1.
Buckhead Atlanta
–
Buckhead Atlanta, until May 2011 called Streets of Buckhead, is a 9-acre planned mixed-use development in the Buckhead district in Atlanta, Georgia. The project is a redevelopment of part of the Buckhead Village neighborhood bounded by Peachtree Rd. E. Paces Ferry Rd. Pharr Rd. and N. Fulton Drive. It is located just 1.3 miles from two of the regions most prominent and upscale malls, Lenox Square and Phipps Plaza, in May 2011, San Diego-based OliverMcMillan Inc. purchased the land from Ben Carter Properties and began developing the project. The project was renamed that same month, in September 2011, McMillan announced a further delay in the project, and that construction would not begin until the end of the first quarter of 2012. McMillan intended to invest $300 million to complete the project in which Ben Carter had already invested $400 million, the total planned development was then targeted at 370 apartments,300,000 square feet of retail space and 90,000 square feet of boutique office space. In early 2013 construction began after a hiatus of three years, as of July 2014 the project was nearing completion. In 1838, Henry Irby had purchased 202.5 acres surrounding what is now Buckhead Village from Daniel Johnson for $650, Irby subsequently established a general store and tavern at the northwest corner of the Peachtree–Roswell–Paces Ferry intersection. By 1996 Buckhead Village nightlife was like Mardi Gras, complete with nightly arrests, puking in the streets, by the late 1990s the clientele was changing, street cruising and hanging was common, and crime was increasing, sometimes violent. To ameliorate the situation, the Atlanta City Council passed an ordinance to close bars at 2,30 a. m. rather than 4 a. m. most of the bars and nightclubs closed between 2000 and 2007. In 2006–07, Ben Carter bought parcels in the area in order to develop the Streets of Buckhead, demolition of existing structures began in August 2007. Original plans by developer Ben Carter Properties, LLC called for a $1.5 billion upscale mixed-use development and it aimed to be the most exclusive shopping area in the Southern United States. Originally scheduled for an opening of November 2009, by April 2009. On May 2,2011, San Diego-based OliverMcMillan Inc. purchased the land from Ben Carter Properties, baupost Group LLC, a Boston hedge fund, is to provide $300 million of new equity. OliverMcMillan plans to change much of the plans, they are not seeking a Rodeo Drive-type development. It is to be an urban village woven into the Buckhead Community, the preliminary revised plans called for 300,000 square feet of retail and restaurants,40,000 square feet of boutique offices and two 20-story luxury apartment buildings. Plans no longer include the two hotels, rather than upscale restaurants, the development will target local chefs. A street grid system and street-level cafés and stores are to promote walkability, the first retailers and restaurants opened on September 18,2014. Buckhead Atlanta now includes 32 retail stores and restaurants with 12 more tenants set to shop by the end of the year
Buckhead Atlanta
–
Buckhead Atlanta logo since May 2011
Buckhead Atlanta
–
Streets of Buckhead logo until May 2011
2.
District
–
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by local government. Across the world, areas known as districts vary greatly in size, spanning entire regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions of municipalities, school district, in Afghanistan, a district is a subdivision of a province. There are almost 400 districts in the country, electoral districts are used in state elections. Districts were also used in several states as cadastral units for land titles, some were used as squatting districts. New South Wales had several different types of districts used in the 21st century, in Austria, a district is an administrative division normally encompassing several municipalities, roughly equivalent to the Landkreis in Germany. The administrative office of a district, the Bezirkshauptmannschaft, is headed by a Bezirkshauptmann, while there are matters of administrative law the municipalities themselves are in charge of, or where there are special bodies, the district is the basic unit of general administration in Austria. Officials on the level are not elected, but appointed by the state government. There are also independent cities in Austria and they are called Statutarstadt in Austrian administrative law. These urban districts do have the same tasks as a normal district, the State of Vienna, which is at the same time a municipality, is also subdivided in twenty-three districts, which, however, have a somewhat different function than in the rest of the country. Legally, the Magistratisches Bezirksamt is an office of the municipalitys administration. However, representatives on the level are elected, and they in turn elect the head of the district. Those representative bodies are supposed to serve as immediate contacts for the locals on the political, in practice, they have some power, e. g. concerning matters of traffic. Bangladeshi districts are administrative units. In all, there are 64 districts in Bangladesh, originally, there were 21 greater districts with several subdivisions in each district. In 1984, the government made all these subdivisions into districts, each district has several sub districts called Upazila in Bengali. In Belgian municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on initiative of the local council, as such, only Antwerp, having over 460,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into nine districts. The Belgian arrondissements, a level between province and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well. Bhutanese districts are administrative units consisting of village blocks called gewog
District
–
Satellite photograph of the District of Columbia.
District
–
Districts of India
3.
Atlanta
–
Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
Atlanta
–
From top to bottom left to right: Atlanta skyline seen from
Buckhead, the
Fox Theatre, the
Georgia State Capitol,
Centennial Olympic Park,
Millennium Gate, the
Canopy Walk, the
Georgia Aquarium,
The Phoenix statue, and the
Midtown skyline
Atlanta
–
Marietta Street, 1864
Atlanta
–
Atlanta in ruins during the Civil War, 1864
Atlanta
–
In 1907, Peachtree Street, the main street of Atlanta, was busy with streetcars and automobiles.
4.
Metro Atlanta
–
Its economic, cultural and demographic center is Atlanta, and it had a 2015 estimated population of 5.7 million people according to the U. S. Census Bureau. The metro area forms the core of a trading area. The Combined Statistical Area spans up to 39 counties in north Georgia and had an estimated 2015 population of 6.3 million people, Atlanta is considered an alpha world city. It is the third largest metropolitan region in the Census Bureaus Southeast region behind Greater Washington and South Florida. By U. S. Census Bureau standards, the population of the Atlanta region spreads across an area of 8,376 square miles – a land area comparable to that of Massachusetts. Because Georgia contains more counties than any state except Texas. As of the 2000 census, fewer than one in ten residents of the area lived inside Atlanta city limits. A2006 survey by the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce counted 140 cities, six cities – Johns Creek, Milton, Chattahoochee Hills, Dunwoody, Peachtree Corners, and Brookhaven – have incorporated since then, following the lead of Sandy Springs in 2005. The Atlanta metropolitan area was first defined in 1950 as Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, Cobb, the CSA also abuts the Macon and Columbus MSAs. The region is one of the metropolises of the Southeastern United States, the above-listed counties are included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville CSA. However, most other entities define a much smaller metropolitan area by including only the counties which have the densest suburban development. Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, Cobb, and Clayton were the five original counties when the Atlanta metropolitan area was first defined in 1950, and continue to be the core of the metro area. These five counties along with five more are members of the Atlanta Regional Commission, the ten ARC counties and five more are part of the Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District, created in 2001. The 14 counties listed above with under 60,000 residents are not included in any other metropolitan definition except the OMB/Census Bureaus CSA. Hall County was originally the Gainesville, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Cumberland Perimeter Center Hartsfield-Jackson area More than one half of metro Atlantas population is in unincorporated areas or areas considered a census-designated-place by the census bureau. Metro Atlanta includes the incorporated and unincorporated suburbs, exurbs. 420,003 Places with 75,000 to 99,999 inhabitants Sandy Springs pop,76,728 Places with 50,000 to 74,999 inhabitants Alpharetta pop. 51,271 Places with 25,000 to 49,999 inhabitants Dunwoody pop,25,636 Places with 24, 999- inhabitants The area sprawls across the low foothills of the Appalachian Mountains to the north and the Piedmont to the south
Metro Atlanta
–
Midtown and
Downtown Atlanta as seen from
Vinings,
Cobb County Cumberland Area skyline The
Perimeter Center skyline
Metro Atlanta
Metro Atlanta
Metro Atlanta
–
Map of Metro Atlanta
5.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
6.
Demographics of Atlanta
–
Atlanta is the largest city in the state of Georgia. Atlanta ranks as the 40th-largest in the United States, and the sixth-largest city in the southeastern region,2010 census results varied dramatically with previous Census Bureau estimates, counting 550,003 residents. Atlanta is the city of the ninth most populous United States metropolitan area at 5,268,860. Atlantas population grew steadily during the first 100 years of the citys existence, however, from 1970 to 2000, the city lost over 100,000 residents, a decrease of around 16 percent. During the same time, the area gained over three million people, cutting the citys share of the metro population in half, from over 25 percent in 1970 to around 12 percent in 2000. However, the citys population bottomed out in 1990 at around 394,000, in 2009, the median income for a household in the city was $47,464 and the median income for a family was $59,711. About 21. 8% of the population and 17. 2% of families lived below the poverty line, the city of Atlanta is seeing a large demographic increase in its white population, and at a pace that outstrips the rest of the nation. The proportion of whites in the population grew faster between 2000 and 2006 than that of any other U. S. city. By 2010, Atlantas white population had increased by 22,763 people, the white percentage increased from 31% in 2000, to 35% in 2006, to 38% in 2010, more than double the increase between 1990 and 2000. During the same time, the black population decreased by 31,678 people. Note that this phenomenon is not unique to Atlanta, as Washington, the city of Atlanta has recently become relatively more diverse. The city long consisted overwhelmingly of blacks and non-Hispanic whites, those made up 92. 1% of the city in 1990. Atlantas Hispanic population increased by 72. 0% from 2000 to 2010, the Asian American population increased by 65. 5%, and in 2010 Asian Americans made up 5. 1% of the city. The trend towards ethnic diversity is much stronger in Metro Atlanta as a whole in which blacks, the metro areas Hispanic population more than doubled from 268,851 in 2000 to 547,400 in 2010, and now makes up over 10% of the regions population. These immigrant communities have altered the economic, cultural, and religious landscape of metro Atlanta, the Asian American population in the metro nearly doubled and makes up just under 5% of the regions population. In NPU L, the proportion of the population went down from 97. 5% to 89. 1%. Although the foreign-born population in the city itself is low among large US cities and even compared to Atlantas own metro area, it is high compared to other nearby Southern cities. For example, in Macon, Georgia,7. 1% were US-born outside the South and 3. 0% foreign-born. and in Birmingham, the city of Atlanta also has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita
Demographics of Atlanta
–
Signs in English, Spanish and Chinese along Buford Highway in Metro Atlanta
Demographics of Atlanta
–
white
7.
Eastern Standard Time (North America)
–
Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
Eastern Standard Time (North America)
–
(farthest right pink)
8.
UTC-5
–
UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
UTC-5
–
Behind (−)
9.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
–
Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
10.
Eastern Daylight Time
–
Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
Eastern Daylight Time
–
(farthest right pink)
11.
