1.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
2.
American Kennel Club
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The American Kennel Club is a registry of purebred dog pedigrees in the United States. Unlike most other countries kennels clubs, the AKC is not part of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, the origins of the AKC lay in the National Greyhound Association, which was the first organization to encourage breeders to produce dogs with a goal in mind. In this case, the goal was not beauty but racing speed, in 1882, the National Coursing League, a British organization, began to require that all racing dogs be registered in their studbooks before they were eligible to race. The National Greyhound Association followed suit soon after, in the early 1800s, the English became concerned with the beauty of dogs rather than their function. This fad spread to North America, and in 1877, the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show began, soon after, the need for a regulating body became obvious. The National American Kennel Club, which had founded in 1876, began to publish. In 1884, a group of 13 breed clubs,10 American clubs and 3 Canadian clubs and these 13 clubs pledged to do everything to advance the study, breeding, exhibiting, running and maintenance of purity of thoroughbred dogs. The AKC differed from The Kennel Club in that individuals could not directly join the Kennel Club, they became members of smaller, individual breed clubs, which were themselves members of the AKC. Soon after the AKC, CKC, and KC produced agreements that made any dog eligible to be registered with the club in its home country, in 1909, the group moved to New York and became incorporated. On July 1,2012, the AKC began to recognize certain titles issued by the North American Flyball Association and these titles are Flyball Champion, Flyball Master, and the ONYX title. The AKC is the largest registry of purebred dogs in the U. S. and is the only not-for profit registry, as well as the most well-known, and the most influential. For a purebred dog to be registered with the AKC, the parents must be registered with the AKC as the same breed. Once a determination of eligibility is met, either by application or registry research. As of November 2016, the AKC recognizes 202 breeds, the AKC divides dog breeds into seven groups, one class, and the Foundation Stock Service, consisting of the following, Sporting Group,30 breeds, developed as bird dogs. Includes Pointers, Retrievers, Setters, and Spaniels, hound Group,29 breeds, developed to hunt using sight or scent. Working Group,30 breeds, developed for a variety of jobs, including guarding property, guarding livestock, terrier Group,30 breeds, developed to hunt vermin and to dig them from their burrows or lairs. Toy Group,21 breeds, developed as companion dogs, herding Group,29 breeds, developed to herd livestock. Non-Sporting Group,20 breeds, assorted breeds who do not fit any of the above groups
3.
Canadian Kennel Club
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The Canadian Kennel Club is the primary registry body for purebred dog pedigrees in Canada. The Canadian Kennel Club is a national, member-based, non-profit organization, founded in 1888, it provides registry services for all the 175 dog breeds which it currently recognizes, and provides governance for all CKC approved shows, trial and events. CKC provides news and information to its membership through its association with Dogs in Canada monthly magazine. Once these criteria are met, the dog is eligible to be registered as purebred by the CKC CKC is not the only Canadian registry of purebred dogs, but it is the one most Canadians are familiar with. CKC members may only breed CKC recognized breeds and are required to sign a pledge not to engage in the buying, selling or breeding of dogs not purebred. As with almost all breed registries, the registration specifies only that the dog is purely of one recognized breed—it does not guarantee that the dog comes from healthy or show-quality bloodlines, neither is it a reflection on the quality of the breeder or how the puppy was raised. Registration basically provides tracking for known canine ancestry as stated by the breeder of each dog registered, purebred pedigrees can often be followed back for as much as a century and for perhaps thirty or more generations of registered ancestry. Registration is necessary for dogs who will participate in purebred conformation shows or who will be used for purebred breeding, breeders that are CKC members are required to register all of their puppies, even if they are not of show quality. List of dog recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club Official website A new direction for kennel club regulations
4.
The Kennel Club
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The Kennel Club is the official kennel club of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest recognised kennel club in the world and its role is to act as governing body for various canine activities including dog shows, dog agility and working trials. It also operates the national register of pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom and its headquarters are located on Clarges Street in Mayfair, London, with business offices in Aylesbury. The Kennel Club registration system divides dogs into seven breed groups, the Kennel Club Groups are, Hound, Working, Terrier, Gundog, Pastoral, Utility and Toy. As of 2011, the Kennel Club recognised 210 breeds of dog and this was increased to 211 breeds with the addition of the Turkish Kangal dog in 2013. The Kennel Club licenses dog shows throughout the UK but the dog show actually run by the KC is the Crufts conformation show. The show has held since 1928 and attracts competitors from all over the world. Crufts is held every March at the NEC, Birmingham, the Kennel Club also holds the dog event Discover Dogs in London every November, featuring the Scruffts dog show for crossbreed and mixed breed dogs. The Kennel club was founded in 1873 after Sewallis E Shirley became frustrated by trying to dog shows without a consistent set of rules to work with. Since the first dog show held in 1859, shows had become popular during the Victorian era. Shirley is listed as an exhibitor of Fox Terriers at the Birmingham Dog Show Society show in 1865, together with a group of other gentlemen he organised the First Grand Exhibition of Sporting and Other Dogs held at Crystal Palace in June 1870. The show was not a success and the gentlemen of the committee had to make up the loss. This seems to have been the trigger for Shirley calling a meeting with others who had deep seated interests in judging and exhibiting pedigree dogs. The Meeting was held at 2 Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, London, all business was conducted from there until a move to Pall Mall in May 1877. It was decided they would be responsible for publishing a Stud Book, the Kennel Club saw particular change under the chairmanship of John MacDougall during the period 1981 to 1996. It was also under his stewardship that the system became computerised. The Kennel Club acquired Crufts dog show after the widow of Charles Cruft was unable to devote the time to running such a large undertaking, no shows were held during the Second World War. The first Crufts show held by the Kennel Club was in 1948 at Olympia, the show was first televised by the BBC in 1950
5.
