1.
Uganda
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Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, Uganda is the worlds second most populous landlocked country after Ethiopia. The southern part of the country includes a portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region, Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate. Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a portion of the south of the country. The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, beginning in 1894, the area was ruled as a protectorate by the British, who established administrative law across the territory. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962, luganda, a central language, is widely spoken across the country, and several other languages are also spoken including Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, and Luo. The president of Uganda is Yoweri Museveni, who came to power in January 1986 after a protracted guerrilla war. The ancestors of the Ugandans were hunter-gatherers until 1, 700-2,300 years ago, Bantu-speaking populations, who were probably from central Africa, migrated to the southern parts of the country. According to oral tradition, the Empire of Kitara covered an important part of the lakes area, from the northern lakes Albert and Kyoga to the southern lakes Victoria. Bunyoro-Kitara is claimed as the antecedent of the Buganda, Toro, Ankole, some Luo invaded the area of Bunyoro and assimilated with the Bantu there, establishing the Babiito dynasty of the current Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara. Arab traders moved inland from the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in the 1830s and they were followed in the 1860s by British explorers searching for the source of the Nile. British Anglican missionaries arrived in the kingdom of Buganda in 1877 and were followed by French Catholic missionaries in 1879, the British government chartered the Imperial British East Africa Company to negotiate trade agreements in the region beginning in 1888. From 1886, there were a series of wars in Buganda. Because of civil unrest and financial burdens, IBEAC claimed that it was unable to maintain their occupation in the region, in the 1890s,32,000 labourers from British India were recruited to East Africa under indentured labour contracts to construct the Uganda Railway. Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to remain in East Africa after the lines completion, subsequently, some became traders and took control of cotton ginning and sartorial retail. British naval ships unknowingly carried rats that contained the bubonic plague and these rats spread the disease throughout Uganda. From 1900 to 1920, a sleeping sickness epidemic in the part of Uganda, along the north shores of Lake Victoria
2.
Kabaka of Buganda
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Kabaka is the title of the king of the Kingdom of Buganda. According to the traditions of the Baganda they are ruled by two kings, one spiritual and the other material. The spiritual, or supernatural, king is represented by the Royal Drums, regalia called Mujaguzo and, as they always exist, Mujaguzo, like any other king, has his own palace, officials, servants and palace guards. The material, human prince has to perform special cultural rites on the Royal Drums before he can be declared king of the Kingdom of Buganda, the same Royal Drums are sounded upon the death of a reigning king to officially announce the death of the material king. According to Buganda culture, a king does not die but gets lost in the forest, inside the royal tomb, such as the Kasubi Tombs, the Wamala Tombs and Serangoon North, one is shown the entrance of the forest. It is taboo to look beyond the entrance, Buganda has no concept equivalent to the Crown Prince. All the princes are equally treated prior to the coronation of a new king following the death of a reigning monarch, however, during the period of a reigning king, a special council has the mandate to study the behavior and characteristics of the young princes. The reigning king, informed by the recommendation of the special council, in a secret ceremony, the selected prince is given a special piece of bark cloth by the head of the special verification council. The name of the king-to-be is kept secret by the council until the death of the reigning king. By tradition, Baganda children take on the clan of their biological fathers, the firstborn prince, by tradition called Kiweewa, is not allowed to become king. That was carefully planned to protect him against any attempted assassinations in a bid to fight for the crown, instead, he is given special roles to play in the matters of the royal family and kingdom. Thus, the name of the successor to the throne remains secret. The following are the known Kings of Buganda, starting from around 1300 AD. C. 1738-c.1740 Mwanga I, c. 1740-c.1741 Namuggala, c. 1741-c.1750 Kyabaggu, c. 1750-c.1780 Jjunju, c. 1780-c.1797 Semakookiro, c. 1797-c
3.
Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda
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Ronald Edward Frederick Kimera Muwenda Mutebi II is the reigning Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda, a constitutional kingdom in modern-day Uganda. He is the 36th Kabaka of Buganda and he was born at the Mulago Hospital, Kampala. He is the son of Edward Frederick William David Walugembe Mutebi Luwangula Muteesa II, Kabaka of Buganda and his mother was Nabakyala Sarah Nalule, Omuzaana Kabejja, of the Nkima clan. He was educated at Budo Junior School, Kings Mead School in Sussex and Bradfield College and he then entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read social anthropology and law but was rusticated before he earned a degree. At the age of 11, he was appointed as Heir Apparent by his father on 6 August 1966, on 21 November 1969, upon the death of his father, he succeeded as the Head of the Royal House of Buganda. He returned to Uganda in 1988, following the removal of the Obote II regime and he was proclaimed at Buddo on 24 July 1993 upon the restoration of the Ugandan Kingdoms. On 31 July 1993, he was crowned at Buddo and he assumed the style of His Majesty. He maintains his capital at Mengo, Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II is married to one wife, whom he wed on 27 August 1999. The official title of the Kabakas wife is the Nnabagereka and she is the granddaughter of George William Musoke and Nora Musoke of Nazzigo, Kyaggwe, and Omutaka Nelson Nkalubo Sebugwawo and Catherine Sebugwawo of Nkumba. The royal wedding was held at Saint Pauls Cathedral Namirembe, in Kampala, together, they have one daughter, Sarah Katrina Mirembe Ssangalyambogo Nachwa, born on 4 July 2001 in London, United Kingdom. The children of Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II include the following, Prince Jjunju Suuna and he was born in London, United Kingdom in 1986. He attended Kings College, Budo, before moving to England for further studies and she was born in London, UK, on 4 July 2001. She attends private school in Kampala, Uganda and she is an excellent swimmer and has won awards at competitions in East Africa, within her age group. Prince Richard Ssemakookiro, born in July 2011, on 17 January 2012 the Katikkiro of Buganda Kingdom at that time, Engineer John Baptist Walusimbi, confirmed that Prince Ssemakookiro′s mother is a Muganda lady from the Enseenene clan. Later, the mother was revealed as Rose Nansikombi, who hails from Luweero District in Buganda. On 15 April 2011, he was installed as the first chancellor of Muteesa I Royal University, patron and Chief of the Trustee Buganda Cultural and Development Foundation. Patron of the Buganda Development Agency, national Honours Sovereign of the Order of the Shield and Spears
4.
Administrative division
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Administrative divisions are granted a certain degree of autonomy and are usually required to manage themselves through their own local governments. Countries are divided up into smaller units to make managing their land. For example, a country may be divided into provinces, which, in turn, are divided into counties, which, in turn, may be divided in whole or in part into municipalities, and so on. Administrative divisions are separate from dependent territories, with the former being an integral part of the state. However, the administrative division can include dependent territories as well as accepted administrative divisions. For clarity and convenience the standard reference for the largest administrative subdivision of a country is called the first-level administrative division or first administrative level. Next smaller is called second-level administrative division or second administrative level, there is no fixed rule, for all politics is local as is perhaps well demonstrated by their relative lack of systemic order. In the realm of self-government, any of these can and does occur along a stretch of road—which for the most part is passing through rural unsettled countryside. In British cultural legacy, most territorial entities begin with fairly expansive counties which encompass a large area. Within those entities are the large and small cities or towns, many sister cities share a water boundary which quite often serves as a border of both cities and counties. For example, Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts appear to the traveler as one large city, while locally they each are quite culturally different. Sovereign state, a national or supra-national division, country, a national or sub-national division. Administrative division codes of the Peoples Republic of China GADM, a database of country administrative areas. ISO 3166-2, specifically Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions — Part 2
5.
