1.
Log bucking
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Bucking is the process of cutting a felled and delimbed tree into logs. This can be a process because logs destined for plywood, lumber, and pulp each have their own price and specifications for length, diameter. Significant value can be lost by sub-optimal bucking, cutting from the top down is overbucking and from the bottom up is underbucking. A felled and delimbed tree has to be cut into logs of standard sizes and this process is called bucking, and logger who specialises in this job is a buck sawyer. Bucking may be done in a variety of ways depending on the logging operation, trees that have been previously felled and moved to a landing with a log skidder are spread out for processing. While many of the limbs have broken off during transport, the limbs and stubs have to be trimmed. The bucker will anchor the end of an auto rewinding tape measure which is attached to his belt, the tape is anchored gently with a bent horseshoe nail in the bark so it can be jerked loose when the measurement is completed. When a suitable place to buck the tree is located the cut is made, local market conditions will determine the particular lengths cut. It is common for log buyers to purchase orders for the length, diameter, grade. On the West Coast common cuts on a large Pine or Fir tree is three 32s and a 10, there are often different prices for different items. The bucker is the one who turns a tree into logs, significant value may be lost by sub-optimal bucking. The person bucking is generally called a bucksawyer or bucklogger, or just a bucker and runs as many saws as he can, the reason for this is the bucksawyer is typically paid per section of log he cuts. Generally you will find a bucklogger at the sawmills that arent fully mechanized. Each tree has to be picked out of the pile and cut so that a fall of more trees can be worked as the former fall has been cut. The pieces of bucked logs may be known by several names, bolts are the pieces of a log which has been bucked into specific lengths which are less than 8 feet, especially short lengths. The etymology of bolt is related to being short and stout and related to knock and these pieces may be more specifically known as peeler, shingle, stave or pulpwood bolts. Round is often associated with lengths of un-split firewood, chain saw Felling Hewing Limbing Logging
2.
Horse behavior
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Horse behavior is best understood from the view that horses are prey animals with a well-developed fight-or-flight response. Nonetheless, because of their horses are also suited to a number of work. Humans domesticated horses thousands of years ago, and they have used by humans ever since. Through selective breeding, some breeds of horses have been bred to be quite docile, on the other hand, most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness, and endurance, building on natural qualities that extended from their wild ancestors. Horses instincts can be used to advantage to create a bond between human and horse. These techniques vary, but are part of the art of horse training, Horses evolved from small mammals whose survival depended on their ability to flee from predators. This survival mechanism still exists in the domestic horse. Humans have removed many predators from the life of the horse, however. If running is not possible, the resorts to biting, kicking, striking. Many of the natural behavior patterns, such as herd-formation. The fight-or-flight response involves nervous impulses which result in hormone secretions into the bloodstream, when a horse reacts to a threat, it may initially freeze in preparation to take flight. The fight-or-flight reaction begins in the amygdala, which triggers a response in the hypothalamus. The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland, the adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously and releases the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol, which increases blood pressure and blood sugar, catecholamine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action. However, the supply of oxygen and glucose to these areas is at the expense of non-essential flight organs, such as the skin. Once the horse has removed itself from danger, the body is returned to more normal conditions via the parasympathetic nervous system. This is also known as the rest and digest state, Horses are highly social herd animals that prefer to live in a group. There also is a dominance hierarchy in any herd
3.
Cougar
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The cougar, also commonly known as the mountain lion, puma, panther, or catamount, is a large felid of the subfamily Felinae native to the Americas. Its range, from the Canadian Yukon to the southern Andes of South America, is the greatest of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere, an adaptable, generalist species, the cougar is found in most American habitat types. It is the second-heaviest cat in the New World, after the jaguar, secretive and largely solitary by nature, the cougar is properly considered both nocturnal and crepuscular, although there are daytime sightings. The cougar is more related to smaller felines, including the domestic cat, than to any species of subfamily Pantherinae. The cougar is a predator and pursues a wide variety of prey. Primary food sources are ungulates, particularly deer, but also livestock and it also hunts species as small as insects and rodents. This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking, the cougar is territorial and survives at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey, while large, it is not always the apex predator in its range, yielding to the jaguar, gray wolf, American black bear, and grizzly bear. It is reclusive and mostly avoids people, fatal attacks on humans are rare, but have recently been increasing in North America as more people enter their territories. Intensive hunting following European colonization of the Americas and the human development of cougar habitat has caused populations to drop in most parts of its historical range. In particular, the cougar was extirpated in eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century, reports of eastern cougars still surface, although it was declared extirpated in 2011. With its vast range across the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of names and various references in the mythology of the indigenous Americans and in contemporary culture. Currently, it is referred to as puma by most scientists, Mountain lion was a term first used in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado. Other names include catamount, mountain screamer, and painter, lexicographers regard painter as a primarily upper-Southern US regional variant on panther. The word panther is used to specifically designate the black panther, a melanistic jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther. P. concolor holds the Guinness record for the animal with the greatest number of names, Cougar may be borrowed from the archaic Portuguese çuçuarana, the term was originally derived from the Tupi language susuarana, meaning similar to deer. A current form in Brazil is suçuarana and it may also be borrowed from the Guaraní language term guaçu ara or guazu ara. Less common Portuguese terms are onça-parda or leão-baio, or unusually non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, people in rural regions often refer to both the cougar and the jaguar as simply gata, and outside of the Amazon, both are colloquially referred to as simply onça by many people
4.
