1.
Sarah Michelle Gellar
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Sarah Michelle Prinze is an American actress, producer, and entrepreneur. After being spotted by an agent at the age of four in New York City, Gellar went on to appear in numerous television series and commercials. Her first leading part was in the 1992 miniseries Swans Crossing, the character was widely popular during the airing of the show and became recognized as one of the 100 greatest female characters in U. S. television. Gellar also gained significant attention for her appearances in the slasher movies I Know What You Did Last Summer and Scream 2 and she appeared as Daphne Blake in Scooby-Doo, her biggest live action commercial success. She subsequently appeared in smaller movies such as The Return and Southland Tales. Her later film credits include The Air I Breathe, Possession and she headlined the short lived television series Ringer and The Crazy Ones, which co-starred Robin Williams. In October 2015, Gellar co-founded Foodstirs, a food crafting brand, Gellar was born in New York City. She is the child of Rosellen, a nursery school teacher, and Arthur Gellar. Both of her parents were Jewish, though Gellars family also had a Christmas tree during her childhood, in 1984, when she was seven, her parents divorced and she was raised by her mother on the citys Upper East Side. Im not being deliberately evasive about him, its just that theres so little to say, besides being a working child at the time, Gellar was a competitive figure skater, finishing in third place at the New York State regional competition. She also placed fourth at a Tae Kwon Do competition at Madison Square Garden, Gellar was given a partial scholarship to study at the Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School, as her mother was not able to pay full tuition, for which she was constantly bullied. She said in an interview with The Independent, I was different and thats the one thing you cant be at school, I didnt have the money these kids had. I was telling them that I had back problems and had to go to the doctor the whole time, Gellar then briefly attended the Fiorello H. Gellar graduated from the Professional Childrens School, in 1994 as a straight A student with a 4.0 grade average. As Gellar spent significant time working on All My Children while trying to graduate, at the age of four, she was spotted by an agent in a restaurant in Upper Manhattan. Two weeks later, she auditioned for a part in the television film An Invasion of Privacy, with Valerie Harper, Carol Kane, at the audition, Gellar read both her own lines and those of Harper, impressing the directors enough to cast her in the role. The film aired on CBS in January 1983 and she subsequently appeared in a controversial television commercial for Burger King, in which her character criticized McDonalds and claimed to eat only at Burger King. The ad led to a lawsuit by McDonalds, naming Gellar and banning her from eating at the chain, she recalled in a 2004 interview. It was tough because, when you’re a little kid, McDonald’s is where all your friends have their birthday parties, while growing up, Gellar also worked as a model for Wilhemina and acted in numerous television commercials
2.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (film)
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Buffy the Vampire Slayer is a 1992 American comedy horror film about a Valley girl cheerleader named Buffy who learns that it is her fate to hunt vampires. The film starred Kristy Swanson, Donald Sutherland, Paul Reubens, Rutger Hauer and it was a moderate success at the box office, but received mixed reception from critics. The film was taken in a different direction from the one its writer Joss Whedon intended, High school senior Buffy Summers is introduced as a stereotypical, shallow cheerleader at Hemery High School in Los Angeles. She is a popular girl whose main concerns are shopping and spending time with her rich, snooty friends and her boyfriend. While at school one day, she is approached by a man who calls himself Merrick and he informs her that she is The Slayer, or Chosen One, destined to kill vampires, and he is a Watcher whose duty it is to guide and train her. She initially rebukes his claims, but is convinced that he is right when he is able to describe a dream of hers in detail. After several successful outings, Buffy is drawn into conflict with Lothos, two young men, Oliver Pike, and best friend Benny, who resented Buffy and her friends due to differing social circles, are out drinking when they are attacked by Amilyn. Benny is turned but Pike is saved by Merrick, as a vampire, Benny visits Pike and tries to get him to join him. Later, when Pike and his boss are discussing Benny, Pike tells him to run if he sees him, not only this, but a studious girl from Buffys class, Cassandra, is abducted one night by Amilyn and sacrificed to Lothos. When her body is found, the news spreads through LA and Hemery High, when Pike realizes there is something wrong with Benny and that he is no longer safe, he decides to leave town. His plan is thwarted, however, when he encounters Amilyn, Amilyn hitches a ride on the hood of his van which crashes into a tree just before Amilyn loses an arm. Buffy and Merrick arrive to rescue him and Amilyn flees the fight to talk to Lothos, after this encounter, Buffy and Pike start a friendship, which eventually becomes romantic and Pike becomes Buffys partner in fighting the undead. During a basketball game, Buffy finds out one of the players. After a quick chase to a parade float storage yard, Buffy finally confronts Lothos, shortly after she, Lothos puts Buffy in a hypnotic trance, which is broken due to Merricks intervention. Lothos turns on Merrick and stab him with the stake he attempted to use on him, Lothos leaves, saying that Buffy is not ready. As Merrick dies, he tells Buffy to do things her own way rather than live by the rules of others, because of her new life, responsibilities, and heartbreak, Buffy becomes emotionally shocked and starts dropping her Slayer duties. At the senior dance, Buffy tries to patch things up with her friends but they turn against her, and she is dismayed to find Jeffrey has dumped her for one of her friends. However, she meets up with Pike and as they start to dance and kiss, Lothos leads the remainder of his minions to the school and attacks the students, Buffy confronts the vampires outside while Pike fights the vampiric Benny
3.
Joss Whedon
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Joss Whedon is an American screenwriter, film and television director, film and television producer, comic book author, and composer. H. I. E. L. D. Whedon co-wrote the Pixar film Toy Story, wrote and directed the Firefly film continuation Serenity, co-wrote and his mother, Ann Lee Stearns, originally from Kentucky, was a teacher at Riverdale Country School as Lee Whedon, and an aspiring novelist. His parents had both acted, and appeared in a play together at the Harvard Radcliffe Dramatic Club, Whedon is the younger sibling of Samuel and Matthew Whedon and older sibling of writers Jed and Zack Whedon. At a young age, he showed great interest in British television with shows like Masterpiece, in May 2003, Whedon received an honorary doctorate from Wesleyan University. Whedon attended Riverdale Country School in New York City where his mother taught history. He then spent three years at Winchester College in England, where, taking note of omnipresent bullying, he concluded, Whedon graduated from Wesleyan University in 1987, where he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters in 2013. There, he studied under renowned academic Richard Slotkin. After leaving Wesleyan, Whedon came up with the first incarnation of Buffy Summers, Rhonda, from 1989 to 1990, Whedon worked as a staff writer on the sitcoms Roseanne and Parenthood. As a script doctor, Whedon was a writer on films like The Getaway, Speed, Waterworld, Twister. X-Men reportedly contained only two dialogue exchanges of Whedons contribution, but the cut of Speed left in most of his dialogue. E. The former of which earned him a shared Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay, Whedon has expressed strong dissatisfaction with the released versions of the films Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Titan A. E. and Alien, Resurrection. The idea came directly from his aversion to seeing the Hollywood formula of the blonde girl who goes into a dark alley. Whedon said he wanted to subvert the idea and create someone who was a hero and this conception came from the very first mission statement of the show, which was the joy of female power, having it, using it, sharing it. The writing process came together from conversations about the issues facing Buffy Summers. Whedon usually directed episodes from his own scripts that held the most cathartic moments in Buffys story, the series received numerous awards and nominations, including an Emmy Award nomination for the 1999 episode Hush. The final episode Chosen was nominated for a Best Dramatic Presentation, All written and directed by Whedon, they are considered some the most effective and popular episodes of the series. Scholar A. Asbjørn Jøn recognized that the series has shifted the way vampires have since been depicted in popular culture representations, in June 2012, Slate magazine identified it as the most written about popular culture text of all time. Ore than twice as many papers, essays, and books have been devoted to the drama than any of our other choices—so many that we stopped counting when we hit 200
4.