Monarchy
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The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic, to partial and restricted, to completely autocratic. Traditionally and in most cases, the monarchs post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication, occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. Finally, there have been cases where the term of a reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved. Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy, Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century, but it is no longer prevalent. Currently,47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state,19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. The monarchs of Cambodia, Japan, and Malaysia reign, the word monarch comes from the Greek language word μονάρχης, monárkhēs which referred to a single, at least nominally absolute ruler. In current usage the word usually refers to a traditional system of hereditary rule. Depending on the held by the monarch, a monarchy may be known as a kingdom, principality, duchy, grand duchy, empire, tsardom, emirate, sultanate, khaganate. The form of societal hierarchy known as chiefdom or tribal kingship is prehistoric, the Greek term monarchia is classical, used by Herodotus. The monarch in classical antiquity is often identified as king, the Chinese, Japanese and Nepalese monarchs continued to be considered living Gods into the modern period. Since antiquity, monarchy has contrasted with forms of democracy, where power is wielded by assemblies of free citizens. In antiquity, monarchies were abolished in favour of such assemblies in Rome, much of 19th century politics was characterised by the division between anti-monarchist Radicalism and monarchist Conservativism. Many countries abolished the monarchy in the 20th century and became republics, advocacy of republics is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchies is called monarchism. In the modern era, monarchies are more prevalent in small states than in large ones, most monarchs, both historically and in the modern day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, the centre of the royal household and court. Growing up in a family, future monarchs are often trained for the responsibilities of expected future rule. Different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. While most monarchs have been male, many female monarchs also have reigned in history, rule may be hereditary in practice without being considered a monarchy, such as that of family dictatorships or political families in many democracies. The principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of leadership
6.
Districts of Uganda
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Uganda is divided into 111 districts and one city, which are grouped into four administrative regions. Since 2005, the Ugandan government has been in the process of dividing districts into smaller units and this decentralization is intended to prevent resources from being distributed primarily to chief towns and leaving the remainder of each district neglected. Each district is divided into counties and municipalities, and each county is further divided into sub-counties. The head elected official in a district is the chairperson of the Local Council five, below are population figures from the 2014 census
7.
Kampala
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Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city is divided into five boroughs that oversee local planning, Kampala Central Division, Kawempe Division, Makindye Division, Nakawa Division, the city is coterminous with Kampala District. Surrounding Kampala is the rapidly growing Wakiso District, whose more than doubled between 2002 and 2014 and now stands at over 2 million. Kampala was named the 13th fastest growing city on the planet, with a population growth rate of 4.03 percent. Kampala has been ranked the best city to live in East Africa ahead of Nairobi and Kigali by Mercer, in December 2015, Google launched its first wi-fi network in Kampala. Before the arrival of the British colonists, the Kabaka of Buganda had chosen the zone that would become Kampala as a hunting reserve, the area, composed of rolling hills with grassy wetlands in the valleys, was home to several species of antelope, particularly impala. When the British arrived, they called it Hills of the Impala, the language of the Buganda, Luganda, adopted many English words because of their interactions with the British. The Buganda translated Hill of the Impala as Akasozi keEmpala - Kasozi meaning hill, ke meaning of, and empala the plural of impala. In Luganda, the words mean that is of the impala, in reference to a hill. The city grew as the capital of the Buganda kingdom, from several buildings survive, including the Kasubi Tombs, the Lubiri Palace, the Buganda Parliament. In 1894, the British government officially established a protectorate within this territory, and in 1896, the protectorate expanded to cover the Ankole, Toro Kingdom, in 1905, the British government formally declared the entire territory to be a British colony. From that time until the independence of the country in 1962, following the 1962 independence, Milton Obote became president of Uganda, and held the position until 1971, when former sergeant Idi Amin defeated his government in a military coup. He proceeded to expel all Asian residents living within Kampala, in 1978, he invaded the neighboring country of Tanzania, and in turn, the government there started the Uganda–Tanzania War, which created severe damage to the buildings of Kampala. Traditionally, Kampala was a city of seven hills, but over time it has come to have a lot more, the main campus of Makerere University is in the Makerere Hill area of the city. Kampala also hosts the headquarters of the East African Development Bank on Nakasero Hill, Kampala was originally built on seven hills, but as its size has increased, it has expanded to more hills than seven. The original seven hills are, The first hill in historical importance is Kasubi Hill, the third is Kibuli Hill, which is home to the Kibuli Mosque. The fourth is Namirembe Hill, home to the Namirembe Anglican Cathedral, the fifth is Lubaga Hill, the site of the Rubaga Catholic Cathedral. A mosque was built with assistance from Libya on the hill in 2003
8.
Demographics of Uganda
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According to the 2015 revision of the World Population Prospects the total population was 39,032,000 in 2015, compared to only 5,158,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 48.1 percent,49.4 percent was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.5 percent was 65 years or older. Registration of births and deaths in Uganda is not yet complete, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs prepared the following estimates. Total Fertility Rate and Crude Birth Rate, Fertility data as of 2011, During the Uganda Protectorate period, following independence they constituted the largest non-indigenous ethnic group in Uganda, at around 80,000 people, and they dominated trade, industry, and the professions. This caused resentment among the Black majority, which was exploited by post-Independence leaders, after Idi Amin came to power in 1971, he declared economic war on the Indians, culminating in the Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972. Since Amins overthrow in 1979 some Asians have returned, there are between 15,000 and 25,000 in Uganda today, nearly all in the capital Kampala. There are also about 3,000 Arabs of various origins in Uganda. The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated
9.
History of Buganda
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The history of Buganda is that of the kingdom of the Baganda people, the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day Uganda. Muteesa I of Buganda, who had visited by explorers, like John Hanning Speke, James Augustus Grant and Henry Morton Stanley. One of the missionaries from the Church Missionary Society was Alexander Murdoch Mackay, Muteesa I never converted to any religion, despite the numerous tries. In 1884, Muteesa died and his son Mwanga II took over, most of what is known about Muteesa comes from primary sources from various Kiganda researchers and some foreign explorers, notably John Hanning Speke, and the Church Missionary Society. Mwanga was overthrown numerous times, but was reinstated, Mwanga signed a treaty with Captain Lord Lugard in 1892, giving Buganda the status of protectorate under the authority of the British East Africa Company. The British saw this territory as a prized possession, the twentieth-century influence of the Baganda in Uganda has reflected the impact of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century developments. A series of Kabakas amassed military and political power by killing rivals to the throne, abolishing hereditary positions of authority, Ganda armies also seized territory held by Bunyoro, the neighboring kingdom to the west. Ganda cultural norms also prevented the establishment of a clan by assigning the children of the Kabaka to the clan of their mother. At the same time, this allowed the Kabaka to marry into any clan in the society. The Katikkiro and other ministers formed an inner circle of advisers who could summon lower-level chiefs. By the end of the century, the Kabaka had replaced many clan heads with appointed officials. Buganda became the centrepiece of the new protectorate, with a degree of control over the kingdoms, Toro, Nkore, Busoga. Many Baganda conceived the need to educate their children and proceeded to construct institutions of learning in Buganda. At independence in 1962, Buganda had achieved the highest standard of living, the prospect of elections in the run up to independence caused a sudden proliferation of new political parties. This development alarmed the leaders within the Uganda kingdoms, because they realized that the centre of power would be at the national level. Many Ugandans were aware of the Central African Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Ugandans deeply feared the prospect of an East African federation dominated by the white settlers of Kenya, which was then in the midst of the bitter Mau Mau Uprising. They had vigorously resisted a similar suggestion by the 1930 Hilton Young Commission, confidence in Cohen vanished just as the governor was preparing to urge Buganda to recognize that its special status would have to be sacrificed in the interests of a new and larger nation-state. Kabaka Freddie, who had been regarded by his subjects as uninterested in their welfare, instead, he demanded that Buganda be separated from the rest of the protectorate and transferred to Foreign Office jurisdiction
10.