Endurance riding
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Endurance riding is an equestrian sport based on controlled long-distance races. It is one of the international recognized by the FEI. There are two types of long-distance riding, competitive trail riding and endurance rides. In the United States, most endurance rides are either 50 or 100 miles long, shorter rides, called Limited Distance rides, are organized for new riders to the sport or young horses being trained. However, LDs have evolved into a competition of their own, in more experienced riders. There are also longer, usually multi-day, rides as well, as with human marathon running, many riders will participate to improve their horses personal best performance and consider finishing the distance with a proper vet completion record to be a win. In the USA, the American Endurance Ride Conference sanctions endurance rides, in the UK, Endurance GB is the governing body. Winning riders can complete 100-mile rides in 14 to 15 hours, any breed can compete, but the Arabian generally dominates the top levels because of the breeds stamina and natural endurance abilities. Endurance rides and races can be any distance, though they are rarely over 160 km for a one-day competition. Organized endurance riding as a sport began in 1955, when Wendell Robie. They followed the historic Western States Trail and this ride soon became known as the Tevis Cup, and it remains the most difficult of any 100-mile ride in the world because of the severe terrain, high altitude, and 100-degree temperatures. Endurance riding first was brought to Europe in the 1960s, before the ride, horses are inspected by a veterinarian to ensure they are fit to perform in the ride. Riders may be given a map or GPS waypoints for the course, which shows the route, the places for compulsory halts, the trails frequently are marked with colored surveyors tape ribbons at regular intervals with additional ribbons or small arrow markers at turns in the trail. The ride is divided into sections, with different names, depending on sanctioning organization, after each section, horses are stopped for a veterinary inspection, where they are checked for soundness and dehydration, with their pulse and respiration taken. The riders time keeps running until their horses reach the required target, any horse deemed unfit to continue is eliminated from further competition. After the veterinary inspection, the horse must be held for a hold time. If the veterinary inspection is on the rather than at base camp, ride management usually delivers to the inspection location a cache of riders personal gear, food. While riders may compete without additional aid, sometimes referred to as riding cavalry, in upper level competition this is particularly important to efficiently prepare the horse for the vet as well as care of both horse and rider during the mandatory hold times
5.
Riding aids
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Riding aids are the cues a rider gives to a horse to communicate what they want the animal to do. Riding aids are broken into the natural aids and the artificial aids and these are the aids which the rider possesses on their body, and should be used for the majority of the cues to the horse. Overuse of any aid can be detrimental to the training of the horse, the natural aids include, Leg Hand Seat Voice It is important to remember that the aids are used in a spectrum, from very light to very powerful, depending on the response desired. A very sensitive horse may readily jump forward from light touch of the leg, additionally, an aid from canter to walk, for example, will use slightly more restraining aid on a particular horse than that horse would need going from canter to trot. Positioning of the legs, seat, and hands are used in a spectrum according to the individual horse. In all cases, good training aims for the horse to be responsive at the slightest cue and this is one reason why better-trained animals can be harder to ride, as they will respond to the slightest movement or shift in weight made by the rider. Therefore, they take any mistake made by the rider as a cue to do something. Riders must therefore be sure that any perceived disobediences are not actually caused by their own doing, good training of the rider will aim to produce someone with an independent seat, meaning someone who is able to give the aids independent of each other. Only then will the rider be able to start to influence the horse in such a way to help it. The leg, along with the seat, should be the main aid for the horse and it has a great deal of control over the horses hindquarters, and is used to cue the horse to go forward, increase impulsion, step sideways, and correctly bend. It is the primary driving aid, both legs in a neutral position, applying equal pressure against the horses sides, generally asks for an increase in speed or an upward transition. Depending on the level of restraining aids, the leg can also ask for an increase in impulsion, for collection, or even for the rein back. To ask a horse to back up, a rider simultaneously uses soft rein aids to keep the horse from stepping forward and it is incorrect to ask for a rein back by pulling or jerking on the reins. One leg in a position, or slightly back from neutral. One leg further back, in a passive role, and the other leg in a neutral position. This is also important when cueing for movements that require bend, such as the half-pass, one leg farther back, with the other leg in a neutral position, both actively encouraging the horse forward, will usually aid the horse to canter. The horse will pick up the lead opposite the leg that is further back, the hands communicate to the horse through the reins to the bit. They have the most control over the head and shoulders
6.
Horse teeth
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Horse teeth refers to the dentition of equine species, including horses and donkeys. Equines are both heterodontous and diphyodontous, which means that they have teeth in more than one shape, a fully developed horse of around five years of age will have between 36 and 44 teeth. All equines are heterodontous, which means that they have different shaped teeth for different purposes, all horses have twelve incisors at the front of the mouth, used primarily for cutting food, most often grass, whilst grazing. They are also used as part of an attack or defence against predators. Immediately behind the front incisors is the space, where no teeth grow from the gums. This is where the bit is placed when horses are ridden, behind the interdental space, all horses also have twelve premolars and twelve molars, also known as cheek teeth or jaw teeth. These teeth chew food bitten off by incisors, prior to swallowing, in addition to the incisors, premolars and molars, some, but not all, horses may also have canine teeth and wolf teeth. A horse can have between zero and four teeth, also known as tusks, with a clear prevalence towards male horses who normally have a full set of four. Fewer than 28% of female horses have any canine teeth and those that do normally only have one or two, and these may by only partially erupted. Between 13 and 32% of horses, split equally between male and female, also have teeth, which are not related to canine teeth. Wolf teeth are common on the upper jaw, and can present a problem for horses in work. They may also make it difficult during equine dentistry work to rasp the second premolar, horses are diphyodontous, erupting a set of first deciduous teeth soon after birth, with these being replaced by permanent teeth by the age of approximately five years old. The horse will normally have 24 deciduous teeth, emerging in pairs, and eventually pushed out by the permanent teeth, as the deciduous teeth are pushed up, they are termed caps. Caps will eventually shed on their own, but may cause discomfort when still loose, for instance, in Shetland ponies the middle and corner incisor tend to erupt late, and in both draft horses and miniature horses, the permanent middle and corner incisors are usually late appearing. Horse teeth often wear in specific patterns, based on the way the horse eats its food, as with aging through observing tooth eruption, this can be imprecise, and may be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and vices such as cribbing. Equine teeth are designed to wear against the tooth above or below as the horse chews, the upper jaw is wider than the lower one. In some cases, sharp edges can occur on the outside of the upper molars and these sharp edges can reduce chewing efficiency of the teeth, interfere with jaw motion, and in extreme cases can cut the tongue or cheek, making eating and riding painful. In the wild, natural foodstuffs may have allowed teeth to more evenly
7.