Fulton County, Georgia
–
Fulton County is a county in the north central portion of the U. S. state of Georgia. As of 2015 estimates, the population was 1,010,562 making it Georgias most populous county and its county seat is Atlanta, the state capital since 1868. Ninety percent of the City of Atlanta is within Fulton County, Fulton County is the principal county of the Atlanta metropolitan area. Fulton County is part of the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Fulton County was created in 1853 from the western half of DeKalb County. It was named in honor of Hamilton Fulton, a surveyor for the Western and Atlantic Railroad, some sources had previously claimed it was named for Robert Fulton. At the beginning of 1932, as an austerity measure to save money during the Great Depression, Milton County to the north and this gave the county its current long shape along 80 miles of the Chattahoochee River. In the later 20th century, Atlanta and Fulton county became the location of national and international headquarters for leading companies. As a result, the city and county became more cosmopolitan, Fulton County is governed by a seven-member board of commissioners, whose members serve concurrent four-year terms. The most recent election was held in November 2010, the county has a county manager system of government, in which day-to-day operation of the county is handled by a manager appointed by the board. The chairman of the Board of Commissioners is elected at-large for the county-wide position, the vice chairman is elected by peers on a yearly basis. County commissioners are elected from single-member districts, Fulton Countys budget of $1.2 billion funds an array of resident services. With 34 branches, the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System is one of the largest library systems in Georgia, Human services programs include one of the strongest senior center networks in metro Atlanta, including four multi-purpose senior facilities. The county also provides funding to nonprofits with FRESH and Human Services grants, Atlanta is the largest city in Fulton County, occupying the countys narrow center section and thus geographically dividing the countys northern and southern portions. Atlantas last major annexation in 1952 brought over 118 square miles into the city, geographically remote from each other, the northern and southern sections of the county have grown increasingly at odds over issues related to taxes and distribution of services. The Fulton County Council contested this law, known as the Shafer Amendment after Sen. David Shafer, on June 19,2006, the Court upheld the law, ruling that the Shafer Amendment was constitutional. The creation of the city of Sandy Springs, Georgia prompted the county to two additional cities, resulting in no unincorporated areas remaining in north Fulton. In a domino effect, the residents of south Fulton approved referenda to create additional cities, one of these two referenda passed, the other was defeated. Since the 1970s, residents of Sandy Springs had waged a battle to incorporate their community as a city
Fulton County, Georgia
–
Atlanta's Fulton County Courthouse in 2011
Fulton County, Georgia
–
Downtown Atlanta
Fulton County, Georgia
–
Road in
Chattahoochee Hills
Fulton County, Georgia
–
Pill Hill,
Sandy Springs
12.
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
A girl spinner in a Georgia cotton mill, 1909.
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Flag
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Road to
Brasstown Bald
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Jekyll Island
13.
Southeastern United States
–
The Southeastern United States is the eastern portion of the Southern United States, and the southern portion of the Eastern United States. It comprises 15 states in the southern United States, there is no official Census Bureau definition of the southeastern United States. The OSBO uses the same states, but includes Arkansas and Louisiana, the most populous state in the region is Florida, followed by Georgia, and North Carolina. With tropical air masses influencing the region precipitation is high throughout the year, the tropical air masses do however cause significant hurricanes such as Hurricane Andrew and Hurricane Katrina wreaking havoc and causing significant damage to coastal areas. The winters highly vary depending on latitude and elevation, the Southeast has changed dramatically in the last two generations. Since 1980, there has been a boom in its economy, manufacturing base, high technology industries. Fortune 500 companies having headquarters in the region included 20 in Virginia,16 in Florida,15 in North Carolina and this economic expansion has enabled parts of the South to have of some of the lowest unemployment rates in the United States. In Alabama, there is a manufacturing project owned by the German steel megacorporation Thyssen-Krupp. The Cummings Research Park in the Huntsville, Alabama area is the second largest research complex in the nation, located in Huntsville is the Redstone Arsenal, United States Army Missile Command, the U. S. Space and Rocket Center, NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center and many key government, military. The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Tallahassee, Florida is the largest laboratory in the devoted to the study of magnetism. There are a number of universities, with several large research universities which exert influence beyond the region. These include the oldest public universities in the country, the University of Alabama, the region is home to the most historically black colleges and universities in the nation. The three largest in the region are North Carolina A&T University, Florida A&M University, and Jackson State University, on this list New Orleans Refers to the Orleans Parish Population. Therefore the population given is for the entire city excluding other incorporated places lying within the county limits, five Major League Baseball teams play in the Southeast, Washington Nationals, Miami Marlins, Atlanta Braves, Tampa Bay Rays and Baltimore Orioles. The Braves, Nationals and Marlins play in the NL East,4 Major League Lacrosse teams play in the southeast, Chesapeake Bayhawks, Florida Launch, Charlotte Hounds, and the Atlanta Blaze. Seven National Basketball Association teams play in the Southeast, Washington Wizards, Charlotte Hornets, Atlanta Hawks, Memphis Grizzlies, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic and New Orleans Pelicans. The Wizards, Heat, Hornets, Magic and Hawks are in the Eastern Conference, the Sugar Bowl, Orange Bowl, Peach Bowl, and Citrus Bowl are notable college football bowls held in Southeastern cities
Southeastern United States
–
University of Miami in
Coral Gables, Florida
Southeastern United States
–
Dark red states are usually included in definitions of the Southeastern United States. Light red states are considered "Southeastern" with less frequency.
14.
Downtown Atlanta
–
Downtown Atlanta is the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Downtown measures approximately four miles, and had 26,700 residents as of 2010. Similar to other business districts in the U. S. Downtown has recently undergone a transformation that included the construction of new condos and lofts, renovation of historic buildings, Downtown is bound by North Avenue to the north, Boulevard to the east, Interstate 20 to the south, and Northside Drive to the west. This definition of Downtown Atlanta includes central areas like Five Points, the Atlanta Downtown Improvement District organization, though, defines a much smaller downtown area measuring just one and two tenths square miles. This area only includes the central business district neighborhoods of Fairlie-Poplar, Five Points, the Hotel District, Centennial Hill. The history of downtown began in 1826 with Wilson Lumpkin and Hamilton Fulton surveying a possible route between Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Milledgeville, Georgias capital at the time. In 1833, Lumpkin, who had become governor, requested that the state legislature charter three railroad lines. By 1836, the state-financed Western and Atlantic Railroad, linking the middle of Georgia to the states north and west, was founded by the legislature. As a result, the town named Terminus was founded in 1837, Terminus received a name change in 1842 when the towns 30 inhabitants voted to change the towns name to Marthasville, in honor of Governor Lumpkins daughter. By 1845, John Edgar Thomson, chief engineer of the Georgia Railroad, the first suggestion was Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. In 1847, Atlanta was incorporated, with the town limits extending in a radius from the mile marker at the railroad depot. By the outbreak of the Civil War, Atlanta was a railroad hub and manufacturing center. In 1864, General William T. Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground during his March to the Sea, Atlantas first resurgence began during Reconstruction. In 1868, Georgias state capital was moved to the city from Milledgeville, by the 1920s, a downtown business sector ringed by residential districts had emerged. Professional sports came to Atlanta in 1965 with the construction of Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, the National Football League awarded the city the Falcons expansion team in 1966. The Hawks arrived in 1968, even though Omni Coliseum, the basketball arena. Atlantas three major sports team continue to play their home games downtown in updated facilities, Turner Field, the Georgia Dome
Downtown Atlanta
–
Part of the Downtown Atlanta skyline
Downtown Atlanta
–
Downtown Atlanta
Downtown Atlanta
–
Downtown Atlanta, 1889
Downtown Atlanta
–
Peachtree Street, 1882
15.
Midtown Atlanta
–
Midtown is the second largest business district in the city of Atlanta, situated between the commercial and financial districts of Downtown to the south and Buckhead to the north. In 2011, Greater Midtown has a 2011 resident population of 41,681, a population of 81,418. The district attracts about six million visitors annually, Midtown is marked by its cultural attractions, institutions of higher education, noteworthy architecture, and urban layout. Midtown has also been an area for high-density development in the city in the first decade of the 2000s due to the districts mass transit options. The definition and meaning of Midtown has varied over time, expanding from a concept of a small neighborhood midway between Downtown and Buckhead. Boundary definitions vary by the source, in many cases, Midtown is a quasi-legal entity for zoning, law enforcement, and taxi purposes. The Midtown Alliance defines a larger, Greater Midtown area of four square miles. This includes the area within the definition, but splitting it into the sub-areas Midtown Core and Midtown Garden District. It also includes the neighborhoods of Ansley Park, Sherwood Forest, Atlantic Station, Home Park, the area has gone by other names in the past. An 1897 source refers to the area as North Atlanta, which would later be the name of city of Brookhaven. The 1897 North Atlanta encompassed most of todays Midtown, Georgia Tech, sources from the 1950s and early 1960s refer to the area as Uptown Atlanta, a moniker which would later be applied instead to Buckhead following its annexation. The southern half of Midtown between 8th Street and North Ave was originally purchased by Richard Peters in 1848 to use the pine forest there for fuel for his flour mill. Over the next 40 years, Peters slowly subdivided sections of land lots off for a gridded residential area. His son, Edward, built his home on the bounded by North Avenue, Piedmont Avenue, Ponce de Leon Avenue. The home, now called Ivy Hall, was restored by the Savannah College of Art & Design in 2008 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. After the Civil War, Peachtree between what is now 8th and 12th streets was still about a mile beyond the city limits, after the American Civil War a shantytown named Tight Squeeze developed at Peachtree at what is now 10th Street. It was infamous for vagrancy, desperation, robberies of merchants transiting the settlement, as Atlanta grew ever further outwards from its historic center, mansions were constructed along Peachtree Street and the area around 10th was known as Blooming Hill. Cross streets were built and residential development began around 1880, Piedmont Park was established with the Piedmont Exposition of 1887, followed by the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895, lending the area new prominence
Midtown Atlanta
–
Midtown skyline viewed from
Piedmont Park
Midtown Atlanta
–
Midtown at night, viewed from
Piedmont Park
Midtown Atlanta
–
Map of part of Midtown Atlanta, 1895
Midtown Atlanta
–
Bungalows in the Midtown Historic District
16.
