1.
Allegheny Center (Pittsburgh)
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Allegheny Center is a neighborhood on Pittsburghs North Side. Its zip code is 15212, and it has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by both council members for District 6 and District 1, in 1783, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania established a 3000-acre tract of land north of where the Allegheny River merged with the Ohio River. John Redick created a town plan for Allegheny City- which featured 36 city blocks surrounded by a common grazing area - the following year. That initial 36-block area is todays Allegheny Center and it is still surrounded on three sides by the former grazing area, now a public park called Allegheny Commons. On either side of park are the neighborhoods of Allegheny West and East Allegheny. The main thoroughfare was East Ohio Street, which stretched from Allegheny West through Allegheny Center and then to Allegheny East, from the 19th century to 1907, Allegheny Center was thus the hub of downtown Allegheny City. The Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh is located within it, as is the old Carnegie Free Library of Allegheny, Allegheny Center is also home to the National Aviary, situated within West Park. After 1907, this continued to be a hub for those residents of what was now Pittsburghs North Side. In the 1950s, community leaders discussed how to revitalize the historic hub of Allegheny City, designed by architects Deeter & Ritchey, it involved a $65 million project by Alcoa Properties, Inc. The public square was the object of a design competition sponsored by the Pittsburgh Urban Redevelopment Authority. The entire Allegheny Redevelopment Area encompasses approximately 79 acres on the North Side, the central portion of East Ohio Street was closed, and drivers were forced to take a new ring road around the mall and the other blocks of Redicks initial plan to proceed east or west. The mall, opened in 1965 and anchored by Sears, F. W, the malls stores began closing in the 1990s, and the mall gradually became a successful office complex. While there are businesses that serve the office workers in the former mall. A former business district along North Avenue in Central Northside, which deteriorated along with Allegheny Center, Allegheny West Central Northside East Allegheny North Shore List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods Toker, Franklin. Allegheny Center Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh history History of the Buhl Planetarium
2.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
3.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Children's Museum of Pittsburgh
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The Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh is a hands-on interactive childrens museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is in the Allegheny Center neighborhood in Pittsburghs Northside, the neighboring Buhl Planetarium building was vacated by 1991 when it was superseded by the nearby Carnegie Science Center. The museum grew from a mobile museum started at the Three Rivers Arts Festival in 1972. In the early 2000s, it was announced the museum would be expanding from the old Beaux Arts-style post office into the neighboring vacant Art Deco Buhl Planetarium. A plan was devised by Koning Eizenberg Architecture, Inc. to connect the two structures with a modern glass addition over what was a street called Allegheny Square. The street was vacated and realigned and the addition was built, the Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh became the largest Silver LEED certified museum in the country in March 2006. To offer teaching moments about the new museum, many of the building’s structural and mechanical systems are left exposed. In 2010, officials announced plans to rehab a rundown park in front of the museum, the centerpiece of the new park will be a fog sculpture by Ned Kahn. The park opened on June 23,2012 during a community celebration, in its seasonal Backyard, the museum grounds includes an interactive environment called Allegheny Waterworks which incorporates preserved local architectural relics. Among its sculptures are reliefs of Joe Magarac and other figures, designed by sculptor Charles Keck, the Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh houses several ongoing exhibits as well as rotating exhibits. The MAKESHOP, Attic, Studio, Backyard, Garage, Garden, Theater, Waterplay, also located within the museum are iconic items from the show Mister Rogers Neighborhood. These include the original puppets, one of Fred Rogers sweaters, the Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh presents a wide variety of programs for children in fields ranging from dance and rocket building to quilting and robotics. Visiting artists offer workshops in a host of media, including pottery, Japanese paper cutting, animation, the Museums extensive outreach program offers performances, workshops, after school programs, artist days and festival programs for schools and groups throughout the year. Educational field trips are offered for schools, scouts and other groups. The museum has collaborated with a number of institutions and programs, such as the University of Pittsburgh. Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh official site
7.