Whip
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There are also whips which combine both a firm stick and a flexible line, such as hunting whips. Certain religious practices and BDSM activities involve the self-use of whips or the use of whips between consenting partners, misuse on animals may be considered animal cruelty, and misuse on humans may be viewed as assault. Whips generally are used on animals to provide directional guidance or to encourage movement, some whips are designed to control animals by imparting discomfort by tapping or pain by a full-force strike that produces pain compliance. Some whips provide guidance by use of sound, such as cracking of a bullwhip, other uses of whips are to provide a visual directional cue by extending the reach and visibility of the human arm. In modern times, the stimulus is still used in some animal training. The whip can be a tool to back up riding aids when applied correctly, particularly when initial commands are ignored. However, many competition governing bodies limit such use of whips, overuse improper use of whips may be considered animal cruelty in some jurisdictions. Whip use by sound never or rarely strikes the animal, instead, the sound is loud enough to affect multiple animals at once, making whip-cracking more efficient under some circumstances. This technique can be used as part of a response, with sound being used first prior to a pain stimulus being applied. Whips used without painful stimulus, as an extension of the hand or arm, are a visual command, or to tap an animal. The crack is thus a small sonic boom, Whips were the first man-made objects to break the sound barrier. But any design can be banged against another such as leather boot to make a loud noise. Short, stiff crops often have a leather popper at the end which makes a particularly loud noise when slapped against an animal, boot. Stockwhips, including bullwhips and the Australian stockwhip, are a type of single-tailed leather whip with a long lash. Stockwhips are primarily used to make a cracking sound to move livestock away from the sound. It is generally not used to strike an animal, as it would inflictexcessive pain and is difficult to apply with precision. The Australian stockwhip is said to have originated in the English hunting whip. Today, it is used primarily by stockmen, unlike the short, embedded handle of a bullwhip, the stockwhip handle is not fitted inside the lash and is usually longer
8.
Horse training
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Horse training refers to a variety of practices that teach horses to perform certain behaviors when asked to do so by humans. Horses are trained to be manageable by humans for care as well as for equestrian activities from horse racing to therapeutic horseback riding for people with disabilities. Historically, horses were trained for warfare, farm work, sport and transport, today, most horse training is geared toward making horses useful for a variety of recreational and sporting equestrian pursuits. Horses are also trained for specialized jobs from movie stunt work to police and crowd control activities, circus entertainment, there is tremendous controversy over various methods of horse training and even some of the words used to describe these methods. Some techniques are considered cruel, other methods are considered gentler, however, it is beyond the scope of this article to go into the details of various training methodology, so general, basic principles are described below. The see also section of this article links to more specific information about various schools. The range of training techniques and training goals is large, horses, like other animals, differ in brain structure from humans and thus do not have the same type of thinking and reasoning ability as human beings. Thus, the human has the responsibility to think about how to use the psychology of the horse to lead the animal into an understanding of the goals of the human trainer. Horses are social animals and, when properly handled, can learn to follow. Horses, as animals, have an inborn fight or flight instinct that has to be adapted to human needs. Horses need to be taught to rely upon humans to determine when fear or flight is a response to new stimuli. Like most animals, a horse will more easily adapt to human expectations than an older one. Regardless of the goal of training, most horses go through a series of steps on their way to being finished animals for a given discipline. Most young domesticated horses are handled at birth or within the first few days of life, though some are handled for the first time when they are weaned from their mothers. Within a few hours of birth, a foal being imprinted will have a human touch it all over, pick up its feet, and introduce it to human touch and voice. Others may leave a foal alone for its first few hours or days, however, even people who do not advocate imprinting often still place value on handling a foal a great deal while it is still nursing and too small to easily overpower a human. By doing so, the foal ideally will learn that humans will not harm it, while a foal is far too young to be ridden, it is still able to learn skills it will need later in life. The young horse needs to be calm for basic grooming, as well as veterinary care such as vaccinations, a foal needs regular hoof care and can be taught to stand while having its feet picked up and trimmed by a farrier
9.
Bronc riding
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Bronc riding, either bareback bronc or saddle bronc competition, is a rodeo event that involves a rodeo participant riding on a horse, that attempts to throw or buck off the rider. It is recognized by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association and the International Professional Rodeo Association, two organizations that strongly promote the event in the United States are the Worlds Toughest Rodeo and the Championship Roughstock Challenge. Each competitor climbs onto a horse, which is held in a pipe or wooden enclosure called a bucking chute. When the rider is ready, the gate of the chute is opened. The rider attempts to stay on the horse for eight seconds without touching the horse with his free hand, on the first jump out of the chute, the rider must mark the horse out. This means he must have the heels of his boots in contact with the horse above the point of the shoulders before the front legs hit the ground. A rider that manages to complete a ride is scored on a scale of 0-50, scores in the 80s are very good, and in the 90s, are exceptional. A horse who bucks in a spectacular and effective manner will score more points than a horse who bucks in a line with no significant changes of direction. Bareback and Saddle bronc styles are very different, in saddle bronc, the rider uses a specialized saddle with free swinging stirrups and no horn. The saddle bronc rider grips a simple rein braided from cotton or polyester, the rider lifts on the rein and attempts to find a rhythm with the animal by spurring forwards and backwards with his feet in a sweeping motion from shoulder to flank. The rider leans back and spurs with an up and down motion from the point of shoulder toward the rigging handle. Bareback bronc riding began to develop as a professional sporting event around 1900. The riding equipment used during that era varied, in some cases, the rider simply held onto the horses mane, called a mane-hold. Others held a loose or twisted rope tied around the horses girth, the original one-handed rigging was made by Bascom from a section of rubber belting discarded from a threshing machine, with the entire rigging - the handhold and the body - all made as one piece. The handhold was folded back and riveted to the body of the rigging. This rigging was first used at the Raymond Stampede in Alberta, Bascom then refined the design, making his second one-handhold rigging out of leather and rawhide. Sole leather was used for the rigging body, strips of leather, with rawhide sewed between, were used for the handhold with sheepskin glued under the handholds to protect the knuckles, this arrangement became known as Bascoms Rigging. Honored in several Halls of Fame, Bascom is now known as the Father of the Modern-day Bareback Rigging, variations of Bascoms rigging are still used in rodeos today
10.