Kristy Swanson
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Kristen Noel Kristy Swanson is an American actress, best known for her portrayal of Buffy Summers in the 1992 cult film Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Swanson began her career appearing in teen films, including Pretty in Pink. Her first starring role was in Wes Cravens horror film Deadly Friend, Swanson was born and raised in Mission Viejo, California, the daughter of physical education teachers Robert and Rosemary Swanson. Swanson graduated from El Toro High School, Swanson has one older brother, Rob. Swansons paternal grandfather was Swedish, and her grandfather was of German ancestry. She has an uncle who taught English and Journalism in Anaheim, at the age of nine, Swanson expressed interest in acting to her parents, and began pursuing roles in television commercials. She landed her first job appearing in a doll house commercial, Swanson began her acting career at The Actors Workshop with R. J. Adams and promptly moved into TV advertising roles and several appearances in TV series such as Cagney and Lacey. Her first starring role was later in 1986, in Wes Cravens Deadly Friend as Samantha – the girl next door, the next year she played Cathy in the adaptation of V. C. Andrews best-seller Flowers in the Attic. Swanson revealed in a 2015 television interview how she was cast in Pretty In Pink, John Hughes said, Were re-shooting the end of Pretty in Pink. I was wondering if you would come be in this scene with our main character, Ducky, because the way we tested it in the movie theater and we need him to end up with somebody else at the end of the movie. So would you play the part. L, throughout the 1990s, she starred mostly in films. She played the role in the 1992 movie Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Although not a hit at the box office originally, it had a profitable rental life and she appeared in both starring and supporting roles in movies such as Hot Shots. The Program, The Chase, or her most critically acclaimed role, playing Kristen Connor and she also appeared in the film adaptation of the comic-book The Phantom and the dark comedy 8 Heads in a Duffel Bag with Joe Pesci. Most of these films failed at the box office, and she reverted to TV work in the late 1990s, in the 1998–99 season of Early Edition, Swanson played Erica Paget, a love interest of the main character, Gary Hobson. In 1999, Swanson played Vanessa, the girlfriend of Adam Sandler in the movie Big Daddy, in 2000, she returned to a television series, as the star of Grapevine, a revamp of a 1992 TV series that was canceled after five episodes. Swanson posed nude for Playboy magazine in November 2002 in a cover-featured pictorial and she appeared in and won the 2006 Fox television program Skating with Celebrities, partnered with Lloyd Eisler
5.
Voice acting
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Voice acting is the art of doing voice-overs or providing voices to represent a character or to provide information to an audience or user. Voice acting is also done for small handheld audio games, performers are called voice actors or actresses, voice artists, or voice talent. Their roles may also involve singing, although a voice actor is sometimes cast as the characters singing voice. Voice acting is recognised in Britain as a specialized dramatic profession, Voice artists are also used to record the individual sample fragments played back by a computer in an automated announcement. The voices for animated characters are provided by voice actors, for live action productions, voice acting often involves reading the parts of computer programs, radio dispatchers, or other characters who never actually appear on screen. With a radio drama or CD drama, there is freedom in voice acting, because there is no need to match a dub to the original actors. In the context of voice acting, narration is the use of commentary to convey a story to an audience. A narrator is a character or a non-personal voice that the creator of the story develops to deliver information to the audience. The voice actor who plays the narrator is responsible for performing the lines assigned to the narrator. In traditional literary narratives, narration is a story element, in other types of narratives, such as plays, television shows, video games. One of the most common uses for voice acting is within commercial advertising, the voice actor is hired to voice a message associated with the advertisement. This has different subgenres, television, radio, cinema, the subgenres are all different styles in their own right. Voiceover used in commercial adverts also is the area of voice acting where de-breathing is used. De-breathing means artificially removing breaths from the recorded voice and this is done to stop the audience being distracted in any way from the commercial message that is being put across. Dub localization is a type of voice-over and it is the practice of voice-over translation altering a foreign language film, art film or television series by voice actors. Voice-over translation is an audiovisual translation technique, in which, unlike in Dub localization, actor voices are recorded over the audio track. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees, automated dialogue replacement is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes. ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, in the UK, it is also called post-synchronization or post-sync
6.
Scooby Gang (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
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The Scooby Gang, or Scoobies, are a group of characters in the cult television series and comic book Buffy the Vampire Slayer who battle the supernatural forces of evil. The team consists of Buffy Summers and her friends and colleagues who assist her in her duties as the Slayer and this group was also called the slayerettes. Who investigate and solve supernatural/occult monsters mysteries much like The Scoobies in Buffy, sarah Michelle Gellar, the actress who plays Buffy, would later also appear as Daphne Blake in the films Scooby-Doo and Scooby-Doo 2, Monsters Unleashed. The Scooby Gang usually take an unimpressed, flippant attitude towards extraordinary events and supernatural occurrences. Also, in keeping with the themes of redemption and moral ambiguity, Willow, Angel, Spike, Faith, Giles, Anya. Each of these characters has murdered at least one person during their life, at least initially, in Season Eight, the Scoobies are scattered across the world. In addition to the gang, there are short of 2000 Slayers, many of whom work with the expanded organization in addition to witches, psychics. The core Scoobies now each act as important figures in the new Watchers Council and maintain a role of leadership, with the group scattered, communication is maintained primarily through phone calls, and the group leaders now assume more superheroic positions and parallels than in previous seasons. Former allies in Season 7 such as Andrew and Rona now lead squads of their own. The group is sometimes referred to as the Slayerettes, mostly in early episodes or later in the scene descriptions to refer to the Potentials. Both Willow and Spike have used the term in the show on different occasions, Buffy Summers — As the Slayer, Buffy possesses enhanced abilities that enable her to battle the forces of darkness. She is the point of the Scooby Gang, as the team initially formed around her responsibilities as the Chosen One. Although Buffy had initially been reluctant to accept her destiny, by the end of Season One she faces the prophecy of her death head-on, by Season Eight, she has become a leader as well as a Slayer, training her fellow Slayers in the fight against evil. Even after the Watchers Council stripped him of his title in Season Three and he remained with the Scoobies until the end of Season Five, when he returned to England at Buffys death. In Season Six he returns after Buffy is resurrected, then again so that his presence wont hold her back from growing strong. Thereafter, he is based in England where he is training a squad of Slayers, Giles was almost killed by the evil Angelus toward the end of Season Two. In Season Eight, a possessed Angel snapped Giles neck, killing him instantly, Xander Harris — The most consistent and reliable member of the Scoobies, the wise-cracking Xander is notable for being one of the few characters in the show with no superpowers. Xander also possesses knowledge of military combat and weapons after being turned into a real soldier in a Halloween episode
7.
Angel Investigations
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Angel Investigations is a fictional detective agency run by the title character Angel previously on the WB television series Angel. It is sometimes abbreviated as AI, throughout most of the series run, the agency has employed most of the characters, and provided the series with a steady income of storylines. Because of this, AI is somewhat synonymous to the group of main characters and it is also known as Team Angel, a term that could be employed even following the demise of Angel Investigations as a business. The agency is founded by Angel on the first episode Season One, Angel makes friends with Doyle, a half-demon whos been given visions by The Powers That Be of people in need of Angels help. Cordelia also coins their slogan, We help the hopeless and designs their business logo, halfway through Season 1, Doyle passes his visions on to Cordelia just prior to his death. At the end of one, street tough vampire hunter Charles Gunn also joins AI. AI originally operate out of Angels residence, a basement apartment beneath a ground floor office space comprising an executive office. At the end of the first season, however, an agent of the law firm Wolfram. Cordelias residence is pressed into service as AI headquarters until shortly into Season 2, when AI moves to a new location, now empty and all but abandoned, the Hyperion is a luxury hotel where Angel stayed in 1952. The Hyperion was abandoned due to a demon that drove the occupants to insanity, AI kills the demon and takes control of the building for use as their headquarters, Angel concluding that they will redeem the building like he seeks to redeem himself. The managers office in the lobby is used by Angel and several of the empty rooms are used as a residence for various characters, halfway through season two, Angel fires his three colleagues after escalating disagreements about his growing moral corruption. Instead of disbanding while Angel deals with his issues, Gunn, Cordelia. Eventually, Angel rejoins them and their base of operations returns to the Hyperion Hotel, at the end of the second season, A. I. spent three episodes in the demon-dimension Pylea, home to friend Lorne. There they rescue Winifred Burkle, a former physics student. After a falling-out in Season 3, Wesley leaves the group and sets up his own group, Angel resumes his function as leader with the departure of Wesley, and remains the de facto leader when he returns. At the end of Season 4, the agency is dissolved when Angel assumes control over the L. A. branch of their former enemy Wolfram & Hart. In Season 5, the A. I. team is now known as Team Angel, though, in Underneath, Angel claims that they dont have a name. Due to their alliance with Wolfram & Hart this season, Angels friends and allies in the Scooby Gang, including Buffy, have deemed him, and his crew by extension, untrustworthy
8.
