers who built log cabins there in 1860. The area was subject to flooding from the Kern River, which occupied what is now the downtown area. In 1862, disastrous floods swept away the original settlement founded in 1860 by the German-born Christian Bohna, among those attracted to the area by the California gold rush was Thomas Baker, a lawyer and former colonel in the militia of Ohio, his home state. Baker moved to the banks of the Kern River in 1863, at what became known as Bakers Field, by 1870, with a population of 600, what is now known as Bakersfield was becoming the principal town in Kern County. In 1873, Bakersfield was officially incorporated as a city, alexander Mills was hired as the city marshal, a man one historian would describe as. An old man by the time he became Marshal of Bakersfield, but he was a Kentuckian, a handy man with a gun, and not lacking in initiative and resource when the mood moved him. Businessmen and others began to resent Mills, who was cantankerous, wanting to fire him but fearing reprisals, they came up with a scheme to disincorporate, effectively leaving him without an employer. According to local historian Gilbert Gia, the city was also failing to collect the taxes it needed for services, in 1876, the city voted to disincorporate. For the next 22 years, a citizens council managed the community, by 1880, the town had a population of 801, and by 1890, it had a population of 2,626. Migration from Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Southern California brought new residents, the city reincorporated on January 11,1898
Bakersfield, California
–
Bakersfield skyline at night with the
Rabobank Arena in the foreground.
Bakersfield, California
–
The
Bakersfield Sign, in April 2009.
Bakersfield, California
–
The
First Baptist Church building, which survived the 1952 earthquake and is now a commercial use structure, is one of several buildings in Bakersfield listed on the
National Register of Historic Places.
Bakersfield, California
–
Truxtun Tower, also referred to as the Bank of America Building, is the tallest in downtown and the second tallest building in Bakersfield.
3.
Country music
–
Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
Country music
–
Jimmie Rodgers
Country music
–
Vernon Dalhart
Country music
–
Roy Acuff
Country music
–
Publicity photo of Roy Rogers and Gail Davis, 1948
4.
Singing
–
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
Singing
–
American jazz singer and songwriter
Billie Holiday in New York City in 1947
Singing
Singing
–
"Vocalist" redirects here. See also:
Lead vocalist and
Backing vocalist.
Singing
–
Ercole de' Roberti: Concert, c. 1490
5.
Guitar
–
The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
Guitar
–
Illustration in a
Carolingian psalter from the 9th century showing an instrument of the
chordophone family, most probably a
lute
Guitar
–
A
classical guitar with nylon
strings
Guitar
–
A guitarra latina (left) and a guitarra morisca (right), Spain, 13th century
Guitar
–
Guitar collection in
Museu de la Música de Barcelona
6.
Capitol Records
–
Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra
Capitol Records
–
Center of image: 1950s LP on Capitol
Capitol Records
–
Capitol Records
Capitol Records
–
45rpm Beatles single on Capitol
Capitol Records
–
Capitol logo from 1969 to 1977
7.
Sundazed Records
–
Sundazed Music, Inc. is an American independent record label based in Coxsackie, in the Catskills of New York. It specializes in obscure and rare recordings from the 1950s to the 1970s, in 2000, Sundazed had a staff of 15 and two mixing studios, including a vintage audio equipment collection. Label founders Bob Irwin and his wife Mary started the label in 1989, Irwins skill at restoring old vinyl records for the CD format, attracted the attention of major labels, who increasingly solicited him to help them re-issue material from their back catalogs. He helped Sony Music release their archival Legacy Records label, later, his restoration work included early material by the likes of Bob Dylan, Nancy Sinatra, and the Byrds. Irwin also worked at Arista for a time, the first Sundazed releases were 1960s recordings by the Knickerbockers and the Five Americans, and reflected Irwins personal preference for garage rock and surf music. Later releases included the albums of the Turtles, the Challengers, Liverpool Five, the company reissued the complete catalog of LPs by New Orleans funk pioneers the Meters on vinyl and CD. The label later ventured into music, including extensive reissues of Capitol Records albums by Buck Owens. Sundazed also issued vintage jazz guitar albums through their Euphoria label, Sundazed also reissued the Columbia Moby Grape albums, but were immediately forced to withdraw the first three albums due to legal disputes. They also reissued Oar by Skip Spence, and released the long-lost Columbia sessions by the group Love, in 2009, they signed Morly Grey to reissue The Only Truth. List of record labels Official website
Sundazed Records
–
Sundazed Music, Inc.
8.
Susan Raye
–
Susan Raye is an American country music singer. Raye was a protegee of country music singer Buck Owens, Owens and Raye recorded a number of hit albums and singles together, and were one of the most successful country duet acts of the era, in addition to their solo careers. Raye first began singing with a school rock group, but after the band called it quits. Not only did she begin performing on the radio, she landed work as a disc jockey. It was at one of Rayes performances at a nightclub where she met Jack McFadden. McFadden was so impressed with her vocal talents that he persuaded Owens to fly her to his home in Bakersfield, California and she moved to Bakersfield and began singing with Owens in 1968, and soon after she cut her first recordings. One of these songs, Put a Little Love in Your Heart, at about the same time, she began a nine-year stint as a featured performer on the program Hee Haw. Susan Rayes first sessions as Buck Owenss duet partner were released in 1970, the albums Were Gonna Get Together and The Great White Horse were Top 20 hits that year, as were the title tracks to each album and a third single, Togetherness. The song The Great White Horse peaked at No.8 and was the most successful Owens-Raye duet. Rayes biggest year as a solo artist came in 1971, when she issued three consecutive Top Ten hits, L. A. International Airport, Pitty, Pitty, Patter, the title track of 1972s My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own also reached the Top Ten. Airport did well in the Record World Non-Rock chart, while failing to appear in Billboards comparable Easy Listening Top 40. Susan Raye became the first woman to become a country artist without recording in Nashville. Raye was nominated for five Academy of Country Musicawards, three times as Top Female Vocalist, Raye married Owens drummer Jerry Wiggins in 1972. They have been married for over 40 years and are the parents of six children, Raye had an additional two Top 20 Country hits in 1972 from separate albums, Wheel of Fortune and Love Sure Feels Good in My Heart. In 1973 Rayes next album, Cheating Game, spawned two singles, one of which reached No.18 on the Billboard Country Chart that year, the second single, When You Get Back from Nashville, was not as successful and peaked outside Countrys Top 40. That same year, Raye and Owens reunited for an album, The Good Old Days, in 1974, Rayes album Singing Susan Raye also released a Top 20 hit, a remake of Stop the World. Rayes 1975 release Whatcha Gonna Do With a Dog Like That, became her seventh Top 10 on the Billboard Country Chart, in 1976 however, Owens severed his ties with Capitol Records and closed down his Bakersfield unit for the label. Susan Raye released her album on Capitol in 1976, Honey Toast and Sunshine
Susan Raye
–
Susan Raye in 1973
9.