Show jumping
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Show jumping, also known as stadium jumping, open jumping, or simply jumping, is a part of a group of English riding equestrian events that also includes dressage, eventing, hunters, and equitation. Jumping classes are seen at horse shows throughout the world. International competitions are governed by the rules of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports, Show jumping events have hunter classes, jumper classes and hunt seat equitation classes. Hunters are judged subjectively on the degree to which they meet a standard of manners, style. Jumper courses tend to be more complex and technical than hunter courses because riders. Courses often are colorful and at times, quite creatively designed, hunters have meticulous turnout and tend toward very quiet, conservative horse tack and rider attire. Hunter bits, bridles, crops, spurs, and martingales are tightly regulated, formal turnout always is preferred, a neat rider gives a good impression at shows. In addition to hunters and jumpers, there are classes, sometimes called hunt seat equitation. The equipment, clothing, and fence styles used in more closely resemble hunter classes. Jumper classes are held over a course of show jumping obstacles, including verticals, spreads, the intent is to jump cleanly over a set course within an allotted time. Time faults are assessed for exceeding the time allowance, Jumping faults are incurred for knockdowns and blatant disobedience, such as refusals. Horses are allowed a number of refusals before being disqualified. A refusal may lead to a rider exceeding the time allowed on course, placings are based on the lowest number of points or faults accumulated. A horse and rider who have not accumulated any jumping faults or penalty points are said to have scored a clear round. Tied entries usually have a jump-off over a raised and shortened course, and the course is timed, if entries are tied for faults accumulated in the jump-off, the fastest time wins. In most competitions, riders are allowed to walk the initial course, going off course will cost time if minor errors are made and major departures will result in disqualification. The higher levels of competition, such as A or AA rated shows in the United States, or the international Grand Prix circuit, present more technical and complex courses. Not only is the height and width of an obstacle increased to present a challenge, technical difficulty also increases with tighter turns
11.
Classical dressage
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Classical dressage evolved from cavalry movements and training for the battlefield, and has since developed into the competitive dressage seen today. Classical riding is the art of riding in harmony with, rather than against, correct classical riding only occurs when the rider has a good seat and a correct and well-balanced body position, moves with the horses motion, and applies and times the aids correctly. The origins of classical dressage and collection lie in the ability of the horse. In fact, most modern definitions of dressage state that the goal is to have the horse perform under saddle with the degree of athleticism, horses naturally use collection when playing, fighting, competing and courting with each other. When trying to impress other horses, they make themselves look bigger and they achieve this by lifting the forehand, raising the neck and making it bigger by flexing the poll, while at the same time transforming their gaits to emphasize more upwards movement. When fighting, the horse will collect because in collection he can produce lightning speed reactions for kicking, rearing, spinning, striking with the front feet, bucking and jumping. This natural ability to collect is visible in every horse of any breed, the ultimate goal of dressage training is to develop a horse to its ability as an athlete, maximum performance with a minimum of effort. The training scale is to develop the horse in a consistent manner with longevity in mind. Dressage is fitness training and needs to be treated as such, with thought, compassion, the Western Worlds earliest complete surviving work on many of the principles of classical dressage is Xenophons On Horsemanship. Xenophon emphasized training the horse through kindness and reward, in the 15th century, brute force training fell out of favour, while artistry in riding came to the fore. Along with these came a increase in indoor riding. The Renaissance gave rise to a new and more enlightened approach to riding, by the Victorian age, indoor riding had become a sophisticated art, with both rider and horse spending many years perfecting their form. Gueriniere, Eisenberg, Ruy dAndrade and Marialva wrote treatises on technique, the horses were trained to perform a number of airs above the ground movements, which could enable their riders to escape if surrounded, or to fight more easily. These included movements such as levade, capriole, courbette, movements still seen today in competitive dressage include the piaffe, passage, and half-pass. Modern dressage evolved from the school, although it now exists in a somewhat different form from its ancestor. Competitive dressage is an international sport ranging from beginner levels to the Olympics, unlike classical dressage, competitive dressage does not require the airs above ground, which most horses cannot perform well even with correct training, due to physical limitations. Instead, competitive dressage focuses on such as the piaffe, passage, half-pass, extended trot, pirouette. In theory, competitive dressage should follow the principles as classical dressage
12.
Airs above the ground
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The airs above the ground or school jumps are a series of higher-level, Haute ecole, classical dressage movements in which the horse leaves the ground. They include the capriole, the courbette, the mezair, the croupade, none are typically seen in modern competitive dressage. They are performed by horses of various riding academies such as the Spanish Riding School in Vienna and the Cadre Noir in Saumur, the levade and courbette are a particular feature of the Doma Menorquina, the riding tradition of the island of Menorca. There were originally seven airs, many of which were used to build into the movements performed today, there is a popular conception that these movements were originally taught to horses for military purposes, and indeed both the Spanish Riding School and the Cadre Noir are military foundations. However, while agility was necessary on the battlefield, most of the airs as performed today would have exposed the vulnerable underbelly of the horse to the weapons of foot soldiers. It is therefore likely that the airs were exercises to develop the military horse. Horses are usually taught each air on the long rein without a rider, however, each movement is meant to eventually be performed under a rider. The pesade and levade are the first airs taught to the High School horse, in the pesade, the horse raises its forehand off the ground and tucks the forelegs evenly, carrying all weight on the hindquarters, to form a 45 degree angle with the ground. The levade was first taught at the beginning of the 20th century, unlike the pesade, which is more of a test of balance, the decreased angle makes the levade an extremely strenuous position to hold, and requires a greater effort from the horse. Therefore, many horses are not capable of a good-quality levade, the levade is also a transition movement between work on the ground and the airs above the ground. This gives the viewer the impression that the horse appears to sink down in back, the position is held for a number of seconds, and then the horse quietly puts the forelegs back on the ground and proceeds at the walk, or stands at the halt. The levade is considered to be pinnacle of collection, as the horse carries all weight on the back legs, and has an extreme tucking of the hindquarters and coiling of the loins. In the capriole, the jumps from a raised position of the forehand straight up into the air, kicks out with the hind legs. It requires a powerful horse to perform correctly, and is considered the most difficult of all the airs above the ground. It is first introduced with the croupade, in which the horse does not kick out at the height of elevation, but keeps the hind legs tucked tightly under, the horse is then taught the ballotade. In this movement, the hind hooves are positioned so one can see its shoes if watching from behind. When the horse demonstrates proficiency in the ballotade, the capriole is introduced, in the courbette, the horse raises its forehand off the ground, tucks up forelegs evenly, and then jumps forward, never allowing the forelegs to touch down, in a series of hops. Extremely strong and talented horses can perform five or more leaps forward before having to touch down with the forelegs, the courbette, like the capriole, is first introduced through the easier croupade
13.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
14.