Watcher (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
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A notable example of a Watcher is Buffy the Vampire Slayer main character Rupert Giles. Watchers are devoted to tracking and combating malevolent supernatural entities, primarily by locating individuals with the required to fight such beings. More specifically, Watchers are assigned to Slayers, girls that are part of a succession of mystically powered individuals who are destined to face said foes, upon a Slayers demise, the next Slayer is called into duty and is assigned a Watcher. The Watchers Council trains new Watchers in a school of some kind. In Never Kill a Boy on the First Date, Giles implies that Watchers are, to a certain extent and this idea is supported by Watcher families such as the Giles and Wyndam-Pryces. Rupert Giles was Buffys Watcher in the beginning of the series and it was revealed that he has never been invited to the Watchers retreat. After being fired by the Council for having a love for the Slayer in season 3. Wesley Wyndam-Pryce became Buffy and Faiths Watcher for a period of time. Wyndam-Pryce was fired after Faith turned rogue and Buffy quit, Rupert Giles was reinstated as Buffys official Watcher in the season 5 episode Checkpoint, and he remains so until the events at the end of Season 5, though Giles maintains his contacts with Buffy. A standard Watcher has at least some proficiency in the use of magic with certain individuals being more powerful than others, one episode in Angel reveals that numerous members of the board of directors are alchemists. They are students of demonology and as such have a knowledge of various incarnations of evil. They are also educated and can speak a wide variety of languages. In ancient times, a known as the Shadow Men used magic to infuse a captive girl with the essence of a demon, thereby creating the First Slayer. The descendants of the Shadow Men go on to form the Watchers Council, in 2003, Slayer Buffy Anne Summers uses a strange mystical device to meet with the Shadow Men about the threat she faces from the First Evil. She learns how the Slayers were created and is shown a vision which reveals the Firsts massive army of Turok-Han Vampires in the Hellmouth, after Buffy defeats them, one of the Shadow Men gives Buffy what she wants, knowledge of whats coming. He shows her a vision of the Firsts army of Turok-Han in the Hellmouth, causing her to start to reconsider her decision, the Shadow Men first appeared in Fray issue #3, and were later shown onscreen in the episode Get It Done. The Watchers Council of Britain is a dedicated to finding, training. Over the years, however, the Council had become arrogant and egocentric
9.
Joyce Summers
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Joyce Summers is a fictional character in the action-horror television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Played by Kristine Sutherland, Joyce is the mother of the character, Buffy Summers. Like every Slayer before her, she was chosen and informed of her destiny when she was 15 years old and her mother is unaware of her daughters powers and responsibilities until Buffy is forced to tell her at the end of the second season of the television series. Although Joyce is shocked at this revelation, she recovers quickly and remains a source of stability for Buffy and Buffys small circle of friends who assist her, eventually Joyce is able to take Buffys dangerous demon-fighting in stride and even become proud and respectful of her daughters abilities. Her natural death from an illness in the fifth season forces Buffy to face becoming an adult, unhappy with the outcome of the film, Whedon created the series, which picks up shortly after the events of the film and is loosely based on its ending. At the end of the film, which was set in Los Angeles, the series explains that she has relocated from Los Angeles after burning down the gymnasium, marking her as a trouble-making student and a worrisome daughter. Buffys parents are seen in the film, but her mother Joyce. Sutherland stated in an interview that she felt she identified strongly with adolescents and her empathy for them made her protective not only of the actors, but their characters as well. However, a storyline that has Joyce possessed as the mother from hell was one of Sutherlands favorite possible scripts, Buffy is introduced to her new school as a student who is both emotionally and academically troubled. With the move to Sunnydale, she believes she is starting fresh, as Buffy establishes herself in school in early episodes, Joyce, who is recently divorced, is preoccupied with setting up their home and running an art gallery. For example, Joyce sees the extremely attentive Giles merely as a teacher concerned about Buffy as a student who has experienced problems in the past. This willful ignorance of Buffys vocation has been well-analyzed by Buffy studies scholars, a persistent theme in Buffy is the nearly unbreachable generation gap between adolescents and adults. Throughout the series, adults are unable or unwilling to see the genuine horrors teenagers face. As Buffys mother, Joyce is repeatedly confronted with evidence of her daughters role as the Slayer, the resulting conflict between Joyce and Buffy is both tragic and humorous. When Buffy skips class or stays out late to attend to her Slayer duties and this duality of language reinforces the generation gap between the characters. She embodies the expectation that mothers should intuitively understand their children, Buffy confronts her mothers denial in Becoming, the second season finale, forcing Joyce to see the reality of what Buffy is and does. As a result of their confrontation, Joyce gives Buffy an ultimatum that she stay at home or never come back. As Buffy is compelled to thwart the apocalypse, she accepts her mothers decision, leaves the house and, ultimately, Sunnydale
10.
Dawn Summers
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Dawn Summers is a fictional character created by Joss Whedon and introduced by Marti Noxon and David Fury on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, portrayed by Michelle Trachtenberg. She made her debut in the episode of the shows fifth season. Within the series, Dawn is the sister of main character Buffy Summers. Whedon introduced Dawn to the series because he wanted to introduce a character with whom Buffy could have an intensely emotional non-romantic relationship, Dawn is, however, a real girl, Buffys biological sister, and has real memories of her fictional childhood. She struggles in a human way when she discovers the truth about her origins and later endures problems with self-harm. The shows sixth and seventh seasons, as well as its comic book continuation. Dawn was included in TV Guides list of Most Loathed TV Characters, similarly, Entertainment Weekly named her one of the 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever. Dawn is first introduced as Buffys younger sister at the end of Buffy season five premiere Buffy vs. Dracula, initially, the mystery of Dawns sudden existence is not acknowledged in the series, with the other characters accepting her as a part of the status quo. The memories of Buffy and her associates were altered, along with relevant records and she is shown to look up greatly to Willow and Tara and has a crush on Xander. She also is friendly with Spike, who is as protective of her as Buffy herself. When Dawn learns of her origin, she resorts to self-harm and runs away home, until Buffy assures her they are real sisters no matter what. Her relationship with Buffy, having been portrayed with a typical sister dynamic in the first half of the season and it is eventually revealed that Dawns purpose as The Key is to open portals to alternate dimensions, a power the hell-god Glory wishes to exploit to return home. When Glory successfully uses Dawns blood to break down the barriers, Buffy sacrifices her own life, realizing that their blood is now the same, to end the apocalypse. Buffys sacrifice also neutralizes the power of The Key, giving Dawn the opportunity of a normal life, the following season opening sees Dawn struggle with abandonment issues, as well as her escalating kleptomania. Having been devastated by her sisters death, Dawn is overjoyed when Willow casts a spell to bring her back to life. However, with Buffy spiralling into a depression, Dawn feels highly neglected and is often seen alone. She later experiences her first kiss with a vampire named Justin, Dawns isolation from the other characters reaches its apex when she inadvertently makes a wish to the vengeance demon Halfrek which results in trapping everyone who enters the Summers house. Halfrek herself is inadvertently trapped, and undoes the curse to free herself, meanwhile Dawns kleptomania and feelings of neglect by her friends and family are exposed
11.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
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The series premiered on March 10,1997, on The WB and concluded on May 20,2003, on UPN. The series narrative follows Buffy Summers, the latest in a line of women known as Vampire Slayers. In the story, Slayers are called to battle against vampires, demons, like previous Slayers, Buffy is aided by a Watcher, who guides, teaches, and trains her. Unlike her predecessors, Buffy surrounds herself with a circle of friends who become known as the Scooby Gang. The series received critical and popular acclaim, frequently being listed as one of the greatest TV shows of all time, although such ratings are lower than successful shows on the big four networks, they were a success for the relatively new and smaller WB Television Network. Buffys success has led to hundreds of products, including novels, comics. The series has received attention in fandom, parody, and academia, Buffy Summers is the Slayer, one in a long line of young women chosen by fate to battle evil forces. Buffy receives guidance from her Watcher, Rupert Giles, Giles, rarely referred to by his first name, is a member of the Watchers Council, whose job is to train and guide the Slayers. Giles researches the supernatural creatures that Buffy must face, offers insights into their origins and advice on how to defeat them, Buffy is also helped by friends she meets at Sunnydale High, Willow Rosenberg and Xander Harris. Willow is originally a wallflower who excels at academics, providing a contrast to Buffys outgoing personality and they share the social isolation that comes with being different, and especially from being exceptional young women. As the series progresses, Willow becomes a more assertive character and a powerful witch, in contrast, Xander, with no supernatural skills but very athletic, provides comic relief and a grounded perspective. It is Xander who often provides the heart to the series, Buffy and Willow are the only characters who appear in all 144 episodes, Xander is missing in only one. The cast of characters grew over the course of the series, Buffy first arrives in Sunnydale with her mother, Joyce Summers, who functions as an anchor of normality in the Summers lives even after she learns of Buffys role in the supernatural world. Buffys younger sister Dawn Summers is introduced in season five, a vampire with a soul, Angel, is Buffys love interest throughout the first three seasons. He leaves Buffy as he believes he isnt good enough for her and he goes on to make amends for his sins and to search for redemption in his own spin-off, Angel. He makes several guest appearances in the seasons, including the last episode. At Sunnydale High, Buffy meets several other students besides Willow and Xander willing to join her fight for good, Cordelia Chase, the archetypal shallow cheerleader, reluctantly becomes involved. Daniel Oz Osbourne, a student, rock guitarist and werewolf
12.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight
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Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight is a comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics from 2007 to 2011. The series serves as a continuation of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It is produced by Joss Whedon, who wrote or co-wrote three of the series arcs and several one-shot stories, the series was followed by Season Nine in 2011. The series was supposed to consist of about 25 issues. The series also spawned a handful of titles, including a Tales of the Vampires follow-up and one-shots focusing on Willow. A motion comic version of the series debuted in 2010, a year after the end of the television series, Buffy and Xander now lead command-central, which is situated at a citadel in Scotland. At their disposal are an array of psychics, seers, witches. There are 1,800 Slayers worldwide according to Buffy, almost 500 of whom are working with the Scoobies, separated into 10 squads. Squads include Andrews in Southern Italy, Giles in England, Vis in New York City, Robins in Cleveland, Ohio, and another led by Rona in Chicago, Illinois. For Buffys protection and because her name is feared worldwide, two decoys are put in place, one partying in Rome and one on a mission in demonic underground caverns. Buffy now relies heavily on Willow, whose character arc sees her under the tutelage of a demon called Saga Vasuki. Under Saga Vasuki, Willows power has grown phenomenally, for example, she can now fly and cast extremely complicated, general Voll, a member of a mystically aware Initiative-like government project, describes fear of their resources, power, and ideology. The government has teamed with Sunnydale survivor/powerful witch Amy Madison and Season 6 villain Warren Mears in the hopes of bringing Buffy down. It later transpires that like Amy and Warren, Buffys ex-boyfriend Riley Finn is also loyal to Twilight, halfway through the season, ditzy vampire Harmony Kendall rises to fame as a reality TV star and ushers in a new pro-vampire, anti-Slayer world order. Under attack from Twilight and other demons as well as militaries across the world, because Twilight can now track the group through their use of magic, Buffy and her friends relocate to Tibet to learn from Oz how to suppress magical natures for witches and Slayers alike. Following the fray with Twilight, in which many Slayers were killed, a subplot involves the repercussions of Dawns college relationship with a boy named Kenny, whom she cheated on, losing her virginity to his roommate. Consequently, Dawn has been cursed with mystical transformations, first into a giant, then a centaur, Kennedy is unaware of the sexual aspect of Willows relationship with Saga Vasuki. Giles and Buffy, at odds, stop speaking with one another, Giles works with Faith to prevent more Slayers from going rogue
13.