Classical architecture
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Different styles of classical architecture have arguably existed since the Carolingian Renaissance, and prominently since the Italian Renaissance. Although classical styles of architecture can vary greatly, they can in all be said to draw on a common vocabulary of decorative and constructive elements. The term classical architecture also applies to any mode of architecture that has evolved to a highly refined state, such as classical Chinese architecture and it can also refer to any architecture that employs classical aesthetic philosophy. The term might be used differently from traditional or vernacular architecture, for contemporary buildings following authentic classical principles, the term New Classical Architecture may be used. Classical architecture is derived from the architecture of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, with the collapse of the western part of the Roman empire, the architectural traditions of the Roman empire ceased to be practised in large parts of western Europe. In the Byzantine Empire, the ancient ways of building lived on, the first conscious efforts to bring back the disused language of form of classical antiquity into Western architecture can be traced to the Carolingian Renaissance of the late 8th and 9th centuries. In general, therefore, they are not considered classical architectural styles in a strict sense, nonetheless, the classical architecture of the Renaissance from the outset represents a highly specific interpretation of the classical ideas. Most of the styles originating in post-renaissance Europe can be described as classical architecture and this broad use of the term is employed by Sir John Summerson in The Classical Language of Architecture. The elements of architecture have been applied in radically different architectural contexts than those for which they were developed. For example, Baroque or Rococo architecture are styles which, although classical at root, during these periods, architectural theory still referred to classical ideas but rather less sincerely than during the Renaissance. Neoclassical architecture held a strong position on the architectural scene c. With the advent of Modernism during the early 20th century, classical architecture arguably almost completely ceased to be practised, as noted above, classical styles of architecture dominated Western architecture for a very long time, roughly from the Renaissance until the advent of Modernism. That is to say, that classical antiquity at least in theory was considered the source of inspiration for architectural endeavours in the West for much of Modern history. Furthermore, it can even be argued that styles of architecture not typically considered classical, like Gothic, therefore, a simple delineation of the scope of classical architecture is difficult to make. The more or less defining characteristic can still be said to be a reference to ancient Greek or Roman architecture, and the architectural rules or theories that derived from that architecture. In the grammar of architecture, the word petrification is often used when discussing the development of sacred structures, such as temples, during the Archaic and early Classical periods, the architectural forms of the earliest temples had solidified and the Doric emerged as the predominant element. And not everyone within the reach of Mediterranean civilization made this transition. Nor was it the lack of knowledge of working on their part that prevented them from making the transition from timber to dressed stone
8.
Zeiss projector
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A Zeiss projector is one of a line of planetarium projectors manufactured by the Carl Zeiss Company. The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built in 1924 by the Zeiss Works of Jena, Zeiss projectors are designed to sit in the middle of a dark, dome-covered room and project an accurate image of the stars and other astronomical objects on the dome. They are generally large, complicated, and imposing machines, the first Zeiss Mark I projector was installed in the Deutsches Museum in Munich in August,1923. It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a sphere of projection lenses supported above a large. Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along an axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit. The Mark I was created in 1923–1924 and was the worlds first modern planetarium projector, the Mark II was developed during the 1930s jointly by Carl Zeiss AG factories in Jena and Oberkochen. Following WWII and the division of Germany, each developed its own line of projectors. Marks III – VI were developed in Oberkochen from 1957–1989, meanwhile, the East German facility in Jena developed the ZKP projector line. The Mark VII was developed in 1993 and was the first joint project of the two Zeiss factories following German reunification, as of 2011, Zeiss currently manufactures three main models of planetarium projectors. The Starmaster line of projectors are designed for smaller domes than the Universarium, between 1923 and 2011, Zeiss manufactured a total of 631 projectors. Therefore, the table is highly incomplete. List of planetariums Planetarium Planetarium Jena Walther Bauersfeld Zeiss Planetariums
9.
Foucault pendulum
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The Foucault pendulum, or Foucaults pendulum, named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, is a simple device conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth. While it had long known that the Earth rotates, the introduction of the Foucault pendulum in 1851 was the first simple proof of the rotation in an easy-to-see experiment. Today, Foucault pendulums are popular displays in museums and universities. The first public exhibition of a Foucault pendulum took place in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory. A few weeks later, Foucault made his most famous pendulum when he suspended a 28-kg brass-coated lead bob with a 67-m-long wire from the dome of the Panthéon, Paris. The plane of the pendulums swing rotated clockwise approximately 11. 3° per hour, the original bob used in 1851 at the Panthéon was moved in 1855 to the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris. A second temporary installation was made for the 50th anniversary in 1902, during museum reconstruction in the 1990s, the original pendulum was temporarily displayed at the Panthéon, but was later returned to the Musée des Arts et Métiers before it reopened in 2000. On April 6,2010, the cable suspending the bob in the Musée des Arts et Métiers snapped, causing damage to the pendulum. An exact copy of the pendulum had been swinging permanently since 1995 under the dome of the Panthéon. The pendulum has since been reinstalled, so, relative to Earth, the plane of oscillation of a pendulum at the North Pole undergoes a full clockwise rotation during one day, a pendulum at the South Pole rotates counterclockwise. When a Foucault pendulum is suspended at the equator, the plane of oscillation remains fixed relative to Earth, for example, a Foucault pendulum at 30° south latitude, viewed from above by an earthbound observer, rotates counterclockwise 360° in two days. To demonstrate rotation directly rather than indirectly via the swinging pendulum, the instrument could be observed either with a microscope viewing a tenth of a degree scale or by a long pointer. At least three copies of a Foucault gyro were made in convenient travelling and demonstration boxes and copies survive in the UK, France. A Foucault pendulum requires care to set up because imprecise construction can cause additional veering which masks the terrestrial effect, a pendulum day is the time needed for the plane of a freely suspended Foucault pendulum to complete an apparent rotation about the local vertical. This is one day divided by the sine of the latitude. From the perspective of a frame moving in tandem with Earth, but not sharing its rotation. If the plane of swing was north-south at the outset, it is east-west one sidereal day later and this implies that there has been exchange of momentum, the Earth and the pendulum bob have exchanged momentum. The Earth is so much more massive than the pendulum bob that the Earths change of momentum is unnoticeable, nonetheless, since the pendulum bobs plane of swing has shifted, the conservation laws imply that an exchange must have occurred
10.