Dwight Yoakam
–
Dwight David Yoakam is an American singer-songwriter and actor, most famous for his pioneering country music. He has recorded five Billboard #1 albums, twelve gold albums, in addition to his many achievements in the performing arts, he is also the most frequent musical guest in the history of The Tonight Show. Yoakam was born in Pikeville, Kentucky, the son of Ruth Ann, an operator, and David Yoakam. He was raised in Columbus, Ohio and he graduated from Northland High School in 1974. Yoakam briefly attended Ohio State University, but dropped out and moved to Los Angeles in 1977 with the intent of becoming a recording artist, on May 7,2005, Ohio Valley University in Parkersburg, West Virginia awarded and presented him with an honorary doctorate. When he began his career, Nashville was oriented toward pop urban cowboy music, not making much headway in Nashville, Yoakam moved to Los Angeles and worked towards bringing his particular brand of new Honky Tonk or Hillbilly music forward into the 1980s. This helped him diversify his audience beyond the country music fans. Yoakams recording debut was the self-financed EP Guitars, Cadillacs, Etc. Etc. Etc, the LP was a breakout hit and spawned his first two hit singles, Honky Tonk Man, a remake of the Johnny Horton song, and the title track Guitars, Cadillacs. His stylish video Honky Tonk Man was the first country music ever played on MTV. The follow-up LP, Hillbilly Deluxe, was just as successful and his third LP, Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room, included his first No. 1, a duet with his idol, Buck Owens. 1990s If There Was a Way was another best-seller, Johnny Cash once cited Yoakam as his favorite country singer. Chris Isaak called him as good a songwriter as ever put a pen to paper, Time dubbed him A Renaissance Man and Vanity Fair declared that Yoakam strides the divide between rocks lust and countrys lament. He recorded a cover of The Clashs Train in Vain in 1997, in 2003, he provided background vocals on Warren Zevons last album The Wind. In the 21st century, Yoakam released dwightyoakamacoustic. net, an album featuring acoustic versions of many of his hits, left his major label. 2005 saw the release of Yoakams well-reviewed album Blame the Vain and he also released an album dedicated to Buck Owens, Dwight Sings Buck, on October 23,2007. His duet with Michelle Branch, a song titled Long Goodbye, was released as a download on her official website in early 2011. In July 2011, Yoakam re-signed with Warner Bros, Nashville and announced plans to release a new album
Dwight Yoakam
–
Dwight Yoakam
Dwight Yoakam
10.
Roy Clark
–
Roy Linwood Clark is an American country music musician and performer. He is best known for hosting Hee Haw, a nationally televised country variety show, Roy Clark has been an important and influential figure in country music, both as a performer and helping to popularize the genre. Although he has had hit songs as a pop vocalist, his instrumental skill has had an effect on generations of bluegrass. He has been a member of the Grand Ole Opry since 1987, Clark was born in Meherrin, Virginia and lived as a teenager in southeast Washington, D. C. where his father worked at the Washington Navy Yard. At 14, Clark began playing banjo, guitar, and mandolin and he was simultaneously pursuing a sporting career, first as a baseball player and then as a boxer, before dedicating himself solely to music. At 17, he had his first appearance on the Grand Ole Opry, at the age of 23, Clark obtained his pilots license and then bought a 1953 Piper Tri-Pacer, which he flew for many years. This plane was raffled off on December 17,2012, to benefit the charity Wings of Hope and he has owned other planes, including a Mitsubishi MU-2, Stearman PT-17 and Mitsubishi MU-300 Diamond 1A bizjet. By 1955, he was a regular on Jimmy Deans Washington, Dean, who valued punctuality among musicians in his band, the Texas Wildcats, fired Clark for habitual tardiness, telling him, Youre the most talented person Ive ever fired. Clark married Barbara Joyce Rupard on August 31,1957, in 1960, Clark went out to Las Vegas, where he worked as a guitarist in a band led by former West Coast Western Swing bandleader-comedian Hank Penny. During the very early 1960s, he was prominent in the backing band for Wanda Jackson—known as the Party Timers—during the latter part of her rockabilly period. When Dean was tapped to host The Tonight Show in the early 1960s, he asked Clark to appear, subsequently, Clark appeared on The Beverly Hillbillies as a recurring character. Once, on an episode of the Sunday evening Jackie Gleason Show dedicated to country music, later, he appeared on an episode of The Odd Couple wherein he played Malagueña. In 1963, Clark signed to Capitol Records and had three top ten hits and he switched to Dot Records and again scored hits. He later recorded for ABC Records, which had acquired Dot, and MCA Records, in the mid 60s, he co-hosted, along with Buck Owens, a weekday daytime country variety series for NBC entitled Swingin Country, which was cancelled after two seasons. In 1969, Clark and Buck Owens were the hosts of Hee Haw, the show was dropped by CBS Television in 1971 but continued to run in syndication for twenty-one more years. During its tenure, Clark was a member of the Million Dollar Band, many of the celebrities who play in Branson first performed at the Roy Clark Celebrity Theatre. Clark frequently played in Branson during the 1980s and 1990s, in addition to his musical skill, Clark has often displayed his talents as a comedian and actor. During his years on Hee Haw, Clark entertained with comedy sketches
Roy Clark
–
Roy Clark on the set of A Conversation With
Oklahoma Educational Television Authority,
Tulsa, in 2014
Roy Clark
–
Clark as "Myrtle Halsey" on The Beverly Hillbillies, 1968.
11.
Billboard magazine
–
Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
Billboard magazine
–
An 1896 issue of Billboard
Billboard magazine
–
Billboard
12.
Fiddle
–
Fiddle is another name for the bowed string musical instrument more often called a violin. It is also a term for the instrument used by players in all genres. Fiddle playing, or fiddling, refers to various styles of music, Fiddle is also a common term among musicians who play folk music on the violin. The fiddle is part of traditional styles of music which are aural traditions. There are few distinctions between violins and fiddles, though more primitively constructed and smaller violins are more likely to be considered fiddles. In order to produce a tone, compared to the deeper tones of gut or synthetic core strings. Among musical styles, fiddling tends to produce rhythms focused on dancing, with associated quick note changes, whereas classical music tends to contain more vibrato and it is less common for a classically trained violinist to play folk music, but today, many fiddlers have classical training. The medieval fiddle emerged in 10th-century Europe, deriving from the Byzantine lira, lira spread widely westward to Europe, in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms fiddle and lira interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments. During the Renaissance the gambas were important and elegant instruments, they eventually lost ground to the viola da braccio family. The etymology of fiddle is uncertain, the Germanic fiddle may derive from the same early Romance word as does violin, the name seems however to be related to Icelandic Fiðla and also Old English fiðele. A native Germanic ancestor of fiddle may even be the ancestor of the early Romance form of violin, historically, fiddle also referred to a predecessor of todays violin. Like the violin, it tended to have four strings, another family of instruments that contributed to the development of the modern fiddle are the viols, which are held between the legs and played vertically, and have fretted fingerboards. Violins, on the hand, are commonly grouped in sections. The difference was likely compounded by the different sounds expected of violin music, historically, the majority of fiddle music was dance music, while violin music had either grown out of dance music or was something else entirely. Violin music came to value a smoothness that fiddling, with its dance-driven clear beat, in situations that required greater volume, a fiddler could push their instrument harder than could a violinist. In the very late 20th century, a few artists have attempted a reconstruction of the Scottish tradition of violin and big fiddle. Notable recorded examples include Iain Fraser and Christine Hanson, Amelia Kaminski and Christine Hansons Bonnie Lasses and Alasdair Fraser and Natalie Haas Fire and Grace. In Hungary, a three stringed viola variant with a bridge, called the kontra or háromhúros brácsa makes up part of a traditional rhythm section in Hungarian folk music
Fiddle
–
A fiddler
Fiddle
–
Peter Stampfel from the Holy Modal Rounders
Fiddle
–
Fiddler Kenny Baker.