Highrise
–
A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building or structure used as a residential and/or office building. In some areas it may be referred to as an MDU, in the United States, such a structure is referred to as an apartment building or office building, while a group of such buildings is called an apartment complex or office complex. High-rise buildings became possible with the invention of the elevator and cheaper, the materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel. Most North American style skyscrapers have a frame, while residential blocks are usually constructed of concrete. There is no difference between a tower block and a skyscraper, although a building with fifty or more stories is generally considered a skyscraper. They also pose challenges to firefighters during emergencies in high-rise structures. Studies are often required to ensure that pedestrian wind comfort and wind danger concerns are addressed, in order to allow less wind exposure, to transmit more daylight to the ground and to appear more slender, many high-rises have a design with setbacks. In contrast with low-rise and single-family houses, apartment blocks accommodate more inhabitants per unit of area of land, various bodies have defined high-rise, Emporis Standards defines a high-rise as A multi-story structure between 35–100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12–39 floors. According to the code of Hyderabad, India, a high-rise building is one with four floors or more. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines a high-rise as a building having many storeys, most building engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professionals define a high-rise as a building that is at least 75 feet tall. The lower floors were occupied by either shops or wealthy families. Surviving Oxyrhynchus Papyri indicate that seven-story buildings even existed in provincial towns, in Arab Egypt, the initial capital city of Fustat housed many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants. The skyline of many important medieval cities was dominated by large numbers of high-rising urban towers, the residential Towers of Bologna numbered between 80 and 100 at a time, the largest of which still rise to 97.2 m. In Florence, a law of 1251 decreed that all buildings should be reduced to a height of less than 26 m. Even medium-sized towns such as San Gimignano are known to have featured 72 towers up to 51 m in height, the oldest still standing tulou dates back from the 14th century. Tower blocks were built in the Yemeni city of Shibam in the 16th century. The houses of Shibam are all out of mud bricks, but about five hundred of them are tower houses
Highrise
–
A high-rise
residential apartment building in
Hong Kong
Highrise
–
High-rise residential complexes are a prominent feature of the
borough of
Fort Lee,
Bergen County,
New Jersey, United States, in the
New York City Metropolitan Area, with
several over 90 metres (300 ft) tall.
Highrise
–
There are numerous high-rise
apartments in
Navi Mumbai,
India
Highrise
–
16-floor Rusland Court tower block in
Charlestown, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.
17.
Peachtree Street
–
Peachtree Street is one of several major streets running through the city of Atlanta. Beginning at Five Points in downtown Atlanta, it runs North through Midtown, upon entering Buckhead, Atlanta grew on a site occupied by the Creek people, which included a major village called Standing Peachtree. There is some dispute whether the Creek settlement was called Standing Peachtree or Standing Pitch Tree. Pine trees, common to the area, were known as pitch trees due to their sap. A trail known as the Peachtree Trail stretched from northeast Georgia to Standing Pitch Tree along the Chattahoochee River, the original Peachtree Road began in 1812 at Fort Daniel located at Hog Mountain in present-day Gwinnett County and ran along the course of the trail to the Chattahoochee. Some portions of the present road trace this route, after the American Civil War a shantytown named Tight Squeeze developed at Peachtree at what is now 10th Street in Midtown Atlanta. It was infamous for vagrancy, desperation, robberies of merchants transiting the settlement, the Peachtree name is common throughout the Atlanta area. In fact, it is often joked by natives that half of the streets in Atlanta are named Peachtree, while Peachtree alone always refers to this street, there are 71 streets in Atlanta with a variant of Peachtree in their name. Peachtree City is a golf community located south of the city. Peachtree Corners is also a suburb located north of the city. West Peachtree divides the northeast and northwest quadrants of the city and county for street addressing purposes, where the current Peachtree Street turns to Peachtree Road and briefly heads northwest, it actually crosses West Peachtree, leaving it on the east side. It is at point that the Buford-Spring Connector begins, taking the route of old I-85. The studios of WSB-TV are located on section of West Peachtree Street. Through this section north of 17th Street in Midtown, and in south of North Avenue to Peachtree Street. Between the two, it no more than a block to the east. From the Buford-Spring Connector north to Roswell Road, Peachtree Street and Peachtree Road carry U. S.19 and Georgia 9. At a five-way intersection with East/West Paces Ferry Road at the center of the original Buckhead Village, these continue north onto Roswell Road, south of the connector,9 and 19 continue on two one-way streets, West Peachtree Street northbound and Spring Street southbound. Peachtree meets Piedmont Road between Buckhead Village and Lenox Square
Peachtree Street
–
People celebrating on Peachtree Street
Peachtree Street
–
Peachtree Street,
downtown Atlanta, 1974
Peachtree Street
–
Peachtree Street as it travels through
Midtown
Peachtree Street
–
Atlanta St. Patrick's Day Parade on Peachtree Street, 2013
18.
Single-family homes
–
A single-family detached home, also called a single-detached dwelling, single-family residence or separate house is a free-standing residential building. It is defined in opposition to a residential dwelling. The definition of this type of house may vary between legal jurisdictions or statistical agencies and it does exclude, however, any short-term accommodation, large-scale rental accommodation, or condominia. Garages can also be found on most lots, houses with an attached front entry garage that is closer to the street than any other part of the house is often derisively called a snout house. It is important to note that In the United States, that the term Single Family Residence specifically refers to the not the occupants. Historically, Homeowners Associations have used the term to limit non-nuclear families, presently, these types of HOA policies are subject to Fair Housing Lawsuits, heavy penalties, and possibly personal liability for board members. Terms corresponding to single-family detached home in common use are single-family home, single-detached dwelling, detached house, in the United Kingdom, the term single-family home is almost unknown, except through Internet exposure to U. S. media. In pre-industrial societies most people live in multi-family dwelling for most of their lives and this type of arrangement also saves on the effort and materials used for construction and, in colder climates, heating. If people had to move to a new place or were wealthy enough, they could build or buy a home for their own family, of course and this has produced a cultural preference in settler societies for privacy and space. A countervailing trend has been industrialization and urbanization, which as seen more and more people around the world move into apartment blocks. Single-family homes are now common in rural and suburban and even urban areas across the New World and Europe. They are most common in low-density, high-income regions, for example, in Canada according to the 2006 Census 55. 3% of the population lived single-detached houses but this varied substantially by region. In the Ville of Montreal, Canadas second most populous municipality, only 7. 5% of the lived in a single-detached house, while in the city of Calgary. Note that this includes the city limits only, not the wider region. The term single-family detached describes how a house is built and who lives in it and it does not indicate size, shape, or location. Because they are not surrounded by buildings, the potential size of a single-family house is limited only by the budget of the builder. They can range from a country cottage or cabin or a small suburban prefabricated home to a large mansion. Sizes in real estate advertising are given in area, or by the number of bedrooms or bathrooms/toilets, the choice in materials used or the shape chosen will depend on what is common to the vernacular architecture of that region, or the lasted trends in professionally designed tract housing
Single-family homes
–
A single-family home in
Denmark.
Single-family homes
–
Single-family houses in
Montreal.
Single-family homes
–
Typical Finnish post-World War II single-family houses in
Jyväskylä.
Single-family homes
–
The
Saitta House,
Dyker Heights,
Brooklyn,
New York,
United States,
North America, built in
1899, is a single-family detached home.
19.
General store
–
A general store is a rural or small town store that carries a general line of merchandise. It carries a selection of merchandise, sometimes in a small space. The store carries routine stock and obtains special orders from warehouses and it differs from a convenience store or corner shop in that it will be the main shop for the community rather than a convenient supplement. General stores often sell staple food items such as milk and bread, the term general merchandise store is also used to describe a hybrid of a department store, with a wide selection of goods, and a discount store, with low prices. Examples include J. C. Penney and Sears, General dealers were established in the 18th and 19th century in many remote populated places where mobility was limited and a single shop was sufficient to service the entire community. Due to its connection and confinement to its customers, general dealers often adjusted their sales offerings to the specific preferences of their community. General dealers existed—apart from mainland England and North America—in all colonies, in the colonies trade in local produce had existed long before official shops were opened. While a large number of stores still exist in Australia. The oldest continually run general store in Canada is Trousdales, located in Sydenham, Ontario, socialbility has always been a feature, as locals come to chat as well as buy. In the Dominican Republic, a colmado is the equivalent to a general store. Colmado literal translation is full to the brim implying its great density of goods in a small space, the colmado is much more than just a general store, for it offers a social gathering point for the residents of the town or neighborhood. The colmado is an important institution in the Dominican Republic serving as an economic and it is common for colmados to have loud Dominican music such as merengue, bachata, or salsa playing. A common pastime for Dominican men is to play dominoes and drink a beer at their local colmado on Sundays, another particularity of the colmado is that they provide delivery services of their products straight to your house door. Products go from beers, snacks, toilet paper to a light or canned food. The Greek merchants in Egypt were called bakal, in India, a tapri is a regional version of a general store. It stores all home, personal, medical, and hygienic daily used products, many Kirana shops sell products other from food, such as clothing or household items, stationery, toys, tools, and medicines. Small Kirna stores, which are located on the corner of streets and generally known as katta or tapri, sell cigarettes, tobacco. In Puerto Rico, a U. S. territory, several stores have proliferated since the 1970s
General store
–
Smiths Gully General Store in
Smiths Gully,
Australia.
General store
–
Interior of a
Moundville, Alabama USA general store, 1936.
General store
–
General Store on the road to
Kalash valleys,
Chitral, Pakistan.
General store
–
The former Narracan General Store, now located at
Old Gippstown in
Moe, Australia
20.
Tavern
–
A tavern is a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and be served food, and in most cases, where travelers receive lodging. An inn is a tavern which has a license to put up guests as lodgers, the word derives from the Latin taberna whose original meaning was a shed, workshop, stall, or pub. In the English language, a tavern was once an establishment which served wine whilst an inn served beer, over time, the words tavern and inn became interchangeable and synonymous. In England, inns started to be referred to as houses or pubs. Wowser was a term for Christian moralists in Australia, especially activists in temperance groups such as the Womans Christian Temperance Union. Historian Stuart Macintyre argues, the achievements of the wowsers were impressive, until the late 18th century, the only places for common people to eat out were inns and taverns, not restaurants. This chaotic system was enforced by an army of tax collectors, the resultant opposition took many forms. Wine growers and tavern keepers concealed wine and falsified their methods of selling it to advantage of lower tax rates. The retailers also engaged in clandestine refilling of casks from hidden stocks, wine merchants stealthily circumvented inspection stations to avoid local import duties. When apprehended, some defrauders reacted with resignation, while others resorted to violence. Taverns symbolized opposition to the regime and to religion, in 1765 in Paris was founded the first restaurant in the modern sense of the term. However, the first Parisian restaurant worthy of the name was the one founded by Beauvilliers in 1782 in the Rue de Richelieu, Émile Zolas novel LAssommoir depicted the social conditions typical of alcoholism in Paris among the working classes. The drunk destroyed not only his own body, but also his employment, his family, the characters Gervaise Macquart and her husband Coupeau exemplified with great realism the physical and moral degradation of alcoholics. Zolas correspondence with physicians reveal he used authentic medical sources for his depictions in the novel. A common German name for German taverns or pubs is Kneipe, Drinking practices in 16th-century Augsburg, Germany, suggest that the use of alcohol in early modern Germany followed carefully structured cultural norms. Drinking was not a sign of insecurity and disorder, Taverns were popular places used for business as well as for eating and drinking - the London Tavern was a notable meeting place in the 18th and 19th centuries, for example. However, the tavern is no longer in popular use in the UK as there is no distinction between a tavern and an inn. Both establishments serve wine and beer/ale, the term pub is now used to describe these houses
Tavern
–
Tavern Scene by Flemish artist
David Teniers c. 1658
Tavern
–
A
Dutch tavern scene by
Jan Steen, late 17th century
Tavern
–
Raleigh Tavern,
Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia
Tavern
–
Buckman Tavern, where the first shots of the
American Revolution were fired,
Lexington, Massachusetts
21.