Longeing
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Longing /ˈlʌndʒᵻŋ/ or lunging is a technique for training horses, where a horse is asked to work at the end of a lunge line and respond to commands from a handler on the ground who holds the line. It is also a component of the sport of equestrian vaulting. Longing is performed on a circle with the horse traveling around the outside edge of a real or imaginary ring with the trainer in the middle. The word is believed to be derived from either the French word allonge, meaning to lengthen, the phonetic lungeing spelling dates back to the 1800s, but has only become popular since the late 20th century. It is also the spelling in both New Zealand and Australia, and, since 2009, by the FEI in their equestrian vaulting rules. Longeing has many benefits for both horses and riders and it is also useful to help settle a horse before riding, especially a high-strung horse, a young horse, or a horse that has been confined more than usual. However, longeing for long periods or with the intent to tire a horse out can cause joint strain, Longeing riders is valuable for teaching, as they may develop their seat and position without having to worry about controlling the horse. The longe line is about 30 feet long, so the circle can have a diameter of 60 feet. It is usually a flat woven webbing made of nylon, cotton, in the natural horsemanship tradition, the longe line is usually made of round cotton rope, and is often much shorter, as short as 15 or 20 feet. In general, cotton longe lines are likely to burn the trainers hands than nylon. It may have a snap, buckle, or chain on one end to attach to a longeing cavesson or bridle, a chain, although sometimes used with difficult horses, has no subtlety of contact and is quite severe. In most cases, it is best to use a snap-end longe line, many longe lines have a loop handle at the other end, but this is dangerous to use, as a persons hand can be trapped in the handle and be injured should the horse bolt. The longe line takes the place of the rein aids while longeing. It can be held in a hold or a driving hold. The whip usually has a stock of 6 feet, with a lash of 5–6 feet, the whip is light, easy to handle, and well balanced. The longe whip is used as an encouragement to the horse, a longeing cavesson is the classic headgear specialized for longeing, but in modern times is not the most commonly used equipment. It is a type of headstall with one to three rings on the noseband to which the line is attached. The most common point of attachment is the ring at the top of the cavesson
15.
Gag bit
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The gag bit is a type of bit for a horse. With two sets of reins, the gag bit gives a rider the ability to use either a direct action or a gag action. In this, the gag bit is related to a Pelham bit, unlike these, however, the gag bit has no curb strap. Some styles of gag bit are integral to a bridle, known as a gag bridle. Inside the horses mouth, the gag bit may be jointed like a bit or smooth like a Mullen mouth bit. The gag bit works on the lips and poll simultaneously. The pressure on the lips tends to make the horse raise its head, Gag bits are used mainly for horses that are strong pullers or for horses that need retraining. Gag bits are most commonly seen in polo, eventing, show jumping and they can also be used to help elevate a horse that is heavy on its front end. They are not permitted at any level of dressage, since dressage riders are trying to get the horse to come down onto the bit, additionally, the horse is supposed to be completely submissive in dressage, and a gag bit gives the impression that it is not. Gag bits are occasionally seen in western-style competition, usually in the form of a sliding mouthpiece on a shanked curb-style bit. This allows for the bit to be used as a normal snaffle, polo players, who must ride with the reins in one hand and cannot make instant fine adjustments, often use a gag bit with draw reins. Gag snaffle Similar in shape to a snaffle, with a mouthpiece, each bit ring has two holes, one on the top and one on the bottom. Gag cheekpieces, made of rounded leather or of rope, are run through these holes, the end on these cheekpieces, after passing through both holes, have a metal ring to which the reins are attached. When rein pressure is applied, the bit slides upward and rotates slightly in the mouth, severity is determined by the ring size, the larger the rings, the more severe the gag. The gag snaffle includes the Balding gag, which has a loose-ring design, a gag snaffle is not a snaffle bit, although it can be adjusted to act like one if the rider only attaches a rein to the bit rings and not to the sliding gag cheekpieces. Dutch gag Also known as the Continental, Three/Four-ring or Pessoa gag, Similar to the elevator, except the cheekpieces consist of stacked rings. There is usually only one ring above the mouthpiece, to which the cheekpiece is attached, the ring below that is attached straight to the mouthpiece, and acts similarly to a snaffle. The lower ring, of which there are two, are for a second rein to be attached, and they provide the gag action
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Martingale (tack)
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A martingale is any of several designs of tack that are used on horses to control head carriage. Martingales may be seen in a variety of equestrian disciplines. Rules for their use vary widely, in some disciplines they are never used, others allow them for schooling but not in judged performance, and some organizations allow certain designs in competition. When a horses head gets above a height, the martingale places pressure on the head so that it becomes more difficult or impossible to raise it higher. The standing martingale, also known as a tiedown or a check, has a single strap which is attached to the girth. To prevent it catching on other objects, it also has a neck strap. A variation is attached to a breastplate in lieu of a neck strap, when correctly fitted for English riding, it should be possible to push the martingale strap up to touch the horses throatlatch. A variation of the martingale, called a tiedown, is seen almost exclusively in the western riding disciplines. A tiedown is adjusted much shorter than a standing martingale and is intended primarily to prevent the horse from flipping its head up when asked to stop or turn in speed events. Users also claim that it gives the horse something to brace against for balance and it consists of an adjustable strap, one end which attaches to the horses breastplate and the other which attaches to a noseband on the bridle. The noseband can be of leather, but may also be of lariat rope, or even plastic-covered cable, which can make the western tiedown considerably harsher than the English-style standing martingale. It is properly adjusted when it puts no pressure on the nose when held at a normal position. With both pieces of equipment, the slack is taken up out of the strap when the horse raises its head above the desired point, and pressure is placed on the horses nose. It is also seen on military and police horses, partly for style and tradition. It is not legal for flat classes, the tiedown is commonly seen in rodeo and speed events such as gymkhana games, but is not show legal in any other western-style horse show competition. The standing martingale is more restrictive than the running martingale because it cannot be loosened in an emergency, a horse that trips in a standing martingale could potentially fall more easily because its range of motion is restricted. If a horse falls wearing an incorrectly fitted standing martingale, the animal cannot extend its neck fully, due to the risk of injury to the cartilage of the nose, the martingale strap is never attached to a drop noseband. Because of the risk of both nose and jaw injuries, it also should not be attached to any type of figure 8 or grackle noseband, a standing martingale can be attached to the cavesson of a flash noseband, but not to the lower, flash or drop strap