East Africa
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East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. The first five are included in the African Great Lakes region. Burundi and Rwanda are sometimes considered to be part of Central Africa. Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia – collectively known as the Horn of Africa, Comoros, Mauritius and Seychelles – small island nations in the Indian Ocean. Réunion and Mayotte – French overseas territories also in the Indian Ocean, Mozambique and Madagascar – often considered part of Southern Africa, on the eastern side of the sub-continent. Madagascar has close ties to Southeast Asia and the islands of the Indian Ocean. Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe – often also included in Southern Africa, Egypt, Sudan and South Sudan – collectively part of the Nile Valley. Situated in the portion of the continent, and Egypt. Also members of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa free trade area, the geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya and it also includes the worlds second largest freshwater lake Lake Victoria, and the worlds second deepest lake Lake Tanganyika. The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions, in fact, on the coast of Somaliland and Puntland, many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. Unusually, most of the falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600 millimetres on the slopes to around 1,250 millimetres at Addis Ababa and 550 millimetres at Asmara. In the high rainfall can be over 2,500 millimetres. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 °C, at altitudes of above 2,500 metres, frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21 °C or less. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century, today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance, there are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several, a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory. A growing number of researchers suspect that North Africa was instead the home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent
11.
Scramble for Africa
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The Scramble for Africa was the invasion, occupation, division, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the Partition of Africa and the Conquest of Africa, in 1870, only 10 percent of Africa was under European control, by 1914 it had increased to 90 percent of the continent, with only Ethiopia, the Dervish state and Liberia still being independent. The Berlin Conference of 1884, which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, is referred to as the starting point of the scramble for Africa. The latter years of the 19th century saw the transition from informal imperialism, by influence and economic dominance, to direct rule. But Europeans showed comparatively little interest in the interior for some two centuries thereafter, European exploration of the African interior began in earnest at the end of the 18th century. By 1835, Europeans had mapped most of northwestern Africa, in the middle decades of the 19th century, famous European explorers included David Livingstone and H. M. Stanley, each of whom mapped vast areas of Southern Africa and Central Africa. Arduous expeditions in the 1850s and 1860s by Richard Burton, John Speke and James Grant located the central lakes. By the end of the 19th century Europeans had charted the Nile from its source, traced the courses of the Niger, Congo and Zambezi Rivers, and realized the vast resources of Africa. Even as late as the 1870s, European states still controlled only ten percent of the African continent, the most important holdings were Angola and Mozambique, held by Portugal, the Cape Colony, held by the United Kingdom, and Algeria, held by France. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control, technological advances facilitated European expansion overseas. Industrialisation brought about rapid advancements in transportation and communication, especially in the forms of navigation, railways. Medical advances also played an important role, especially medicines for tropical diseases, the development of quinine, an effective treatment for malaria, made vast expanses of the tropics more accessible for Europeans. Sub-Saharan Africa, one of the last regions of the largely untouched by informal imperialism, was also attractive to Europes ruling elites for economic. In addition, surplus capital was more profitably invested overseas, where cheap materials, limited competition. Additionally, Britain wanted the southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India. However, in Africa – excluding the area became the Union of South Africa in 1910 – the amount of capital investment by Europeans was relatively small. Consequently, the involved in tropical African commerce were relatively small. Rhodes had carved out Rhodesia for himself, Léopold II of Belgium later, John A. Hobson argued in Imperialism that this shrinking of continental markets was a key factor of the global New Imperialism period
12.
British Empire
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The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the population at the time. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread, during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, the independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, after the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain, the British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. In Britain, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies, during the 19th Century, Britains population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, which caused significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britains economic lead, subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain, although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the worlds pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britains colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan, despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britains most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire, fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share a monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again
13.
Uganda Protectorate
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The British Protectorate of Uganda was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1894 to 1962. In 1893 the Imperial British East Africa Company transferred its rights of territory consisting mainly of Buganda Kingdom to the British Government. In 1894 the Uganda Protectorate was established, and the territory was extended beyond the borders of Buganda to an area roughly corresponds to that of present-day Uganda. From 1885 to 1887 the kingdom of Buganda fell into a civil war with Protestants, Catholics. Apolo Kagwa, still in his twenties, was early on recognised as the leader of the Protestant faction. The Muslims were in ascendancy in the part of the war. King Mwanga, temporarily deposed, was restored in 1890 with the assistance of the Protestants, King Mwanga was again deposed in 1897 when he rejected British rule and led an unsuccessful fight for independence. An infant prince, Daudi Chwa, was named King with Kagwa as one of three regents, Kagwa was one of the negotiators of the Uganda Agreement, by which Buganda became a British protectorate with limited internal autonomy. The Uganda Agreement of 1900 solidified the power of the largely Protestant Bakungu client-chiefs, London sent only a few officials to administer the country, relying primarily on the Bakungu chiefs. By The 1920s the British administrators were more confident, and have less need for military or administrative support, colonial officials taxed cash crops produced by the peasants. There was popular discontent among the Baganda rank-and-file, which weakened the position of their leaders, in 1912 Kagwa moved to solidify Bakungu power by proposing a second Lukiko for Buganda with himself as president and the Bakungu as a sort of hereditary aristocracy. British officials vetoed the idea when they discovered widespread popular opposition, instead British officials began some reforms and attempted to make the Lukiko a genuine representative assembly. Although momentous change occurred during the era in Uganda, some characteristics of late-nineteenth century African society survived to reemerge at the time of independence. Colonial rule, however, affected local economic systems dramatically, in part because the first concern of the British was financial, quelling the 1897 mutiny had been costly—units of the British Indian Army had been transported to Uganda at considerable expense. The new commissioner of Uganda in 1900, Sir Harry H. Johnston, had orders to establish an efficient administration, Johnston approached the chiefs in Buganda with offers of jobs in the colonial administration in return for their collaboration. The chiefs, were interested in preserving Buganda as a self-governing entity, continuing the royal line of kabakas. Hard bargaining ensued, but the chiefs ended up with everything they wanted, the half left to the British as Crown Land was later found to be largely swamp and scrub. Johnstons Buganda Agreement of 1900 imposed a tax on huts and guns, designated the chiefs as tax collectors, the British signed much less generous treaties with the other kingdoms without the provision of large-scale private land tenure
14.
Swahili language
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Swahili, also known as Kiswahili, is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people. The closely related Comorian language, spoken in the Comoros Islands, is considered a dialect. Estimates of the number of Swahili speakers vary widely, from 50 million to over 100 million. Swahili serves as a language of three nations, Tanzania, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Shikomor, the language in Comoros and also spoken in Mayotte, is related to Swahili. Swahili is also one of the languages of the African Union. A significant fraction of Swahili vocabulary is derived from Arabic through contact with Arabic-speaking Muslim inhabitants of the Swahili Coast, Swahili is traditionally regarded as being the language of coastal areas of Tanzania and Kenya. It was formalised after independence by presidents of the African Great Lakes region and it spread as a fishermans language to the various islands surrounding the Swahili Coast. Traders from these islands had extensive contact with the peoples from at least the 2nd century A. D. There is also evidence of early Zaramo people settlement on Zanzibar from Dar es Salaam in present-day Tanzania. Clove farmers from Oman and the Persian Gulf farmed the Zanzibar Archipelago, the earliest known documents written in Swahili are letters written in Kilwa in 1711 A. D. in the Arabic script that were sent to the Portuguese of Mozambique and their local allies. The original letters are now preserved in the Historical Archives of Goa, the British did not do so in neighbouring Kenya even though they made moves in that direction. Swahili was the only candidate in the two colonies. In the aftermath of Germanys defeat in the First World War, Swahili was to be subordinate to English, university education, much secondary education and governance at the highest levels would be conducted in English. One key step in spreading Swahili was to create a written language. In June 1928, a conference took place at Mombasa, at which the Zanzibar dialect. Swahili has become a language spoken by tens of millions in three African Great Lakes countries where it is an official or national language. In 2016 it was made a subject in all Kenyan schools
15.