Taxidermy
–
Taxidermy is the preserving of an animals body via stuffing or mounting for the purpose of display or study. Animals are often, but not always, portrayed in a life-like state, the word taxidermy refers to the process of preserving the animal, but the word is also used to describe the end product, which are often called mounts. The word taxidermy is derived from the Greek words taxis and derma, taxis means to to move, and derma means skin. The word taxidermy translates to arrangement of skin, Taxidermy is practiced primarily on vertebrates but can also be done to larger insects and arachnids under some circumstances. Taxidermy takes on a number of forms and purposes, including natural history displays, hunting trophies, study skins. A person who practices taxidermy is called a taxidermist and they may practice professionally for museums or as businesses catering to hunters and fishermen, or as amateurs, such as hobbyists, hunters, and fishermen. A taxidermist is aided by familiarity with anatomy, sculpture, painting, preserving animal skins has been practiced for a long time. Embalmed animals have been found with Egyptian mummies, although embalming incorporates the use of lifelike poses, it is not considered taxidermy. In the Middle Ages, crude examples of taxidermy were displayed by astrologers, the earliest methods of preservation of birds for natural history cabinets were published in 1748 by Reaumur in France. Techniques for mounting were described in 1752 by M. B, there were several pioneers of taxidermy in France, Germany, Denmark and England around this time. For a while, clay was used to some of the soft parts. By the 18th century, almost every town had a tannery business, in the 19th century, hunters began bringing their trophies to upholstery shops, where the upholsterers would actually sew up the animal skins and stuff them with rags and cotton. The term stuffing or a stuffed animal evolved from this form of taxidermy. Professional taxidermists prefer the term mounting to stuffing, more sophisticated cotton-wrapped wire bodies supporting sewn-on cured skins soon followed. In France, Louis Dufresne, taxidermist at the Muséum national dHistoire naturelle from 1793 and this technique enabled the museum to build the greatest collection of birds in the world. Ward established one of the earliest taxidermy firms, Rowland Ward Ltd. of Picadilly, however, the art of taxidermy remained relatively undeveloped, and the specimens that were created remained stiff and unconvincing. The golden age of taxidermy was during the Victorian era, when mounted animals became a part of interior design. The father of modern taxidermy is considered to be John Hancock, an avid collector of birds, which he would shoot himself, he began modelling them with clay and casting in plaster
Taxidermy
–
Wilmer W. Tanner with a mounted
tiger at the Brigham Young University Life Sciences Museum
Taxidermy
–
A mounted
elephant
Taxidermy
–
Snow leopard as it is mounted
Taxidermy
–
Mounted animals
22.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
23.
Stock market crash of 1929
–
The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchanges crash of September, signaled the beginning of the 12-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries. The Roaring Twenties, the decade that followed World War I and led to the crash, was a time of wealth, while the American cities prospered, the overproduction of agricultural produce created widespread financial despair among American farmers throughout the decade. This would later be blamed as one of the key factors that led to the 1929 stock market crash, despite the dangers of speculation, many believed that the stock market would continue to rise forever. On March 25,1929, after the Federal Reserve warned of excessive speculation, two days later, banker Charles E. Mitchell announced his company the National City Bank would provide $25 million in credit to stop the markets slide. Mitchells move brought a halt to the financial crisis and call money declined from 20 to 8 percent. Despite all these economic trouble signs and the breaks in March and May 1929, stocks resumed their advance in June. The market had been on a run that saw the Dow Jones Industrial Average increase in value tenfold. Shortly before the crash, economist Irving Fisher famously proclaimed, Stock prices have reached what looks like a high plateau. The optimism and financial gains of the bull market were shaken after a well publicized early September prediction from financial expert Roger Babson that a crash was coming. The initial September decline was thus called the Babson Break in the press and this was the start of the Great Crash, although until the severe phase of the crash in October, many investors regarded the September Babson Break as a healthy correction and buying opportunity. On September 20, the London Stock Exchange crashed when top British investor Clarence Hatry and many of his associates were jailed for fraud, the London crash greatly weakened the optimism of American investment in markets overseas. In the days leading up to the crash, the market was severely unstable, periods of selling and high volumes were interspersed with brief periods of rising prices and recovery. On October 24, the market lost 11 percent of its value at the bell on very heavy trading. Several leading Wall Street bankers met to find a solution to the panic and chaos on the trading floor. The meeting included Thomas W. Lamont, acting head of Morgan Bank, Albert Wiggin, head of the Chase National Bank and they chose Richard Whitney, vice president of the Exchange, to act on their behalf. With the bankers financial resources behind him, Whitney placed a bid to purchase a block of shares in U. S. Steel at a price well above the current market. As traders watched, Whitney then placed similar bids on other blue chip stocks and this tactic was similar to one that ended the Panic of 1907. It succeeded in halting the slide, the Dow Jones Industrial Average recovered, closing with it down only 6.38 points for the day
Stock market crash of 1929
–
Crowd gathering on
Wall Street after the 1929 crash
Stock market crash of 1929
–
Sir George Paish
Stock market crash of 1929
–
Unemployed men march in
Toronto
24.
Great Depression in the United States
–
The Great Depression was the worst economic times in American history. Though, it was not just in the United States it was a world wide conundrum, Great Depression began in August 1929, when the United States economy first went into an economic recession. Although the country spent two months with declining Gross Domestic Product, the Gross Domestic Rate is a very important part of the United States economy. It is so important because it represents each total dollar value of all goods and it was not until the Wall Street Crash in October 1929 that the effects of a declining economy were felt, and a major worldwide economic downturn ensued. The market crash marked the beginning of a decade of unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging farm incomes. Although its causes are uncertain and controversial, the net effect was a sudden. The economy reached bottom in the winter of 1932–33, then four years of very rapid growth until 1937. The Depression caused major changes in America. Three years into the depression, President Herbert Hoover, widely blamed for not doing enough to combat the crisis, Roosevelts economic recovery plan, the New Deal, instituted unprecedented programs for relief, recovery and reform, and brought about a major realignment of American politics. The Depression also resulted in an increase of emigration of people to countries for the first time in American history. For example, some went back to their native countries, and some native US citizens went to Canada, Australia. It also resulted in the migration of people from badly hit areas in the Great Plains and the South to places such as California. Racial tensions also increased during this time, by the 1940s immigration had returned to normal, and emigration declined. A well-known example of an emigrant was Frank McCourt, who went to Ireland and it also shaped modern American literature, resulting in famous novels such as John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men. Banks began to fail in October 1930 when farmers defaulted on loans, there was no federal deposit insurance during that time as bank failures were considered quite common. This worried depositors that they might have a chance of losing all their savings, therefore, people started to withdraw money, the decreased money supply further aggravated price deflation, putting further pressure on already struggling businesses. The U. S. paper value lost an astonishing 40% value loss, the US governments commitment to the gold standard prevented it from engaging in expansionary monetary policy. High interest rates needed to be maintained, in order to attract investors who bought foreign assets with gold
Great Depression in the United States
–
The
Great Depression of the 1930s started with the stock market crash of October 1929.
Great Depression in the United States
–
USA annual real GDP 1910–60, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.
Great Depression in the United States
–
A $10 US
Gold certificate. The U.S. used the
Gold standard until 1934 and controlled nearly half of the global gold supply during the inter-war period.
Great Depression in the United States
–
Huts and unemployed men in New York City, 1935.
25.
Annexation
–
Annexation is the political transition of land from the control of one entity to another. It is also the incorporation of unclaimed land into a states sovereignty, in international law it is the forcible transition of one states territory by another state or the legal process by which a city acquires land. Usually, it is implied that the territory and population being annexed is the smaller, more peripheral and it can also imply a certain measure of coercion, expansionism or unilateralism on the part of the stronger of the merging entities. Because of this, more positive euphemisms like political union/unification or reunification are sometimes seen in discourse, during World War II, the use of annexation deprived whole populations of the safeguards provided by international laws governing military occupations. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 amplified the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 with respect to the question of the protection of civilians, the team cemented in a brass plaque on Halls Ledge and hoisted the Union Flag to stake the UKs claim. One example of a claimed annexation after World War II is the Kingdom of Norways southward expansion of the dependent territory Queen Maud Land. On most maps there had been an area between Queen Maud Lands borders of 1939 and the South Pole until June 12,2015 when Norway formally claimed to have annexed that area. The Antarctic Treaty, however, states, The treaty does not recognize, dispute, nor establish territorial sovereignty claims, within countries that are subdivided noncontiguously, annexation can also take place whereby a lower-tier subdivision can annex territory under the jurisdiction of a higher-tier subdivision. An example of this is in the United States, where incorporated cities, municipalities can also annex or be annexed by other municipalities, though this is less common in the United States. Laws governing the ability and the extent cities can expand in this fashion are defined by the individual states constitutions, annexation of neighbouring communities occurs in Canada. Irredentism List of national border changes since World War I Texas annexation Adam Roberts, transformative military occupation, applying the laws of war and human rights,100 The American Journal of International Law
Annexation
–
Ceremonies during the
annexation of the Republic of Hawaii.
Annexation
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation of Bosnia, which sparked the
Bosnian crisis in 1908.
Annexation
–
Lieutenant Commander Desmond Scott hoists the
Union Flag in 1955
26.