13.
Pedal steel guitar
–
The pedal steel guitar is a type of electric steel guitar that is built on legs or a stand and is fitted with foot pedals and knee levers which change the pitch of certain strings. The word steel comes from a piece of polished steel held against the strings and moved back, like other electric guitars, the musical instrument produces sound by the vibration of its strings which are converted by magnetic pickup connected to an amplifier. Pedal steels may have one or two necks that typically have 10 strings each, but may have as many as 14, unlike most other guitars, pedal steel guitars have reference lines on the fretboard where frets would be, but no actual frets. The player changes the pitch of one or more strings by sliding a metal bar from one position to another or vibrating them with a mechanical device, Pedal steels are typically plucked with a thumb pick and fingers, or two or three fingerpicks. The distinctive feature of pedal steel guitars are the namesake pedals as well as knee levers. The pedals are mounted on a bar below the body. While there are fairly standard pedal assignments, many advanced players devise their own setups. The range of copedents that can be set up varies considerably from guitar to guitar, aftermarket modifications to make additional copedents possible are common. The pedal steel evolved from the steel guitar and lap steel guitar. Like the console steel, a pedal steel may have multiple necks, the pedal steel, with its smooth portamenti, bending chords and complex riffs, is one of the most recognizable and characteristic instruments of American country music. A pedal steel guitar is typically rectangular and has no specific resonant chamber or conventional guitar body and these are mounted on a stand and equipped with foot pedals and usually knee levers. Many models feature two necks, the nearer to the player most often using a C6 tuning and the farther away using an E9 tuning. The most common configuration is one or two necks of ten each, but eight-string and twelve-string necks are also popular. Three-neck instruments are less common than those with one or two, but are not unknown, the pedals and/or knee levers on the underside allow the performer to tighten or relax one or more strings in combination to specific tuned notes, changing the instruments tuning during performance. Several people have been credited with the innovation, the Hawaiian style of playing was very popular in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. To increase the volume of the guitar, a resonator cone was added by the Dopyera Brothers to create the resophonic guitar. By the 30s, the guitar body was abandoned for a flat slab of wood or metal and the addition of an electric pickup. It was the first electric guitar to achieve commercial success, several pioneering manufacturers of the electric guitar were first famous for their work on the then more popular electric steel guitar, among them Adolph Rickenbacker, Paul Bigsby and Leo Fender
Pedal steel guitar
–
Pedal steel (ZumSteel D10)
14.
Don Rich
–
Donald Eugene Ulrich, best known by the stage name Don Rich, was a country musician who helped develop the Bakersfield sound in the early 1960s. He was a noted guitarist and fiddler, and a member of The Buckaroos, Rich was tragically killed in a motorcycle accident in 1974 at the age of 32. Donald Eugene Ulrich was born in Olympia, Washington on August 15,1941 and his parents began teaching Don the fiddle as early as age three, his father building a small scale violin for him to play. His parents entered him in talent contests and had him playing at various events. He also began playing the guitar at an early age, while attending Olympia High School, Rich played in various local venues, as well as in the high school orchestra. In September 1957, at age 16, he opened for Elvis Presley at the Tacoma Lincoln Bowl and he also formed an early rock and roll band called the Blue Comets with his friends, drummer Greg Hawkins and pianist Steve Anderson. By 1958, Rich was playing regularly at Steves Gay 90s Restaurant in South Tacoma. Buck Owens, who was living in Tacoma while working at radio station KAYE, attended one of his shows and immediately went to speak with him, Rich was soon playing fiddle with Owens at local venues. They were featured on the weekly BAR-K Jamboree on KTNT-TV13, soon after, Owens Under Your Spell Again made it to No.4 on the country music charts, and he returned to Bakersfield, California to do more recording for Capitol Records. Owens tried to convince Rich to come with him to Bakersfield, but Rich opted to go to Centralia College, while at Centralia, he renewed his acquaintance with Marlane Schindler, his future wife. They had met a couple earlier in Morton, Washington, a small town in eastern Lewis County. After a year of college, Rich decided to out and join Owens in Bakersfield. Rich returned to Washington to escort Marlane to Nevada, where they married, Marlane would work in support of keeping Don, Buck and his Buckaroos performing. Don and Marlane would have two children, Vic and Vance Ulrich, the first single Rich played on was Above and Beyond, which peaked at No.3. Owens and Rich continued recording singles in Bakersfield, in 1961 Foolin Around spent eight weeks in the No.2 slot. Up to that point Owens had stuck to the Texas Shuffle style and that sound would change with Owens 1962 single Youre For Me, a song hed written several years prior. The shuffle on the snare drum moved to a tightly closed high-hat, the bass went from upright to electric. Owens dubbed it the freight train sound, it is now referred to as the Bakersfield Sound
Don Rich
–
Don Rich
15.