Dog
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The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, the dog was the first domesticated species and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be attuned to human behavior. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours, dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on society has given them the sobriquet mans best friend. The term domestic dog is used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, the term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce. The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga frog, picga pig, stagga stag, wicga beetle, worm, the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. In 14th-century England, hound was the word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound. It is believed this dog type was so common, it became the prototype of the category hound. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, the word hound is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon-, dog. This semantic shift may be compared with in German, where the corresponding words Dogge, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam, the process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp, the modern English word whelp is an alternate term for puppy. A litter refers to the offspring at one birth which are called puppies or pups from the French poupée, doll. The term dog typically is applied both to the species as a whole, and any male member of the same. An adult female is a bitch, in some countries, especially in North America, dog is used instead due to the vulgar connotation of bitch. An adult male capable of reproduction is a stud, an adult female capable of reproduction is a brood bitch, or brood mother. Immature males or females are pups or puppies, a group of pups from the same gestation period is a litter
6.
British culture
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The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture, and Humanism, Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture. British literature, music, cinema, art, theatre, comedy, media, television, philosophy, architecture, the United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology, producing world-leading scientists and inventions. Sport is an important part of British culture, numerous sports originated in the country, the UK has been described as a cultural superpower, and London has been described as a world cultural capital. The Industrial Revolution, which started in the UK, had an effect on the socio-economic. These states are collectively known as the Anglosphere, and are among Britains closest allies. In turn the empire also influenced British culture, particularly British cuisine, the cultures of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness. First spoken in early medieval England, the English language is the de facto language of the UK. Individual countries within the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their indigenous languages, Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. There is also a campaign under way to recognise Scots as a language in Scotland, the Cornish language enjoys neither official recognition nor promotion by the state in Cornwall. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the UK Government has committed to the promotion of linguistic traditions. The United Kingdom has ratified the charter for, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Scots, Cornish, British Sign Language is also a recognised language. Owing to its history, dialects and regional accents vary amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom. Some cities in close proximity have a different dialect and accent, such as Scousers from Liverpool, notable Scouse speakers include John Lennon and Paul McCartney from The Beatles while Mancunians include Liam and Noel Gallagher from Oasis. Received Pronunciation is the accent of standard English in the UK, brummie is the dialect of natives of Birmingham in the west midlands of England – notable Brummies include rock musicians Ozzy Osbourne, Jeff Lynne, and Rob Halford. Geordie is the dialect of people from Tyneside in northeast England – musicians Brian Johnson, Mark Knopfler, notable exponents of the Scottish accent include Sean Connery, comedian Billy Connolly, and The Proclaimers. The West Country accent from southwest England is identified in film as pirate speech – cartoon-like Ooh arr, talk is very similar, while famous pirates hailed from this region, including Blackbeard, West Country native Robert Newtons performance as Long John Silver in films standardised the pirate voice. The Northern Irish accent includes golfer Rory McIlroy and actor Liam Neeson, the early 18th century is known as the Augustan Age of English literature. From the late 18th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance 200 years earlier, in Scotland the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in Scots literature, and the Weaver Poets of Ulster were influenced by literature from Scotland
7.
Winston Churchill
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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD PC DL FRS RA was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his overall, in 1963, he was the first of only eight people to be made an honorary citizen of the United States. Churchill was born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough and his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young officer, he saw action in British India, the Anglo–Sudan War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns, at the forefront of politics for fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, during the war, he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign caused his departure from government. He then briefly resumed active service on the Western Front as commander of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He returned to government under Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, at the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister and he led Britain as Prime Minister until victory over Nazi Germany had been secured. After the Conservative Party suffered a defeat in the 1945 general election. He publicly warned of an Iron Curtain of Soviet influence in Europe, after winning the 1951 election, Churchill again became Prime Minister. His second term was preoccupied by foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War, domestically his government laid great emphasis on house-building. Churchill suffered a stroke in 1953 and retired as Prime Minister in 1955. Upon his death aged ninety in 1965, Elizabeth II granted him the honour of a state funeral and his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate amongst writers and historians. Born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough, a branch of the noble Spencer family, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father. His ancestor George Spencer had changed his surname to Spencer-Churchill in 1817 when he became Duke of Marlborough, to highlight his descent from John Churchill, Churchill was born on 30 November 1874, two months prematurely, in a bedroom in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. From age two to six, he lived in Dublin, where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy, Churchills brother, John Strange Spencer-Churchill, was born during this time in Ireland
8.
