1.
Uganda
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Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, Uganda is the worlds second most populous landlocked country after Ethiopia. The southern part of the country includes a portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region, Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate. Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a portion of the south of the country. The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, beginning in 1894, the area was ruled as a protectorate by the British, who established administrative law across the territory. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962, luganda, a central language, is widely spoken across the country, and several other languages are also spoken including Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, and Luo. The president of Uganda is Yoweri Museveni, who came to power in January 1986 after a protracted guerrilla war. The ancestors of the Ugandans were hunter-gatherers until 1, 700-2,300 years ago, Bantu-speaking populations, who were probably from central Africa, migrated to the southern parts of the country. According to oral tradition, the Empire of Kitara covered an important part of the lakes area, from the northern lakes Albert and Kyoga to the southern lakes Victoria. Bunyoro-Kitara is claimed as the antecedent of the Buganda, Toro, Ankole, some Luo invaded the area of Bunyoro and assimilated with the Bantu there, establishing the Babiito dynasty of the current Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara. Arab traders moved inland from the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in the 1830s and they were followed in the 1860s by British explorers searching for the source of the Nile. British Anglican missionaries arrived in the kingdom of Buganda in 1877 and were followed by French Catholic missionaries in 1879, the British government chartered the Imperial British East Africa Company to negotiate trade agreements in the region beginning in 1888. From 1886, there were a series of wars in Buganda. Because of civil unrest and financial burdens, IBEAC claimed that it was unable to maintain their occupation in the region, in the 1890s,32,000 labourers from British India were recruited to East Africa under indentured labour contracts to construct the Uganda Railway. Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to remain in East Africa after the lines completion, subsequently, some became traders and took control of cotton ginning and sartorial retail. British naval ships unknowingly carried rats that contained the bubonic plague and these rats spread the disease throughout Uganda. From 1900 to 1920, a sleeping sickness epidemic in the part of Uganda, along the north shores of Lake Victoria
2.
Kabaka of Buganda
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Kabaka is the title of the king of the Kingdom of Buganda. According to the traditions of the Baganda they are ruled by two kings, one spiritual and the other material. The spiritual, or supernatural, king is represented by the Royal Drums, regalia called Mujaguzo and, as they always exist, Mujaguzo, like any other king, has his own palace, officials, servants and palace guards. The material, human prince has to perform special cultural rites on the Royal Drums before he can be declared king of the Kingdom of Buganda, the same Royal Drums are sounded upon the death of a reigning king to officially announce the death of the material king. According to Buganda culture, a king does not die but gets lost in the forest, inside the royal tomb, such as the Kasubi Tombs, the Wamala Tombs and Serangoon North, one is shown the entrance of the forest. It is taboo to look beyond the entrance, Buganda has no concept equivalent to the Crown Prince. All the princes are equally treated prior to the coronation of a new king following the death of a reigning monarch, however, during the period of a reigning king, a special council has the mandate to study the behavior and characteristics of the young princes. The reigning king, informed by the recommendation of the special council, in a secret ceremony, the selected prince is given a special piece of bark cloth by the head of the special verification council. The name of the king-to-be is kept secret by the council until the death of the reigning king. By tradition, Baganda children take on the clan of their biological fathers, the firstborn prince, by tradition called Kiweewa, is not allowed to become king. That was carefully planned to protect him against any attempted assassinations in a bid to fight for the crown, instead, he is given special roles to play in the matters of the royal family and kingdom. Thus, the name of the successor to the throne remains secret. The following are the known Kings of Buganda, starting from around 1300 AD. C. 1738-c.1740 Mwanga I, c. 1740-c.1741 Namuggala, c. 1741-c.1750 Kyabaggu, c. 1750-c.1780 Jjunju, c. 1780-c.1797 Semakookiro, c. 1797-c
3.
Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda
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Ronald Edward Frederick Kimera Muwenda Mutebi II is the reigning Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda, a constitutional kingdom in modern-day Uganda. He is the 36th Kabaka of Buganda and he was born at the Mulago Hospital, Kampala. He is the son of Edward Frederick William David Walugembe Mutebi Luwangula Muteesa II, Kabaka of Buganda and his mother was Nabakyala Sarah Nalule, Omuzaana Kabejja, of the Nkima clan. He was educated at Budo Junior School, Kings Mead School in Sussex and Bradfield College and he then entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read social anthropology and law but was rusticated before he earned a degree. At the age of 11, he was appointed as Heir Apparent by his father on 6 August 1966, on 21 November 1969, upon the death of his father, he succeeded as the Head of the Royal House of Buganda. He returned to Uganda in 1988, following the removal of the Obote II regime and he was proclaimed at Buddo on 24 July 1993 upon the restoration of the Ugandan Kingdoms. On 31 July 1993, he was crowned at Buddo and he assumed the style of His Majesty. He maintains his capital at Mengo, Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II is married to one wife, whom he wed on 27 August 1999. The official title of the Kabakas wife is the Nnabagereka and she is the granddaughter of George William Musoke and Nora Musoke of Nazzigo, Kyaggwe, and Omutaka Nelson Nkalubo Sebugwawo and Catherine Sebugwawo of Nkumba. The royal wedding was held at Saint Pauls Cathedral Namirembe, in Kampala, together, they have one daughter, Sarah Katrina Mirembe Ssangalyambogo Nachwa, born on 4 July 2001 in London, United Kingdom. The children of Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II include the following, Prince Jjunju Suuna and he was born in London, United Kingdom in 1986. He attended Kings College, Budo, before moving to England for further studies and she was born in London, UK, on 4 July 2001. She attends private school in Kampala, Uganda and she is an excellent swimmer and has won awards at competitions in East Africa, within her age group. Prince Richard Ssemakookiro, born in July 2011, on 17 January 2012 the Katikkiro of Buganda Kingdom at that time, Engineer John Baptist Walusimbi, confirmed that Prince Ssemakookiro′s mother is a Muganda lady from the Enseenene clan. Later, the mother was revealed as Rose Nansikombi, who hails from Luweero District in Buganda. On 15 April 2011, he was installed as the first chancellor of Muteesa I Royal University, patron and Chief of the Trustee Buganda Cultural and Development Foundation. Patron of the Buganda Development Agency, national Honours Sovereign of the Order of the Shield and Spears
4.
Administrative division
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Administrative divisions are granted a certain degree of autonomy and are usually required to manage themselves through their own local governments. Countries are divided up into smaller units to make managing their land. For example, a country may be divided into provinces, which, in turn, are divided into counties, which, in turn, may be divided in whole or in part into municipalities, and so on. Administrative divisions are separate from dependent territories, with the former being an integral part of the state. However, the administrative division can include dependent territories as well as accepted administrative divisions. For clarity and convenience the standard reference for the largest administrative subdivision of a country is called the first-level administrative division or first administrative level. Next smaller is called second-level administrative division or second administrative level, there is no fixed rule, for all politics is local as is perhaps well demonstrated by their relative lack of systemic order. In the realm of self-government, any of these can and does occur along a stretch of road—which for the most part is passing through rural unsettled countryside. In British cultural legacy, most territorial entities begin with fairly expansive counties which encompass a large area. Within those entities are the large and small cities or towns, many sister cities share a water boundary which quite often serves as a border of both cities and counties. For example, Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts appear to the traveler as one large city, while locally they each are quite culturally different. Sovereign state, a national or supra-national division, country, a national or sub-national division. Administrative division codes of the Peoples Republic of China GADM, a database of country administrative areas. ISO 3166-2, specifically Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions — Part 2
5.