William B. Hartsfield
–
William Berry Hartsfield, Sr. was an American politician who served as the 49th and 51st Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia. His tenure extended from 1937 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1962, making him the mayor of his native Atlanta. Hartsfield is credited with developing Atlantas airport into an aviation center. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport is named in Hartsfields honor as well as a mayor, Maynard Jackson. Hartsfield was also responsible for fostering Atlantas image as the city too busy to hate during the civil rights struggles of the 1950s, in 1957, he won election to his last term as mayor by defeating the staunch segregationist and future Governor Lester Maddox. Willie B. a gorilla that became an attraction at Zoo Atlanta for decades, was named for Hartsfield. Hartsfield was also a strong activist to permit children to play sports. Hartsfield also received a degree in Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University in 1961. New Georgia Encyclopedia, Biography William Berry Hartsfield, Harold H. Martin, Latin Corp Charlie Brown Remembers Atlanta, Charles M. Brown, R. L. Bryan Company Williams, Louis
William B. Hartsfield
–
Hartsfield in 1961
27.
Lenox Square
–
Lenox Square is an upscale enclosed super regional shopping mall located in the Buckhead district of Atlanta, Georgia. Lenox Square comprises more than 1,545,000 square feet of space, with 250 stores on four levels. The mall is home to three stores, Macys, Bloomingdales, and Neiman Marcus. The mall is owned by Simon Property Group and has been owned by the Indianapolis-based developer since 1998, Lenox Square opened to the public on August 3,1959. Originally, it operated as a shopping center, much like a typical lifestyle center. The malls original anchors were Richs and Davisons, two of the most famous and acclaimed department stores in the area, as well as grocery chain Colonial Stores, the mall originally opened with 60 stores. Over the next few decades, the mall underwent four expansions, the most recent renovation included the expansion of the Neiman Marcus store by 52,000 square feet and the addition of 36,000 square feet of new retail space. Lenox Square houses several upscale stores that do not have other locations within several hundred miles of Atlanta, Lenox Square also has the largest Pottery Barn in their chain as well as one of the largest Forever 21 stores in the Southeastern United States. Lenox Square was developed by Ed Noble, a developer from Kansas City, Missouri, whose company, Noble Properties. Groundbreaking for the center occurred in July 1957, and it was completed on June 29,1958. The public opening ceremony for Lenox Square was held on August 3,1959, initially containing 800,000 square feet of retail, the shopping mall was situated on three levels, Mall. It was anchored by Richs, Davisons, and a Colonial Stores supermarket, there were 52 original tenants, including a bowling alley, indoor golf driving range, and a Kresge five and dime store. The Mall Level concourse featured several statues depicting Uncle Remus characters, such as Brer Fox, Brer Frog, a movie theater opened on the Market Level in June 1963. Within its first few years of its existence, Lenox Square would be a part of major events in the city. It is the point in the annual Peachtree Road Race. Davisons, owned by Macys since 1924, was rebranded as Macys in 1986, in 2000, the celebration of the Richs Great Tree moved to the flagship store from Underground Atlanta, after having been held downtown for decades. In 1991, Richs relocated their store to Lenox Square from downtown Atlanta. In 2003, Federated Department Stores began integrating the Macys name with their other regional department store brands, following the news, the Lenox Macys location closed and the building was renovated extensively to house the first Bloomingdales in the South, which opened in October 2003
Lenox Square
–
The exterior sign of Lenox Square.
Lenox Square
–
An aerial view of Lenox Square
Lenox Square
–
The Macy's store at Lenox Square. The Macy's location at Lenox is one of the company's flagship stores.
28.
Modernist architecture
–
Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
Modernist architecture
–
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in
New York City (1959), interior, by
Frank Lloyd Wright.
Modernist architecture
–
Contrasts in modern architecture, as shown by adjacent high-rises in
Chicago, Illinois.
IBM Plaza (right), by
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, is a later example of the clean rectilinear lines and glass of the
International Style, whereas
Marina City, (left), by his student
Bertrand Goldberg, reflects a more sculptural
Mid-Century Modern aesthetic.
Modernist architecture
–
The
Salk Institute complex in La Jolla, California, by architect
Louis Kahn.
Modernist architecture
–
The
Robie House, 1910, in Chicago, Illinois.
29.
Buckhead Village
–
Buckhead Village is a neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia, one of 42 neighborhoods in the larger Buckhead district and the communitys historic business section. The Village as defined by the city as the area between Piedmont Road, Peachtree Road, and Pharr Road, in 1838, Henry Irby purchased 202 1/2 acres surrounding what is now Buckhead Village from Daniel Johnson for $650. Irby subsequently established a store and tavern at the northwest corner of the Peachtree/Roswell/Paces Ferry intersection. The name Buckhead comes from a story that Irby killed a buck deer. Prior to this, the settlement had been called Irbyville, the area that is now the Buckhead district was annexed by Atlanta in 1952, following an earlier attempt by Mayor William B. Hartsfield in 1946 that was voted down by residents. These establishments included BAR, World Bar, Lulus Bait Shack, Makos, Clarence Fosters, Tongue & Groove, Chaos, by 1996, Buckhead Village nightlife was comparable to Mardi Gras, complete with nightly arrests, puking in the streets and college girls. In the late 1990s, the clientele of some of the nightclubs and bars began to change from white to mostly black. Violent crime increased, culminating with two murders on Super Bowl Sunday in 2000, baltimore Ravens football player Ray Lewis was implicated in the murders which occurred after he left the Cobalt Club at 265 East Paces Ferry Road. Lewis pleaded guilty to obstructing justice charges and his two co-defendants were found not guilty. Buckhead Alliance founder Robin Loudermilk claimed that there were at least ten murders during this period related to the nightlife in the Village, beginning in 2000, residents sought to ameliorate this situation by taking measures to reduce the communitys nightlife and re-establish a more residential character. Eventually, most of the Buckhead Village nightlife area was acquired for the Streets of Buckhead multi-use project and many of the former bars, Charlie Loudermilk Park, In the triangle formed by Peachtree Road, and Roswell Road, is a triangular park known as Charlie Loudermilk Park. Located within the park is The Storyteller, by sculptor Frank Fleming, depicting a man with a bucks head telling a story to other animals. The descriptive plaque explains, Local lore has recorded that in 1838 a hunter hung a deers head at about this location in front of Irbys Tavern, the Henry Irby Family owned 803 surrounding acres and the area was designated Irbyville on maps at that time. People started identifying the area by the head and the community then changed its name to Buckhead. The storyteller is sharing information with its circle of small animal friends. As of May 2011, there are plans for a $4 million streetscape program aims to improve the experience for pedestrians in the Village, the program is funded by private donations, CID funding, and a grant from the Woodruff Foundation. While the Streets of Buckhead project went on hold, other developments were moving forward around Peachtree Rd. and Roswell Rd, and so the CID will first improve pedestrian amenities around that area
Buckhead Village
–
Buckhead Theatre
Buckhead Village
–
The Storyteller
Buckhead Village
–
Descriptive plaque of The Storyteller
30.
Pub
–
A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer, ale and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, New Zealand, Canadian, in many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as the heart of England, Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In 1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters who would assess the quality of ale sold, most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals, the owner, tenant or manager is known as the pub landlord or publican. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s and these alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the public house, or Pub as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, the Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses,1,631 inns, Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway, in Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old, in addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, the latter tend to provide alcohol, but less commonly accommodation. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard, there is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. In North America, the aspect of the word inn lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century, alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries, the 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin
Pub
–
A
thatched country pub, The Williams Arms, near
Braunton,
North Devon, England
Pub
–
A city pub,
The World's End,
Camden Town, London
Pub
–
The Ale-House Door (painting of c. 1790 by
Henry Singleton)
Pub
–
Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in
St Albans, Hertfordshire, which holds the
Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England
31.
Buckhead Atlanta (mixed-use development)
–
Buckhead Atlanta, until May 2011 called Streets of Buckhead, is a 9-acre planned mixed-use development in the Buckhead district in Atlanta, Georgia. The project is a redevelopment of part of the Buckhead Village neighborhood bounded by Peachtree Rd. E. Paces Ferry Rd. Pharr Rd. and N. Fulton Drive. It is located just 1.3 miles from two of the regions most prominent and upscale malls, Lenox Square and Phipps Plaza, in May 2011, San Diego-based OliverMcMillan Inc. purchased the land from Ben Carter Properties and began developing the project. The project was renamed that same month, in September 2011, McMillan announced a further delay in the project, and that construction would not begin until the end of the first quarter of 2012. McMillan intended to invest $300 million to complete the project in which Ben Carter had already invested $400 million, the total planned development was then targeted at 370 apartments,300,000 square feet of retail space and 90,000 square feet of boutique office space. In early 2013 construction began after a hiatus of three years, as of July 2014 the project was nearing completion. In 1838, Henry Irby had purchased 202.5 acres surrounding what is now Buckhead Village from Daniel Johnson for $650, Irby subsequently established a general store and tavern at the northwest corner of the Peachtree–Roswell–Paces Ferry intersection. By 1996 Buckhead Village nightlife was like Mardi Gras, complete with nightly arrests, puking in the streets, by the late 1990s the clientele was changing, street cruising and hanging was common, and crime was increasing, sometimes violent. To ameliorate the situation, the Atlanta City Council passed an ordinance to close bars at 2,30 a. m. rather than 4 a. m. most of the bars and nightclubs closed between 2000 and 2007. In 2006–07, Ben Carter bought parcels in the area in order to develop the Streets of Buckhead, demolition of existing structures began in August 2007. Original plans by developer Ben Carter Properties, LLC called for a $1.5 billion upscale mixed-use development and it aimed to be the most exclusive shopping area in the Southern United States. Originally scheduled for an opening of November 2009, by April 2009. On May 2,2011, San Diego-based OliverMcMillan Inc. purchased the land from Ben Carter Properties, baupost Group LLC, a Boston hedge fund, is to provide $300 million of new equity. OliverMcMillan plans to change much of the plans, they are not seeking a Rodeo Drive-type development. It is to be an urban village woven into the Buckhead Community, the preliminary revised plans called for 300,000 square feet of retail and restaurants,40,000 square feet of boutique offices and two 20-story luxury apartment buildings. Plans no longer include the two hotels, rather than upscale restaurants, the development will target local chefs. A street grid system and street-level cafés and stores are to promote walkability, the first retailers and restaurants opened on September 18,2014. Buckhead Atlanta now includes 32 retail stores and restaurants with 12 more tenants set to shop by the end of the year
Buckhead Atlanta (mixed-use development)
–
Buckhead Atlanta logo since May 2011
32.