Angel (1999 TV series)
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Angel is an American television series, a spin-off from the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The series was created by Buffys creator, Joss Whedon, in collaboration with David Greenwalt and it aired on The WB from October 5,1999, to May 19,2004, consisting of five seasons and 110 episodes. Like Buffy, it was produced by Whedons production company, Mutant Enemy, the show details the ongoing trials of Angel, a vampire whose human soul was restored to him by gypsies as a punishment for the murder of one of their own. After more than a century of murder and the torture of innocents, Angels restored soul torments him with guilt and he must also battle his own demonic nature. The series focuses around Angel, an Irish vampire who is over 200 years old, Angel was known as Angelus during his rampages across Europe, but was cursed with a soul, which gave him a conscience and guilt for centuries of murder and torture. He left Buffy the Vampire Slayer at the end of Season 3 to move to Los Angeles in search of redemption. He soon finds himself assisted by Allen Francis Doyle, another Irish character who is a half-human, half-demon who, Doyle serves to pass along the cryptic visions from The Powers That Be to Angel. Theyre soon joined by Cordelia Chase, also a previous cast member of Buffy, formerly a popular high school cheerleader, Cordelia starts her tenure on the show as a vapid and shallow personality, but grows over the course of the series into a hero. Cordelia acquires Doyles visions via a shared kiss prior to Doyles death, over time, Wesley shows bravery and strength, as well as some cold blooded killing cruelty, like his colleague Rupert Giles, and grows into a leader. In Season 2 of the show, the trio are joined by Charles Gunn, Season 3 saw the introduction of Connor, the miracle human child of two vampires, Angel and Darla. Abducted into a Hell dimension as a baby, he is raised by Angels enemy Daniel Holtz, although introduced during Season 2, Lorne joins the team during Season 4. An outgoing, pacifistic demon, Lornes role is predominantly to support the team, Season 5, the shows final season, introduces several new cast members, chief amongst them Spike, an old vampire ally/foe of Angels who also starred in Buffy. Finally, theres Harmony Kendall, another Buffy alumna and former friend of Cordelia who was turned into a vampire, resembling the old personality of Cordelia, Harmony is grudgingly accepted by Angel as his secretary when he takes over the Los Angeles branch of Wolfram & Hart. Many characters on Angel made recurring appearances, Angels sire Darla, first seen in Buffy, plays in an expanded role on Angel and appears in 20 episodes over the course of the series. Elisabeth Röhm appears in 15 episodes as LAPD Detective Kate Lockley, throughout the series, there were also guest appearances from Buffy characters, including main cast members Buffy Summers, Willow Rosenberg and Daniel Oz Osbourne. The rogue slayer Faith played an important part in episodes of Seasons 1,2, Whedon also used two actors from his cancelled television series Firefly, Gina Torres and Adam Baldwin, to play Jasmine and Marcus Hamilton, respectively. Much of Angel was shot on location in Los Angeles, California, the show is set in the city of Los Angeles. Los Angeles are the first words spoken in the episode
14.
Buffy novels
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Buffy novels have been published since 1998. Originally under the Pocket Books imprint of Simon & Schuster, they are now published by Simon Spotlight Entertainment which launched in 2004, authors who have written original novels include Mel Odom, Christopher Golden, and Nancy Holder. These Buffyverse tales take place throughout the series and are novelizations of various episodes and these Buffyverse tales take place before the television series begins. These Buffyverse tales take place around Buffy Season 1 and these tales take place during Buffy Season 2. These tales take place during Buffy Season 3 and these Buffyverse tales take place during Buffy Season 4, and Angel Season 1. These Buffyverse tales take place during Buffy Season 5, and Angel Season 2 and these Buffyverse tales take place around Buffy Season 6, and Angel Season 3. These Buffyverse tales take place around Buffy Season 7, and Angel Season 4, Buffy novels are not usually considered part of Buffyverse canon by fans. For a list associating Buffyverse authors with their Buffyverse novels see here, List of authors who have written Buffy novels, Buffy/Angel novels List of Buffyverse novels List of Angel novels List of television series made into books Nika Summers Buffy Library SlayerLit. us
15.
Buffy comics
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Buffy the Vampire Slayer comics refer to comic books based on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The first series of books were published by Dark Horse Comics between 1998 and 2004, originally in comic format but then gathered into volumes of trade paperbacks. A small number of Buffy comics have not been included in trade paperbacks, such as the books entitled Giles, Jonathan, Dark Horse reacquired the rights in 2010 and went on to release the official Angel, Season Six and the spin-off series Angel & Faith. Series creator Joss Whedon and a number of writers involved with the series authored many of the comic books. The stories in the Buffy comics take place in episodes of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV series, and continue after the series ended. Issues 1 to 63 take place during the period that the series was still on air, the earlier issues are not very easy to place in the series other than the season they are set in. Starting in 2007, a new series of Buffy comics has been produced and these are a canonical continuation of the television series and as such are considered Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight. One of the other comics considered canon is the 8-part series Fray, since the character, Melaka Fray. Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight takes place after the series ended, a subsequent Season Nine series followed, accompanied by a companion or sister-series Angel & Faith which is set during the same time period and interchanges plots and characters. Season Ten debuted in March 2014, followed by the continuation of its companion series the following month and these stories are first published by Dark Horse comics, later most of Buffy stories are collected in Buffy comic books. Most of the Buffy comic stories were published while the series was airing. After the series was over, Dark Horse Comics compiled select stories in books so that people could find them more easily. After the publication of volumes, Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight, Nine. After the TV series came to an end, a new season was published by Joss Whedon, Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight, as well as Angel, After the Fall. Meanwhile, IDW publishing decided to follow up the series Angel, volume one is drawn by Karl Moline and Andy Owens
16.
Buffy the Animated Series
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Buffy the Animated Series is an animated television series concept based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer created by Joss Whedon. Initially greenlit by 20th Century Fox in 2002, it went ultimately unproduced and unaired when no network was willing to buy the series, the series would have taken place in the middle of Buffy season 1, as writer Jeph Loeb described the continuity as Episode 7.5. Whedon and Loeb would later revisit the style of the series in the Season Eight comic story After These Messages, development began on the show in 2001. Joss Whedon and Jeph Loeb were to be executive producers for the show, the series soon ran into problems. 20th Century Fox were going to produce the show, and it was planned that the show would air on Fox Kids. When Fox Kids ceased operations, Fox shopped it to other networks, when no network was willing to purchase the series, production halted. Two years later, in 2004, Fox once again showed an interest in developing and selling the show to another network, various key actors, including Anthony Stewart Head, did voice work, and artwork was produced to make a four-minute presentation. That pilot was used to try to sell the series to a network, once again no network was willing to take the risk of purchasing the show. Loeb explained that networks find the show difficult since it would be too adult to air with childrens television, in a Q&A with The Hollywood Reporter on May 16,2003, Whedon explained, We just couldnt find a home for. We had a great director, great visuals, six or seven hilarious scripts from our own staff—and nobody wanted it. I felt like I was sitting there with bags of money and it was a question of people either not wanting it or not being able to put up the money because it was not a cheap show. One thing I was very hard-line about was, I didnt want people to see it if it looked like crap, I wanted it to be on a level with Animaniacs or Batman, The Animated Series. But I just dont think its worth doing unless its beautiful to look at as well as fun, in an interview with TV Guide in September 2005, Whedon announced that the series was effectively dead. Loeb mentioned that one of the episodes revolved around Buffy getting her drivers license, jane Espenson wrote three scripts for the show, One of which was called The Back Room, one was called Lunch is Revolting. and another called Teeny. Teeny would have been about a shrunken Buffy, Espenson revealed that Steve DeKnight and Drew Greenberg wrote episodes, if I recall. And I believe Doug Petrie did too, I think there was a story set aside for Rebecca Kirshner that she never got to start. Joss Whedon and Jeph Loeb wrote the pilot and she said there had been eight scripts written in all, although two were incomplete. Jeph Loeb revealed that there are thirteen scripts of the animated series, a Day in the Life Teeny Lunch is Revolting
17.