Monarchy
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The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic, to partial and restricted, to completely autocratic. Traditionally and in most cases, the monarchs post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication, occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. Finally, there have been cases where the term of a reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved. Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy, Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century, but it is no longer prevalent. Currently,47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state,19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. The monarchs of Cambodia, Japan, and Malaysia reign, the word monarch comes from the Greek language word μονάρχης, monárkhēs which referred to a single, at least nominally absolute ruler. In current usage the word usually refers to a traditional system of hereditary rule. Depending on the held by the monarch, a monarchy may be known as a kingdom, principality, duchy, grand duchy, empire, tsardom, emirate, sultanate, khaganate. The form of societal hierarchy known as chiefdom or tribal kingship is prehistoric, the Greek term monarchia is classical, used by Herodotus. The monarch in classical antiquity is often identified as king, the Chinese, Japanese and Nepalese monarchs continued to be considered living Gods into the modern period. Since antiquity, monarchy has contrasted with forms of democracy, where power is wielded by assemblies of free citizens. In antiquity, monarchies were abolished in favour of such assemblies in Rome, much of 19th century politics was characterised by the division between anti-monarchist Radicalism and monarchist Conservativism. Many countries abolished the monarchy in the 20th century and became republics, advocacy of republics is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchies is called monarchism. In the modern era, monarchies are more prevalent in small states than in large ones, most monarchs, both historically and in the modern day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, the centre of the royal household and court. Growing up in a family, future monarchs are often trained for the responsibilities of expected future rule. Different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. While most monarchs have been male, many female monarchs also have reigned in history, rule may be hereditary in practice without being considered a monarchy, such as that of family dictatorships or political families in many democracies. The principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of leadership
6.
Districts of Uganda
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Uganda is divided into 111 districts and one city, which are grouped into four administrative regions. Since 2005, the Ugandan government has been in the process of dividing districts into smaller units and this decentralization is intended to prevent resources from being distributed primarily to chief towns and leaving the remainder of each district neglected. Each district is divided into counties and municipalities, and each county is further divided into sub-counties. The head elected official in a district is the chairperson of the Local Council five, below are population figures from the 2014 census
7.
Kampala
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Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city is divided into five boroughs that oversee local planning, Kampala Central Division, Kawempe Division, Makindye Division, Nakawa Division, the city is coterminous with Kampala District. Surrounding Kampala is the rapidly growing Wakiso District, whose more than doubled between 2002 and 2014 and now stands at over 2 million. Kampala was named the 13th fastest growing city on the planet, with a population growth rate of 4.03 percent. Kampala has been ranked the best city to live in East Africa ahead of Nairobi and Kigali by Mercer, in December 2015, Google launched its first wi-fi network in Kampala. Before the arrival of the British colonists, the Kabaka of Buganda had chosen the zone that would become Kampala as a hunting reserve, the area, composed of rolling hills with grassy wetlands in the valleys, was home to several species of antelope, particularly impala. When the British arrived, they called it Hills of the Impala, the language of the Buganda, Luganda, adopted many English words because of their interactions with the British. The Buganda translated Hill of the Impala as Akasozi keEmpala - Kasozi meaning hill, ke meaning of, and empala the plural of impala. In Luganda, the words mean that is of the impala, in reference to a hill. The city grew as the capital of the Buganda kingdom, from several buildings survive, including the Kasubi Tombs, the Lubiri Palace, the Buganda Parliament. In 1894, the British government officially established a protectorate within this territory, and in 1896, the protectorate expanded to cover the Ankole, Toro Kingdom, in 1905, the British government formally declared the entire territory to be a British colony. From that time until the independence of the country in 1962, following the 1962 independence, Milton Obote became president of Uganda, and held the position until 1971, when former sergeant Idi Amin defeated his government in a military coup. He proceeded to expel all Asian residents living within Kampala, in 1978, he invaded the neighboring country of Tanzania, and in turn, the government there started the Uganda–Tanzania War, which created severe damage to the buildings of Kampala. Traditionally, Kampala was a city of seven hills, but over time it has come to have a lot more, the main campus of Makerere University is in the Makerere Hill area of the city. Kampala also hosts the headquarters of the East African Development Bank on Nakasero Hill, Kampala was originally built on seven hills, but as its size has increased, it has expanded to more hills than seven. The original seven hills are, The first hill in historical importance is Kasubi Hill, the third is Kibuli Hill, which is home to the Kibuli Mosque. The fourth is Namirembe Hill, home to the Namirembe Anglican Cathedral, the fifth is Lubaga Hill, the site of the Rubaga Catholic Cathedral. A mosque was built with assistance from Libya on the hill in 2003
8.