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Overcheck
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A bearing rein, known today as an overcheck or a checkrein, is a piece of horse tack that runs from a point on the horses back, over the head, to a bit. It is used to prevent the horse from lowering its head beyond a fixed point, a variation called a side check passes beside the ears through loops at the top of the bridle cheekpieces. It can be attached to the surcingle of a horse harness, an overcheck or bearing rein shares some function with side reins, draw reins, and the de Gogue, and has the opposite function to a chambon and martingale. It can be attached to the bit as the reins, or to a second. The modern overcheck is often a piece of safety equipment for certain types of harness and is an aid to the driver in keeping a horses head properly positioned. Properly adjusted and when used for a period of time. If too tight, however, an overcheck rein can be uncomfortable because it puts strain on the neck muscles and ligaments. On a hard-working draft horse, it generally is not used at all, a horse pulling weight normally lowers and extends its neck in order to distribute the load. If an overcheck is inappropriately used, or used for too long a period, the overcheck is also used today in some equestrian riding activities, and for certain types of horse training. The overcheck is generally not used to train horses, because it can lead to the horse traveling with a hollow frame. A device that looks similar, the chambon, is used in training of dressage horses. However, the chambon encourages the horse to lower, not raise, the Gogue is a related training tool. Today it is used primarily for show or exhibition use, particularly in the schooling and showing of fine harness horses. Historically, improper use and overuse created chronic problems with the spine, the fashion extremes of the 18th and 19th centuries at times tightened a bearing rein to the degree that it made breathing difficult. This is touched on in the novel Black Beauty, the Anti-Bearing Rein Association was formed to try and stop the practice of using such reins. The reference suggested that high head carriage was a sign of nobility or pride, however, 19th century critics of the bearing rein applied a pejorative meaning to the word, meaning patient endurance, suffering without complaint. Modern harness trainers prefer the more accurate terminology overcheck and check rein, driving Horse harness Bitting rig Longeing
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Animal euthanasia
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Animal euthanasia is the act of putting an animal to death or allowing it to die by withholding extreme medical measures. Reasons for euthanasia include incurable conditions or diseases, lack of resources to supporting the animal. Euthanasia methods are designed to cause pain and distress. Euthanasia is distinct from animal slaughter and pest control although in cases the procedure is the same. In domesticated animals, this process is referred to by euphemisms such as put down, put to sleep. The methods of anesthesia can be divided into pharmacological and physical methods, acceptable pharmacological methods include injected drugs and gases that first depress the central nervous system and then cardiovascular activity. Acceptable physical methods must first cause rapid loss of consciousness by disrupting the nervous system. The most common methods are discussed here, but there are other methods used in different situations. Unconsciousness, respiratory then cardiac arrest follow rapidly, usually within 30 seconds, observers generally describe the method as leading to a quick and peaceful death. For companion animals euthanized in shelters,14 states in the US now prescribe intravenous injection as the required method. These laws date to 1990, when Georgias Humane Euthanasia Act became the first state law to mandate this method, before that, gas chambers and other means were commonly employed. The Georgia law was resisted by the Georgia Commissioner of Agriculture, Tommy Irvin, in March 2007, he was sued by former State Representative Chesley V. Morton, who wrote the law, and subsequently ordered by the Court to enforce all provisions of the Act. Some veterinarians perform a two-stage process, an injection that simply renders the pet unconscious. This allows the owner the chance to say goodbye to a pet without their emotions stressing the pet. It also greatly mitigates any tendency toward spasm and other involuntary movement which tends to increase the emotional upset that the pets owner experiences, for large animals, the volumes of barbiturates required are considered by some to be impractical, although this is standard practice in the United States. For horses and cattle, other drugs may be available, occasionally, a horse injected with these mixtures may display apparent seizure activity before death. This may be due to cardiac arrest. However, if precautions are taken, this is rarely a problem
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Horse meat
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Horse meat is the culinary name for meat cut from a horse. It is a major meat in only a few countries, notably in Central Asia, the top eight countries consume about 4.7 million horses a year. For the majority of humanitys early existence, wild horses were hunted as a source of protein and it is slightly sweet, tender and low in fat. These historical associations, as well as ritual and religion, led to the development of an aversion to the consumption of meat in some cultures. The horse is now given pet status by many in some parts of the Western world, particularly in the United States, United Kingdom, and Ireland, in the Paleolithic, wild horses formed an important source of food. In many parts of Europe, the consumption of horse meat continued throughout the Middle Ages until modern times, Horse meat was also eaten as part of Germanic pagan religious ceremonies in northern Europe, particularly ceremonies associated with the worship of Odin. Horses originally developed on the North American Continent, and about 15,000 years ago migrated to parts of the world. The largest fossil beds of horses is in Idaho at the Hagerman Fossil Beds, the horses were about the size of a modern-day Arabian horse. At first, they hunted horses as they did other game, the meat was, and still is, preserved by being sun-dried in the high Andes into a product known as charqui. France dates its taste for meat to the Revolution. With the fall of the aristocracy, its auxiliaries had to find new means of subsistence, just as hairdressers and tailors set themselves up to serve commoners, the horses maintained by aristocracy as a sign of prestige ended up alleviating the hunger of lower classes. During the Napoleonic campaigns, the surgeon-in-chief of Napoleons Grand Army, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, at the siege of Alexandria, the meat of young Arab horses relieved an epidemic of scurvy. At the battle of Eylau in 1807, Larrey served horse as soup, Horse meat gained widespread acceptance in French cuisine during the later years of the Second French Empire. Many Parisians gained a taste for meat during the siege. Likewise, in places and times of siege or starvation. A2007 Time magazine article about horse meat brought in from Canada to the United States characterized the meat as sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, Horse is commonly eaten in many countries in Europe and Asia. It is not an available food in some English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, the United States. It is also taboo in Brazil, Israel, and among the Romani people, Horse meat is not generally eaten in Spain, except in the north, although the country exports horses both live animals and slaughtered meat for the French and Italian markets