Brindle
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Brindle is a coat coloring pattern in animals, particularly dogs, cattle, guinea pigs, and, rarely, horses. It is sometimes described as tiger-striped, although the pattern is more subtle than that of a tigers coat. The streaks of color are irregular and usually darker than the color of the coat. This coloration looks very similar to tricolor, and can be distinguished only at close range, dogs of this color are often described as trindle. It can also occur in combination with merle in the points, or as a brindle merle, in such as the Cardigan Welsh Corgi. The dark markings are black or the gray or brown. It is not uncommon for a brindled Cairn Terrier to become more black or silver as it ages. Brindle is an old variety in guinea pigs and they are difficult to breed to perfection, as the black and red hairs should intermingle evenly all over. Brindle guinea pigs fur type is Abyssinian, in some horses the pattern seems to be inherited, indicating that one or more genes are responsible. One heritable brindle pattern in a family of American Quarter Horses was identified in 2016, the Brindle1 phenotype has an X-linked, semidominant mode of inheritance. Female horses with this gene have a coat pattern, plus hairs from the stripes have a different texture as well as color, less straight. Male horses have sparse manes and tails but do not show a striped coat texture pattern, Brindle coloring consists of irregular stripes extending vertically over the horses body and horizontally around the legs. Brindle horses can also have a dorsal stripe and it usually does not affect the head and legs as much as the body, with the heaviest concentrations of brindling being on the neck, shoulders and hindquarters. The coloring has been documented in the past, at the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Science in Leningrad, a Russian cab horse of brindle coloring from the early 19th century was mounted and put on display due to its rarity. The brindling pattern found in horses could be described as vertical stripes that are found along the neck, back, hindquarters, the horses head is usually a solid color and is not affected by the striping. The brindling pattern has no effect on points on horses. Some brindle-colored horses are more eye-catching than others, with this rare coat pattern there is a base coat that covers the entire body of the horse. This base coat color can be any color, recorded examples have been bay, chestnut, palomino, and dun
9.
Piebald
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A piebald or pied animal is one that has a pattern of pigmented spots on an unpigmented background of hair, feathers or scales. The spots are pigmented in shades of black and/or yellow as determined by the controlling the color of the animal. The animals skin underneath its coat may or may not be pigmented under the spots, location of the pigmented spots is dependent on the migration of melanoblasts from the neural crest to paired bilateral locations in the skin of the early embryo. The resulting pattern appears symmetrical only if melanoblasts migrate to both locations of a pair and proliferate to the degree in both locations. Animals with this pattern may include horses, dogs, birds, cats, pigs, some animals also exhibit colouration of the irises of the eye that match the surrounding skin. The underlying genetic cause is related to a known as leucism. In medieval English pied indicated alternating contrasting colours making up the quarters of an item of costume or livery device in heraldry, court jesters and minstrels are sometimes depicted in pied costume and this is the origin of the name of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. The word piebald originates from a combination of pie, from magpie, the reference is to the distinctive black-and white plumage of the magpie. In British English piebald and skewbald are together known as coloured, genetically, a piebald horse begins with a black base coat colour, and then the horse also has an allele for one of three basic spotting patterns overlaying the base colour. The most common coloured spotting pattern is called tobiano, and is a dominant gene. Tobiano creates spots that are large and rounded, usually with a vertical orientation, with white that usually crosses the back of the horse, white on the legs. The frame variant has dark or minimally marked legs, the genetics of overo and sabino are not yet fully understood, but they can appear in the offspring of two solid-coloured parents, whereas a tobiano must always have at least one tobiano parent. The various types of magpie gave their name to pied coloration, the bald eagle derives its name from the word piebald in reference to the contrast of its white head and tail with dark body. The term was used in The Conservationist by Nadine Gordimer when referring to kingfishers, many other animal species may also be pied or piebald including, but not limited to, squirrels and birds. Snakes, especially ball pythons and corn snakes, may also exhibit seemingly varying patches of completely pigmentless scales along with patches of pigmented scales, some domesticated foxes born from the Russian Institute of Cytology and Genetics also carry this coloring. Recently, a piebald blood python was discovered in Sumatra, bicolor cats carry the piebald gene. The same pattern applies to cats also applies to dogs when the white spotting gene involved is indeed piebald. The piebald gene is found in domestic guinea pigs, goldfish, rabbits, hamsters, goats, fancy rats, cows
10.