Cotton
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Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the family of Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will tend to increase the dispersal of the seeds. The plant is a native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa. The greatest diversity of wild species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds, the fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes or 110 million bales annually, China is the worlds largest producer of cotton, but most of this is used domestically. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years, in the United States, cotton is usually measured in bales, which measure approximately 0.48 cubic meters and weigh 226.8 kilograms. Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, the Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India, for example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC. Cotton fabrics discovered in a cave near Tehuacán, Mexico have been dated to around 5800 BC, the domestication of Gossypium hirsutum in Mexico is dated between 3400 and 2300 BC. Cotton was grown upriver, made into nets, and traded with fishing villages along the coast for supplies of fish. The Spanish who came to Mexico and Peru in the early 16th century found the people growing cotton and this may be a reference to tree cotton, Gossypium arboreum, which is a native of the Indian subcontinent. According to the Columbia Encyclopedia, Cotton has been spun, woven and it clothed the people of ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era, cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, in Iran, the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era, however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran, in Persian poets poems, especially Ferdowsis Shahname, there are references to cotton. Marco Polo refers to the products of Persia, including cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited the Safavid Persia, during the Han dynasty, cotton was grown by Chinese peoples in the southern Chinese province of Yunnan. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt, and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops
16.
Coffee
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Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant. The genus Coffea is native to tropical Africa, and Madagascar, the two most commonly grown are the highly regarded arabica, and the less sophisticated but stronger and more hardy robusta. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried, dried coffee seeds are roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. Roasted beans are ground and brewed with boiling water to produce coffee as a beverage. Coffee is slightly acidic and can have an effect on humans because of its caffeine content. Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world and it can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways. It is usually served hot, although iced coffee is also served, the earliest credible evidence of coffee-drinking appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. It was here in Arabia that coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a way to how it is now prepared. Coffee seeds were first exported from East Africa to Yemen, as the coffea arabica plant is thought to have been indigenous to the former, yemeni traders took coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the seed. By the 16th century, it had reached Persia, Turkey, from there, it spread to Europe and the rest of the world. Coffee is an export commodity, it is the top agricultural export for numerous countries and is among the worlds largest legal agricultural exports. It is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries, green coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Consequently, the markets for fair trade coffee and organic coffee are expanding. The first reference to coffee in the English language is in the form chaona, dated to 1598 and understood to be a misprint of chaoua, equivalent, in the orthography of the time, to chaova. This term and coffee both derive from the Ottoman Turkish kahve, by way of the Italian caffè and it has also been proposed that the source may be the Proto-Central Semitic root q-h-h meaning dark. Alternatively, the word Khat, a plant widely used as stimulant in Yemen and Ethiopia before being supplanted by coffee has been suggested as a possible origin, the expression coffee break was first attested in 1952. The term coffee pot dates from 1705, other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to Sheikh Omar. According to the ancient chronicle, Omar, who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer, was exiled from Mocha in Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab
17.
Milton Obote
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Apollo Milton Obote was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence in 1962 from British colonial administration. Following the nations independence, he served as Prime Minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971 and he was overthrown by Idi Amin in 1971, but regained power after Amins 1979 overthrow. His second period of rule was marred by repression and the deaths of civilians as a result of a civil war known as the Ugandan Bush War. Milton Obote was born at Akokoro village in Apac district in northern Uganda and he was the son of a tribal chief of the Lango ethnic group. He began his education in 1940 at the Protestant Missionary School in Lira, having intended to study law, a subject not taught at the university, Obote took a general arts course, including English and geography. He worked in Buganda in southern Uganda before moving to Kenya, while in Kenya, Obote became involved in the national independence movement. Upon returning to Uganda in 1956, he joined the political party Uganda National Congress, in 1959, the UNC split into two factions, with one faction under the leadership of Obote merging with Uganda Peoples Union to form the Uganda Peoples Congress. In the runup to independence elections, Obote formed a coalition with the Buganda royalist party, the two parties controlled a Parliamentary majority and Obote became Prime Minister in 1962. He assumed the post on 25 April 1962, appointed by Sir Walter Coutts, the following year the position of Governor-General was replaced by a ceremonial presidency to be elected by the parliament. Mutesa, the Kabaka of Buganda, became the ceremonial President, in January 1964, a mutiny occurred at the military barracks at Jinja, Ugandas second city and home to the 1st Battalion of the Uganda Army. There were similar mutinies in two other eastern African states, all three countries requested the support of troops from the British military, before they arrived, however, Obote sent his defence minister Felix Onama to negotiate with the mutineers. Onama was held hostage, and agreed to demands, including significant pay increases for the army. In 1965, Kenyans had been barred from positions within the government. As prime minister, Obote was implicated in a smuggling plot, together with Idi Amin. Several members of his cabinet, who were leaders of factions in the party, were arrested and detained without charge. Obote responded with an attack upon Mutesas palace, which ended with Mutesa fleeing to exile. In 1967, Obotes power was cemented when the parliament passed a new constitution abolished the federal structure of the independence constitution. In 1969, there was an attempt on Obotes life, in the aftermath of the attempt, all opposition political parties were banned, leaving Obote as an effectively absolute ruler
18.
Idi Amin
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Idi Amin Dada was a Ugandan political leader and military officer who served as the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin was born in either Koboko or Kampala to a Kakwa father, in 1946 he joined the Kings African Rifles of the British Colonial Army. Initially a cook, he rose to the position of lieutenant, taking part in British actions against Somali rebels in the Shifta War and then the Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. Following Ugandas independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, Amin remained in the forces, rising to the position of major. Aware that Ugandan President Milton Obote was planning on arresting him for misappropriating army funds, Amin launched a 1971 military coup, in 1975, Amin became the chairman of the Organisation of African Unity, a Pan-Africanist group designed to promote solidarity among African states. During the 1977–1979 period, Uganda was a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, in 1977, when Britain broke diplomatic relations with Uganda, Amin declared he had defeated the British and added CBE, for Conqueror of the British Empire, to his title. Radio Uganda then announced his entire title, His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Alhaji Dr. Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, CBE. Dissent within Uganda and Amins attempt to annex the Kagera Region of Tanzania in 1978 led to the Uganda–Tanzania War, Amin then went into exile, first in Libya and then in Saudi Arabia, where he lived until his death on 16 August 2003. Amins rule was characterized by human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. The number of people killed as a result of his regime is estimated by international observers, Amin did not write an autobiography, and he did not authorize an official written account of his life. So, there are discrepancies regarding when and where he was born, most biographical sources claim that he was born in either Koboko or Kampala around 1925. Other unconfirmed sources state Amins year of birth from as early as 1923 to as late as 1928, Amins son Hussein has stated that his father was born in Kampala in 1928. According to Fred Guweddeko, a researcher at Makerere University, Amin was the son of Andreas Nyabire, Nyabire, a member of the Kakwa ethnic group, converted from Roman Catholicism to Islam in 1910 and changed his name to Amin Dada. He named his son after himself. Abandoned by his father at an age, Idi Amin grew up with his mothers family in a rural farming town in north-western Uganda. Guweddeko states that Amins mother was Assa Aatte, an ethnic Lugbara, Amin joined an Islamic school in Bombo in 1941. After a few years, he left school only a fourth-grade English-language education. Amin joined the Kings African Rifles of the British Colonial Army in 1946 as an assistant cook, in later life, he falsely claimed he was forced to join the army during World War II and that he served in the Burma Campaign
19.