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Rodeo
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Rodeo is a competitive sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later Central America, the United States, Canada, South America, Australia and New Zealand. It was based on the skills required of the vaqueros and later, cowboys, in what today is the western United States, western Canada. Today it is an event that involves horses and other livestock, designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys. American style professional rodeos generally comprise the events, tie-down roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding. The events are divided into two categories, the rough stock events and the timed events. Depending on sanctioning organization and region, other such as breakaway roping, goat tying. American rodeo, particularly popular today within the Canadian province of Alberta and throughout the western United States, is the state sport of Wyoming, South Dakota. The iconic silhouette image of a Bucking Horse and Rider is a federal, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta has considered making American rodeo the official sport of that province. However, enabling legislation has yet to be passed, associations also exist for Native Americans and other minority groups. Rodeo has provoked opposition from animal rights and animal welfare advocates, the American rodeo industry has made progress in improving the welfare of rodeo animals, with specific requirements for veterinary care and other regulations that protect rodeo animals. However, rodeo is opposed by a number of animal welfare organizations in the United States, some local and state governments in North America have banned or restricted rodeos, certain rodeo events, or types of equipment. Internationally, rodeo is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, the American English word rodeo is taken directly from Spanish rodeo, which roughly translates into English as round up. The yearly rodeos for separating the cattle were overseen by the Juez del Campo, the term was also used to refer to exhibitions of skills used in the working rodeo. This evolved from these yearly gatherings where festivities were held and horsemen could demonstrate their equestrian skills and it was this latter usage which was adopted into the cowboy tradition of the United States and Canada. The term rodeo was first used in English in approximately 1834 to refer to a cattle round-up, today the word is used primarily to refer to a public exhibition of cowboy skills, usually in the form of a competitive event. Many rodeo events were based on the tasks required by cattle ranching, the working cowboy developed skills to fit the needs of the terrain and climate of the American west, and there were many regional variations. The skills required to manage cattle and horses back to the Spanish traditions of the vaquero. Early rodeo-like affairs of the 1820s and 1830s were informal events in the western United States and northern Mexico with cowboys, following the American Civil War, rodeo competitions emerged, with the first held in Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1872
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Stock contractor
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A Stock contractor is an individual or business that provides animals for rodeo competition. Use of stock contractors who specialize in providing these animals has produced a more uniform range of bucking stock which are also quieter to handle, most bucking stock is specifically bred for use in rodeos, with horses and bulls having exceptional bucking ability often selling for high prices. Due to the rigors of travel and the bursts of high intensity work required. In Australia, stock contractors may also supply some of the used in the “brumby catch” event which is part of stockman challenges. In 1902, Raymond Knight started the Raymond Stampede and became known as the father of Canadian rodeo, in 1903 he built the first rodeo arena and grandstand in Canada, and in the process became both the first rodeo producer and the first rodeo stock contractor. Knight was originally from Utah and ranched in the Milk River Ridge area of southern Alberta and he ran over 18,000 head of cattle and several hundred horses on almost a million acres, and the town of Raymond, Alberta was named after him. For the first Calgary Stampede in 1912, Knight teamed up with Addison Day and they became partners in a rodeo stock contracting company called the Knight and Day Stampede Company. After that single rodeo the arena was disassembled, Addison Day went on to produce the first rodeo in the Los Angeles Coliseum in 1927. In 1924, Tex Austin produced the first rodeo in London, the Flying U Rodeo Company was formed in the 1930s by J. C. Doc Sorensen of St. Anthony, Idaho. He later sold out to A. H and that rodeo stock contracting company is now the worlds oldest. These rodeos also featured trick roping, stunt riding and other novelty acts, bascoms father, John W. Bascom, had been Ray Knights ranch foreman. Mississippian Sam Hickman financed their operations, which were successful from 1935 to 1937, in the 1950s, one of the best-known modern North American stock contractors, Reg Kesler set up a string of rough stock due to the growing demand for bucking horses. He supplied stock to rodeos and events across Canada and the United States before retiring in 1967, kessler was posthumously inducted into the National Cowboy & Western Museum Rodeo Hall of Fame in October 2009. Earl Bascom also made the first hornless bronc saddle in 1922, in 1926, he created a design for chaps with a high-cut leg that was the predecessor to modern-day rodeo batwing chaps. Earl Bascom was inducted into both the Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame and the Utah Sports Hall of Fame, in 1938, two other Canadian cowboys, Clark Lund and Herman Linder, came back from rodeoing in Australia and each independently became rodeo stock contractors. On their bucking stock they started using a quick-release flank strap which was made in Australia which is now the standard at all rodeos, Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association Professional Bull Riders Pickup rider Rodeo clown
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Bareback riding