Demographics of Uganda
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According to the 2015 revision of the World Population Prospects the total population was 39,032,000 in 2015, compared to only 5,158,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 48.1 percent,49.4 percent was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.5 percent was 65 years or older. Registration of births and deaths in Uganda is not yet complete, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs prepared the following estimates. Total Fertility Rate and Crude Birth Rate, Fertility data as of 2011, During the Uganda Protectorate period, following independence they constituted the largest non-indigenous ethnic group in Uganda, at around 80,000 people, and they dominated trade, industry, and the professions. This caused resentment among the Black majority, which was exploited by post-Independence leaders, after Idi Amin came to power in 1971, he declared economic war on the Indians, culminating in the Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972. Since Amins overthrow in 1979 some Asians have returned, there are between 15,000 and 25,000 in Uganda today, nearly all in the capital Kampala. There are also about 3,000 Arabs of various origins in Uganda. The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated
9.
History of Buganda
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The history of Buganda is that of the kingdom of the Baganda people, the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day Uganda. Muteesa I of Buganda, who had visited by explorers, like John Hanning Speke, James Augustus Grant and Henry Morton Stanley. One of the missionaries from the Church Missionary Society was Alexander Murdoch Mackay, Muteesa I never converted to any religion, despite the numerous tries. In 1884, Muteesa died and his son Mwanga II took over, most of what is known about Muteesa comes from primary sources from various Kiganda researchers and some foreign explorers, notably John Hanning Speke, and the Church Missionary Society. Mwanga was overthrown numerous times, but was reinstated, Mwanga signed a treaty with Captain Lord Lugard in 1892, giving Buganda the status of protectorate under the authority of the British East Africa Company. The British saw this territory as a prized possession, the twentieth-century influence of the Baganda in Uganda has reflected the impact of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century developments. A series of Kabakas amassed military and political power by killing rivals to the throne, abolishing hereditary positions of authority, Ganda armies also seized territory held by Bunyoro, the neighboring kingdom to the west. Ganda cultural norms also prevented the establishment of a clan by assigning the children of the Kabaka to the clan of their mother. At the same time, this allowed the Kabaka to marry into any clan in the society. The Katikkiro and other ministers formed an inner circle of advisers who could summon lower-level chiefs. By the end of the century, the Kabaka had replaced many clan heads with appointed officials. Buganda became the centrepiece of the new protectorate, with a degree of control over the kingdoms, Toro, Nkore, Busoga. Many Baganda conceived the need to educate their children and proceeded to construct institutions of learning in Buganda. At independence in 1962, Buganda had achieved the highest standard of living, the prospect of elections in the run up to independence caused a sudden proliferation of new political parties. This development alarmed the leaders within the Uganda kingdoms, because they realized that the centre of power would be at the national level. Many Ugandans were aware of the Central African Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Ugandans deeply feared the prospect of an East African federation dominated by the white settlers of Kenya, which was then in the midst of the bitter Mau Mau Uprising. They had vigorously resisted a similar suggestion by the 1930 Hilton Young Commission, confidence in Cohen vanished just as the governor was preparing to urge Buganda to recognize that its special status would have to be sacrificed in the interests of a new and larger nation-state. Kabaka Freddie, who had been regarded by his subjects as uninterested in their welfare, instead, he demanded that Buganda be separated from the rest of the protectorate and transferred to Foreign Office jurisdiction
10.