Secession
–
Secession is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity, but also any organization, union or military alliance. Threats of secession can also be a strategy for achieving more limited goals, theories of secession relate to a fundamental question of political philosophy, the basis of the states authority. Ramet, Rights of Secession by Daniel Kofman, The Very Idea of Secession by Donald Livingston and Secession, Autonomy, in 2007 the University of South Carolina sponsored a conference called Secession As an International Phenomenon which produced a number of papers on the topic. Some theories of secession emphasize a general right of secession for any reason while others emphasize that secession should be considered only to rectify grave injustices, if it can not live in the affections of the people, it must one day perish. Congress possesses many means of preserving it by conciliation, but the sword was not placed in their hand to preserve it by force, former President of the United States Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to William H. If any State in the Union will declare that it prefers separation with the first alternative, to a continuance in union without it, I have no hesitation in saying, let us separate. I would rather the States should withdraw, which are for unlimited commerce and war, economic enfranchisement of an economically oppressed class that is regionally concentrated within the scope of a larger national territory. e. Tax schemes, regulatory policies, economic programs, etc, cultural Secessionism, any group which was previously in a minority has a right to protect and develop its own culture and distinct national identity through seceding into an independent state. Institutional empowerment - The growing inability of empires and ethnic federations to maintain colonies, relative strength - Increasingly powerful secessionist movements are more likely to achieve statehood. Negotiated consent - Home states and the international community increasingly consent to secessionist demands, during the 19th century, the single British colony in eastern mainland Australia, New South Wales was progressively divided up by the British government as new settlements were formed and spread. Victoria in 1851 and Queensland in 1859, however, settlers agitated to divide the colonies throughout the later part of the century, particularly in central Queensland in the 1860s and 1890s, and in North Queensland in the 1870s. Western Australia Secession movements have surfaced several times in Western Australia, the referendum had to be ratified by the British Parliament, which declined to act, on the grounds that it would contravene the Australian Constitution. The Principality of Hutt River claims to have seceded from Australia in 1970, according to a lexicon on nationalist movements across the world, Macau happened to recognise that Principality. Austria successfully seceded from Nazi Germany on April 27,1945 and this took place after seven years of Austria being part of Adolf Hitlers Third Reich due to the Anschluss annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938. On August 25,1830, during the reign of William I, soon after, the Belgian Revolt occurred, which resulted in the Belgian secession from the Netherlands. The peace treaty accepted Uruguay independence, reasserted the rule of both nations over their land and some important points like free navigation in the Silver River, three rather disorganized secessionist rebellions happened in Grão-Pará, Bahia and Maranhão, where the people were unhappy with the Empire. The Malê Revolt, in Bahia, was an Islamic slave revolt and these three rebellions were bloodily crushed by the Empire of Brazil. In the attempts the rebels were crushed, the shot and its territory divided
Secession
–
U.S. Vice President
Joe Biden and
Hashim Thaçi with Declaration of Independence of
Kosovo
Secession
–
Northern Cyprus
Secession
–
September 1999 demonstration for
independence from Indonesia
Secession
–
Map showing the shrinking territory of
Gran Colombia from 1824 to 1890 (red line).
Panama separated from Colombia in 1903.
33.
Suburb
–
A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
Suburb
–
Nassau County,
Long Island is emblematic of continuous
sprawl in an
inner suburb of
New York City, United States.
Suburb
–
Tract housing in
Colorado Springs,
Colorado.
Cul-de-sacs are hallmarks of suburban planning.
Suburb
–
High-rise social housing in
Clichy-sous-Bois, a
banlieue of
Paris
Suburb
–
Row houses in
Upper Darby, an inner-ring suburb of
Philadelphia
34.
Tax
–
A tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed upon a taxpayer by a state or the functional equivalent of a state to fund various public expenditures. A failure to pay, or evasion of or resistance to taxation, is punishable by law. Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent, the legal definition and the economic definition of taxes differ in that economists do not regard many transfers to governments as taxes. For example, some transfers to the sector are comparable to prices. Examples include tuition at public universities and fees for utilities provided by local governments, governments also obtain resources by creating money and coins, through voluntary gifts, by imposing penalties, by borrowing, and by confiscating wealth. In modern taxation systems, governments levy taxes in money, but in-kind and corvée taxation are characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states, the method of taxation and the government expenditure of taxes raised is often highly debated in politics and economics. Tax collection is performed by a government agency such as the Canada Revenue Agency, when taxes are not fully paid, the state may impose civil penalties or criminal penalties on the non-paying entity or individual. The levying of taxes aims to raise revenue to fund governing and/or to alter prices in order to affect demand, States and their functional equivalents throughout history have used money provided by taxation to carry out many functions. A governments ability to raise taxes is called its fiscal capacity, when expenditures exceed tax revenue, a government accumulates debt. A portion of taxes may be used to service past debts, governments also use taxes to fund welfare and public services. These services can include education systems, pensions for the elderly, unemployment benefits, energy, water and waste management systems are also common public utilities. A tax effectively changes relative prices of products and they have therefore sought to identify the kind of tax system that would minimize this distortion. Governments use different kinds of taxes and vary the tax rates, historically, taxes on the poor supported the nobility, modern social-security systems aim to support the poor, the disabled, or the retired by taxes on those who are still working. A states tax system often reflects its communal values and the values of those in current political power. To create a system of taxation, a state must make choices regarding the distribution of the tax burden—who will pay taxes and how much they will pay—and how the taxes collected will be spent. In democratic nations where the public elects those in charge of establishing or administering the tax system, in countries where the public does not have a significant amount of influence over the system of taxation, that system may reflect more closely the values of those in power. All large businesses incur administrative costs in the process of delivering revenue collected from customers to the suppliers of the goods or services being purchased. Taxation is no different, the resource collected from the public through taxation is always greater than the amount which can be used by the government, the difference is called the compliance cost and includes the labour cost and other expenses incurred in complying with tax laws and rules
Tax
–
Pieter Brueghel the Younger, The tax collector's office, 1640
Tax
–
Egyptian
peasants seized for
non-payment of taxes. (
Pyramid Age)
35.
Interstate 85 in Georgia
–
Interstate 85 is a major Interstate Highway that travels northeast-to-southwest in the U. S. state of Georgia. I-85 connects northern Georgia with Montgomery, Alabama, to the southwest, and with South Carolina, North Carolina, within Georgia, I-85 is also designated as the unsigned State Route 403. I-85 in Georgia usually travels roughly parallel with the route of U. S. Route 29, however, from Atlanta northeast to South Carolina, I-85 ventures away from that route, traveling about halfway between US29 and the combination of US23 and US123. Within the City of Atlanta, I-85 has a concurrency with I-75 known as the Downtown Connector, after splitting from Downtown Connector, it is known as Northeast Expressway until its junction with I-285. After leaving West Point, I-85 enters the LaGrange area, the first large town in Georgia on its route to the northeast, Northeast of LaGrange, I-85 has an interchange with the long spur freeway, I-185, to the Columbus, Georgia Metropolitan Area. This is the connection between Columbus and the Interstate Highway System. From LaGrange, I-85 heads northeastward towards Atlanta, I-85 then runs along the northwestern boundary of the airport, providing access to the domestic terminal. At the southwestern edge of Atlantas city limits, I-85 merges with I-75 to form the Downtown Connector, at the southern edge of downtown Atlanta, this freeway has an interchange with the major east-west Interstate Highway, I-20. Heading northbound after the Brookwood Interchange with I-75, I-85 is routed along a ten lane wide viaduct from the Buford Highway Connector to State Route 400. Continuing northeast of Atlanta, I-85 continues through the suburbs, bypassing Chamblee and Doraville. The Interstate then travels through the suburbs of Atlanta, including Lilburn, Duluth. The Interstate has freeway interchanges with SR316 in Duluth and I-985 in Suwanee, I-85 then leaves the Atlanta area, continuing to travel through rural northeast Georgia. At Lake Hartwell—which was formed by the damming of the Savannah River—I-85 crosses into South Carolina, I-85 has the first and currently the only express lanes in Georgia, located in Gwinnett and DeKalb counties, they were originally HOV lanes. Tolls are collected using a toll collection system. All travelers that use the lane must have a Peach Pass sticker to avoid fines, starting in November 2014, SunPass and NC Quick Pass are interoperable with Peach Pass, allowing motorists with those transponders to use the express lanes. Funds generated from the lanes will be used to defray the costs of construction, operations. Long term revenue allocation is being studied and a decision about future excess revenues will be later in the project process. Detractors point out that existing infrastructure was reused for the express lanes and this project included rebuilding all overpasses, new HOV-ready ramps, and a widening of freeway capacity
Interstate 85 in Georgia
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Interstate 85 undergoing repairs near the Alabama state line
Interstate 85 in Georgia
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Interstate 85
Interstate 85 in Georgia
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I-75 and I-85 signs near downtown Atlanta
Interstate 85 in Georgia
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Interstate 75 co-signed with Interstate 85 in downtown
Atlanta
36.
Interstate 75 in Georgia
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Interstate 75 in the U. S. state of Georgia runs north–south along the U. S. Route 41 corridor on the western side of the state, passing through the cities of Valdosta, Macon, and Atlanta. It is also designated—but not signed—as State Route 401, in downtown Atlanta, I-75 joins with I-85 as the Downtown Connector. I-75 is the longest Interstate Highway within Georgia and it enters near Valdosta, and it continues northward through the towns of Tifton and Cordele until it reaches the Macon area, where it intersects with I-16 eastbound towards Savannah. For northbound traffic wishing to avoid congestion in Macon, I-475 provides a relatively straight bypass west of that city. After Macon it passes the town of Forsyth. The freeway reaches no major junctions again until in the Atlanta metropolitan area, the first metropolitan freeway met is I-675, then followed by the Atlanta Perimeter bypass, I-285. It crosses inside the Perimeter and heads northeast several miles towards the Atlanta city center, I-75 then runs concurrently with I-85 due north over the Downtown Connector through the central business district of Atlanta. After the two Interstates split, I-75 makes a beeline northwest, crossing outside the I-285 Perimeter and heading towards the suburban city of Marietta. This section of I-75 just north of I-285 has 15 through lanes, north of Marietta, the final major junction in the Atlanta metropolitan area is the I-575 spur. I-75 then traverses the hilly northern Georgia terrain as it travels towards Chattanooga, the 180-mile-long section of I-75 from I-475 to I-24 in Chattanooga is one of the longest continuous six-lane freeways in the United States. The highway that would eventually become I-75 in Georgia was an expressway that was open in 1951 from the southern part of Atlanta to University Avenue. It was projected from University Avenue to Williams Street in downtown Atlanta and this expressway was open from Williams Street to what is now the northern end of the Downtown Connector. It was also proposed from the Downtown Connector to the northwest part of Atlanta, by late 1953, this expressway was signed as US 19/US41 as far north as Lakewood Avenue. It was under construction from the Downtown Connector to Howell Mill Road and it was proposed from Howell Mill Road to the northwest part of Atlanta. By mid-1954, the expressway was signed as SR295 from Lakewood Avenue to University Avenue and it was under construction from the Downtown Connector to US 41/SR 3E, just north of West Paces Ferry Road. By mid-1955, the highway was under construction from University Avenue to Glenn Street and it was open from Williams Street to US 41/SR 3E in the central part of Atlanta. By mid-1957, the highway was opened from University Avenue to Glenn Street and it was also open from Williams Street to US 41/SR 3E in the northwest part of Atlanta. By the middle of 1960, a short segment southeast of Williams Street was open and it was open from the Florida state line to US 41/SR7 in Unadilla
Interstate 75 in Georgia
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I-75 co-signed with I-85 in downtown Atlanta
Interstate 75 in Georgia
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Interstate 75
Interstate 75 in Georgia
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I-75 north at exit 333 in
Whitfield County in 2009
37.