Docking (dog)
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Docking is the removal of portions of an animals tail. While docking and bobbing are more used to refer to removal of the tail. Tail docking occurs in one of two ways, the first involves constricting the blood supply to the tail with a rubber ligature for a few days until the tail falls off. The second involves the severance of the tail with surgical scissors or a scalpel, the length to which tails are docked varies by breed, and is often specified in the breed standard. At least 170 dog breeds have naturally occurring bob tail lines and these appear similar to docked dogs but are a distinct naturally occurring phenotype. Historically, tail docking was thought to prevent rabies, strengthen the back, increase the speed, and prevent injuries when ratting, fighting. In early Georgian times in the United Kingdom a tax was levied upon working dogs with tails, the tax was repealed in 1796 but that did not stop the practice from persisting. Tail docking is done in modern times either for prophylactic, therapeutic, docking of puppies younger than 10 to 14 days old is routinely carried out by both breeders and veterinarians without anesthesia. Opponents of these state that most tail dockings are done for aesthetic reasons rather than health concerns and are unnecessarily painful for the dog. They point out that even non-working show or pet dogs are routinely docked, as a result, tail defects that docking proponents claim makes docking necessary in the first place are perpetuated in the breeds. They point to the breeds of working dogs with long tails that are not traditionally docked, including English Pointers, Setters, Herding dogs. Robert Wansborough argued in a 1996 paper that docking tails puts dogs at a disadvantage in several ways. First, dogs use their tails to communicate with dogs, a dog without a tail might be significantly handicapped in conveying fear, caution, aggression, playfulness. Certain breeds use their tails as rudders when swimming, and possibly for balance when running, in 2007, Stephen Leaver, a graduate student at the University of Victoria, published a paper on tail docking which found that tail length was important in the transmission of social cues. The study found that dogs with shorter tails would be approached with caution, the study goes on to suggest that dogs with docked tails may grow up to be more aggressive. Wansborough also investigated seven years of records from a veterinary practice to demonstrate that undocked tails result in less harm than docked tails. Critics point out that kennel clubs breed standards that do not make allowance for uncropped or undocked dogs put pressure on owners and breeders to continue the practice. The American breed standard for boxers, for example, recommends that an undocked tail be severely penalized, today, many countries ban cropping and docking because they consider the practices unnecessary, painful, cruel or mutilation
11.
Philip Reinagle
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Philip Reinagle RA was an English animal, landscape and botanical painter. The son of an Hungarian musician living in Edinburgh, Reinagle came to London in 1763 and after serving an apprenticeship, later became a member of the Royal Academy. Philip Reinagle entered the schools of the Royal Academy in 1769, and later became a pupil of Allan Ramsay and he became very successful in his treatment of sporting dogs, especially spaniels, of birds, and of dead game. In 1787, however, he showed a View taken from Brackendale Hill, Norfolk, at the academy and from then on exhibited works mostly landscapes. He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1787, but did not become an academician until 1812, when he presented as his diploma picture An Eagle and he also exhibited frequently at the British Institution. Reinagle died at 5 York Place, Chelsea, London, on 27 November 1833, a drawing by him, Fox-hunting the Death, is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. In 1771 Reinagle married Jane Austin, they had nine daughters, of the sons, Ramsay Richard Reinagle was also an artist, and followed his fathers style. The other son, Philip, went to Trinidad where he held posts including Surveyor of Port of Spain and he was responsible for the design and construction of Holy Trinity Cathedral and the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception there. Of the daughters, Amelia Ann married William Henry Souper, Philip Dottin Souper was their son, profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
12.
Christopher Merret
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Christopher Merret FRS, also spelt Merrett, was an English physician and scientist. He was the first to document the deliberate addition of sugar for the production of sparkling wine, Merret was born in Winchcombe, Gloucestershire on 16 February, Hunter gives the year of his birth as 1615, which may be 1614 Old Style. In 1632 he went up to Gloucester Hall, Oxford, he received his BA from Oriel in 1635, Merret then practised medicine in London, becoming a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1651. Three years later he moved to the RCPs premises at Amen Corner near St Pauls Cathedral, as the first Harveian Librarian, for which he received room and board and a small stipend. But disaster struck in 1666 with the Great fire of London, the college felt that he was no longer needed, but he felt that he had been appointed for life and fought them before the Kings Bench twice, losing both times. He was expelled from his rooms and lost his Fellowship and he was a founding Fellow of the Royal Society, joining May 20,1663. He became the chairman of the Royal Societys committee concerned with the history of trade and commerce and he died at his home near the chapel in Hatton Garden, on 19 August 1695, and was buried at St Andrews, Holborn. Merret collected new plants, maintained a garden and compiled one of the first lists of the flora, fauna and minerals of England. The Pinax was published in 1666 and is a catalogue with no explanatory commentary. In 1662 he translated Antonio Neri’s The Art of Glass and added 147 pages of his own, from other authors and his descriptions of glassmaking indicate an intimate familiarity with the process, but his modern claim to fame lies in a passing mention to a different field altogether. On 17 December 1662 he presented Some Observations concerning the Ordering of Wines to the Royal Society, in this paper, unearthed by wine writer Tom Stevenson, Merret describes winemakers adding quantities of sugar and molasses to make the wines drink brisk and sparkling. Today this would be called the méthode champenoise, the addition of liqueur de tirage in order to stimulate a secondary fermentation that produces the bubbles in sparkling wine. The Art of Glass, wherein are shown the wayes to make and colour Glass, Pastes, Enamels, Lakes, written in Italian by Antonio Neri, and translated into English, with some observations on the author. Printed by Octavian Pulleyn, at the Sign of the Rose in St. Paul’s Church-yard, Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, continens Vegetabilia, Animalia, et Fossilia. Londini, Impensis Cave Pulleyn ad insigne Rosae in Coemeterio Divi Pauli, Observations concerning the uniting of barks of trees cut, to the tree itself. An experiment on Aloe Americana serrati-folia weighed, seeming to import a circulation of the sappe in plants, an experiment of making cherry-trees, that have withered fruit, to bear full and good fruit, and recovering the almost withered fruit. II,455 A relation of the tinn-mines, and working of tinn in the county of Cornwal, a description of several kinds of granaries, as those of London, of Dantzick, and in Muscovy. An account of several observables in Lincolnshire, not taken notice of in Camden, a table of the washes in Lincolnshire
13.