Heliostat
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The target may be a physical object, distant from the heliostat, or a direction in space. To do this, the surface of the mirror is kept perpendicular to the bisector of the angle between the directions of the sun and the target as seen from the mirror. In almost every case, the target is stationary relative to the heliostat, according to contemporary sources the heliostata, as it was called at first, was invented by Willem s Gravesande. Other contenders are Giovanni Alonso Borelli and Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, nowadays, most heliostats are used for daylighting or for the production of concentrated solar power, usually to generate electricity. They are also used in solar cooking. A few are used experimentally, or to reflect beams of sunlight into solar telescopes. Before the availability of lasers and other lights, heliostats were widely used to produce intense, stationary beams of light for scientific. Most modern heliostats are controlled by computers, the computer is given the latitude and longitude of the heliostats position on the earth and the time and date. From these, using astronomical theory, it calculates the direction of the sun as seen from the mirror, e. g. its compass bearing and this sequence of operations is repeated frequently to keep the mirror properly oriented. Large installations such as power stations include fields of heliostats comprising many mirrors. Usually, all the mirrors in such a field are controlled by a single computer, there are older types of heliostat which do not use computers, including ones that are partly or wholly operated by hand or by clockwork, or are controlled by light-sensors. Heliostats should be distinguished from solar trackers or sun-trackers that point directly at the sun in the sky, however, some older types of heliostat incorporate solar trackers, together with additional components to bisect the sun-mirror-target angle. A siderostat is a device which is designed to follow a fainter star. The medium travels through a heat exchanger to heat water, produce steam, a somewhat different arrangement of heliostats in a field is used at experimental solar furnaces, such as the one at Odeillo, in France. All the heliostat mirrors send accurately parallel beams of light into a large paraboloidal reflector which brings them to a precise focus. The mirrors have to be located close enough to the axis of the paraboloid to reflect sunlight into it along lines parallel to the axis, a closed loop control system is used. Sensors determine if any of the heliostats is slightly misaligned, if so, they send signals to correct it. It has been proposed that the high temperatures generated could be used to water producing hydrogen sustainably
11.
Miniature Railroad & Village
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The Miniature Railroad & Village is one of the largest and most detailed model train layouts in the United States. It depicts Western Pennsylvania from 1880 to 1930, located at the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the MRRV has been a Pittsburgh tradition for over 50 years. The exhibit dates back to late in the decade of the 20th century. Charles Bowdish of Brookville, Pennsylvania, was a soldier in World War I, when doctors discovered a congenital heart problem, he was honorably discharged from service and sent home, where he began to build models of structures around Brookville, his hometown. Every Christmas, in his home on Creek Street, the buildings were assembled in a display, on Christmas Eve 1920, Charles hosted his brothers wedding and reception, and entertained the guests by running his train display. One of the guests, Alfred Truman, asked if he could bring some friends over to see it—word quickly spread, because of this, Christmas Eve 1920 is considered to be the birth date of the exhibit. Bowdish soon began setting up and exhibiting his railroad yearly at Christmas time in his house, each year there would be a different theme, such as White Christmas or Indian Summer. The railroad spanned the entire floor, and no admission fee was ever charged. Thousands of people saw it over the years, some coming from other countries, a combination of a flood nearly destroying his stored models, and his insurance company refusing to cover the crowds anymore, forced Charles to begin searching for a new home for his work. He originally offered it to Brookville, but the town declined, eventually he