Cheerleader
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Cheerleading ranges from chanting, to intense physical activity for sports team motivation, audience entertainment, or competition based upon organized routines. Competitive routines typically range anywhere from one to three minutes, and contain components of tumbling, dance, jumps, cheers, and stunting, Cheerleading originated in the United States, and remains predominantly in America, with an estimated 1.5 million participants in all-star cheerleading. The global presentation of cheerleading was led by the 1997 broadcast of ESPNs International cheerleading competition, Cheerleading began during the late 18th century with the rebellion of male students. After the American Revolutionary War, students experienced harsh treatment from teachers, in response to facultys abuse, college students violently acted out. The undergraduates began to riot, burn down buildings located on their college campuses, as a more subtle way to gain independence, however, students invented and organized their own extracurricular activities outside their professors control. This brought about American sports, beginning first with collegiate teams, in the 1860s, students from Great Britain began to cheer and chant in unison for their favorite athletes at sporting events. Soon, that gesture of support crossed overseas to America, on November 6,1869, the United States witnessed its first intercollegiate football game. It took place between Princeton and Rutgers University, and marked the day the original Sis Boom Rah. cheer was shouted out by student fans, organized cheerleading started as an all-male activity. As early as 1877, Princeton University had a Princeton Cheer, documented in the February 22,1877, March 12,1880 and this cheer was yelled from the stands by students attending games, as well as by the athletes themselves. Remains in use with modifications today, where it is now referred to as the Locomotive. Princeton class of 1882 graduate Thomas Peebles moved to Minnesota in 1884 and he transplanted the idea of organized crowds cheering at football games to the University of Minnesota. These students would cheer for the team also at football practices and it was not until 1898 that University of Minnesota student Johnny Campbell directed a crowd in cheering Rah, Rah, Rah. Making Campbell the very first cheerleader, November 2,1898 is the official birth date of organized cheerleading. Soon after, the University of Minnesota organized a yell leader squad of six male students, in 1903, the first cheerleading fraternity, Gamma Sigma, was founded. In 1923, at the University of Minnesota, women were permitted to participate in cheerleading, however, it took time for other schools to follow. In the late 1920s, many school manuals and newspapers that were published still referred to cheerleaders as chap, fellow, women cheerleaders were overlooked until the 1940s. In the 1940s, collegiate men were drafted for World War II, as noted by Kieran Scott in Ultimate Cheerleading, Girls really took over for the first time. During the 1950s, cheerleading in America also increased in popularity, by the 1960s, some began to consider cheerleading a feminine extracurricular for boys, and by the 1970s, girls primarily cheered at public school games
18.
Vampire (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
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In Fray, a Buffy comic book spin-off set about a century in the future, vampires are also called lurks. The vampires in the canonical Buffyverse differ greatly from those that appear in the 1992 Buffy the Vampire Slayer movie, the movies vampires are able to fly, look pale but relatively human, and do not crumble to dust when killed. The canonical vampires, introduced in the first episode of the series, are demonic spirits that inhabit human corpses. Because of their human nature, vampires are considered impure by other demons who sometimes call them blood rats. According to Rupert Giles, when the ancient race of demons called the Old Ones were banished from Earth, according to Illyria, vampires existed during her time as an Old One—long before the rest were banished from the realm. Vampires possess all the memories and skills of their human predecessors and they also retain much of their hosts personality, including any mental illnesses or emotional instabilities. For example, Spike retained his love for his mother and Harmony kept her vain, shallow valley girl personality. They can drain animals—including humans—of their blood in a few seconds, vampires—except those who are skilled with powerful magic such as Count Dracula—cannot shape-shift. They require no other food or drink, and although they can ingest it they find it bland. Prolonged deprivation of blood can impair a vampires higher brain functions and they become living skeletons and they do not need to breathe air—although they can breathe to speak or smoke—and they cannot pass breath on to others via CPR. They are affected by drugs, poisons, and electricity and they can be sedated and tasered, some vampires enjoy both alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, and tobacco. Vampires can change at will between human appearance and a form with a pronounced brow ridge, yellow eyes. They make a sound when angered. In human form, they can be detected by their lack of heartbeat and they do not cast reflections, although they can be photographed and filmed. They are largely immune to mind-reading, but Willow Rosenberg can telepathically communicate with such as Spike. Vampires can be killed by beheading, burning with fire or sunlight, when killed, a vampire rapidly turns to dry dust. They heal quickly from most injuries but do not regrow lost limbs and their flesh burns in direct sunlight, and on contact with blessed objects such as holy water, a Bible, recently consecrated ground or a Christian cross. They can enter consecrated buildings but appear to feel ill at ease, Vampires are attracted to bright colors and are said to dislike garlic
19.
Hellmouth (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
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In the fictional universe established by the television shows Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel, the Buffyverse, a Hellmouth is an area fraught with massive supernatural activity. Hellmouths are places of increased supernatural energy, according to the mythology of the Buffyverse, this is the area in which the barriers between dimensions are weak. The Hellmouth has a point, which serves as a portal between earth and Hell. For these reasons, the Hellmouth attracts demons and other supernatural creatures, the television series has confirmed that there are Hellmouths under Sunnydale, California and Cleveland, Ohio, as well as other unspecified cities around the world. The energies emitted by the Hellmouth can have strange effects, Sunnydale High, positioned over the focal point, bore most of this supernatural phenomena. Buffy described the effects thus, where the way a thing feels kind of starts being that way for real, for example, an eight-year-old boy inadvertently brought the realm of nightmare to reality during his coma. A boy suffering from stress literally explodes, the ghosts of dead high-school lovers haunt the school. In Season 7, when the Hellmouth becomes more active than during any time in the series. Inexplicable feats of science become possible, People become drawn to do evil things. In both Prophecy Girl and The Zeppo, large, multi-tentacled demons seem to be immediately inside the Hellmouth, until Buffy, in the episode Doomed, Buffy entered the Hellmouth where it was revealed to be a large, empty cavern. Three years later, the First Evil bred thousands of Turok-Hans inside the Hellmouth, the Sunnydale Hellmouth lies underneath the library of Sunnydale High school during the first three seasons of the show, until the Schools destruction at the end of Season 3. In the Season 4 episode Doomed the Hellmouth is seen as a narrow, when Sunnydale High is re-built at the beginning of the 7th Season, Xander Harris says that the new principals office is now located directly over the Hellmouth. There have been attempts by apocalyptic individuals/groups to open or utilize the Sunnydale Hellmouth, such as in the episodes The Harvest, The Zeppo. The Seal of Danzalthar is a device resembling a demonic symbol, featuring an inverted pentagram. It is located over the Hellmouth and was discovered in the basement of the rebuilt Sunnydale High School, the Seal is first seen in Season 7 of the series, in the episode Conversations With Dead People. Andrew Wells is seduced by First Evil in the form of Andrews dead friend Warren Mears into opening the Seal. The Seal can only be opened by a sacrifice, so Andrew murders his friend Jonathan Levinson who, because he is anemic. Jonathans body and the Seal are found by Principal Robin Wood, the First Evil sends its minions, The Bringers, to capture Spike
20.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years
21.