Bull-baiting
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Bull-baiting is a blood sport involving the baiting of bulls. It may involve pitting a bull against another animal, in England during the time of Queen Anne, bull-baiting was practised in London at Hockley-in-the-Hole, twice a week – and was also reasonably common in provincial towns. At Tutbury, a bull was tied to a stake so that it could move within a radius of about 30 feet. The object of the sport was for the dogs to immobilise the bull, before the event started, the bulls nose was blown full of pepper to enrage the animal before the baiting. The bull was often placed in a hole in the ground, the bulldog was bred especially for this sport. Bull-baiting was not only practised as a form of recreation, in early modern England, many towns had by-laws regulating the sale of meat, which stipulated that bulls flesh should be baited before any bull was slaughtered and put on sale. It was believed that improved the flesh. These laws continued in operation during the eighteenth century, by the early nineteenth century, they were starting to die out, mainly because the baiting caused a public nuisance rather than because of new ideas about animal cruelty. A Bill for the suppression of the practice was introduced into the House of Commons in 1802, in the 19th Century, and during Spanish Colonial Rule, bulls used to be pitted against bears, in California and Mexico. In a case of the winning, victory could come early. Bull baiting dogs, referred to today as bulldogs, were bred to bait animals, mainly bulls and bears. During bull-baiting the dog would attempt to itself to the ground, creeping as close to the bull as possible, then darting out. The bull would often be tethered by a collar and rope which was staked into the ground, as the dog darted at the bull, the bull would attempt to catch the dog with his head and horns and throw it into the air. In 1835, the Cruelty to Animals Act was passed in Parliament that outlawed Blood Sport in Great Britain, the bulldogs work was suddenly over and the bulldog rapidly started dying out. Around 1865 dog fanciers began developing dog clubs which eventually culminated into conformation shows, many fanciers utilized various remnants of the dog utilized for Blood Sport to resurrect the Bull dog and ultimately developed todays modern English bulldog. Stamford Bull Run Bullfighting Running of the Bulls Bear-baiting Dog-baiting Beargarden List of dog fighting breeds Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports, englands Revelry, A History of Popular Sports and Pastimes. The Trial of 2 Centuries, Animal v. Animal Sport, Bull-Baiting Bull baiting in the Eastern Essex area of the UK
14.
Snakes
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Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes that can be distinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears. Like all squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales, many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads with their highly mobile jaws. To accommodate their bodies, snakes paired organs appear one in front of the other instead of side by side. Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of claws on either side of the cloaca. Additionally, sea snakes are widespread throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans, more than 20 families are currently recognized, comprising about 500 genera and about 3,400 species. They range in size from the tiny,10.4 cm -long thread snake to the reticulated python of 6.95 meters in length, the fossil species Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 meters long. Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the Jurassic period, the diversity of modern snakes appeared during the Paleocene period. The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the Brooklyn Papyrus, most species are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom potent enough to cause injury or death to humans. Nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction, the word ousted adder, as adder went on to narrow in meaning, though in Old English næddre was the general word for snake. The other term, serpent, is from French, ultimately from Indo-European *serp-, the fossil record of snakes is relatively poor because snake skeletons are typically small and fragile making fossilization uncommon. Fossils readily identifiable as snakes first appear in the record during the Cretaceous period. The earliest known snake fossils come from the marine simoliophiids. Based on comparative anatomy, there is consensus that snakes descended from lizards, pythons and boas—primitive groups among modern snakes—have vestigial hind limbs, tiny, clawed digits known as anal spurs, which are used to grasp during mating. The families Leptotyphlopidae and Typhlopidae also possess remnants of the pelvic girdle, front limbs are nonexistent in all known snakes. This is caused by the evolution of Hox genes, controlling limb morphogenesis, the axial skeleton of the snakes’ common ancestor, like most other tetrapods, had regional specializations consisting of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae. Early in snake evolution, the Hox gene expression in the axial skeleton responsible for the development of the thorax became dominant, as a result, the vertebrae anterior to the hindlimb buds all have the same thoracic-like identity. In other words, most of a skeleton is an extremely extended thorax
15.