offered it to the Buhl Planetarium and Institute of Popular Science in Pittsburgh. The Buhl offered him space, opening there on December 1,1954, during the 31-day period, figures showed that 23,885 visitors viewed the layout. It was originally 14 X14, and was called The Great Christmastown Railroad and it was renamed The Miniature Railroad & Village in 1957. The exhibit was an instant hit, and was and still is one of the major attractions in Pittsburgh. The MRRV was in the basement, and the queue would at times extend out the front door and around the block, eventually the dates it was open would be the first weekend of November to the last weekend of February. It was then torn down and stored until next year because the space had to be used for the science fair. On January 1,1987, the Buhl officially became a part of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, the Buhl staff had been wanting to expand the science center so they could bring in large travelling exhibits, and create more of their own. Joining the Carnegie allowed them to have the resources to do it, Buhl closed on August 31,1991, and Carnegie Science Center opened on October 5,1991. A whole new building allowed the museum to dedicate a room just to the MRRV, the new and expanded Miniature Railroad & Village opened in the Fall of 1992
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Carnegie Science Center
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The Carnegie Science Center is one of the four Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is located in the Chateau neighborhood and it is located across the street from Heinz Field. The Carnegie Science Center is the most visited museum in Pittsburgh and it has four floors of interactive exhibits. The Roboworld exhibition contains more than 30 interactive displays featuring all things robotic and its predecessor was the Buhl Planetarium and Institute of Popular Science, which opened on October 24,1939. The Buhl Planetarium was the fifth major planetarium in the United States, however, by the 1980s it had begun to show signs of age. An expansion was ruled out, so the Institute was relocated to the Chateau neighborhood, however, it became apparent to the Buhl Institute that the relocation efforts would require more staffing than they were able to provide. At this point, the Carnegie Institute stepped in, showing interest in merging with the Buhl Institute, both parties agreed to the merger in 1987. On October 5,1989, construction began on the $40 million building, the Henry Buhl, Jr. Planetarium and Observatory was reinvented in this new facility. The Center opened in October 1991, the Roboworld area is the second-floor attraction at the Carnegie Science Center. It is touted as the worlds largest permanent robotics exhibition, with more than 30 interactive displays featuring all things robotic, the first robot encounter in Roboworld is Andy Roid, the Robothespian. He is an interactive, animatronic robot that introduces visitors to the concepts of robotic sensing, thinking, the areas other exhibits showcase different types of robots, and videos containing more information about them. The Robot Hall of Fame features famous robots from science fiction films, television, and video games, such as R2-D2, C-3PO, Data, maschinenmensch, Gort, Robby the Robot, Robot B-9, HAL9000, and Huey, Dewey, and Louie from Silent Running. Highmark SportsWorks is one of the major, permanent exhibits of the Carnegie Science Center and it is one of larger science and sports exhibitions in the world, with over 30 interactive experiences in which visitors can participate. SportsWorks features three themed areas, Physics of Sports, LifeWorks, and Sports Challenge, the previous sponsor, UPMC, ended its sponsorship of SportsWorks in 2006. On November 13,2008, the Carnegie Science Center unveiled plans for a new 12, 000-square-foot SportsWorks and it reopened in the Fall of 2009. From October 8,2007 until May 2008, SportsWorks housed the controversial exhibit BODIES, at least one employee of the Carnegie Science Center left her job due to the implementation of this exhibit. The E-motion cone is a white-colored, inverted cone which sits atop the Science Center building, at night, it is lit with different colors, signalling the weather forecast for the coming day. Miniature Railroad & Village Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh List of museums in Pennsylvania Seddon Bennington - director of the museum from 1994 until 2002
13.