National Resistance Movement
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The National Resistance Movement, commonly referred to simply as The Movement, is the ruling political party in Uganda. The National Resistance Movement was founded as a movement that waged a successful protracted peoples struggle that liberated Uganda from fascist. The National Resistance Movement introduced democracy and enfranchised the people of Uganda through restoration of the vote in regular, free, National Resistance Movement established and operated the Movement Political System, that enhanced the peoples participation in the political, social and economic development of the country. Musevenis statements are also reminiscent of Ugandas dictatorial past, Whoever tries to cause problems, besigye tried to disorganize Kampala and we gave him a little tear gas and he calmed down. He didnt need a bullet, just a little gas and his tenure has witnessed one of the most effective national responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa. In the mid-to-late 1990s, Museveni was lauded by the West as part of a new generation of African leaders and his presidency has been marred, however, by invading and occupying Congo during the Second Congo War and other conflicts in the Great Lakes region. Most recently, indicators of a succession to the Presidents son. Allegations regarding significant corruption have also shaped criticism of the NRM government, understandably, Uganda was ranked 140th out of 176 nations on the Corruption Perceptions Index. These funds were earmarked as crucial support for rebuilding northern Uganda, ravaged by a 20-year war, the U. K. Germany, Denmark, Ireland and Norway to suspend aid. What may compound this problem - as it does in many developing nations - is an abundance of oil. For instance, Angelo Izama, a Ugandan energy analyst at the U. S. -based Open Society Foundation said the new law was tantamount to handing over an ATM machine to Museveni and his regime. Other contentious bills have been sponsored, passed and confirmed by the NRM government during his tenure, for example, The Non Governmental Organizations Act, passed in 2006, has stifled the productivity of NGOs through erecting barriers to entry, activity, funding and assembly within the sector. Until a referendum in 2005, Uganda held elections on a non-party basis, the NRM currently has a massive majority in the Ugandan parliament, and it is expected to continue to remain that way. The presidential elections of 12 March 2001 were won by Yoweri Museveni of the NRM with 69. 3% of the popular vote and it began as the political body associated with the rebel National Resistance Army before Museveni came to power in 1986. On 17 November 2005 Museveni was elected unopposed as NRMs presidential candidate for the 2006 elections, in the general election of 23 February 2006, the party won 205 out of 289 elected seats. In the presidential election of the same date Museveni won 59. 3% of the vote, in the 2016 general election, the party won 293 out of 426 seats, and Museveni was reelected president with 60. 62% of the vote
20.
Yoweri Museveni
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Yoweri Kaguta Museveni is a Ugandan politician who has been president of Uganda since 29 January 1986. His tenure has also included one of the most effective national responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa, in the mid to late 1990s, Museveni was celebrated by the west as part of a new generation of African leaders. His presidency has been marred, however, by involvement in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rebellion in the north by the Lords Resistance Army caused a humanitarian emergency. Born on 15 September 1944 in Ntungamo, Uganda Protectorate, Museveni gets his name from his father, Amos Kaguta. Kaguta is also the father of Musevenis brother Caleb Akandwanaho, popularly known in Uganda as Salim Saleh, Museveni attended Kyamate Elementary School, Mbarara High School, and Ntare School. In 1967, he went to the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, there, he studied economics and political science and became a Marxist, involving himself in radical pan-African politics. Studying under the leftist Walter Rodney, among others, Museveni wrote a university thesis on the applicability of Frantz Fanons ideas on revolutionary violence to post-colonial Africa, the exile forces opposed to Amin invaded Uganda from Tanzania in September 1972 and were repelled, suffering heavy losses. In October, Tanzania and Uganda signed the Mogadishu Agreement that denied the rebels the use of Tanzanian soil for aggression against Uganda, Museveni broke away from the mainstream opposition and formed the Front for National Salvation in 1973. In August of the year, he married Janet Kataha. Museveni returned with his supporters to their strongholds in the Bantu-dominated south. They then planned a rebellion against the second Obote regime and its armed forces, the insurgency began with an attack on an army installation in the central Mubende district on 6 February 1981. The PRA later merged with former president Yusufu Lules fighting group, the Uganda Freedom Fighters, to create the National Resistance Army with its political wing, two other rebel groups, the Uganda National Rescue Front and the Former Uganda National Army, engaged Obotes forces. The FUNA was formed in the West Nile sub-region from the remnants of Amins supporters, the Central Intelligence Agencys World Factbook estimates that the Obote regime was responsible for more 100,000 civilian deaths across Uganda. On 27 July 1985, subfactionalism within the Uganda Peoples Congress government led to a military coup against Obote by his former army commander, Lieutenant-General Tito Okello. Despite these reservations, however, the NRM/NRA eventually agreed to peace talks presided over by a Kenyan delegation headed by President Daniel arap Moi, the talks, which lasted from 26 August to 17 December, were notoriously acrimonious and the resultant ceasefire broke down almost immediately. While involved in the negotiations, Museveni was courting General Mobutu Sésé Seko of Zaire to forestall the involvement of Zairean forces in support of Okellos military junta. On 20 January 1986, however, several hundred troops loyal to Amin were accompanied into Ugandan territory by the Zairean military, the forces intervened following secret training in Zaire and an appeal from Okello ten days previously
21.
Politics of Uganda
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Uganda is a presidential republic, in which the President of Uganda is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government, legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The system is based on a parliamentary system with universal suffrage for all citizens over 18 of years age. In a measure designed to reduce sectarian violence, political parties were restricted in their activities from 1986. In the non-party Movement system instituted by President Yoweri Museveni, political parties continued to exist, a constitutional referendum cancelled this 19-year ban on multi-party politics in July 2005. Presidential elections were held in February 2006, Museveni ran against several candidates, of whom the most prominent was the exiled Dr. Kizza Besigye. Besigye alleged fraud, and rejected the result, the Supreme Court of Uganda ruled that the election was marred by intimidation, violence, voter disenfranchisement, and other irregularities. However, the Court voted 4-3 to uphold the results of the election, the head of state in Uganda is the President, who is elected by a popular vote to a five-year term. This is currently Yoweri Museveni, who is also the head of the armed forces, the previous presidential elections were in February 2006, and in the election of February 2011, Museveni was elected with 68 percent of the vote. The cabinet is appointed by the president from among the elected legislators, the prime minister, Ruhakana Rugunda, assists the president in the supervision of the cabinet. On 4 May 2005, the Ugandan Parliament voted to conduct a referendum on the reintroduction of party politics in Uganda, the referendum was held on July 28,2005 and Ugandans voted for a return to multi-party politics. The Ugandan judiciary operates as an independent branch of government and consists of courts, high courts, courts of appeal. Judges for the High Court are appointed by the president, Judges for the Court of Appeal are appointed by the president, a fight between Ugandan and Libyan presidential guards sparked chaos during a ceremony attended by the heads of state from 11 African nations on March 19,2008. Parliament of Uganda State House of Uganda Constitution of the Republic of Uganda Party Politics in Uganda, 1963-2000, Christina Nyströmee Uganda Government at DMOZ
22.