East Africa
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East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. The first five are included in the African Great Lakes region. Burundi and Rwanda are sometimes considered to be part of Central Africa. Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia – collectively known as the Horn of Africa, Comoros, Mauritius and Seychelles – small island nations in the Indian Ocean. Réunion and Mayotte – French overseas territories also in the Indian Ocean, Mozambique and Madagascar – often considered part of Southern Africa, on the eastern side of the sub-continent. Madagascar has close ties to Southeast Asia and the islands of the Indian Ocean. Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe – often also included in Southern Africa, Egypt, Sudan and South Sudan – collectively part of the Nile Valley. Situated in the portion of the continent, and Egypt. Also members of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa free trade area, the geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya and it also includes the worlds second largest freshwater lake Lake Victoria, and the worlds second deepest lake Lake Tanganyika. The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions, in fact, on the coast of Somaliland and Puntland, many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. Unusually, most of the falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600 millimetres on the slopes to around 1,250 millimetres at Addis Ababa and 550 millimetres at Asmara. In the high rainfall can be over 2,500 millimetres. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 °C, at altitudes of above 2,500 metres, frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21 °C or less. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century, today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance, there are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several, a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory. A growing number of researchers suspect that North Africa was instead the home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent
11.
Scramble for Africa
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The Scramble for Africa was the invasion, occupation, division, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the Partition of Africa and the Conquest of Africa, in 1870, only 10 percent of Africa was under European control, by 1914 it had increased to 90 percent of the continent, with only Ethiopia, the Dervish state and Liberia still being independent. The Berlin Conference of 1884, which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, is referred to as the starting point of the scramble for Africa. The latter years of the 19th century saw the transition from informal imperialism, by influence and economic dominance, to direct rule. But Europeans showed comparatively little interest in the interior for some two centuries thereafter, European exploration of the African interior began in earnest at the end of the 18th century. By 1835, Europeans had mapped most of northwestern Africa, in the middle decades of the 19th century, famous European explorers included David Livingstone and H. M. Stanley, each of whom mapped vast areas of Southern Africa and Central Africa. Arduous expeditions in the 1850s and 1860s by Richard Burton, John Speke and James Grant located the central lakes. By the end of the 19th century Europeans had charted the Nile from its source, traced the courses of the Niger, Congo and Zambezi Rivers, and realized the vast resources of Africa. Even as late as the 1870s, European states still controlled only ten percent of the African continent, the most important holdings were Angola and Mozambique, held by Portugal, the Cape Colony, held by the United Kingdom, and Algeria, held by France. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control, technological advances facilitated European expansion overseas. Industrialisation brought about rapid advancements in transportation and communication, especially in the forms of navigation, railways. Medical advances also played an important role, especially medicines for tropical diseases, the development of quinine, an effective treatment for malaria, made vast expanses of the tropics more accessible for Europeans. Sub-Saharan Africa, one of the last regions of the largely untouched by informal imperialism, was also attractive to Europes ruling elites for economic. In addition, surplus capital was more profitably invested overseas, where cheap materials, limited competition. Additionally, Britain wanted the southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India. However, in Africa – excluding the area became the Union of South Africa in 1910 – the amount of capital investment by Europeans was relatively small. Consequently, the involved in tropical African commerce were relatively small. Rhodes had carved out Rhodesia for himself, Léopold II of Belgium later, John A. Hobson argued in Imperialism that this shrinking of continental markets was a key factor of the global New Imperialism period
12.
British Empire
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The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the population at the time. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread, during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, the independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, after the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain, the British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. In Britain, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies, during the 19th Century, Britains population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, which caused significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britains economic lead, subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain, although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the worlds pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britains colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan, despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britains most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire, fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share a monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again
13.