History of Pittsburgh
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The history of Pittsburgh began with centuries of Native American civilization in the modern Pittsburgh region, known as Dionde, gâ in the Seneca language. Eventually French and British explorers encountered the strategic confluence where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio, the area became a battleground when France and Britain fought for control in the 1750s. When the British were victorious, the French ceded control of territories east of the Mississippi, following American independence in 1783, the village around Fort Pitt continued to grow. The region saw the short-lived Whiskey Rebellion, when farmers rebelled against federal taxes on whiskey, the War of 1812 cut off the supply of British goods, stimulating American manufacture. By 1815, Pittsburgh was producing large quantities of iron, brass, tin, by the 1840s, Pittsburgh had grown to one of the largest cities west of the Allegheny Mountains. Production of steel began in 1875, during the 1877 railway riots it was the site of the most violence and damage in any city affected by the nationwide strikes of that summer. Workers protested against cuts in wages, burning buildings at the railyards, including 100 train engines. Forty men were killed, most of them strikers, by 1911, Pittsburgh was producing half the nations steel. Pittsburgh was a Republican party stronghold until 1932, in World War II, it was the center of the Arsenal of Democracy, producing munitions for the Allied war effort as prosperity returned. Following World War II, Pittsburgh launched an air and civic revitalization project known as the Renaissance. The industrial base continued to expand through the 1960s, but after 1970 foreign competition led to the collapse of the industry, with massive layoffs. Top corporate headquarters moved out in the 1980s, in 2007 the city lost its status as a major transportation hub. The population of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area is holding steady at 2.4 million, 65% of its residents are of European descent, for thousands of years, Native Americans inhabited the region where the Allegheny and the Monongahela join to form the Ohio. Paleo-Indians conducted a hunter-gatherer lifestyle in the region perhaps as early as 19,000 years ago, meadowcroft Rockshelter, an archaeological site west of Pittsburgh, provides evidence that these first Americans lived in the region from that date. During the Adena culture that followed, Mound Builders erected a large Indian Mound at the site of McKees Rocks. The Indian Mound, a site, was augmented in later years by members of the Hopewell culture. By 1700 the Iroquois Confederacy, the Five Nations-based south of the Great Lakes in present-day New York, held dominion over the upper Ohio valley, reserving it for hunting grounds. Other tribes included the Lenape, who had displaced from eastern Pennsylvania by European settlement, and the Shawnee
14.
Timeline of Pittsburgh
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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US. 1742 John Fraser is given what will become Braddocks Field,1754 January, Construction on Fort Prince George is started April, Fort Duquesne established by French. April 18, Fort Prince George is surrendered,1755 July 9, French and Indian forces defeat the British Army. 1758 September 14, The Battle of Fort Duquesne takes place November 25, British take Fort Duquesne,1763 June 22, Siege of Fort Pitt begins August 20, Siege of Fort Pitt ends 1764 The Fort Pitt Blockhouse is completed. Allegheny County Sheriffs Office is established September 17, Treaty of Fort Pitt is signed,1792 Fort Pitt is abandoned by the U. S. Army. 1793 September 12, The Pittsburgh Bureau of Fire is established,1794 The Pittsburgh Night Watchmen, the predecessor to the Pittsburgh Police Department is established. August 1, Rebellious militiamen and farmers march on the city during the Whiskey Rebellion 1797 August 3,1798 Gilkison Bookstore and Circulating Library in business. 1803 Fort Lafayette serves as a base for the Lewis. 1811 Pittsburgh Engine Company in business,1812 Fort Lafayette serves as a supply base for Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. 1813 Pittsburgh Humane Society and Chemical and Physiological Society established,1828 City water pumping system put into effect for the Allegheny River. 1829 City wards created, East, North, South, West,1838 Pittsburg Institute of Arts and Sciences incorporated. 1840 Pittsburgh and Beaver Canal opens,1841 Courthouse built on Grant Street. State Convention of Colored Freemen held in city,1842 Sitdown strike by iron workers. 1843 Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh established, delanys The Mystery newspaper begins publication. 1846 Uptown becomes part of city,1847 Young Mens Mercantile Library & Mechanics Institute established. The Catholic Sisters of Mercy establish Mercy Hospital, the first hospital in Pittsburgh 1849 St. Mary Cemetery established, manufacture of Kiers Rock Oil begins. 1851 Duffs Mercantile College and German Library Association established,1852 Pennsylvania Central Railroad begins operating. 1856 February, An informal National Republican convention is held in the city,1857 The Pittsburgh Police Department is established
15.