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Bareback riding is a form of horseback riding without a saddle. It requires skill, balance, and coordination, as the rider does not have any equipment to compensate for errors of balance or skill, proponents of bareback riding argue that riding in this fashion is natural, allows considerable communication with the horse, and improves a riders balance. Over time, it is more fatiguing to both horse and rider to ride bareback, however, in certain situations, bareback riding is particularly suitable. Many riders will ride bareback for a ride in order to save time in a busy day. In other cases, for example, if a horse is to be allowed to swim in a river, lake or ocean, when riding bareback, riders sit a bit more forward on the horse than they would in a saddle. They have to rest their legs forward, along the crease between the barrel and the shoulder muscles in order to have a secure position without excessive gripping. As a rule, to make use of the riders calf muscles, bareback riders need to keep their heels lower than their toes, riding with a flexed ankle and heel down. Riding with the toes down can lead to clutching at the horse with the legs or digging into the horses sides with the heels. It is also easier on the back to have the support of a saddle to cushion the action of an unbalanced rider. A bareback pad can be used to make riding more comfortable for both horse and rider. The pad may also be used to keep the riders clothes clean. Bareback pads are often shaped like English saddle pads and are available in colors and fabrics, most commonly felt, wool. Some have stirrups, although these are associated with a risk of injury if a riders foot becomes entangled in the stirrup during a fall. Pads with stirrups may also injure the back due to lack of a tree. Bareback pads are also popular with individuals who believe that riding bareback creates a bond between horse and rider. Bareback pads cannot be used as a substitute for a saddle, there is also bareback bronc riding in the sport of rodeo. Bareback bronc riding is one of the most physically demanding events in rodeo, cowboys ride the bucking horse one-handed and cannot touch or hang onto anything with their free hand. They use a leather rigging that includes a handle that resembles that of a suitcase, to make the event more difficult for the rider, they are required to lean back and spur in a highly stylised manner that was never historically used in actual practice
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Cowboy
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A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century arose from the traditions of northern Mexico and became a figure of special significance. A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle, in addition to ranch work, some cowboys work for or participate in rodeos. There are also cattle handlers in many parts of the world, particularly South America and Australia. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas, over the centuries, differences in terrain, climate and the influence of cattle-handling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling. As the ever-practical cowboy adapted to the world, the cowboys equipment and techniques also adapted to some degree. The English word cowboy has an origin from several earlier terms that referred to both age and to cattle or cattle-tending work, the word cowboy appeared in the English language by 1725. It appears to be a direct English translation of vaquero, a Spanish word for an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback and it was derived from vaca, meaning cow, which came from the Latin word vacca. Another English word for a cowboy, buckaroo, is an anglicization of vaquero, originally, the term may have been intended literally—a boy who tends cows. By 1849 it had developed its sense as an adult cattle handler of the American West. Variations on the word cowboy appeared later, cowhand appeared in 1852, and cowpoke in 1881, originally restricted to the individuals who prodded cattle with long poles to load them onto railroad cars for shipping. Names for a cowboy in American English include buckaroo, cowpoke, cowhand, the word cowboy also had English language roots beyond simply being a translation from Spanish. Originally, the English word cowherd was used to describe a cattle herder, and often referred to a preadolescent or early adolescent boy and this word is very old in the English language, originating prior to the year 1000. In antiquity, herding of sheep, cattle and goats was often the job of minors, on western ranches today, the working cowboy is usually an adult. Responsibility for herding cattle or other livestock is no longer considered a job suitable for children or early adolescents. However, both boys and girls growing up in a ranch environment often learn to ride horses and perform basic ranch skills as soon as they are physically able, such youths, by their late teens, are often given responsibilities for cowboy work on the ranch. The term cowboy was used during the American Revolution to describe American fighters who opposed the movement for independence, in the same period, a number of guerilla bands operated in Westchester County, which marked the dividing line between the British and American forces. These groups were made up of local farmhands who would ambush convoys, there were two separate groups, the skinners fought for the pro-independence side, the cowboys supported the British
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Bull riding
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Bull riding is a rodeo sport that involves a rider getting on a bull and attempting to stay mounted while the animal attempts to buck off the rider. In the American tradition the rider must stay atop the bull for eight seconds to count as a qualified ride. The rider tightly fastens one hand to the bull with a braided rope. It is a sport and has been called the most dangerous eight seconds in sports. The taming of bulls has ancient roots in contests dating as far back as Minoan culture, Bull riding itself has its direct roots in Mexican contests of equestrian and ranching skills now collectively known as charreada. During the 16th century, a hacienda contest called jaripeo developed, originally considered a variant of bull fighting, in which riders literally rode a bull to death, the competition evolved into a form where the bull was simply ridden until it stopped bucking. By the mid-19th century, charreada competition was popular on Texas and California cattle ranches where Anglo, many early Texas rangers, who had to be expert horsemen and later went on to become ranchers, learned and adapted Hispanic techniques and traditions to ranches in the United States. This event also included a competition and was the subject of newspaper reports from as far away as the New Orleans Daily Delta. However, popular sentiment shifted away from various sports and both bullfighting and prize fighting were banned by the Texas legislature in 1891. In the same period, however, Wild West Shows began to add steer riding to their exhibitions, choosing to use castrated animals because steers were easier to handle. Additionally, informal rodeos began as competitions between neighboring ranches in the American Old West, the location of the first formal Rodeo is debated. Deer Trail, Colorado claims the first rodeo in 1869 but so does Cheyenne, although steer riding contests existed into the 1920s, the sport did not gain popularity until bulls were returned to the arena and replaced steers as the mount of choice. The first-known rodeo to use brahma bulls was in Columbia, Mississippi, produced in 1935 by Canadian brothers Earl and Weldon Bascom with Jake Lybbert and this rodeo was the first to feature a bull riding event at a night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights. A pivotal moment for modern bull riding, and rodeo in general, came with the founding of the Rodeo Cowboy Association in 1936, through this organization many hundreds of rodeos are held each year. Since that time, the popularity of all aspects of the rodeo has risen, CBR tours all over the United States and its major league tour, the Road to Cheyenne Tour, is broadcast on Fox Sports Networks. The CBR world championships take place at Cheyenne Frontier Days, the Professional Bull Riders stages a large number of events in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and Australia. For many years the annual PBR World Finals were held at the Thomas and Mack Center in Las Vegas, however, starting in 2016, the Finals are now held at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas. The PBRs major league tour, the Built Ford Tough Series, is broadcast on CBS Sports Network, from these roots, bull riding as a competitive sport has spread to a number of other nations worldwide