Uganda Protectorate
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The British Protectorate of Uganda was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1894 to 1962. In 1893 the Imperial British East Africa Company transferred its rights of territory consisting mainly of Buganda Kingdom to the British Government. In 1894 the Uganda Protectorate was established, and the territory was extended beyond the borders of Buganda to an area roughly corresponds to that of present-day Uganda. From 1885 to 1887 the kingdom of Buganda fell into a civil war with Protestants, Catholics. Apolo Kagwa, still in his twenties, was early on recognised as the leader of the Protestant faction. The Muslims were in ascendancy in the part of the war. King Mwanga, temporarily deposed, was restored in 1890 with the assistance of the Protestants, King Mwanga was again deposed in 1897 when he rejected British rule and led an unsuccessful fight for independence. An infant prince, Daudi Chwa, was named King with Kagwa as one of three regents, Kagwa was one of the negotiators of the Uganda Agreement, by which Buganda became a British protectorate with limited internal autonomy. The Uganda Agreement of 1900 solidified the power of the largely Protestant Bakungu client-chiefs, London sent only a few officials to administer the country, relying primarily on the Bakungu chiefs. By The 1920s the British administrators were more confident, and have less need for military or administrative support, colonial officials taxed cash crops produced by the peasants. There was popular discontent among the Baganda rank-and-file, which weakened the position of their leaders, in 1912 Kagwa moved to solidify Bakungu power by proposing a second Lukiko for Buganda with himself as president and the Bakungu as a sort of hereditary aristocracy. British officials vetoed the idea when they discovered widespread popular opposition, instead British officials began some reforms and attempted to make the Lukiko a genuine representative assembly. Although momentous change occurred during the era in Uganda, some characteristics of late-nineteenth century African society survived to reemerge at the time of independence. Colonial rule, however, affected local economic systems dramatically, in part because the first concern of the British was financial, quelling the 1897 mutiny had been costly—units of the British Indian Army had been transported to Uganda at considerable expense. The new commissioner of Uganda in 1900, Sir Harry H. Johnston, had orders to establish an efficient administration, Johnston approached the chiefs in Buganda with offers of jobs in the colonial administration in return for their collaboration. The chiefs, were interested in preserving Buganda as a self-governing entity, continuing the royal line of kabakas. Hard bargaining ensued, but the chiefs ended up with everything they wanted, the half left to the British as Crown Land was later found to be largely swamp and scrub. Johnstons Buganda Agreement of 1900 imposed a tax on huts and guns, designated the chiefs as tax collectors, the British signed much less generous treaties with the other kingdoms without the provision of large-scale private land tenure
14.
Swahili language
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Swahili, also known as Kiswahili, is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people. The closely related Comorian language, spoken in the Comoros Islands, is considered a dialect. Estimates of the number of Swahili speakers vary widely, from 50 million to over 100 million. Swahili serves as a language of three nations, Tanzania, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Shikomor, the language in Comoros and also spoken in Mayotte, is related to Swahili. Swahili is also one of the languages of the African Union. A significant fraction of Swahili vocabulary is derived from Arabic through contact with Arabic-speaking Muslim inhabitants of the Swahili Coast, Swahili is traditionally regarded as being the language of coastal areas of Tanzania and Kenya. It was formalised after independence by presidents of the African Great Lakes region and it spread as a fishermans language to the various islands surrounding the Swahili Coast. Traders from these islands had extensive contact with the peoples from at least the 2nd century A. D. There is also evidence of early Zaramo people settlement on Zanzibar from Dar es Salaam in present-day Tanzania. Clove farmers from Oman and the Persian Gulf farmed the Zanzibar Archipelago, the earliest known documents written in Swahili are letters written in Kilwa in 1711 A. D. in the Arabic script that were sent to the Portuguese of Mozambique and their local allies. The original letters are now preserved in the Historical Archives of Goa, the British did not do so in neighbouring Kenya even though they made moves in that direction. Swahili was the only candidate in the two colonies. In the aftermath of Germanys defeat in the First World War, Swahili was to be subordinate to English, university education, much secondary education and governance at the highest levels would be conducted in English. One key step in spreading Swahili was to create a written language. In June 1928, a conference took place at Mombasa, at which the Zanzibar dialect. Swahili has become a language spoken by tens of millions in three African Great Lakes countries where it is an official or national language. In 2016 it was made a subject in all Kenyan schools
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Uganda
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