Lake Victoria
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Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. The lake was named after Queen Victoria by the explorer John Hanning Speke, Speke accomplished this in 1858, while on an expedition with Richard Francis Burton to locate the source of the Nile River. In terms of volume, Lake Victoria is the ninth largest continental lake. Lake Victoria receives its water primarily from rainfall and thousands of small streams. The Kagera River is the largest river flowing into this lake, Lake Victoria is drained solely by the Nile River near Jinja, Uganda, on the lakes northern shore. Lake Victoria occupies a depression in Africa. The lake has a depth of 84 metres and an average depth of 40 metres. Its catchment area covers 184,000 square kilometres, geologically, Lake Victoria is relatively young – about 400,000 years old – and it formed when westward-flowing rivers were dammed by an upthrown crustal block. During its geological history, Lake Victoria went through changes ranging from its present shallow depression, geological cores taken from its bottom show Lake Victoria has dried up completely at least three times since it formed. These drying cycles are probably related to past ice ages, which were times when precipitation declined globally, Lake Victoria last dried out about 17,300 years ago, and it refilled 14,700 years ago. Lake Victoria receives 80 percent of its water from direct rainfall, average evaporation on the lake is between 2.0 and 2.2 metres per year, almost double the precipitation of riparian areas. In the Kenya sector, the main influent rivers are the Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, combined, these rivers contribute far more water to the lake than does the largest single river entering the lake from the west, the Kagera River. The only outflow from Lake Victoria is the Nile River, which exits the lake near Jinja, in terms of contributed water, this makes Lake Victoria the principal source of the longest branch of the Nile. The uppermost section of the Nile is generally known as the Victoria Nile until it reaches Lake Albert, in 1990–1991, oxygen concentrations in the mixed layer were higher than in 1960–1961, with nearly continuous oxygen supersaturation in surface waters. The changes in oxygenation are considered consistent with measurements of higher algal biomass, the extinction of cichlids in the genus Haplochromis has also been blamed on the lakes eutrophication. The fertility of tropical waters depends on the rate at which nutrients can be brought into solution, the influent rivers of Lake Victoria provide few nutrients to the lake in relation to its size. Because of this, most of Lake Victorias nutrients are thought to be locked up in lake-bottom deposits, by itself, this vegetative matter decays slowly. Animal flesh decays considerably faster, however, so the fertility of the lake is dependent on the rate at which nutrients can be taken up by fish
23.
White Nile
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The White Nile is a river of Africa, one of the two main tributaries of the Nile, the other is the Blue Nile. In the strict meaning, White Nile refers to the river formed at Lake Victoria, at the confluence of the Bahr al Jabal, in the wider sense, White Nile refers to the rivers draining from Lake Victoria into the White Nile proper. The White Niles true source was not discovered until 1937, when the German explorer Burkhart Waldecker traced it to a stream in Rutovu, when in flood, the Sobat River tributary carries a large amount of sediment, adding greatly to the White Niles color. The source of the Nile can be considered to be either the Ruvyironza, which emerges in Bururi Province, Burundi, near Bukirasaz or the Nyabarongo, the two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda-Tanzania border. The Kagera forms part of the Rwanda–Tanzania and Tanzania–Uganda borders before flowing into Lake Victoria, the river arising from Lake Victoria is known as the Victoria Nile. The place where it arises, just outside Jinja, is marked by a monument, after Nalubaale Power Station and Kiira Power Station at the mouth, the river goes through Bujagali Falls about 15 kilometres downstream from Jinja. It then flows north and westwards through Uganda, feeding into Lake Kyoga in the centre of the country, at Karuma Falls, the river sweeps under Karuma Bridge at the south-eastern corner of Murchison Falls National Park. In 2009, the government of Uganda announced plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of the bridge, the World Bank had approved funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opted for a bigger project, which the Ugandans will fund internally, if necessary. Just before entering Lake Albert, the river is compressed into a passage 7 metres in width at Murchison Falls, the river flows into Lake Albert opposite the Blue Mountains in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The river exiting Lake Albert to the north is known as the Albert Nile and it separates the West Nile sub-region of Uganda from the rest of the country. A bridge passes over the Albert Nile near its inlet in Nebbi District, a powered ferry connects the roads between Adjumani and Moyo, navigation of the river is otherwise done by small boat or canoe. The Albert Nile continues north to Nimule, where it enters South Sudan and becomes known as the Mountain Nile or Baḥr al-Jabal, Bahr al Jabal also formerly lent its name to the state of Central Equatoria. The Bahr al-Jabal then winds through rapids before entering the Sudan plain and it makes its way to Lake No, where it merges with the Bahr el Ghazal and there forms the White Nile. An anabranch river called Bahr el Zeraf flows out of the Bahr al-Jabal at and flows through the Sudd, to eventually join the White Nile. The river flows north into Sudan and lends its name to the Sudanese state of White Nile, before merging with the larger Blue Nile at Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, List of rivers of Sudan List of rivers of South Sudan
24.
Lake Kyoga
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Lake Kyoga is a large shallow lake in Uganda, about 1,720 km2 in area and at an elevation of 1,033 metres. The Victoria Nile flows through the lake on its way from Lake Victoria to Lake Albert, the main inflow from Lake Victoria is regulated by the Nalubaale Power Station in Jinja. Another source of water is the Mount Elgon region on the border between Uganda and Kenya, while Lake Kyoga is part of the Great Lakes system, it is not itself considered a great lake. The lake reaches a depth of about 5.7 metres, areas that are less than 3 metres deep are completely covered by water lilies, while much of the swampy shoreline is covered with papyrus and water hyacinth. The papyrus also forms floating islands that drift between a number of small permanent islands, extensive wetlands fed by a complex system of streams and rivers surround the lakes. Nearby Lake Kwania is a lake but deeper. Forty-six species of fish have found in Lake Kyoga. This blockage caused the level to become even higher, flooding about 580 square kilometres of the surrounding land and resulting in population displacement. In 2004, the Egyptian government granted Uganda a gift of 13 million USD to streamline the flow of the Nile at Lake Kyoga, as of 2005, the outlet was still largely blocked. DWD El Niño preparedness for Lake Kyoga and other flood prone areas of Uganda, ministry of Water, Lands and Environment, Entebbe, Uganda. ILM Support to the Management of Sudd Blockage on Lake Kyoga, produced for the Integrated Lake Management Project by Environmental Impact Assessment Centre of Finland, EIA Ltd. The Fisheries and environment of Kyoga Lakes, Fisheries Resources Research Institute, Jinja, Uganda. Lakes and rivers in Uganda Lake Kyoga
25.
River Kafu
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River Kafu is a river in Uganda, in East Africa. On some older maps, the river is labelled as River Kabi, the Kafu River is located in the western part of Uganda. It starts from a swamp approximately 12 kilometres, northeast of the village of Kitoma, in Kibaale District, Western Uganda. It flows eastwards at first, then it turns north, to empty into the Victoria Nile, approximately 8 kilometres, upstream of the town of Masindi Port, in Masindi District, also in Western Uganda. The source of River Kafu is located near Kitoma, with coordinates, Latitude,1.1500, River Kafu enters the Victoria Nile near Masindi Port, with coordinates, Latitude,1.6475, Longitude,32.0945. The swamp, out of which River Kafu arises, is also transversed by another system called River Nkusi. At its source, River Kafu is an altitude of approximately 1,100 metres, at its point of entry into River Nile, the altitude is approximately 1,040 metres. The length of River Kafu is approximately 180 kilometres, from source to end, rivers and Lakes of Uganda Lake Albert Victoria Nile Masindi Port
26.