Owl
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Exceptions include the diurnal northern hawk-owl and the gregarious burrowing owl. Owls hunt mostly small mammals, insects, and other birds and they are found in all regions of the Earth except Antarctica and some remote islands. Owls are divided into two families, the Strigidae family of owls, and the Tytonidae family of barn-owls. Owls possess large, forward-facing eyes and ear-holes, a beak, a flat face, and usually a conspicuous circle of feathers. The feathers making up this disc can be adjusted to focus sounds from varying distances onto the owls asymmetrically placed ear cavities. Most birds of prey have eyes on the sides of their heads, although owls have binocular vision, their large eyes are fixed in their sockets—as are those of most other birds—so they must turn their entire heads to change views. As owls are farsighted, they are unable to see anything within a few centimeters of their eyes. Caught prey can be felt by owls with the use of feathers on the beak. Their far vision, particularly in low light, is exceptionally good, Owls can rotate their heads and necks as much as 270°. Owls have 14 neck vertebrae compared to seven in humans, which makes their necks more flexible, other anastomoses between the carotid and vertebral arteries support this effect. The smallest owl—weighing as little as 31 g and measuring some 13.5 cm —is the elf owl, around the same diminutive length, although slightly heavier, are the lesser known long-whiskered owlet and Tamaulipas pygmy owl. The largest owl by length is the great grey owl, which measures around 70 cm on average, however, the heaviest owls are two similarly sized eagle owls, the Eurasian eagle-owl and Blakistons fish owl. These two species, which are on average about 2.53 cm shorter in length than the great grey, as noted above, their facial discs help owls to funnel the sound of prey to their ears. In many species, these discs are placed asymmetrically, for better directional location, Owl plumage is generally cryptic, although several species have facial and head markings, including face masks, ear tufts, and brightly coloured irises. These markings are more common in species inhabiting open habitats. Sexual dimorphism is a difference between males and females of a species. Reverse sexual dimorphism, when females are larger than males, has been observed across multiple owl species, the degree of size dimorphism varies across multiple populations and species, and is measured through various traits, such as wing span and body mass. Overall, female owls tend to be larger than males
16.
Donkey
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The donkey or ass is a domesticated member of the horse family, Equidae. The wild ancestor of the donkey is the African wild ass, the donkey has been used as a working animal for at least 5000 years. There are more than 40 million donkeys in the world, mostly in underdeveloped countries, working donkeys are often associated with those living at or below subsistence levels. Small numbers of donkeys are kept for breeding or as pets in developed countries, a male donkey or ass is called a jack, a female a jenny or jennet, a young donkey is a foal. Jack donkeys are used to mate with female horses to produce mules. Asses were first domesticated around 3000 BC, probably in Egypt or Mesopotamia and they continue to fill important roles in many places today. While domesticated species are increasing in numbers, the African wild ass is an endangered species, as beasts of burden and companions, asses and donkeys have worked together with humans for millennia. Traditionally, the name for the donkey is Equus asinus asinus based on the principle of priority used for scientific names of animals. This means that the scientific name for the donkey is Equus africanus asinus when it is considered a subspecies. At one time, the ass was the more common term for the donkey. The first recorded use of donkey was in either 1784 or 1785, while the word ass has cognates in most other Indo-European languages, donkey is an etymologically obscure word for which no credible cognate has been identified. From the 18th century, donkey gradually replaced ass, and jenny replaced she-ass, by the end of the 17th century, changes in pronunciation of both ass and arse had caused them to become homophones. Donkeys vary considerably in size, depending on breed and management, the height at the withers ranges from 7.3 to 15.3 hands, and the weight from 80 to 480 kg. Working donkeys in the poorest countries have an expectancy of 12 to 15 years, in more prosperous countries. Donkeys are adapted to desert lands. Unlike wild and feral horses, wild donkeys in dry areas are solitary, each adult donkey establishes a home range, breeding over a large area may be dominated by one jack. Donkeys have large ears, which may pick up more distant sounds, donkeys can defend themselves by biting, striking with the front hooves or kicking with the hind legs. A jenny is normally pregnant for about 12 months, though the period varies from 11 to 14 months
17.