Bravo (US TV channel)
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Bravo is an American basic cable and satellite television network and flagship channel, launched on December 1,1980. It is owned by NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast and headquartered in the Comcast Building in New York City, as of July 2015, approximately 92,295,000 American households receive Bravo. Bravo originally launched as a premium channel on December 1,1980. In 1981, Bravo was available to 48,000 subscribers throughout the United States, a 1985 profile of Bravo in The New York Times observed that most of its programming consisted of international, classic, and independent film. Celebrities such as E. G. Marshall and Roberta Peters provided opening and closing commentary to the films broadcast on the channel, performing arts programs seen on Bravo included the show Jazz Counterpoint. During the mid-1980s, Bravo converted from a service into a basic cable channel. Bravo signed a deal with Texaco in 1992 and within a month broadcast the first Texaco Showcase production. By the mid-1990s, Bravo began to incorporate more PBS-style underwriting sponsorships, in the Encyclopedia of Television, Megan Mullen perceived certain Bravo programs as considered too risky or eclectic for mainstream channels. Those programs were Karaoke and Cold Lazarus, the serials by British playwright Dennis Potter shown by Bravo in June 1997. In 1999, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer acquired a 20% stake in the channel, NBC bought the network in 2002 for $1.25 billion, it had owned a stake in the channel and its sister networks for several years up to that point. NBCs then-parent company General Electric merged the network and its other broadcast, bravos makeover occurred in 2003 with the reality series Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, which garnered 3.5 million viewers. Bravo Media released its first ever scripted series Girlfriends Guide to Divorce in the half of 2014. A study released in May 2008 ranked Bravo as the most recognizable brand among gay consumers, bravos age demographic is people 18-54, according to the Cable Television Advertising Bureaus cable television profiles. The. by Bravo marketing tag will also be phased out from general use, Bravo utilizes block programming for both new shows and existing ones such as its Fashion By Bravo block. The channel carried no coverage during the 2008 games, as NBCUniversal had acquired Oxygen, during the 2016 Rio Olympics, Bravo served as the exclusive home of the entire tennis tournament. Bravo began broadcasting in the 1080i high definition format in 2007, the format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Before Bravo broadcast in HD, the current Universal HD launched as Bravo HD+ and it had a completely different schedule than the main Bravo channel and only aired programs produced in HD. An Australian channel called Arena rebranded its on-air presentation in 2008 to align with Bravo as a result of an agreement with Bravo Media, Arena uses the now-former Bravo slogan Watch What Happens and has access to Bravo-produced programming
22.
Entertainment Weekly
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Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by Time Inc. that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books and popular culture. Different from celebrity-focused publications like Us Weekly, People, and In Touch Weekly, EW primarily concentrates on entertainment media news, however, unlike Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, which are aimed at industry insiders, EW targets a more general audience. The first issue was published on February 16,1990, the cover price was $1.95 The title word entertainment was not capitalized on the cover until mid-1992 and has remained so since. By 2003, the weekly circulation averaged 1.7 million copies per week. In March 2006, managing editor Rick Tetzeli oversaw an overhaul of EWs graphics, Entertainment Weekly follows a typical magazine format by featuring a letters to the editor and table of contents in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, the majority of ads are typically related to up-and-coming television and these beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. First Look, subtitled An early peek at some of Hollywoods coolest projects, is a spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies. The Hit List, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights ten major events, Typically, there will be some continuity to the commentaries. This column was written by Jim Mullen and featured twenty events each week. The Hollywood Insider is a section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in the columns, on the most-current news in television, movie. The Style Report is a section devoted to celebrity style. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is rich in nature. Recently, the converted to a new format, five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week. A spin-off section, Style Hunter, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently. The Monitor is a two-page spread devoted to events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page obituary titled Legacy and this feature is nearly identical to sister publication Peoples Passages feature. Harris column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns, harris has written about the writers strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics
23.
AOL
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AOL Inc. is an American multinational mass media corporation based in New York, a subsidiary of Verizon Communications. AOL was one of the pioneers of the Internet in the mid-1990s. It originally provided a service to millions of Americans, as well as providing a web portal, e-mail, instant messaging. At the height of its popularity, it purchased the media conglomerate Time Warner in the largest merger in U. S. history, AOL rapidly declined thereafter, partly due to the decline of dial-up to broadband. AOL was eventually spun off from Time Warner in 2009, with Tim Armstrong appointed the new CEO, under his leadership, the company invested in media brands and advertising technologies. On June 23,2015, AOL was acquired by Verizon Communications for $4.4 billion, in the following months, AOL also made a deal with Microsoft and acquired several tech properties, including Millennial Media and Kanvas to bolster their mobile ad-tech capabilities. AOL began in 1983, as a venture called Control Video Corporation. Its sole product was a service called GameLine for the Atari 2600 video game console. Subscribers bought a modem from the company for US$49.95, GameLine permitted subscribers to temporarily download games and keep track of high scores, at a cost of US$1 per game. The telephone disconnected and the game would remain in GameLines Master Module and playable until the user turned off the console or downloaded another game. In January 1983, Steve Case was hired as a consultant for Control Video on the recommendation of his brother. In May 1983, Jim Kimsey became a consultant for Control Video. Kimsey was brought in by his West Point friend Frank Caufield, in early 1985, von Meister left the company. The technical team consisted of Marc Seriff, Tom Ralston, Ray Heinrich, Steve Trus, Ken Huntsman, Janet Hunter, Dave Brown, Craig Dykstra, Doug Coward, in 1987, Case was promoted again to executive vice-president. Kimsey soon began to groom Case to take over the role of CEO, Kimsey changed the companys strategy, and in 1985, launched a dedicated online service for Commodore 64 and 128 computers, originally called Quantum Link. The Quantum Link software was based on software licensed from PlayNet, the service was different from other online services as it used the computing power of the Commodore 64 and the Apple II rather than just a dumb terminal. It passed tokens back and forth and provided a fixed price service tailored for home users, in May 1988, Quantum and Apple launched AppleLink Personal Edition for Apple II and Macintosh computers. In August 1988, Quantum launched PC Link, a service for IBM-compatible PCs developed in a joint venture with the Tandy Corporation, after the company parted ways with Apple in October 1989, Quantum changed the services name to America Online
24.
AfterEllen.com
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AfterEllen. com, founded in April 2002, is a website that focuses on the portrayal of lesbian and bisexual women in the media. TheBacklot. com, its site for gay and bisexual men, was launched in January 2005 under the name AfterElton. com. AfterEllen. com was founded by Sarah Warn, and AfterElton. com by Warn, Michael Jensen, Warn initially served as the editor in chief of both websites. Michael Jensen became editor in chief of AfterElton. com in November 2005, karman Kregloe became the editor in chief of AfterEllen. com in November 2009 and Dennis Ayers took over as editor in chief of AfterElton in 2011. Both websites were bought in 2006 by the television channel Logo. AfterEllen was sold in 2014 to Evolve Media, owner of CraveOnline, the site considers television, film, music, books, and celebrity news. It publishes articles, regular columns, reviews, recaps of television shows with lesbian and bisexual characters or subtextual content, and maintains several blogs. More recently, weekly video blogs, often called vlogs, have become a key part of AfterEllen. com, the popular of which include Brunch With Bridget, Lesbian Love. The site also features popular web series, such as the Streamy winning and it is the top website for LGBT women, reaching over 700,000 readers a month as of 2008. In March 2008, it was named one of the worlds 50 most powerful blogs by British newspaper The Observer for its irreverent look at how the community is represented in the media. In October 2014, it was announced that AfterEllen was acquired by Evolve Media, in September 2016 Evolve announced that AfterEllen would no longer publish editorial content but would continue as a platform for freelance writers. TheBacklot. com launched under the name AfterElton. com, the site is not affiliated with Elton John, although its original name refers to the milestone for gay men when John publicly came out. The site considers television, film, music, books, and it publishes articles, regular columns, reviews, recaps of television shows with gay and bisexual characters, and maintains several blogs, including the Meme by Ed Kennedy. Co-founder Michael Jensen was Editor in Chief from 2005 until September 25,2011, on January 12,2012, the site announced that Louis Virtel had been hired as its West Coast entertainment editor. Dennis Ayers announced on January 31,2013 that AfterElton would be changing its name to TheBacklot. com in April. The change was motivated by a desire to separate the site from its AfterEllens little brother origin and to reflect the general focus on Hollywood. The relaunch under the new name took place on April 17,2013, on June 29,2015, the site announced that it would be merging with NewNowNext, another LGBT-themed entertainment website owned by Logo. TheBacklot name will be discontinued, and Dan Avery will be editor-in-chief of the combined site, the website has not been updated since June 2016
25.