Culture of Pittsburgh
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The Culture of Pittsburgh stems from the citys long history as a center for cultural philanthropy, as well as its rich ethnic traditions. The Frank Lloyd Wright masterpiece Fallingwater is about an hours drive from Downtown Pittsburgh, the North Shore has an 1895 neogothic church, Calvary Methodist, with an interior designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany. The churchs stained glass windows are some of the largest and most elaborate work Tiffany ever created, the Allegheny County Courthouse, designed by H. H. Richardson, is a unique and influential building. At 42 stories, the University of Pittsburghs Cathedral of Learning is the second tallest collegiate building in the world, the tallest skyscraper in Pittsburgh is the triangular U. S. Steel Tower. Both Heinz Field and PNC Park are designed to give fans a view of the city skyline, the region has hosted over 1,000 film and television works since the first production filmed in the city in 1898. Since 1990 the Pittsburgh Film Office has marketed the greater southwestern Pennsylvania region as a location for movie, television. The PFO has assisted more than 102 feature films and television productions to southwestern Pennsylvania to generate an impact of more than $575 million for the region. Pittsburgh Filmmakers teaches media arts and runs three arthouse movie theaters and since 1981 the Three Rivers Film Festival has brought attention to local talent. The Pittsburgh Playhouse at Point Park University has four resident theatre companies, the Pittsburgh New Works Festival utilizes local theatre companies to stage productions of original one-act plays by playwrights from all parts of the country. Similarly, Future Ten showcases new ten-minute plays, saint Vincent Summer Theatre, Off the Wall Productions, Mountain Playhouse, and Stage Right. In nearby Latrobe, Carnegie, Jennerstown, and Greensburg, respectively, employ Pittsburgh actors, August Wilson, one of the best known playwrights of his generation, was a Pittsburgh native. The majority of his plays are set in the city as well including the two that he won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for, friday Nite Improvs, an improv show at the University of Pittsburghs Cathedral of Learning, is Pittsburghs longest-running theatre show. It has produced a number of writers and actors. Since 1991 the Gene Kelly Awards have honored students in drama in the region, traditional Pittsburgh foods reflect the citys multicultural heritage, especially that of the European immigrants of the early 20th century. While these immigrant populations introduced dishes such as pierogis to the city, other Pittsburgh food specialties were developed in the city. In general, these dishes are popular because for many years, they satisfied the hearty appetite of the archetypal Pittsburgher. Essies Original Hot Dog shop - an Oakland staple since 1960, halušky – noodles with fried cabbage, or cottage cheese. Iron City Beer – native brew, with a shot of whiskey, a boilermaker, with a shot of Imperial, italian sausage – with grilled peppers and onions
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Western Pennsylvania English
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Speakers with the strongest accent of this dialect, associated with the white working class of Pittsburgh, have been historically called Yinzers. Scots-Irish, Pennsylvania German, and Slavic-speaking immigrants to the area all provided certain loanwords to the dialect, since the time of Kuraths study, one of western Pennsylvanias defining features, the cot–caught merger, has expanded into central Pennsylvania, moving eastward until being blocked at Harrisburg. Speakers of Pittsburgh English are sometimes called Yinzers, in reference to their use of the 2nd-person plural pronoun yinz, the word yinzer is sometimes heard as pejorative, indicating a lack of sophistication, although the term is now used in a variety of ways. Older men are likely to use the accent than women. possibly because of a stronger interest in displaying local identity. A defining feature of Western Pennsylvania English is the cot–caught merger, therefore, cot and caught are both pronounced, Don and dawn are both. The /oʊ/ sound as in oh begins more fronted in the mouth, similarly, /uː/ as in food and rude is fronted, and often diphthongized, as in much of the American South, Midland, and West. The diphthong /aʊ/, as in ow, is monophthongized to in environments, including before nasal consonants. This monophthongization does not occur, however, in word-final positions and this sound may be the result of contact from Slavic languages during the early twentieth century. Monopthongization also occurs for the sound /aɪ/, as in eye, before consonants, so that tile is pronounced, pile is pronounced. Due to this phenomenon, tire may merge with the sound of tar, an epenthetic /r/ sound may occur after vowels in a small number of words, such as in water pronounced like warter, and wash like warsh. A number of vowel mergers occur uniquely in Western Pennsylvania English before the consonant /l/, the pair of vowels /iː/ and /ɪ/ may each merge before the /l/ consonant, cause both steel and still to be pronounced as something like. Similarly, /u/, /oʊ/, and /ʊ/ may merge before /l/, so that pool, pull, the /iː/~/ɪ/ merger is found in western Pennsylvania, as well as parts of the southern United States, including Alabama, Texas and the west. On the other hand, the merger is consistently found only in western Pennsylvania. The /iː/~/ɪ/ merger towards may also appear before /ɡ/, the vowel /ʌ/ before /l/, may lower into the vowel of the cot–caught merger mentioned above, so that mull can sound identical to mall/maul. L-vocalization is also common in the Western Pennsylvania dialect, in which an /l/ sounds like a /w/, an example is that well is pronounced as, milk as or, role as, and cold as. This phenomenon is common in African American Vernacular English. All adj. all gone Further explanation, When referring to consumable products, for example, the phrase the butters all would be understood as the butter is all gone. Babushka n. headscarf Further explanation, In Russian, Slovak, and many other Slavic languages, in Pittsburgh English, the word also denotes a type of headscarf that might be worn by an old woman