Hee Haw
–
Hee Haw was an American television variety show featuring country music and humor with fictional rural Kornfield Kounty as a backdrop. It aired on CBS from 1969–1971 followed by a 21-year run in local syndication, the show was inspired by Rowan & Martins Laugh-In, the major difference being that Hee Haw was far less topical, and was centered on country music and rural culture. Hee Haws appeal, however, was not limited to a rural audience and it was successful in all of the major markets, including New York, Los Angeles, Boston, and Chicago. Other niche programs such as The Lawrence Welk Show and Soul Train also rose to prominence in syndication during the era. Like Laugh-In, the show minimized production costs by taping all of the sketches for a season in batches, setting up for the Cornfield one day. At the height of its popularity, a seasons worth of shows would be taped in two separate week-long sessions, then individual shows were assembled from edited sections. Only musical performances were taped with an audience, a laugh track was added to all other segments. The series was taped for CBS at its network affiliate WLAC-TV in downtown Nashville, the show was produced by Yongestreet Productions through the mid-1980s, it was later produced by Gaylord Entertainment, which distributed the show in syndication. The shows name was coined by show business talent manager and producer Bernie Brillstein, much of Hee Haws origin was Canadian. The series creators, comedy writers Frank Peppiatt and John Aylesworth, were from Canada, from 1969 until the late 1980s, Hee Haw was produced by Yongestreet Productions, named after Yonge Street, a major thoroughfare in Toronto. Gordie Tapp and Don Harron, both writer/performers on the show, were also Canadian, Hee Haw premiered on CBS as a summer 1969 replacement for The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. Though the show had respectable ratings, it was dropped in July 1971 by CBS as part of the so-called Rural Purge, silvermans view won out, and CBS canceled the rural shows in summer 1971. Undaunted, the put together a syndication deal for the show. After Owens left, Clark was assisted each week by a music celebrity co-host. Like Hee Haw, Lawrence Welk was picked up for syndication in the fall of 1971, in the fall of 1991, in an attempt to win back viewers and attract a younger audience, the shows format and setting underwent a dramatic overhaul. The changes included a new title, more pop-oriented country music, the first of the new shows aired in January 1992. Despite the attempt to keep the fresh, the changes alienated many of its longtime viewers while failing to gain the hoped-for younger viewers. During the summer of 1992, a decision was made to end first-run production, under the new format, Clark hosted a mixture of classic clips and new footage
Hee Haw
–
Hee Haw
16.
Buck Owens Crystal Palace
–
Buck Owens Crystal Palace is a music hall located in Bakersfield, California. It was constructed by Buck Owens, and was opened in 1996, primarily it is a performance venue for country western music, although other music genres have been heard there. It is also the home of the Buck Owens Museum, which contains items related to his career, although it is classified in this article as a music hall, it is also a, nightclub, bar, restaurant, and museum. The Crystal Palace is designed in the Western Revival style, a style that resembles buildings from the 19th-century American Old West, the interior resembles an American western town from that same period. The museum is located in display cases around the first floor, the idea for the Buck Owens Crystal Palace originated in the mid-1980s. Buck spent most of his career performing in small, smoke-filled bars. He wanted a place for country-western music to be performed. Buck also wanted a place where he could be himself, Buck was closely involved with the project. He approved 135 change orders, several costing over $100,000 and he also did not visualize from plans as well as seeing the actual construction. According to Jim Shaw, on occasions, he would see something constructed. The cost of the project would eventually reach $7.4 million, also, the large number of change orders would delay the opening over a year. The Crystal Palace was opened in 1996, and shortly became a Bakersfield landmark
Buck Owens Crystal Palace
–
Entrance
17.
Country Music Hall of Fame
–
Chartered in 1964, the museum has amassed one of the world’s most extensive musical collections. The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is one of the world’s largest and most active popular music research centers, through CMF, industry leaders raised money to build the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, which opened on April 1,1967. Located at the head of Music Row, the museum was erected on the site of a small Nashville city park, at this point, artifacts began to be displayed and a small library was begun in a loft above one of the museum’s galleries. At the outset, CMA staff had run the museum, but by 1972 the museum acquired its own small staff, which has steadily increased to over 150 full-time professionals. Building expansion took place in 1974,1977, and 1984 to store and display the museum’s growing collection of costumes, films, historic cars, musical instruments, and other artifacts. To become more accessible, in May 2001 the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum moved to a new,130,000 square feet facility in the heart of downtown Nashville’s arts and entertainment district. In 2014, the museum unveiled a $100 million expansion, doubling its size to 350,000 square feet of galleries, archival storage, education classrooms, retail stores, and special event space. The story is revealed through artifacts, photographs, and text panels, recorded sound, vintage video, sing Me Back Home is enhanced by numerous, rotating limited-engagement exhibits. In addition to the galleries, the museum has the 776-seat CMA Theater, the Taylor Swift Education Center, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum has developed multiple platforms to make its collection accessible to a wider audience. From weekly instrument demonstrations to its flagship songwriting program for schools, Words & Music, the Country Music Hall of Fame honor was created in 1961 by the Country Music Association, the first inductees were Hank Williams, Jimmie Rodgers, and Fred Rose. Roy Acuff, the first living artist to join the Hall of Fame, was elected in 1962, the most recent inductees are Jerry Reed, Don Schlitz and Alan Jackson. Over the Hall of Fame’s history, the number of new members inducted each year has varied from one to twelve, the election procedure is as follows, A small CMA nominating committee drafts slates of candidates from each category, categories have been defined variously over the years. Award recipients are determined through a two-stage balloting process, the first round of voting narrows each category to five candidates, the second round selects winners. The large select committee of electors that votes on Hall of Fame membership is composed of CMA members who have participated in the music industry for at least ten years. New Hall of Fame members receive special recognition in ceremonies at the Country Music Hall of Fame, today the plaques are displayed in a seventy-foot-high rotunda at the museum’s enlarged downtown Nashville facility. The museum’s archival and library storage, allows for the cultivation of the museum’s collection, hundreds of historic musical instruments, featuring Mother Maybelle Carter’s Gibson L-5, Earl Scruggs’s banjo, Bob Wills’ fiddle, and Bill Monroe’s mandolin. Oral histories, scrapbooks, correspondence, fan club newsletters, sheet music, periodicals, iconic Vehicles, Elvis Presley’s 1960 “Solid Gold” Cadillac limousine, Webb Pierce’s 1962 Pontiac Bonneville convertible, and Jerry Reed’s 1980 Pontiac Trans Am from Smokey and the Bandit II. When viewed from the air, the forms a massive bass clef
Country Music Hall of Fame
–
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
18.
Garland, Texas
–
Garland is a city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is a city northeast of Dallas and is a part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. It is located almost entirely within Dallas County, except a portion located in Collin. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 226,876, making it the 87th-most populous city in the United States of America and the 12th-most populous city in the state of Texas. Garland is second only to the City of Dallas in Dallas County by population and has access to downtown Dallas via public transportation including two Dart Blue line stations and buses. In 2008, Garland was ranked #67 on CNN and Money magazines list of the Top 100 Places to Live, as of 2014 the city was considered the 6th Best City for Working Parents. In 2014 Garland was ranked the 7th best city for saving money and this ranked Garland 2nd best in Texas. In 2015, Garland was listed #17 overall and #5 best mid-sized city to purchase a home for First-Time Home Buyers, in 2015, Garland was labeled the 8th Best Run City in America. In 2016 Move. org rated Garland as the 8th Best City in America to Raise a Family, wallethub ranked Garland as the 17th Best in the Country for a Job in 2017. This placed Garland as the 2nd Best in Texas, immigrants began arriving in the Peters colony area around 1850, but a community was not created until 1874. Two communities sprang up in the area, Embree, named for the physician K. H. Embree, a rivalry between the two towns ensued as the area began to grow around the Santa Fe Railroad depot. The move was completed in 1887, the new location was named Garland after U. S. Attorney General Augustus Hill Garland. Soon after, the towns of Embree and Duck Creek were combined, by 1904, the town had a population of 819 people. In 1920, local businessmen financed a new electrical generator plant for the town and this later led to the formation of Garland Power and Light, the municipal electric provider that still powers the city today. On May 9,1927, a devastating F4 tornado struck the town and killed 15 people, including the former mayor, businesses began to move back into the area in the late 1930s. The Craddock food company and later the Byer-Rolnick hat factory moved into the area, in 1937, KRLD, a major Dallas radio station, built its radio antenna tower in Garland, and it is operational to this day. During World War II, several plants were operated in the area. By 1950, the population of Garland exceeded 10,000 people, the suburban population boom that the whole country experienced after World War II also reached Garland by 1960, when the population nearly quadrupled from the 1950 figure to about 38,500
Garland, Texas
–
Top to bottom, left to right:
Firewheel Town Center, Bass Pro Shops at Harbor Point,
Lake Ray Hubbard,
Downtown Garland Dart Station,
Firewheel Golf Park, and the Granville Arts Center.