Swamp
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A swamp is a wetland that is forested. Many swamps occur along rivers where they are critically dependent upon natural water level fluctuations. Other swamps occur on the shores of large lakes, some swamps have hammocks, or dry-land protrusions, covered by aquatic vegetation, or vegetation that tolerates periodic inundation. The two main types of swamp are true or swamp forests and transitional or shrub swamps, in the boreal regions of Canada, the word swamp is colloquially used for what is more correctly termed a bog or muskeg. The water of a swamp may be water, brackish water or seawater. Some of the worlds largest swamps are found along rivers such as the Amazon, the Mississippi. Swamps are characterized by slow-moving to stagnant waters and they are usually associated with adjacent rivers or lakes. Swamps are features of areas with very low topographic relief, historically, humans have drained swamps to provide additional land for agriculture and to reduce the threat of diseases borne by swamp insects and similar animals. Many swamps have also undergone intensive logging, requiring the construction of drainage ditches and these ditches and canals contributed to drainage and, along the coast, allowed salt water to intrude, converting swamps to marsh or even to open water. Large areas of swamp were therefore lost or degraded, louisiana provides a classic example of wetland loss from these combined factors. Europe has probably lost nearly half its wetlands, New Zealand lost 90 percent of its wetlands over a period of 150 years. Ecologists recognise that swamps provide valuable ecological services including flood control, fish production, water purification, carbon storage, in many parts of the world authorities protect swamps. In parts of Europe and North America, swamp restoration projects are becoming widespread, often the simplest steps to restoring swamps involve plugging drainage ditches and removing levees. Swamps and other wetlands have traditionally held a very low property value compared to fields, prairies and they have a reputation for being unproductive land that cannot easily be utilized for human activities, other than perhaps hunting and trapping. Farmers, for example, typically drained swamps next to their fields so as to more land usable for planting crops. Many societies now realize that swamps are important to providing fresh water and oxygen to all life. Indeed, floodplain swamps are important in fish production. Government environmental agencies are taking steps to protect and preserve swamps, in Europe, major effort is being invested in the restoration of swamp forests along rivers
27.
Constitutional monarchy
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A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises their authorities in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution. A constitutional monarchy may refer to a system in which the acts as a non-party political head of state under the constitution. Political scientist Vernon Bogdanor, paraphrasing Thomas Macaulay, has defined a constitutional monarch as a sovereign who reigns, in addition to acting as a visible symbol of national unity, a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as dissolving parliament or giving royal assent to legislation. Many constitutional monarchies still retain significant authorities or political influence however, such as through certain reserve powers, the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms are all constitutional monarchies in the Westminster tradition of constitutional governance. Three states – Malaysia, Cambodia and the Holy See – are elective monarchies, the oldest constitutional monarchy dating back to ancient times was that of the Hittites. These were scattered noble families that worked as representatives of their subjects in an adjutant or subaltern federal-type landscape, the most recent country to move from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy was Bhutan, between 2007 and 2008. At the same time, in Scotland the Convention of Estates enacted the Claim of Right Act 1689, although Queen Anne was the last monarch to veto an Act of Parliament when in 1707 she blocked the Scottish Militia Bill, Hanoverian monarchs continued to selectively dictate government policies. For instance George III constantly blocked Catholic Emancipation, eventually precipitating the resignation of William Pitt the Younger as Prime Minister in 1801, Queen Victoria was the last monarch to exercise real personal power but this diminished over the course of her reign. In 1839 she became the last sovereign to keep a Prime Minister in power against the will of Parliament when the Bedchamber crisis resulted in the retention of Lord Melbournes administration, today, the role of the British monarch is by convention effectively ceremonial. No person may accept significant public office without swearing an oath of allegiance to the Queen, with few exceptions, the monarch is bound by constitutional convention to act on the advice of the Government. Constitutional monarchy also occurred briefly in the years of the French Revolution. As originally conceived, a monarch was head of the executive branch and quite a powerful figure even though his or her power was limited by the constitution. In many cases the monarchs, while still at the top of the political and social hierarchy, were given the status of servants of the people to reflect the new. In the course of Frances July Monarchy, Louis-Philippe I was styled King of the French rather than King of France, following the Unification of Germany, Otto von Bismarck rejected the British model. However this model of constitutional monarchy was discredited and abolished following Germanys defeat in the First World War. Later, Fascist Italy could also be considered as a constitutional monarchy and this eventually discredited the Italian monarchy and led to its abolition in 1946. After the Second World War, surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some variant of the constitutional monarchy model originally developed in Britain, nowadays a parliamentary democracy that is a constitutional monarchy is considered to differ from one that is a republic only in detail rather than in substance. However, three important factors distinguish monarchies such as the United Kingdom from systems where greater power might otherwise rest with Parliament, other privileges may be nominal or ceremonial
28.
Absolute monarchy
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Absolute monarchy, or despotic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority that is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. These are often, but not always, hereditary monarchies, in contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of states authority derives from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature. Some monarchies have weak or symbolic legislatures and other bodies that the monarch can alter or dissolve at will. Countries where a monarch still maintains absolute power are Brunei, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the individual emirates composing the United Arab Emirates, Swaziland, in Ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh wielded absolute power over the country and was considered a living god by his people. In ancient Mesopotamia, many rulers of Assyria, Babylonia and Sumer were absolute monarchs as well, in ancient and medieval India, rulers of the Maurya, Satahavana, Gupta and Chalukya Empires, as well as other major and minor empires, were considered absolute monarchs. In the Khmer Empire, the kings were called Devaraja and Chakravartin, in Kingdom of Siam, the kings were esestablished Somburanaya-sittiraj. Throughout Chinese history, many emperors and one empress wielded absolute power through the Mandate of Heaven, in pre-Columbian America, the Inca Empire was ruled by a Sapa Inca, who was considered the son of Inti, the sun god and absolute ruler over the people and nation. Throughout much of European history, the right of kings was the theological justification for absolute monarchy. Many European monarchs, such as those of Russia, claimed supreme autocratic power by right. James VI of Scotland and his son Charles I of Scotland and England tried to import this principle, there is a considerable variety of opinion by historians on the extent of absolutism among European monarchs. Some, such as Perry Anderson, argue that quite a few monarchs achieved levels of absolutist control over their states, a widely held story about Louis XIV of France is that he proclaimed Létat, cest moi. What Louis did say was, The interests of the state come first, when one gives these priority, one labors for ones own good. These advantages to the state redounds to ones glory, although often criticized for his extravagances, such as the Palace of Versailles, he reigned over France for a long period, and some historians consider him a successful absolute monarch. More recently, revisionist historians have questioned whether Louis reign should be considered absolute, the King of France concentrated in his person legislative, executive, and judicial powers. He was the judicial authority. He could condemn men to death without the right of appeal and it was both his duty to punish offenses and stop them from being committed. From his judicial authority followed his power both to make laws and to annul them and this law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the Council of the Realm and his actions largely originated the militaristic streak of the Hohenzollern
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Constitution of Uganda
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The Constitution of Uganda is the supreme law of Uganda. The current constitution was adopted on October 8,1995 and it sanctions a republican form of government with a powerful president. Amendments in 2005 removed presidential term limits and legalized a multi-party political system, the 1995 Constitution Constitution, The State House of Uganda