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Media in Pittsburgh
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The Pitt News, a financially independent student-written and -managed newspaper of the University of Pittsburgh, is closing in on its 100th year of publication. The University of Pittsburgh School of Law also hosts JURIST, the worlds only university-based legal news service, Outdoor advertising in the area is handled by Lamar Outdoor, who controls a majority of large posters and billboards and bus shelters and shopping centers in the area. It has recently gained distinction as one of the most competitive, the market is served by, Pittsburgh radio has long been dominated by KDKA1020 AM. However, as of early 2006 the station is no longer No.1 in the ratings, KQV1410 AM, now an all-news outlet, was Pittsburghs dominant Top 40 station throughout the 1960s. On the FM dial, album-rock WDVE, modern rock WXDX, adult contemporary WBZZ, pop and hip-hop WKST-FM, the Radio Information Service, broadcasting on a subcarrier of WESA provides special programming for the blind and print impaired. Additionally, Pittsburgh hosts the radio stations WRCT and WPTS. In 2010, Nielsen will continue to rank Pittsburgh as the 23rd largest television Designated Market Area in the country and that is a drop from Nielsens 2009 estimate of 1,156,460. Despite the decline in households, Pittsburgh still has 22,090 more households than the next closest television DMA which is Charlotte, NC. In 2004 Pittsburgh was the 24th largest DMA in the U. S. as ranked by population, Pittsburghs DMA covers a land area of 10,083 square miles in three states. The Pittsburgh DMA includes the counties, Pennsylvania counties, West Virginia counties, Monongalia Preston Maryland counties, Garrett Pittsburgh
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Government of Pittsburgh
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The Government of Pittsburgh is composed of the Mayor, the City Council, and various boards and commissions. Most of these offices are housed within the Pittsburgh City-County Building, the Mayor of Pittsburgh is elected every 4 years. The current mayor is Bill Peduto, since the 1950s the Mayors Chief of Staff has assumed a large role in advising, long term planning and as a gatekeeper to the mayor. The Pittsburgh City Council is a city council. City council members are chosen by plurality elections in each of nine districts, the mayor appoints the position of Pittsburgh Police Chief. The city and its residents are served by the elected four-year term Allegheny County Sheriff. Pittsburgh finances are subject to the Pittsburgh Intergovernmental Cooperation Authority, the citys state-appointed financial oversight body, many governmental functions are carried out by boards, authorities and commissions
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Allegheny County Airport Authority
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Allegheny County Airport Authority is a Municipal Authority in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania that oversees and maintains the Allegheny County airport system. These include management of Pittsburgh International Airport as well as Allegheny County Airport, the Authority is also a key lobbying and public interest agency often representing the local aviation industry and related industry interests in Harrisburg and on the federal level. The authority holds over $500 million in debt from construction of the Pittsburgh International Airport, christina Cassotis January 15,2015 – present James R. Gill March 14,2014 – January 14,2015 Bradley Penrod Oct. 2007-February 5,2013 Kent George Dec.14 1998-Oct. 2007 (also served as President of American Association of Airport Executives Gary Bishop Jan,311997 Peter Florian Jan.20 1996- Herbert Higginbotham Dec.1993 - Jan.191996 Guy Tumolo June 1993-Nov
20.
David L. Lawrence Convention Center
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The David L. Lawrence Convention Center is a 1,500, 000-square-foot convention, conference and exhibition building in downtown Pittsburgh in the U. S. commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is served by two exits on Interstate 579 and it sits on the southern shoreline of the Allegheny River. It is the first LEED-certified convention center in North America and one of the first in the world and it is owned by the Sports & Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County. In the early 1970s a site on the side of Downtown Pittsburgh was considered for a modern convention center. There was a proposal in mid-1974 to locate the center at the then transitioning Penn Station, the center had its ceremonial groundbreaking on June 8,1977. On February 7,1981 the original $35 million structure opened with a ribbon cutting ceremony by Mayor Richard Caliguiri, County Commissioner Tom Foerster and Governor Dick Thornburgh. After the Commonwealth approved funding for the center on February 3,1999 Rafael Viñoly Architects. Viñoly along with Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners and Goldreich Engineering P. C, the architect, Viñoly, began the design with a goal in mind of achieving the status of a green building. The current building replaced the former center of the same name that was constructed in 1981. The old convention center was 131,000 sq ft and lacked a ballroom, all of the old building was demolished to make way for the current structure which was built on the same site. The building won the 2004 Supreme Award for structural engineering excellence from the Institution of Structural Engineers, the center—though completely a structure of 2003 construction—chose to retain the name of the earlier convention center on the site completed in 