Garland, Texas
–
Location within
Dallas County and the state of
Texas
Garland, Texas
–
The Historic Downtown Garland Square, dedicated to the city by
Rosalynn Carter, has plans for renovations.
Garland, Texas
–
The new 5th Street Crossing mixed-use transit-oriented development
19.
Mesa, Arizona
–
Mesa is a city in Maricopa County, in the U. S. state of Arizona, and is a suburb located about 20 miles east of Phoenix. Mesa is the city of the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. It is bordered by Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south, as of the 2010 Census Mesa became Arizonas center of population. Mesa is the third-largest city in Arizona, after Phoenix and Tucson, the city is home to 439,041 people as of 2010 according to the Census Bureau. Mesa is home to higher education facilities including the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University. The history of Mesa dates back at least 2,000 years to the arrival of the Hohokam people, the Hohokam, whose name means All Used Up or The Departed Ones, built the original canal system. The canals were the largest and most sophisticated in the prehistoric New World, some were up to 90 feet wide and ten feet deep at their head gates, extending for as far as 16 miles across the desert. By A. D.1100 water could be delivered to an area over 110,000 acres, by A. D.1450, the Hohokam had constructed hundreds of miles of canals many of which are still in use today. After the disappearance of the Hohokam and before the arrival of the early settlers little is known, by the late 19th century near present-day Mesa, U. S. Army troops subdued the Apache opening the way for settlement. Mormon pioneer Daniel Webster Jones led an expedition to found a Mormon settlement in Arizona, leaving St. George, Utah in March 1877, Jones and others arrived at Lehi, an area within the northern edge of present-day Mesa. Jones had been asked by Mormon officials to direct a party of people in establishing a settlement in Arizona. This settlement was known as Jonesville and Fort Utah and did not receive the name of Lehi until 1883. At the same time, another group dubbed the First Mesa Company arrived from Utah and their leaders were named Francis Martin Pomeroy, Charles Crismon, George Warren Sirrine and Charles I. Rather than accepting an invitation to settle at Jones Lehi settlement and they dug irrigation canals, some of which were over the original Hohokam canals, and by April 1878, water was flowing through them. The Second Mesa Company arrived in 1879 and settled to the west of where the First Mesa Company settled in 1880, on July 17,1878, Mesa City was registered as a 1-square-mile townsite. The first school was built in 1879, in 1883, Mesa City was incorporated with a population of 300 people. Dr. A. J. Chandler, who would go on to found the city of Chandler. In 1917, the city of Mesa purchased the utility company, the revenues from the company provided enough for capital expenditures until the 1960s
Mesa, Arizona
–
Mesa Bank and
Mesa Arts Center building in downtown Mesa
Mesa, Arizona
–
LDS Mesa Arizona Temple with Christmas lights
Mesa, Arizona
–
Mesa Grande Ruins
Mesa, Arizona
20.
Dust Bowl
–
The drought came in three waves,1934,1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years. During the drought of the 1930s, the unanchored soil turned to dust, which the prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky. These choking billows of dust – named black blizzards or black rollers – traveled cross country, reaching as far as the East Coast and striking such cities as New York City and Washington, on the Plains, they often reduced visibility to 1 metre or less. While the term the Dust Bowl was originally a reference to the area affected by the dust, today it is usually used to refer to the event. The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres that centered on the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico, Colorado, the Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of families to abandon their farms. The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the 100th meridian on the High Plains, elevation ranges from 2,500 feet in the east to 6,000 feet at the base of the Rocky Mountains. The area is semiarid, receiving less than 20 inches of rain annually, the region is also prone to extended drought, alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration. During wet years, the soil provides bountiful agricultural output. The region is subject to high winds. During early European and American exploration of the Great Plains, this region was thought unsuitable for European-style agriculture, the lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for pioneer settlement and agriculture. The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the Homestead Act of 1862, an unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led settlers and the federal government to believe that rain follows the plow and that the climate of the region had changed permanently. Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century, a return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the formerly semiarid area could support large-scale agriculture. At the same time, technological improvements such as mechanized plowing, for example, in the Llano Estacado of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas, the area of farmland was doubled between 1900 and 1920, then tripled again between 1925 and 1930. The agricultural methods favored by farmers during this period created the conditions for large-scale erosion under certain environmental conditions, when severe drought struck the Great Plains region in the 1930s, it resulted in erosion and loss of topsoil because of farming practices at the time. The drought dried the topsoil and over time it became friable, without the indigenous grasses in place, the high winds that occur on the plains picked up the topsoil and created the massive dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period. The persistent dry weather caused crops to fail, leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion, the fine soil of the Great Plains was easily eroded and carried east by strong continental winds. On November 11,1933, a very strong dust storm stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in just one of a series of severe dust storms that year. Beginning on May 9,1934, a strong, two-day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl, the dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago, where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust
Dust Bowl
–
A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in
Cimarron County, Oklahoma, 1936, Photo:
Arthur Rothstein
Dust Bowl
–
A
dust storm;
Spearman,
Texas, April 14, 1935
Dust Bowl
–
Buried machinery in a barn lot;
Dallas, South Dakota, May 1936
Dust Bowl
–
A migratory family from Texas living in a trailer in an Arizona cotton field
21.
Great Depression
–
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
Great Depression
–
Dorothea Lange 's
Migrant Mother depicts destitute
pea pickers in
California, centering on
Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in
Nipomo, California, March 1936
Great Depression
–
USA annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.
Great Depression
–
Crowd gathering at the intersection of
Wall Street and Broad Street after the
1929 crash
Great Depression
–
Crowds outside the
Bank of United States in New York after its failure in 1931
22.