Donald Sutherland
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Donald McNichol Sutherland, OC is a Canadian actor whose film career spans six decades. Since then, he established himself as one of the most respected, prolific, Sutherland has been nominated for eight Golden Globe Awards, winning two for his performances in the television films Citizen X and Path to War, the former also brought him a Primetime Emmy Award. Inductee of Hollywood Walk of Fame and Canadian Walk of Fame, several media outlets and movie critics describe him as one of the best actors who has never been nominated for an Oscar. He is father of actors Rossif Sutherland, Angus Sutherland, Sutherland was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of Dorothy Isobel and Frederick McLea Sutherland, who worked in sales and ran the local gas, electricity and bus company. He is of Scottish, German and English ancestry, as a child, he battled rheumatic fever, hepatitis, and poliomyelitis. His teenage years were spent in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia and he obtained his first part-time job, at the age of 14, as a news correspondent for local radio station CKBW. Sutherland graduated from Bridgewater High School and he then studied at Victoria College, University of Toronto, where he met his first wife Lois Hardwick, and graduated with a double major in engineering and drama. He had at one point been a member of the UC Follies comedy troupe in Toronto and he changed his mind about becoming an engineer, and left Canada for Britain in 1957, studying at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. After quitting the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, Sutherland spent a year, in the early to mid-1960s, Sutherland began to gain small roles in British films and TV. He featured alongside Christopher Lee in horror films such as Castle of the Living Dead and he also had a supporting role in the Hammer Films production Die. With Tallulah Bankhead and Stefanie Powers, in 1966, Sutherland appeared in the BBC TV play Lee Oswald-Assassin, playing a friend of Lee Harvey Oswald, Charles Givens. In 1967, he appeared in The Superlative Seven, an episode of The Avengers and he also made a second, and more substantial appearance in The Saint. The episode, Escape Route, was directed by the star, Roger Moore. They came to view a rough cut and he got The Dirty Dozen, the film, which starred Lee Marvin and Charles Bronson, was the 5th highest-grossing film of 1967 and MGMs highest-grossing movie of the year. In 1968, after the breakthrough in the UK-filmed The Dirty Dozen and he then appeared in two war films, playing the lead role as Hawkeye Pierce in Robert Altmans MASH in 1970, and, again in 1970, as hippie tank commander Oddball in Kellys Heroes. He stars with Gene Wilder in the 1970 comedy Start the Revolution Without Me, during the filming of the Academy Award-winning detective thriller Klute, Sutherland had an intimate relationship with co-star Jane Fonda. Sutherland and Fonda went on to co-produce and star together in the anti-Vietnam War documentary F. T. A, consisting of a series of sketches performed outside army bases in the Pacific Rim and interviews with American troops who were then on active service. A follow up to their teaming up in Klute, Sutherland and Fonda performed together in Steelyard Blues and his role as Corpse of Lt. Robert Schmied in the Maximilian Schells 1976 German film-directed End of the Game is listed in crazy credits
26.
Luke Perry
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Coy Luther Luke Perry III is an American actor. He starred as Dylan McKay on the TV series Beverly Hills,90210 from 1990 to 1995, Perry was born in Mansfield, Ohio and raised in Fredericktown, Ohio. There, he was the mascot, the Fredericktown High School Freddie. His mother, Ann Bennett, was a homemaker, and his father, Coy Luther Perry, Perry likes to go home annually for the Fredericktown Tomato Show, an annual street fair. Perry moved to Los Angeles shortly after school to pursue acting as he did not have any opportunities to do so in Ohio. He worked as a paver and lived in cities including Huntington Beach, Long Beach, Downey. In an interview with Whoopi Goldberg in the 1990s, Perry said he auditioned for 215 acting jobs in New York before finally scoring a TV commercial. After appearing in the music video Be Chrool to Your Scuel for the band Twisted Sister alongside Alice Cooper, Perrys earliest roles were in the soap operas Loving. Following this, he won the role of brooding millionaires son Dylan McKay on Foxs teen drama. He had auditioned for the role of Steve Sanders, a role that went to actor Ian Ziering, while starring on 90210, Perry then won a supporting role in the original film version of the Joss Whedons Buffy The Vampire Slayer. Perry had already become a popular teen idol in the early 1990s. Perry also starred in Terminal Bliss in 1992, Perry starred as Lane Frost in 8 Seconds in 1994. In an attempt to more mature roles, he decided to leave Beverly Hills,90210 in 1995. In the same year, he took a part in the Italian movie Vacanze di Natale 95, although he announced that 90210 was behind him, his departure would eventually turn out to be for only three years. Even though Perry had left 90210 in 1995, he returned in 1998 for financial reasons, Perry starred in the 1999 film Storm. He then went on to star in a 2002 television movie called The Triangle, from 2001 to 2002, he starred in the HBO prison drama Oz, as Reverend Jeremiah Cloutier. From 2002 to 2004, he starred in the post-apocalyptic TV series Jeremiah, in 2005 Perry was rumoured to be in Day of the Dead 2, Contagium, but did not appear to be in the film. In 2006, Perry co-starred in the drama series Windfall
27.
Rutger Hauer
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Rutger Oelsen Hauer is a Dutch actor, writer, and environmentalist. He has acted in both Dutch and English-language TV series and films and his career began in 1969 with the title role in the Dutch television series Floris. Hauer founded the Rutger Hauer Starfish Association, an AIDS awareness organization, Hauer was born on 23 January 1944 in Breukelen in the Netherlands. He is the son of drama teachers Teunke and Arend Hauer and he has three sisters, one older and two younger. Since his parents were occupied with their careers, he. He went to a Waldorf school, at the age of 15, Hauer ran off to sea and spent a year scrubbing decks aboard a freighter. Returning home, he worked as an electrician and a joiner for three years while attending acting classes at night school, Hauer served in the Royal Netherlands Navy. Hauer joined a troupe, with which he remained for five years before Paul Verhoeven cast him in the lead role of the 1969 television series Floris. The role made him famous in his country, and Hauer reprised his role for the 1975 German remake Floris von Rosemund. Hauers career changed course when Verhoeven cast him in Turkish Delight, the film found box office favour abroad and at home, and Hauer looked to appear in more international films. Within two years, Hauer made his English-language debut in the British film The Wilby Conspiracy, set in South Africa, the film was an action-drama with a focus on apartheid. Hauers supporting role, however, was noticed in Hollywood. During this period, he made Katie Tippel and worked again with Verhoeven on Soldier of Orange and these two films paired Hauer with fellow Dutch actor Jeroen Krabbé. Hauer made his American debut in the Sylvester Stallone film Nighthawks as a psychopathic and he continued to make an impression on audiences in The Hitcher, in which he played a mysterious hitchhiker tormenting a lone motorist and murdering anyone in his way. At the height of Hauers fame, he was set to be cast as RoboCop though the role went to Peter Weller. That same year, Hauer starred as Nick Randall in Wanted, in The Legend of the Holy Drinker, Hauer showed a more soulful side. Phillip Noyce also attempted to capitalize, with far less success, Hauer returned to science fiction with The Blood of Heroes, in which he played a former champion in a post-apocalyptic world. He also appeared in the Kylie Minogue music video On a Night Like This, in 1999, Hauer was awarded the Dutch Best Actor of the Century Rembrandt Award
28.
Christopher Golden
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Christopher Golden is an American author of horror, fantasy, and suspense novels for adults and teens. He is also writing a series of Sons of Anarchy novels, Golden was born and raised in Massachusetts, where he still lives with his family. As well as novels, Golden has written books and video games. He has also edited numerous horror and dark fantasy fiction anthologies and is writing a series of Sons of Anarchy novels, strangewood Straight On Til Morning The Ferryman The Boys Are Back in Town Wildwood Road Bloodstained Oz - co-authored with James A. The series is based on Washington Irvings The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. net Interview with Christopher Golden at AvPGalaxy. net Christopher Golden at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
29.
Comic book
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A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
30.
The Origin (Buffy comic)
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The Origin is a series of comics set in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer universe. It retells the events of the movie by adapting, and remaining faithful to, Buffy Summers considers herself a normal high school student until a stranger approaches her and explains her destiny. Buffy only gradually accepts her new role as Vampire Slayer and must prevent the vampire Lothos from taking over Los Angeles, Buffys a popular high school student whos planning her next big school dance. Merrick, a Watcher approaches her and announces that she has become the one, Buffy Summers learns how to fight vampires, but her normal life is falling apart. Meanwhile, the evil vampire Lothos is gathering together a group of undead Americans hoping to spread evil across the city. The rebel, Pike becomes entangled in Buffys destiny, Buffys Watcher, Merrick, is no more. Buffy has to deal with the evil of Lothos with only Pike to help her, Buffy must somehow negotiate the school dance and a growing evil. In the end, the gym is burned down. Whedon stated, The origin comic, though I have issues with it and they did a cool job of combining the movie script with the series, that was nice, and using the series Merrick and not a certain OTHER thespian who shall remain hated
31.