Cockfight
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A cockfight is a blood sport between two roosters, or more accurately gamecocks, held in a ring called a cockpit. The history of raising fowl for fighting goes back 6,000 years, the combatants, referred to as gamecocks, are specially bred birds, conditioned for increased stamina and strength. The comb and wattle are cut off in order to show standards of the American Gamefowl Society. Cocks possess congenital aggression toward all males of the same species, cocks are given the best of care until near the age of two years. They are conditioned, much like professional athletes prior to events or shows, wagers are often made on the outcome of the match. Cockfighting is a sport due in some part to the physical trauma the cocks inflict on each other. While not all fights are to the death, the cocks may endure significant physical trauma, in some areas around the world, cockfighting is still practiced as a mainstream event, in some countries it is regulated by law, or forbidden outright. Advocates of the age old sport often list cultural and religious relevance as reasons for perpetuation of cockfighting as a sport, two owners place their gamecock in the cockpit. The cocks fight until one of them dies or is critically injured. Historically, this was in a cockpit, a term which was used in the 16th century to mean a place of entertainment or frenzied activity. William Shakespeare used the term in Henry V to specifically mean the area around the stage of a theatre, in Tudor times, the Palace of Westminster had a permanent cockpit, called the Cockpit-in-Court. Cockfighting is an ancient spectator sport, there is evidence that cockfighting was a pastime in the Indus Valley Civilization. The Encyclopædia Britannica holds, The sport was popular in ancient times in India, China, Persia, based on his analysis of a Mohenjo-daro seal, Iravatham Mahadevan speculates that the citys ancient name could have been Kukkutarma. However, according to a recent study, it is not known whether these birds made much contribution to the domestic fowl. Chickens from the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley may have been the source of diffusion throughout the world. Within the Indus Valley, indications are that chickens were used for sport and not for food, an early image of a fighting rooster has been found on a 6th-century BC seal of Jaazaniah from the biblical city of Mizpah in Benjamin, near Jerusalem. The anthropologist Clifford Geertz wrote the influential essay Deep Play, Notes on the Balinese Cockfight, in some regional variations, the birds are equipped with either metal spurs or knives, tied to the leg in the area where the birds natural spur has been partially removed. A cockspur is a bracelet with a curved, sharp spike which is attached to the leg of the bird, the spikes typically range in length from short spurs of just over an inch to long spurs almost two and a half inches long
18.
Bill George (dog dealer)
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Bill George was a Victorian era dog dealer and well-known character in London, England. Georges first job was as a butchers boy, a bareknuckle prizefighter, he later became an apprentice to Ben White of May Tree Cottage, Kensal New Town, a dealer of Old English Bulldogs, the ancestral breed of Bulldog used for dog fighting. Kensal New Town was a working class area with many Irish immigrants. He was indirectly part of an incident in 1825, sponsored by Sam Wedgbury, who had bought a dog from White, George is said to have unsuccessfully attempted to dissuade the participants from continuing in this bloody enterprise. The outcome was one of the lions was injured and several dogs were killed, leading to public outrage. The practice continued in secret, however, and Whites kennels remained in operation, in 1835, Parliament passed the Cruelty to Animals Act, banning dog fighting nationwide. In that same year, Ben White died, and George purchased the premises from his widow, renaming them Canine Castle. Aware that for the business to continue, a new clientele would have to be cultivated, George shifted the focus onto the Bulldog as a companion animal, giving the breed a fresh impetus. He also developed a new line of Toy Bulldogs which became a craze in France where he sent many specimens who are believed to have been contributors to a new breed. In 1840, George imported a Spanish Bulldog, a larger breed used for baiting in Spain. He was brindle pied, and known as Big Headed Billy, Georges famous white dog Dan, which weighed 65 lbs, and was sold for the extraordinary sum of £100, was a grandson of Big Headed Billy. George was apparently breeding Bulldogs in three sizes, earlier than that, he had begun to branch out into Mastiffs, selling John Wigglesworth Thompson the brindle bitch Juno, who would be the foundation of his line. Thompson would later make him a gift of a dog called Tiger, generally known as Georges Tiger. George also provided both the animals, Adam and Eve, for Captain Garnier. Adam and Eves descendant Governor was perhaps the most famous Mastiff in the beginning of the dog show era, Georges celebrity status is confirmed by his appearance in the Punch magazine cartoon shown above. He even claimed to have received visits from foreign royalty, apparently Charles Dickens paid him visits when researching Bill Sikes’ dog, Bull’s Eye in Oliver Twist. Bill George died on 4 June 1884 in Kensal New Town, with one Mary Hurd, of Canine Castle, Kensal New Town, spinster, as his sole executor. The Kennel Chronicle twice featured George after his death, on the first occasion his obituary said, Bill George
19.
Weimaraner
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The Weimaraner is a large dog that was originally bred for hunting in the early 19th century. Early Weimaraners were used by royalty for hunting game such as boar, bear. As the popularity of game hunting began to decline, Weimaraners were used for hunting smaller animals like fowl, rabbits. The Weimaraner is a gun dog. The name comes from the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Karl August, whose court, based in the city of Weimar, todays breed standards are alleged to have developed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. One theory is that the ancestor is the St. Hubert Hound, though these dogs are black, they can produce a grey dog when bred. Like the Vizsla at the time, the breed was created exclusively for the nobility, the aim was to create a noble-looking, reliable gun dog. With its restricted ownership and natural instinct, the breed was prized and lived with the family. This was unusual since during this period hunting dogs were kept in kennels in packs and this has resulted in a dog that needs to be near humans and that quickly deteriorates when kenneled. The Weimaraner was a family dog, capable of guarding the home, hunting with the family. Originally, Germany was possessive of its skilled all-purpose gun dog, some of the earliest Weimaraners, prior to being sent to America for breeding, were sterilized in order for America not to popularize their special breed. But starting in the late 19th century the breed became increasingly common throughout Europe, although slower than many other gun dogs, such as pointers, the Weimaraner is thorough, which made it a welcome addition to the sportsmans household. The breeds happy, lively temperament has endeared it to families, with the rise in popularity, some changes have been made to the breed. Both in Britain and America breeders have taken care to breed to a standard, the Weimaraner is athletic in appearance. In countries where this is carried out, the docked tail should measure approximately 6 inches in the adult dog. Tail docking is illegal in countries, where the breed is shown with an entire tail. Weimaraners are great water dogs as evidenced by their webbed paws, the eyes of the Weimaraner may be light amber, grey, or blue-grey. This breeds short coat and unusual eyes give it a distinctive regal appearance, the coat is extremely low-maintenance, short, hard, and smooth to the touch, and may range from charcoal-blue to mouse-grey to silver-grey or even blue-gray
20.