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John Hanning Speke
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John Hanning Speke was an officer in the British Indian Army who made three exploratory expeditions to Africa. He is most associated with the search for the source of the Nile and was the first European to reach Lake Victoria, Speke was born on 4 May 1827 at Orleigh Court, Buckland Brewer, near Bideford, North Devon. In 1844 he was commissioned into the British Army and posted to India and he spent his leave exploring the Himalayan Mountains and Mount Everest and once crossed into Tibet. This was refused as Somaliland was considered rather dangerous, Speke was accepted because he had traveled in remote regions alone before, had experience collecting and preserving natural history specimens and had done astronomical surveying. Initially the party split with Burton going to Harrar, Abyssinia, during this trip Speke experienced trouble with the local guide who cheated him and after they returned to Aden, Burton who had also returned, saw that the guide was punished and jailed. This incident probably led to larger troubles later on, now all 4 men traveled to Berbera on the coast of Somaliland from where they wanted to trek inland towards the Ogaden. While camped outside Berbera they were attacked at night by 200 spear wielding Somalis, during this fracas Speke ducked under the flap of a tent to get a clearer view of the scene and Burton thought he was retreating and called for Speke to stand firm. Speke did so and then charged forward with great courage shooting several attackers, the misunderstanding of this incident laid the foundation of their disputes and dislikes much later. Stroyan was killed by a spear, Burton was seriously wounded by a javelin impaling both cheeks and Speke was wounded and the one captured, Herne came away unwounded. Speke was tied up and stabbed several times with spears, one thrust cutting through his thigh along his femur, rejoining Burton and Herne the trio eventually managed to escape with a boat passing along the coast. The expedition was a financial loss and Spekes natural history specimens from his earlier leg were used to make up for some of it. Speke handed Burton his diaries that Burton used as an appendix in his own book on his travels to Harrar. It seemed unlikely that the two would again and Burton believed that he would not lead an expedition to the interior of Africa, his fervent hope. Around the mid-1800s the only way to travel into the interior of Africa was to walk on foot away from the coast with a caravan of porters, guides. Horses were almost impossible to keep alive because of the tsetse fly, camels, oxen, and donkeys were used as pack animals, but even they suffered greatly from diseases and many died en route. So the great majority of everything that was brought along was carried on the shoulders of humans, most of the interior of Africa was terra incognita and guides from the coast as well as locally hired guides, once in the interior, were needed. Tropical diseases were not well understood, albeit quinine was considered a help against malaria, because of diseases, animals, and hostile tribes, many people on caravans died on the long journeys, which lasted up to four years. Desertions were a problem as the expeditions continued for years on end
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Richard Francis Burton
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Sir Richard Francis Burton KCMG FRGS was an English explorer, geographer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, cartographer, ethnologist, spy, linguist, poet, fencer, and diplomat. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa, according to one count, he spoke 29 European, Asian and African languages. Burton defied many aspects of the pervasive British ethnocentrism of his day and his works and letters extensively criticized colonial policies of the British Empire, even to the detriment of his career. A characteristic feature of his books is the copious footnotes and appendices containing remarkable observations, Burton was a captain in the army of the East India Company, serving in India. Following this, he was engaged by the Royal Geographical Society to explore the east coast of Africa, in later life, he served as British consul in Fernando Pó, Santos, Damascus and, finally, Trieste. He was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and was awarded a knighthood in 1886. Burton was born in Torquay, Devon, at 21,30 on 19 March 1821, in his autobiography and he was baptized on 2 September 1821 at Elstree Church in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. His father, Lt. -Colonel Henry Peard Driscoll and Mrs Richard Graves, richards mother, Martha Baker, was the daughter and co-heiress of a wealthy English squire, Richard Baker, of Barham House, Hertfordshire, for whom he was named. Burton had two siblings, Maria Katherine Elizabeth Burton and Edward Joseph Netterville Burton, born in 1823 and 1824, Burtons family travelled considerably during his childhood. In 1825, they moved to Tours, France, Burtons early education was provided by various tutors employed by his parents. He first began an education in 1829 at a preparatory school on Richmond Green in Richmond, Surrey. Over the next few years, his family travelled between England, France, and Italy, Burton showed an early gift for languages and quickly learned French, Italian, Neapolitan, and Latin, as well as several dialects. During his youth, he was rumored to have carried on an affair with a young Roma woman, even learning the rudiments of her language, the peregrinations of his youth may have encouraged Burton to regard himself as an outsider for much of his life. As he put it, Do what thy manhood bids thee do, from none, Burton matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on 19 November 1840. Before getting a room at the college, he lived for a time in the house of Dr. William Alexander Greenhill. Here, he met John Henry Newman, whose churchwarden was Dr. Greenhill, despite his intelligence and ability, Burton was antagonised by his teachers and peers. During his first term, he is said to have challenged another student to a duel after the latter mocked Burtons moustache, Burton continued to gratify his love of languages by studying Arabic, he also spent his time learning falconry and fencing. In April 1842, he attended a steeplechase in deliberate violation of college rules and subsequently dared to tell the college authorities that students should be allowed to attend such events
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Henry Morton Stanley
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Sir Henry Morton Stanley GCB was a Welsh-American journalist and explorer who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone. Upon finding Livingstone, Stanley reportedly asked, Dr. Livingstone, Henry Stanley was born in 1841 as John Rowlands in Denbigh, Denbighshire, Wales. His mother Elizabeth Parry was 18 years old at the time of his birth and she abandoned him as a very young baby and cut off all communication. Stanley never knew his father, who died within a few weeks of his birth, there is some doubt as to his true parentage. As his parents were unmarried, his birth certificate describes him as a bastard, the boy John was given his fathers surname of Rowlands and brought up by his maternal grandfather Moses Parry, a once-prosperous butcher who was living in reduced circumstances. He cared for the boy until he died, when John was five, Rowlands stayed with families of cousins and nieces for a short time, but he was eventually sent to the St. Asaph Union Workhouse for the Poor. The overcrowding and lack of supervision resulted in his being frequently abused by older boys, historian Robert Aldrich has alleged that the headmaster of the workhouse raped or sexually assaulted Rowlands. When Rowlands was ten, his mother and two half-siblings stayed for a short while in this workhouse, but he did not recognize them until the headmaster told him who they were, Rowlands emigrated to the United States in 1859 at age 18. He disembarked at New Orleans and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley and he saw Stanley sitting on a chair outside his store and asked him if he had any job openings. He did so in the British style, Do you need a boy, the childless man had indeed been wishing he had a son, and the inquiry led to a job and a close relationship between them. Out of admiration, John took Stanleys name, later, he wrote that his adoptive parent died two years after their meeting, but in fact the elder Stanley did not die until 1878. This and other discrepancies led John Bierman to argue that no adoption took place, Tim Jeal goes further, and, in Chapter Two of his biography, subjects Stanleys account in his posthumously published Autobiography to detailed analysis. Stanley reluctantly joined in the American Civil War, first enrolling in the Confederate Armys 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, after being taken prisoner at Shiloh, he was recruited at Camp Douglas, Illinois by its commander Colonel James A. He joined the Union Army on 4 June 1862 but was discharged 18 days later because of severe illness, after recovering, he served on several merchant ships before joining the US Navy in July 1864. He became a keeper on board the USS Minnesota, which led him into freelance journalism. Stanley and a junior colleague jumped ship on 10 February 1865 in Portsmouth, Stanley was possibly the only man to serve in the Confederate Army, the Union Army, and the Union Navy. Following the Civil War, Stanley became a journalist in the days of frontier expansion in the American West and he then organised an expedition to the Ottoman Empire that ended catastrophically when he was imprisoned. He eventually talked his way out of jail and received restitution for damaged expedition equipment, an assignment to report on the Spanish Civil War followed
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Uganda
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