1981 in honor of David Leo Lawrence. Lawrence was an American politician who served as the Democratic Governor of Pennsylvania from 1959 to 1963 and he is to date the only mayor of Pittsburgh to be elected Governor of Pennsylvania. He was Pennsylvanias first Catholic Governor, and a force in the national Democratic Party from the 1930s to the 1960s. Historians credit him with among other behind-the-scenes labors, leading a compromise at the 1944 National Democratic Convention that eventually made Harry Truman president, the boy survived after being treated at Allegheny General Hospital for several days. On February 12,2002, less than two weeks before the opening of the new center, a 165-ton truss that was under construction collapsed, killing one. The truss was part of the phase of construction, scheduled for opening in 2003. On February 5,2007, a section of concrete floor from the second floor loading dock collapsed under the weight of a tractor-trailer, the building remained closed until investigations by the contractors were completed on March 9, the fault was repaired, and the convention center reopened. June 8,1977, Groundbreaking at 10th Street and Ft. Duquesne Way, HJ Heinz and Westinghouse bringing two interactive talking robots to their displays and US Steel and Alcoa hosting large exhibits
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Pittsburgh City-County Building
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The Pittsburgh City-County Building is the seat of government for the City of Pittsburgh and houses both Pittsburgh and Allegheny County offices. It is located in Downtown Pittsburgh at 414 Grant Street, Pittsburgh, built from 1915-17 it is the third seat of government of Pittsburgh. Today the building is occupied mostly by Pittsburgh offices with Allegheny County located in adjacent county facilities, in 1914, a competition was held for a new Pittsburgh City Hall. The 16-entry competition led to the commissioning of Edward B, lee, a respected Pittsburgh architect, with Palmer, Hornbostel, & Jones as associated architects. The completed design was done by Hornbostel, the building was commissioned by former Pittsburgh Mayor Joseph G. Armstrong to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Pittsburghs 1816 incorporation as a city. On the seventh floor of the building is a mural completed in 1940 entitled Justice by award winning artist Harry Scheuch. Mayor Magee and the City Hall were featured in 1924s Fording the Lincoln Highway, 1992s Lorenzos Oil used the building to shoot scenes depicting Johns Hopkins Hospital. Many scenes of the Bruce Willis and Sarah Jessica Parker 1993 police drama Striking Distance were filmed both inside and on the Grant Street entrance to the building, most notable is the nighttime scene of Dennis Farinas supervisor character arguing with Willis Tom Hardy over the Polish Hill documents. The downtown branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh occupied space in the structure until November,1930, media related to Pittsburgh City-County Building at Wikimedia Commons
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Allegheny County Courthouse
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The Allegheny County Courthouse in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is part of a complex designed by H. H. Richardson. The buildings are considered among the finest examples of the Romanesque Revival style for which Richardson is well known, the complex is bordered by wide thoroughfares named for city founders James Ross, John Forbes and James Grant. The current building, completed in 1888, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, Richardson later referred to it as his great achievement. Pittsburghs original courthouse, first occupied in 1794, was a structure located on one side of Market Square. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court and from December 7,1818, until 1841 the Western District of Pennsylvania also held sessions at Market Square. Land for a new courthouse was purchased in April 1834 and this was a tract of land on the corner of Forbes Avenue and Grant Street, on Grants Hill. Construction took place between 1836 and 1840 and this court house was built with polished gray sandstone, quarried at Coal Hill, opposite Water Street along the Monongahela River. The building was designed by John Chislett, the Greek Revival design included a domed cupola housing a rotunda 60 feet in diameter and 80 feet high. The building was completed in 1841, even in its deteriorated state, it was a handsome structure. On May 7,1882, a fire out and ruined the building. The third, and present, courthouse was erected on the same spot, following the destruction of the second courthouse, Allegheny County Commissioners decided to hold a competition to design a replacement. The winner of the competition was Boston architect Henry Hobson Richardson and construction of the buildings was begun by the Norcross Brothers, Richardson’s construction firm of choice, the courtyard is surrounded by four stories in three sides. A tower rises five stories from the open side. As was usually the case with Richardson’s buildings, the roof is steep with dormers placed at all the corners, a prison is connected to the courthouse via the Bridge of Sighs. The design was based on the Bridge of Sighs in Venice, the entire complex was built of large rusticated blocks of granite, with the entrance ways and windows topped with wide arches. This gives the building a heavy, stable and dignified appearance, in the 1900s the street level in front of the building was lowered as part of a general re-grading of Pittsburgh. Richardson had anticipated this and courses of finished masonry had been buried underground, unfortunately this left the ceremonial entrance a full story above the street. Muralist Vincent Nesbert completed five murals for the building on its first floor in 1937, Industry, Justice, Peace, Fort Duquesne, in 1973, the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places
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