Cumberland, Georgia
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Cumberland, also known as Cumberland/Galleria, is a neighborhood in Cobb County in the northwest part of the Atlanta metropolitan area, Georgia, United States. It is situated ten miles northwest of downtown Atlanta and it is situated ten miles northwest of downtown Atlanta at the junction of I-75 and I-285 in Cobb County. While there are no boundaries, the business district generally extends as far northeast as the Wildwood Office Park on Powers Ferry Road, and up Cobb Parkway. Windy Hill Road is generally the northern extent of the district, to the south and west, it extends down Cumberland Parkway and Paces Ferry Road. Cumberland has changed immensely over the past 50 years, in 1960, the area contained Camp Bert Adams, a Boy Scout reservation which still has a road bearing its name in the Vinings vicinity. The area began seeing growth following World War II, but major development didnt occur until Cumberland Mall opened as Georgias largest, a decade later, the first office tower of the Galleria was built on 86 acres of prime space in what became the heart of the Cumberland district. This paved the way for several other towers, retail strips, in 1988, property owners formed the Cumberland Community Improvement District, the first in Georgia. The CID, a district, has raised millions and has completed several infrastructure improvements in the area since its inception. A few small shopping centers were constructed in the mid-1990s, construction was completed on the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre in late 2007, adding nightlife to the area. The Atlanta Opera, founded in 1979, moved its base to this location, the dominant form of transportation in Cumberland, as with most suburban edge cities, is the automobile, which is transported along a network of collector roads. Cumberland Boulevard encircles most of the area, and then continues northeast to Wildwood as Windy Ridge Parkway after crossing 41, Windy Ridge runs through the Interstate North office park, located immediately to the north of the interchange, and home to the Weather Channel. Interstate North Parkway runs parallel to 75 southeast to 285, then parallels it across the Chattahoochee River, akers Mill Road starts in the east at Powers Ferry, is broken by a stretch of Cumberland Boulevard, then continues west across 41. Circle 75 Parkway begins at Windy Hill Road, opposite the I-75 southbound off-ramp, Cobb Community Transit or CCT, Marietta/Cobb Countys Transit System serves the District in addition to one Marta bus line making connections at the Cumberland/Galleria Transfer station. Companies such as Travelport, The Home Depot, Genuine Parts Company, Cumberland also houses some ten million square feet of retail, with its focal point being Cumberland Mall. Cumberland Mall Cobb Galleria Centre Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area Silver Comet Trail SunTrust Park
Cumberland, Georgia
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Cumberland
Cumberland, Georgia
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Cobb Energy Centre
Cumberland, Georgia
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A monument in the Cobb Galleria office park
38.
Vinings, GA
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Vinings is a census-designated place and an unincorporated town in Cobb County, Georgia, just across the Chattahoochee River from Atlanta. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 9,734. The U. S. Postal Service assigns both “Atlanta” and “Vinings” to the ZIP code that includes Vinings, the Home Depot is headquartered in Vinings. Early on, Vinings was known as Crossroads, and then Paces and he operated Paces Ferry across the Chattahoochee River, in this area between Atlanta, Buckhead, and Smyrna. Paces Ferry Road is still the main east/west road through Vinings, the Western and Atlantic Railroad laid rail tracks from Chattanooga, Tenn, to Atlanta in the 1840s. Vinings became a station for the railroad, and was inadvertently named for William H. Vining as he worked on the railroad construction of Vinings Bridge laying tracks in the area. The railroad is still state-owned as it was from the beginning, the Union Army occupied the Vinings area during Shermans Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War in 1864 and the subsequent March to the Sea. Unfortunately, Paces home which had used as a hospital for Union troops was destroyed in the process. Vinings recovered after the war, as Governor Brown leased the railroad to Vinings to bring passengers to the springs, Vinings was officially recognized as a community in 1904, the same year the one-lane bridge was constructed across the Chattahoochee River. The town was never incorporated, though it had discussed whether it should become a township. The Vinings Historic Preservation Society seeks to keep the history alive. Vinings is located at 33°51′58. 9″N 84°27′57. 85″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 3.3 square miles, of which 3.2 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,677 people,5,227 households, the population density was 3,039.2 people per square mile. There were 5,670 housing units at a density of 1,780. 8/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 81. 97% White,12. 09% African American,0. 19% Native American,3. 69% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 83% from other races, and 1. 21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 26% of the population,43. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 2. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.84 and the family size was 2.61
Vinings, GA
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High rises on
Mount Wilkinson
Vinings, GA
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Vinings
39.
Cobb County, GA
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Cobb County is a suburban county in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2015, the population was 741,334 and its county seat and largest city is Marietta. The county was named for Thomas Willis Cobb, a United States representative and it is believed Marietta was named for his wife, Mary. Cobb County is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is situated immediately to the northwest of Atlantas city limits. Its Cumberland District, a city, has over 24,000,000 square feet of office space. The U. S. Census Bureau ranks Cobb County as the most-educated in the state of Georgia and it has ranked among the top 100 wealthiest counties in the United States. Cobb County was one of nine Georgia counties carved out of the territory of the Cherokee Nation in 1832. It was the 81st county in Georgia and named for Judge Thomas Willis Cobb and it is believed that the county seat of Marietta was named for Judge Cobbs wife, Mary. The state started acquiring right-of-way for a railroad in 1836, a train began running between Marietta and Marthasville in 1845. Before the Civil War, Marietta was a resort for residents of Savannah. During the American Civil War, some troops were trained at a camp in Kennesaw. There were battles of New Hope Church May 25, Picketts Mill May 27, the Battle of Allatoona Pass on October 28 occurred as Sherman was starting his March through Georgia. Union forces burnt most houses and confiscated or burnt crops, the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain June 27,1864, was the site of the only major Confederate victory in General William T. Shermans invasion of Georgia. Despite the victory, Union forces outflanked the Confederates, Cotton farming in the area peaked from the 1890s through the 1920s. Low prices during the Great Depression resulted in the cessation of cotton farming throughout Cobb County, the price of Cotton went from 16 cents a pound in 1920 to 9.5 cents in 1930. This resulted in a Cotton Bust for the county, which had stopped growing the product but was milling it and this bust was in turn, followed by the Great Depression. To help combat the bust, the state started work on a road in 1922 that would later become US41, in 1942, Bell Aircraft opened a Marietta plant to manufacture B-29 bombers and Marietta Army Airfield was founded. Both were closed after World War II, but reopened during the Korean War, when the air field was acquired by the Air Force, renamed Dobbins AFB, and the plant by Lockheed
Cobb County, GA
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The Cobb County Courthouse in September 2006.
Cobb County, GA
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F-47 Thunderbolt - 128th Fighter Squadron - Marietta Army Airfield 1946
Cobb County, GA
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F-22 Raptor assembled at Lockheed Martin in Marietta
Cobb County, GA
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Kennesaw State University
40.
Sandy Springs
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Sandy Springs is a suburban city in northern Fulton County, Georgia, United States, and part of the Atlanta metropolitan area, north of Atlanta. As of the 2010 census, Sandy Springs had a population of 93,853, in 1842, the Austin-Johnson House was erected on what is now Johnson Ferry Road. It is the oldest house in Sandy Springs, in 1851, Wilson Spruill donated 5 acres of land for the founding of the Sandy Springs United Methodist Church, near the natural spring for which the city is named. In 1905, the Hammond School was built at Johnson Ferry Road and Mt. Vernon Highway, in 1950, the state legislature blocked Atlanta from annexing the community, which remained rural until the Interstate Highway System was authorized by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. In 1959, after a fire at Hammond Elementary School, Atlanta Mayor William Hartsfield urged residents to support annexation so that the area would have better firefighting protection. In the early 1960s, Georgia 400 and Interstate 285 were constructed, connecting Sandy Springs to metro Atlanta and initiating a boom that brought new residents. In 1966, annexation by Atlanta was defeated in a referendum, debate over incorporation began in the 1970s when the city of Atlanta attempted to use a state law to force annexation of Sandy Springs. The attempt failed when the Supreme Court of Georgia ruled that the law was unconstitutional, in response, the Committee for Sandy Springs was formed in 1975. In every legislative session, state legislators representing the area introduced a bill in the Georgia General Assembly to authorize a referendum on incorporation, in 1989, a push was made for Sandy Springs to join neighboring Chattahoochee Plantation in Cobb County. This move was blocked by Speaker of the House Tom Murphy, on January 16,1997, Eric Rudolph bombed an abortion clinic in Sandy Springs. The assembly also repealed the requirement that new cities must be at least 3 miles from existing cities, the bill allowing for a referendum on incorporation was introduced and passed as HB37. The referendum initiative was approved by the Assembly and signed by Governor Sonny Perdue, the referendum was held on June 21,2005, and residents voted 94% to 6% in favor of incorporation. Many residents of unincorporated and less-developed south Fulton County strongly opposed incorporation, County residents outside Sandy Springs were not allowed to vote on the matter. Efforts such as requesting the U. S. Justice Department to reject the plan were unsuccessful. A mayor and six city council members were elected in early November 2005, with Eva Galambos, formal incorporation occurred on December 1, making Sandy Springs the third-largest city ever to incorporate in the U. S. The citys police force and fire department began service in 2006, in 2010, the city became the first jurisdiction in Georgia to successfully bail out from the preclearance requirements of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. The boundaries of Sandy Springs are Atlanta to the south, Cobb County to the west and north, Roswell to the north, and Dunwoody and Brookhaven, at the DeKalb County line, to the east. A small panhandle in the northeast extends between the Chattahoochee River to the north and Dunwoody to the south, ending in a small border with Peachtree Corners in Gwinnett County
Sandy Springs
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A large portion of modern Sandy Springs skyline is composed of the
Concourse office towers.