San Joaquin Valley
–
Although a majority of the valley is rural, it does contain urban cities such as Fresno, Bakersfield, Stockton, Modesto, Turlock, Porterville, Visalia, Merced, and Hanford. Unlike the Sacramento Valley, the system for which the San Joaquin Valley is named does not extend very far along the valley. Most of the south of Fresno, instead, drains into Tulare Lake. The valleys primary river is the San Joaquin, which drains north through half of the valley into the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. The Kings and Kern Rivers are in the endorheic basin of the valley. The San Joaquin Valley began to form about 66 million years ago during the early Paleocene era, broad fluctuations in the sea level caused various areas of the valley to be flooded with ocean water for the next 60 million years. About 5 million years ago, the outlets began to close due to uplift of the coastal ranges. Starting 2 million years ago, a series of glacial episodes periodically caused much of the valley to become a fresh water lake, Lake Corcoran was the last widespread lake to fill the valley about 700,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Holocene there were three major lakes remaining in the part of the Valley, Tulare Lake, Buena Vista Lake. In the late 19th and in the 20th century, agricultural diversion of the Kern River eventually dried out these lakes and its rainy season normally runs from November through April, but since 2011 when a drought became evident it generally received minimal to no rain at all. The drought was still extant by mid-August 2014 with scientists saying it would continue indefinitely. Research from NASA shows that parts of the San Joaquin Valley sank as much as 8 inches in a four-month period, the sinking has destroyed thousands of groundwater well casings and has the potential to damage aqueducts, roads, bridges, and flood-control structures. In the long term, the caused by extracting groundwater could irreversibly reduce the underground aquifers water storage capacity. The National Weather Service Forecast Office for the San Joaquin Valley is located in Hanford, Weather forecasts and climatological information for the San Joaquin Valley are available from its official website. The total population of the eight counties comprising the San Joaquin Valley at the time of the 2010 U. S. Census was 3,971,659. Grapes—table, raisin, and to a lesser extent wine—are perhaps the valleys highest-profile product, but equally important are cotton, nuts, citrus, and vegetables. Though it has been called The food basket of the World, walnuts, oranges, peaches, garlic, tangerines, tomatoes, kiwis, hay, alfalfa and numerous other crops have been harvested with great success. DeRuosi Nut, a large processing plant in Escalon, has been in the valley since 1947
San Joaquin Valley
–
Fresno, California
San Joaquin Valley
–
Bakersfield, California
San Joaquin Valley
–
A map of the central valley of California
San Joaquin Valley
–
The San Joaquin River and its tributaries, showing the extent of the valley.
23.
Tennessee Ernie Ford
–
Ernest Jennings Ford, known professionally as Tennessee Ernie Ford, was an American recording artist and television host who enjoyed success in the country and Western, pop, and gospel musical genres. Noted for his rich voice and down-home humor, he is remembered for his hit recordings of The Shotgun Boogie. Born in Bristol, Tennessee to Maud and Clarence Thomas Ford, Ford began his radio career as an announcer at WOPI-AM in Bristol. In 1939, the young left the station to study classical singing at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music in Ohio. As First Lieutenant, he served in the United States Army Air Corps in World War II as the bombardier on a B-29 Superfortress flying missions over Japan and he was also a bombing instructor at George Air Force Base, located in Victorville, California. After the war, Ford worked at stations in San Bernardino and Pasadena. At KFXM in San Bernardino, Ford was hired as a radio announcer and he was assigned to host an early morning country music disc jockey program, Bar Nothin Ranch Time. To differentiate himself, he created the personality of Tennessee Ernie and he became popular in the area and was soon hired away by Pasadenas KXLA radio. At KXLA, Ford continued doing the show and also joined the cast of Cliffie Stones popular live KXLA country show Dinner Bell Roundup as a vocalist while still doing the early morning broadcast. Cliffie Stone, a talent scout for Capitol Records, brought him to the attention of the label. In 1949, while doing his morning show, he signed a contract with Capitol. He became a local TV star as the star of Stones popular Southern California Hometown Jamboree show, radiOzark produced 260 15-minute episodes of The Tennessee Ernie Show on transcription disks for national radio syndication. He released almost 50 country singles through the early 1950s, several of which made the charts, ill Never Be Free, a duet pairing Ford with Capitol Records pop singer Kay Starr, became a huge country and pop crossover hit in 1950. A duet with Ella Mae Morse, False Hearted Girl was a top seller for the Capitol Country and Hillbilly division, Ford eventually ended his KXLA morning show and in the early 1950s, moved on from Hometown Jamboree. He took over from band-leader Kay Kyser as host of the TV version of NBC quiz show Kollege of Musical Knowledge when it returned briefly in 1954 after a four-year hiatus. He became a name in the U. S. largely as a result of his portrayal in 1954 of the country bumpkin, Cousin Ernie on three episodes of I Love Lucy. In 1955, Ford recorded Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier with Farewell to the Mountains on side B. The songs authorship has been claimed by both Travis and George S. Davis, although Travis is recognized as the author on the recording itself, by BMI
Tennessee Ernie Ford
–
Tennessee Ernie Ford
Tennessee Ernie Ford
–
Sixteen Tons album cover
Tennessee Ernie Ford
–
Ernie and Betty Ford at home in 1962.
24.
Wanda Jackson
–
She is known to many as the Queen of Rockabilly or the First Lady of Rockabilly. Jackson mixed country music with fast-moving rockabilly, often recording them on opposite sides of a record and she had a resurgence in popularity in the 1980s among rockabilly revivalists in Europe and younger Americana fans. In 2009 she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an Early Influence, Jackson was born to Tom Robert Jackson and Nellie Vera Jackson in Maud, Oklahoma, in 1937. She has lived much of her life in Oklahoma City and her father, a musician, moved the family to Bakersfield, California, during the 1940s in hopes of a better life. Two years later, he bought Jackson a guitar and encouraged her to play and he also took her to see performances by Spade Cooley, Tex Williams and Bob Wills, which left a lasting impression. In 1948, when she was 11, the family moved back to Oklahoma, in 1956, she won a talent contest which led to her own radio program, soon extended by 30 minutes. She recorded a few songs on their label, Capitol Records, including You Cant Have My Love, the song was released as a single in 1954 and reached number 8 on the country chart. Jackson asked Capitol to sign her but was turned down by producer Ken Nelson and she signed with Decca Records instead. After graduating from school, Jackson began to tour with her father as manager. She often shared the bill with Elvis Presley, who encouraged Jackson to sing rockabilly, Jackson briefly dated Elvis while touring. She was a cast member of ABC-TVs Ozark Jubilee in Springfield, Missouri, in 1956 she signed with Capitol, recording a number of singles mixing country with rock and roll. I Gotta Know, released in 1956, peaked at number 15, Jacksons stage outfits in these years were often designed by her mother. Unlike the traditional clothing worn by country music singers of the time, she wore fringe dresses, high heels. She has claimed she was the first woman to put glamor into country music and she continued to record more rockabilly singles through the decade with producer Ken Nelson. Jackson insisted that Nelson make her records sound like those of label mates Gene Vincent, Nelson brought in many experienced and popular session players, including the rock-and-roll pianist Merill Moore and the then unknown Buck Owens. With a unique style and upbeat material, Jackson created some of the most influential rock. In the late 1950s, Jackson recorded and released a number of rockabilly songs and that Made Him Mad, Mean, Mean Man, Fujiyama Mama and Honey Bop. The songs were only regional hits and she toured Japan in February and March 1959
Wanda Jackson
–
Wanda Jackson in 1970
Wanda Jackson
–
Mid 50s
25.