Buffyverse canon
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Star Trek, Star Wars, Stargate and other prolific sci-fi and fantasy franchises have similarly gathered complex fictional continuities through hundreds of stories told in different formats. Using the religious analogy of a canon of scripture, things that are not canon are considered apocryphal, when a body of work is not specifically accepted or rejected by an authority, canon can be a fluid term that is interpreted differently by different people. This is the case with Buffyverse canon, which has yet to be defined by an authority to the satisfaction. The creator of the Buffyverse, Joss Whedon, has implied that additional materials he was not heavily involved in creating were separate from canon, the Buffyverse novels and Buffyverse comics are licensed by 20th Century Fox, but are generally considered less real within the Buffyverse. Despite this, they have been licensed as official Buffy the Vampire Slayer or Angel merchandise, furthermore, many authors have said that Whedon or his office have had to approve their overall outline for their novel or comic if not the final product. This was to prevent the stories venturing too far from the intentions of Buffy/Angel stories. These works are commonly considered non-canon, jeff Mariotte, author of Buffyverse novels and comics has said, Work created with Joss Whedons involvement has been described as canon by commentators, and by Whedon himself. Fray is a comic series written by Whedon, about a Vampire Slayer of the future named Melaka Fray. In the Buffyverse, a powerful scythe used by Buffy is found in centuries to come by Melaka Fray, in Fray no mention is made of the Slayers essence being split amongst multiple women. Doug Petrie wrote comics Ring of Fire, Double Cross, jane Espenson has written comics, as well as two Tales of the Slayer prose shorts. Rebecca Rand Kirshner also wrote a short story for Tales of the Slayer. Two actors have co-authored comics with Christopher Golden, james Marsters, who portrayed Spike, co-authored Paint the Town Red, whilst Amber Benson co-authored Willow & Tara. Benson also wrote the short story The Innocent. All other Buffyverse comics and novels were written by authors that were not involved with any level of production of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer or Angel. The creators of works are generally free to tell their own stories set in the Buffyverse. Similarly, writers for the TV series were under no obligation to use continuity which has been established by the Expanded Universe, usually the authors and editors of these licensed materials try not to contradict information that has been established by canon. However, many of the materials do directly contradict it. A. offices in Angel Season 5, some of the licensed materials successfully avoid contradicting any information given in episodes. For example, How I Survived My Summer Vacation features short stories take place after Buffy Season 1
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The Hollywood Reporter
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Headquartered in Los Angeles, THR is part of the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a group of properties that includes Billboard and SpinMedia. It is owned by Eldridge Industries, a company owned by an executive of its previous owner. Under Janice Min, a faltering THR was relaunched in 2010 as a weekly print magazine with a revamped, continuously updated website, as well as mobile. THR was founded in 1930 by William R, billy Wilkerson as Hollywoods first daily entertainment trade newspaper. The first edition appeared on September 3,1930, and featured Wilkersons front-page Tradeviews column, the newspaper appeared Monday to Saturday for the first 10 years, except for a brief period, then Monday to Friday from 1940. Wilkerson ran the THR until his death in September 1962, although his final column appeared 18 months prior, from the late 1930s, Wilkerson used THR to push the view that the industry was a communist stronghold. In particular, he opposed the screenplay writers trade union, the Screen Writers Guild, in 1946 the Guild considered creating an American Authors Authority to hold copyright for writers, instead of ownership passing to the studios. Wilkerson devoted his Tradeviews column to the issue on July 29,1946 and he went to confession before publishing it, knowing the damage it would cause, but was apparently encouraged by the priest to go ahead with it. The column contained the first industry names, including Dalton Trumbo and Howard Koch, on became the Hollywood blacklist. Eight of the 11 people Wilkerson named were among the Hollywood Ten who were blacklisted after hearings in 1947 by the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1997 THR reporter David Robb wrote a story about the newspapers involvement, for the blacklists 65th anniversary in 2012, the THR published a lengthy investigative piece about Wilkersons role, by reporters Gary Baum and Daniel Miller. The same edition carried an apology from Wilkersons son, W. R. Wilkerson III and he wrote that his father had been motivated by revenge for his thwarted ambition to own a studio. Wilkersons wife, Tichi Wilkerson Kassel, took over as publisher and she sold the paper on April 11,1988, to Affiliated Publications, parent company of Billboard Publications, for $26.7 million. Robert J. Dowling became THR president in 1988 and editor-in-chief, Dowling brought in Alex Ben Block as editor in 1990, and editorial quality of both news and specials steadily improved. Block and Teri Ritzer dampened much of the coverage and cronyism that had infected the paper under Wilkerson. After Block left, former editor at Variety, Anita Busch, was brought in as editor between 1999 and 2001. Busch was credited with making the paper competitive with Variety, tony Uphoff assumed the publisher position in November 2005. Uphoff was replaced in October 2006 by John Kilcullen, the publisher of Billboard, Kilcullen was a defendant in Billboards infamous dildo lawsuit, in which he was accused of race discrimination and sexual harassment
33.
List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes
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Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an American television series created by Joss Whedon, which premiered on March 10,1997. It concluded on May 20,2003, after seven seasons with 144 episodes in total, the first five seasons aired on The WB, and in 2001, it transferred to the UPN for its final two seasons. In the United Kingdom, the series aired on Sky1 and BBC Two. The story line is continued in comic form in Season 8, Season 9, Season 10. All seven seasons of the series are available on individual DVD box sets for Regions 1,2 and 4. Two complete series collections have been released separately for these regions. com List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes at BuffyGuide. com Buffy the Vampire Slayer at epguides. com
34.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
35.
Sunnydale
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Sunnydale is the fictional setting for the U. S. television drama Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Series creator Joss Whedon conceived the town as a representation of a generic California city, Sunnydale is located on a Hellmouth, a portal between this reality and the next, and convergence point of mystical energies. Sunnydales size and surroundings are implausible but justified given its origins — to sustain a population for supernatural evils to prey upon. During the first three seasons, Sunnydale is shown to have 38,500 inhabitants, very few schools, forty-three churches, a small private college, a zoo, a museum. Even so, it has twelve gothic cemeteries and these cemeteries are so heavily used that services are sometimes held at night. Sunnydale is divided into five neighborhoods, the first is the entertainment district which contains the Bronze, Sunnydales nightclub. The second is the alleys directly behind Bronze which contain the towns supply of pallets. The high school makes the third neighborhood, the fourth neighborhood is filled in its entirety by the large graveyard, and lastly the suburban residential sprawl is the final neighborhood. The abundance of very nice homes is made possible by low property values caused by frequent murder, in later seasons it is revealed that Sunnydale contains a campus of the University of California system, as well as a profitable magic supply shop. The town is seen to include a large park containing a creek and a lake. Sunnydale has a number of parks, Weatherly Park, Glebe Park, Radcliff Park, Sunnydale has a train station, a bus station, a small airport, and a small military base. There is also a seaport with a deep enough to allow the docking of coastal freighters. Directly beneath Sunnydale High School is a Hellmouth, a subterranean and this functions as a major plot device in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, as it explains why vampires and other demons are so prevalent in Sunnydale. By the shows season, set in 2002–03, the citys population had fallen to 32,900. In the spring, the town is almost completely evacuated, Sunnydale has a somewhat isolated location. The town is situated near several acres of woods and forest, breakers Woods is a 45-minute drive from town. Sunnydale is located on or near the Pacific Ocean, an ocean port with several docked ships is nearby. Kingmans Bluff stands on a cliff overlooking the sea
36.
Xander Harris
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Alexander Lavelle Xander Harris is a fictional character created for the action-horror/fantasy television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. He was developed by Joss Whedon and portrayed throughout the series by Nicholas Brendon. He was conceived as an everyman and a character for series heroine Buffy Summers to interact with. Xander is one of friends of Buffy who assist her in saving the world against numerous supernatural events that plague Sunnydale, California. Xander is based in part on Whedon himself, particularly in his school years, as such, he is often the most geeky as well as witty. The characters overriding arc through the series has been his struggle towards maturity, academic attention to the character has frequently come in the form of gender studies or with a focus on social class, reflecting Xanders working class home life and his fears of inadequacy. As such, his character is noted for being the one who observes and sees everything rightly, critics have noted that although Xander frequently exhibits a struggle of masculinity, his storylines often focus on his romantic conquests. In Season Eight, the characters relationship with Buffys little sister Dawn also develops along romantic lines. The character of Xander Harris also appears in numerous items in the series Expanded Universe, such as books, tie-in novels. Xander Harris is introduced in season ones two-part premiere Welcome to the Hellmouth/The Harvest, Xander meets Buffy Summers, the Slayer, on her first day at Sunnydale High, as well as her Watcher Rupert Giles. After his friend Jesse is made a vampire, Xander accidentally kills him, Xander and his best friend Willow become Buffys reliable sidekicks. He pines for Buffys romantic affection, oblivious to Willows affections for him, and distrusts Buffys boyfriend, in the season finale, Prophecy Girl, Xander saves Buffys life by administering CPR after she is drowned by the Master. In season two, Xander begins a turbulent and ambiguous relationship with popular girl Cordelia Chase after they are together in several life-or-death situations. The episode Go Fish focuses on Xander, after he joins the team to investigate the disappearances of Sunnydale High swimmers. Season three begins with Xander and his friends slaying demons since Buffy ran away to Los Angeles, when Cordelia catches Xander kissing Willow in Lovers Walk, she dumps him, this time permanently, though they ultimately part as friends. The Zeppo is an episode focusing on Xander, the episode begins with Cordelia mocking him as a loser. His calm handling of the incident significantly enhances his self-confidence and, Xander takes Anya, formerly vengeance demon Anyanka, to his prom in The Prom, and his military training proves useful in defeating the evil Mayor in season finale Graduation Day. In season four, Xanders feelings of inferiority and isolation increase, outside of the core group, Xander strengthens his relationship with Anya and the two eventually fall in love