Sandy Springs
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Sandy Springs
Sandy Springs
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Northside Tower, a landmark for downtown Sandy Springs at Roswell Road and Sandy Springs Place
Sandy Springs
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The skyline of Pill Hill in the Sandy Springs portion of Perimeter Center
41.
Brookhaven, Georgia
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Brookhaven is a city in the northeastern suburbs of Atlanta. Home to about 51,029, it is located in western DeKalb County, Georgia, United States, on July 31,2012, Brookhaven was approved in a referendum to become DeKalb Countys 11th city. Incorporation officially took place on December 17,2012, on which date municipal operations commenced, with a population of around 49,000, it is the largest city in DeKalb County. The new city stretches over 12 square miles, brookhavens first permanent European settler was John Evins, who started a plantation around 1810. Harris and Solomon Goodwin, who moved to Georgia from South Carolina, the Goodwin home and the family graveyard have been preserved at the 3900 block of Peachtree Road, near Dresden Drive. A train station known as Goodwins was constructed along the Atlanta, the settlement of Cross Keys, with a population of 250 in 1876, was located one mile north along the rail line from Goodwins. In 1879 Cross Keys was described, Nancys Creek furnished power for operating a mill, the place has two churches—Methodist and Baptist—one common school, and steam cotton gins. Cotton and wood form the chief exports, about 140 bales of cotton shipped per annum, most of which is carried to Atlanta by wagon. Population within a radius of 2 miles, near 400, mail daily… Depot and station one and one-quarter miles distant this place. Atlanta residents began constructing summer cottages in the community around 1900, in 1910,150 acres on the north side of Peachtree Road were purchased for development as a planned community surrounding a golf course. The nine-hole golf course, designed by Herbert Barker, a pro from Garden City, Long Island. Residences developed in three phases, with Brookhaven Estates designed in 1910, followed by Country Club Estates in 1929, independently, Edwin P. Ansley sold lots in the area, calling it Oglethorpe Park. Construction of the neighborhood was largely complete by the end of World War II. The country club became part of the downtown Capital City Club in 1911, the golf course was expanded from nine to eighteen holes in 1915. The clubhouse, designed by Preston Stevens in the French Provincial style, was completed in 1928, the area was incorporated as the city of North Atlanta in 1924. In 1963, the North Atlantas leaders asked the legislature to allow a referendum on a new city charter. The legislature agreed, but also included an option in the referendum. The majority of voters chose disincorporation, and the charter was dissolved in 1965
Brookhaven, Georgia
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Brookhaven Village, located on Dresden Drive east of
Peachtree Road
Brookhaven, Georgia
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Brookhaven
Brookhaven, Georgia
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1914 ad in Atlanta Constitution, offering Oglethorpe Park lots for sale
Brookhaven, Georgia
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Capital City Club Golf Course
42.
North Druid Hills
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North Druid Hills, also known as Briarcliff, is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The population was 18,947 at the 2010 census, the center of the area is the intersection of Briarcliff and North Druid Hills Roads. North Druid Hills is located at 33°49′11″N 84°19′41″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.0 square miles, of which 0. 20% is water. South of LaVista Rd. west of Houston Mill Rd. & north of the South Branch of Peachtree Creek, North of Briarcliff Rd. & south of I-85. East of DeKalb/Fulton line and west of Briarcliff Road, between LaVista Rd. & North Druid Hills Rd. Mount Brian Woods. North of North Druid Hills Rd. NW of LaVista Rd. & west of Clairmont Rd. Sheridan Court, in CDP NW corner, around Sheridan Drive. South of LaVista Road between Briarcliff Road & DeKalb County boundary, South of North Druid Hills Road & LaVista Road, between Clairmont Road & Houston Mill. On Vistavia Circle between Clairmont Road & Mason Woods Drive, developed in the early 1970s as one of Atlanta’s first mixed-use developments, located at I-85 and North Druid Hills Road. Consisting of the dead end Fama Drive and the smaller Jacolyn Place spur, The entrance to Fama Pines is due north of the LaVista Road. Toco Hills is a commercial and residential neighborhood in the eastern portion of the North Druid Hills CDP. The commercial component consists of two shopping centers that are located at the intersection of LaVista and North Druid Hills roads that were developed in the 1950s. While it is accepted that the name Toco Hills is derived from the Toco Hill shopping center. Some sources claim that the developer chose the name Toco because it was the Brazilian Indian word for good luck, other sources claim Toco is an informal abbreviation of top of the County. In any case, the center was developed on what was a hill. The area is home to a large Orthodox Jewish population, as of the census of 2000, there were 18,852 people,9,760 households, and 3,074 families residing in the CDP. Population density was 3,790.0 people per square mile, there were 10,240 housing units at an average density of 2,058. 7/sq mi. 45. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, average household size was 1.84 and average family size was 2.67. CDP population had 9. 9% under age 18,16. 6% from 18 to 24,40. 8% from 25 to 44,16. 1% from 45 to 64, for every 100 females there were 92.7 males
North Druid Hills
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North Druid Hills neighborhoods
North Druid Hills
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Location in
DeKalb County and the state of
Georgia
North Druid Hills
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WD Thompson Park Trail Map
43.
DeKalb County, Georgia
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DeKalb County is a county in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 691,893, DeKalb County is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It contains roughly 10% of the city of Atlanta and it is Georgias most diverse county. In recent years, some communities in North DeKalb have incorporated, dunwoody and Brookhaven are now the largest cities entirely within the county. The oldest existing house in the county is the 1831 Goodwin House along Peachtree Road in Brookhaven, in 1853, Fulton County formed from the western half of DeKalb, divided along a perfectly straight and due north/south line down the middle. Until this time, the city of Atlanta had been inside DeKalb. North and southwest Fulton came from two counties, Milton and southeast Campbell, respectively. DeKalb once extended further north to the Chattahoochee River, but this strip was later given to Milton. During the Civil War, much of the Battle of Atlanta took place in DeKalb, until the 1960s, DeKalb was a mainly agricultural county, but as the sprawl of the metropolitan Atlanta region expanded, DeKalb became increasingly urbanized. Only Interstate 20 and Interstate 85 were successfully built through the county, DeKalb also became one of only two counties to approve MARTA rapid transit in the 1970s, the county now contains the east and northeast heavy rail lines. The current Chief Executive Officer of DeKalb County is Michael Thurmond and he took office on January 1,2017. Fire services are provided throughout the county by DeKalb County Fire, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is based in the Druid Hills CDP in an unincorporated area in the county. The Federal Bureau of Investigation Atlanta Field Office is located in Chamblee, the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice has its headquarters in Avondale Estates, near Decatur. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation has its headquarters near Decatur, in an unincorporated area, the Metro State Prison of the Georgia Department of Corrections was formerly located in an unincorporated area in DeKalb County. Female death row inmates resided in the Metro State Prison, the prison was closed in 2011. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 271 square miles. The county is crossed by the South River and numerous creeks, including Nancy Creek, Snapfinger Creek, Peachtree Creek and Nancy Creek drain into the Chattahoochee River and eventually to the Gulf of Mexico. South River drains into the Ocmulgee River and ultimately into the Atlantic Ocean, Stone Mountain lies near the eastern border of the county
DeKalb County, Georgia
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Old DeKalb County courthouse in Decatur
DeKalb County, Georgia
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DeKalb County fire truck in
Brookhaven
DeKalb County, Georgia
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention headquarters in the Druid Hills CDP as seen from
Emory University
DeKalb County, Georgia
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Emory University
44.
West Midtown
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West Midtown, also known as Westside, is a colloquial area, comprising many historical neighborhoods located in Atlanta, Georgia. Once largely industrial, West Midtown is now the location of urban lofts, art galleries, live venues, retail. West Midtown is directly west of Midtown Atlanta, hence that name, however, the name for the area is a matter of debate. The Atlanta Convention & Visitors Bureau uses West Midtown and defines the Westside as consisting of West Midtown, only Westside or The Westside is used by the Not for Tourists guide. Creative Loafing has used both West Midtown and Westside, but now uses Westside in its official neighborhood guide, the West Midtown Design District uses both terms. Google Maps does not mark the area with a neighborhood name, the borders of West Midtown are not defined officially by the city, as it encompasses several neighborhoods spread over multiple NPUs. However, other sources define an area including parts of English Avenue and Bankhead, including the West Midtown Design District. The district includes Atlantas two top Zagat-rated restaurants, Bacchanalia and the Quinones Room, as well as Ormsbys, a popular restaurant and bar featuring bocce ball courts. It also includes a market with sections for produce, cheese, and a bakery, additional restaurants. The district is said to have put West Midtown on the map, much of Atlantas industrial and Civil War history transpired West Midtown. Several buildings still in use today are located next to the historic Norfolk Southern rail lines General Sherman used when he invaded Atlanta in 1864, in 1881, the International Cotton Exposition was held at the north end of the corridor, for which the Exposition Cotton Mills were built. Mule-pulled trolleys brought workers starting in 1882, and these became electrified in 1894, blandtown, located along Huff Road, was one of the first black settlements around Atlanta after the Civil War. The community went into decline in the 1950s, such that by the 1990s, also on Huff Road was the Huff House, as of its demolition in 1954, it was the oldest house standing in the city. The Marietta Street corridor continued as an industrial and warehouse area, though starting in the 1960s, in the 1990s, several adaptive reuse projects were initiated, signaling the renaissance of the area. However, the industrial feel of the neighborhood has been retained. West Midtown is a stop for food lovers due to the fact that some of Atlanta’s trendiest high-end restaurants are located in the district. In 2012, the Atlanta Food Truck Park opened in West Midtown at Howell Mill Roads intersection with I-75, Huff Road forms a ribbon of wholesale and retail home furnishings stores in addition to residential complexes and restaurants. West Midtown has a scene that rivals Midtown, Atlantas premier arts district
West Midtown
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Engineer's Bookstore serves the many
Georgia Tech students who inhabit West Midtown
West Midtown
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A show at Terminal West
West Midtown
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An exhibition at the Atlanta Contemporary Art Center
West Midtown
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The Lucile Avenue Bridge on the Westside Beltline trail displays a piece of street art entitled "The Highball Artist" painted by Hadley Breckenridge, a local Atlanta artist.
Buckhead travel guide from Wikivoyage