Rockabilly
–
Rockabilly is one of the earliest styles of rock and roll music, dating back to the early 1950s in the United States, especially the South. As a genre it blends the sound of Western musical styles such as country with that of rhythm and blues, leading to what is considered classic rock, some have also described it as a blend of bluegrass with rock and roll. The term rockabilly itself is a portmanteau of rock and hillbilly, other important influences on rockabilly include western swing, boogie woogie, jump blues, and electric blues. An interest in the genre endures even in the 21st century, Rockabilly has left a legacy, spawning a variety of sub-styles and influencing other genres such as punk rock. There was a relationship between blues and country music from the very earliest country recordings in the 1920s. The first nationwide country hit was Wreck of the Old 97, backed with Lonesome Road Blues, during the 1930s and 1940s, two new sounds emerged. Recordings of Willss from the mid 1940s to the early 1950s include two beat jazz rhythms, jazz choruses, and guitar work that preceded early rockabilly recordings, wills is quoted as saying Rock and Roll. Why, man, thats the kind of music weve been playin since 1928. But its just basic rhythm and has gone by a lot of different names in my time and its the same, whether you just follow a drum beat like in Africa or surround it with a lot of instruments. The Maddox Brothers and Rose were at the edge of rockabilly with the slapped bass that Fred Maddox had developed. Maddox said, Youve got to have somethin they can tap their foot, or dance to, after World War II the band shifted into higher gear leaning more toward a whimsical honky-tonk feel, with a heavy, manic bottom end - the slap bass of Fred Maddox. They played hillbilly music but it sounded real hot and they played real loud for that time, too. The Maddoxes were also known for their antics and stuff. I mean it just wasnt us up there pickin and singing, there was something going on all the time. The demonstrative Maddoxes, helped release white bodies from traditional motions of decorum, more and more younger white artists began to behave on stage like the lively Maddoxes. Others believe that they were not only at the leading edge, Bill Monroe is known as the Father of Bluegrass, a specific style of country music. Many of his songs were in form, while others took the form of folk ballads, parlor songs. Bluegrass was a staple of music in the early 1950s
Rockabilly
–
Carl Perkins pictured around 1955
Rockabilly
–
Bill Haley and His Comets during a TV appearance.
Rockabilly
–
Gazzguzzlers use the classic instruments associated with rockabilly: a hollow-body guitar, and upright bass, and a pared-down drum kit.
26.
Tacoma, Washington
–
Tacoma is a mid-sized urban port city in and the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States. The city is on Washingtons Puget Sound,32 miles southwest of Seattle,31 miles northeast of the capital, Olympia. The population was 198,397, according to the 2010 census, Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third largest in the state. Tacoma also serves as the center of activity for the South Sound region. Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier, originally called Takhoma or Tahoma and it is locally known as the City of Destiny because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century. The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacomas neighboring deep-water harbor, by connecting the bay with the railroad, Tacomas motto became When rails meet sails. Today, Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma, a center of trade on the Pacific Coast. Like most central cities, Tacoma suffered a decline in the mid-20th century as a result of suburbanization. Neighborhoods such as the 6th Avenue District have become revitalized, tacoma-Pierce County has been named one of the most livable areas in the United States. In 2006, Tacoma was listed as one of the most walkable cities in the country and that same year, the womens magazine Self named Tacoma the Most Sexually Healthy City in the United States. In contrast, Tacoma was also ranked as the most stressed-out city in the country in a 2004 survey, Tacoma gained notoriety in 1940 for the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which earned the nickname Galloping Gertie. The city of Tacoma and surrounding areas were inhabited for thousands of years by American Indians, predominantly the Puyallup people, mcCarver, who named his project Tacoma City, derived from the indigenous name for the mountain. Tacoma was incorporated on November 12,1875, following the merger of Old Tacoma, the transcontinental link was effected in 1887, but the railroad built its depot on New Tacoma, two miles south of the Carr-McCarver development. The two communities together and joined. The population grew from 1,098 in 1880 to 36,006 in 1890, rudyard Kipling visited Tacoma in 1889 and said it was literally staggering under a boom of the boomiest. George Francis Train was a resident for a few years in the late 19th century, in 1890, he staged a global circumnavigation starting and ending in Tacoma to promote the city. A plaque in downtown Tacoma marks the start and finish line, in November 1885, white citizens led by then-mayor Jacob Weisbach expelled several hundred Chinese residents peacefully living in the city. The next day two Chinese settlements were burned to the ground, the discovery of gold in the Klondike in 1898 led Tacomas prominence in the region to be eclipsed by the booming development of Seattle
Tacoma, Washington
–
Tacoma, Washington
Tacoma, Washington
–
Flag
Tacoma, Washington
–
View from
Brown's Point of Mt. Rainier and the Port of Tacoma
Tacoma, Washington
–
The Commencement Bay Land and Improvement Co. played a major role in the city's early growth.
27.
KSTW
–
KSTW, channel 11, is a CW owned-and-operated station television station licensed to Tacoma, Washington, United States. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation, the construction permit for the station was issued by the Federal Communications Commission on December 10,1952. Chief Engineer Max Bice immediately ordered equipment through General Electric, the antenna was in Milan, Italy and it was shipped by rail car to Tacoma. The transmitter arrived in Tacoma from Syracuse, New York on February 9,1953 and it was installed on the next day, and work progressed rapidly. The original studios and transmitter house were located at South 11th Street, the station tested with a 30, 000-watt signal and received reports of reception from up to 150 miles away. The station began broadcasting March 1,1953 out of Tacoma as KTNT-TV, named after its founder, at the time, it was a primary CBS affiliate and sister station to KTNT radio. During the late 1950s, the station was affiliated with the NTA Film Network. Parts of the old transmitting equipment were loaned to Portland, Oregons KGW-TV, in February 1958, KIRO-TV took to the air as the Seattle-Tacoma markets exclusive CBS affiliate. CBS agreed to settle the suit in 1960 by taking on both KIRO-TV and KTNT-TV as primary affiliates and this arrangement lasted until September 1962, when channel 7 became the sole CBS station for western Washington. Channel 11 was left to again become an independent station. During the late 1960s, the station also occasionally carried NBC primetime programs preempted by Seattle SuperSonics games on KING-TV, for one month, in May 1967, the station was also an affiliate of the United Network, a short-lived attempt to create a fourth commercial television network nationally. During the decade, KTNT also presented movies under the Nightmare, banner in the early 1960s on Saturday nights, airing around 10,30 p. m. before sign-off. As a result, KTNT-TV was sold to the WKY Television System, forerunner of Gaylord Broadcasting, in 1974, with the new ownership came a new slogan, Good Lookin 11, as well as a new logo--a stylized circle 11 with the circle modified to accommodate the 11. Later in the decade, KSTW became a regional superstation, at its height, it was available on nearly every cable system in Washington, as well as parts of Oregon and Idaho and much of British Columbia. The station also carried many daytime CBS programs preempted by KIRO-TV during the 1970s. m and it was also the over-the-air home of the Seattle Mariners and SuperSonics. Although it was one of the strongest independent stations in the country, it passed on the Fox affiliation when that network launched in 1986, that affiliation was picked up by KCPQ. However, delays in the launch led to Gaylord suing to void the affiliation agreements in July 1994. In the meantime, CBS found itself without an affiliate in Dallas-Fort Worth when its longtime affiliate there, KDFW, CBS approached Gaylord for an affiliation with KTVT
KSTW
–
KSTW
28.
American Broadcasting Company
–
The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
American Broadcasting Company
–
ABC's corporate headquarters are located at 77 West 66th Street, on the
Upper West Side of
Manhattan in
New York City.
American Broadcasting Company
–
American Broadcasting Company
American Broadcasting Company
–
Edward Noble, founder of ABC
American Broadcasting Company
–
In 2002, dancers and other cast members from the 32-year run of American Bandstand reunited with host
Dick Clark to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the show's local television debut.
29.
Ozark Jubilee
–
The weekly live stage show premiered on ABC-TV on January 22,1955, was renamed Country Music Jubilee on July 6,1957, and was finally named Jubilee USA on August 2,1958. Originating from the heart of the Ozarks, the Saturday night variety series helped popularize country music in Americas cities and suburbs, the ABC Radio version was heard by millions more starting in August 1954. A typical program included a mix of vocal and instrumental performances, comedy routines, square dancing, the host was Red Foley, the nations top country music personality. Other featured cast members were Webb Pierce, Bobby Lord, Leroy Van Dyke, Norma Jean, the Jubilee was canceled after almost six years as rock and roll grew in popularity, and in part because of publicity surrounding tax evasion charges against Foley, who was later acquitted. On September 24,1960, the final telecast, like the first in 1955, the program concluded with him performing May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You. The series was voted Best Country Music Show by Fame magazines annual TV critics poll in 1957 and 1960, in 1961, NBC-TV carried a spin-off, Five Star Jubilee. The first country program on network television was Village Barn. NBC and later ABC also aired Midwestern Hayride, the shows, however, were generally short-lived summer replacements and had few if any well-known performers. Ozark Jubilee was the first network TV program to feature Americas top country music stars, at five years, eight months it also holds the record for the longest-running country music series on network television. 1954–55 season Starting January 22,1955, Saturday, 9–10 p. m. Starting July 2,1955, Saturday,7, 30–9 p. m. 1955–56 season, Saturday,7, 30–9 p. m. 1956–57 season Starting October 4,1956, Thursday, 10–11 p. m. Starting December 29,1956, Saturday, 8–9 p. m. 1957–58 season, Saturday, 8–9 p. m. 1958–59 season Starting September 29,1958, Monday, 8–8,30 p. m. Starting November 1,1958, Saturday, 8–9 p. m. 1959–60 season Starting October 3,1959, Saturday, 10–11 p. m. – September 24,1960 From October 15,1955 to September 15,1956, from March through September 1956, the Junior Jubilee edition aired in the 7, 30–8 p. m. time slot. In contrast to many series which went on summer hiatus. Their stable of country music shows and talent grew, and Foster believed Springfield could dethrone Nashville to become the crossroads of country music and he realized television was the key, and named his new company Crossroads TV Productions, Inc. with Siman and John B. A financial backer was local businessman Lester E. Cox, in December 1953, they launched Ozark Jubilee on Springfields KYTV-TV. In April 1954, after negotiations, Siman lured Red Foley from Nashville to host the show with a one-year contract
Ozark Jubilee
–
Ozark Jubilee
Ozark Jubilee
–
ABC-TV logo 1957–1961
Ozark Jubilee
–
Red Foley Jubilee publicity photo
Ozark Jubilee
–
Ozark Jubilee cast at the Jewell Theatre, 1956
30.
Act Naturally
–
In 2002, Shelly Fabian of About. com ranked the song number 169 on her list of the Top 500 Country Music Songs. The song tells the tale of someone who was jilted and because of that, can play a film part of someone sad. It has been recorded by other artists, including Loretta Lynn, Dwight Yoakam, Mrs. Miller. The most well-known other version is from The Beatles in 1965, featuring Ringo Starr taking the lead vocal, it became a featured performance number of his in concert, both with The Beatles and later with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. Russell, originally from Mississippi, was based in Fresno, California in the early 1960s, one night, some of his friends from Oklahoma planned to do a recording session in Los Angeles and asked him to join them. In order to do so, Russell had to break a date with his then-girlfriend, when she asked me why I was going to L. A. I answered, They are going to put me in the movies, thus inspired, Russell quickly came up with a concept for a love song based around his comment. He wrote it that day, and tried to teach it to the singer he was helping in Los Angeles, Russell then wanted to record it himself, but his then-producer turned it down, claiming that songs about the movies were not hit material. A full two years passed before anyone recorded Act Naturally, no matter how hard I tried, I couldnt get anyone interested in it, Russell said. By 1963, Russell was writing with a woman named Voni Morrison, after Russell played Act Naturally for Morrison, she thought it would be a natural for Owens, and she told Russell that she could get him to record it. Because no one had yet recorded it, and Russell had an agreement with Morrison to share songwriting credits, he gave her partial credit, Owens did not like Act Naturally at first. But Buckaroo band member, Don Rich, heard Russells demo version and liked it, and eventually, one night, Russell got a phone call from Owens asking if he could record the song, and he said yes. I later found out that he had recorded the song that day and just wanted the publishing rights. I was more pleased to give him the rights in order to get the song recorded. Owens recorded Act Naturally at the Capitol Studios in Hollywood on February 12,1963, and it entered the Billboard country charts on April 13,1963. On June 15, Owens version spent the first of four weeks at #1. In all, it spent 28 weeks on the country charts, the song helped to make him a superstar, before the 1960s were over, Owens had placed 19 singles atop the Billboard country charts. The song also helped establish Russell as a songwriter, and in the 1970s he was successful as a singer as well
Act Naturally
–
"Act Naturally"
Act Naturally
![[1]](http://home.roadrunner.com/~hifiebay/Buck%20Owens%20Postcard.JPG){kind=link}