Oxford Street
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Oxford Street is a major road in the City of Westminster in the West End of London, running from Marble Arch to Tottenham Court Road via Oxford Circus. It is Europes busiest shopping street, with half a million daily visitors. It is designated as part of the A40, a road between London and Fishguard, though it is not signed as such, and traffic is regularly restricted to buses. The road was originally a Roman road, part of the Via Trinobantina between Essex and Hampshire via London and it was known as Tyburn Road through the Middle Ages and was once notorious as a street where prisoners from Newgate Prison would be transported towards a public hanging. The first department stores in Britain opened on Oxford Street in the early 20th century, including Selfridges, John Lewis, unlike nearby shopping streets such as Bond Street, it has retained an element of downmarket street trading alongside more prestigious retail stores. The street suffered heavy bombing during World War II, and several longstanding stores including John Lewis were completely destroyed, the annual switching on of Christmas lights by a celebrity has been a popular event since 1959. However, the combination of a popular retail area and a main thoroughfare for London buses and taxis has caused significant problems with traffic congestion, safety. Various traffic management schemes have proposed by Transport for London, including a ban on private vehicles during daytime hours on weekdays and Saturdays. Oxford Street runs for approximately 1.2 miles, the eastward continuation is New Oxford Street, and then Holborn. The road is entirely within the City of Westminster and it is within the London Congestion Charging Zone. Numerous bus routes run along Oxford Street, including 10,25,55,73,98,390 and Night Buses N8, N55, N73, N98 and N207. Oxford Street follows the route of a Roman road, the Via Trinobantina, between the 12th century and 1782, it was variously known as Tyburn Road, Uxbridge Road, Worcester Road and Oxford Road. Despite being a major coaching route, there were several obstacles along it, a turnpike trust was established in the 1730s to improve upkeep of the road. It became notorious as the route taken by prisoners on their journey from Newgate Prison to the gallows at Tyburn near Marble Arch. Spectators drunkenly jeered at prisoners as they carted along the road, by about 1729, the road had become known as Oxford Street. The street began to be redeveloped in the 18th century after many of the fields were purchased by the Earl of Oxford. In 1739, local gardener Thomas Huddle began to build property on the north side, John Rocques Map of London, published in 1746, shows urban buildings as far as North Audley Street, but only intermittent rural property thereafter. Buildings began to be erected on the corner of Oxford Street, further development along the street occurred between 1763 and 1793
21.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
22.
Championship (dog)
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Championships are awarded to dogs who have passed through a process of selection at dog shows. Traditionally, a championship was received at a show. Winner of the 2008 Westminster show was a Beagle, Ch. K-Runs Park Me In First, see registered name for a discussion of dogs registered names, there is no championship requirement for any particular sort of registered name. Registered names typically reflect a individual kennels recordkeeping system. Abbreviations of the name of the country or countries where the championship was earned are often added before the Ch, an international Fédération Cynologique Internationale championship is written as Int. Other combinations are possible, such as the Miniature Schnauzer, ICh, mex. Ch Rices Its Snow Tea Party. Winners of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale World Show have World Ch. or World-V## also placed before their registered name, traditionally, only one major kennel club in a country offered championships, so no confusion arose from this system. Today there are many small internet based registries and companies that offer titles, to prevent deception, a dog that completes a championship may continue to be entered in shows to compete for Group or Best In Show honors. A finished dog that continues to compete is called a special, owners of Best in Show winners may add BIS or Multi BIS to their dogs name, as in the Siberian Husky Multi BIS/Ch Phoebe Run To Phoebus. Many prestigious shows only accept entries from dogs that have finished their championships, often there are requirements as to the number of dogs of the same breed that must be in competition at a show for championship requirements to be met. Each kennel club has its own criteria to follow in qualifying for a championship, examples, For the Kennel Club championship, a dog must gain 3 Challenge Certificates from three different judges, one of which must be awarded when the dog is over 12 months old. There must be a sufficient entry of the breed at a Championship Show for the CC to be awarded, the point schedule is the same across the country. For the American Kennel Club championship, a dog attains its championship after earning fifteen points, included in the fifteen points must be two majors. In New Zealand, a Challenge Certificate is given to the Best Dog, Dogs older than 6 months are eligible. You must attain 8,5 of which must be under different judges, for the United Kennel Club, a combination of points and competition wins are required. In UKC a dog must receive 100 points with at least three wins under three different judges. A competition win is when a dog defeats at least one other dog, a UKC Grand Champion title is earned by winning in competition with other champions of the breed in at least five shows under at least three different judges. The above are representative of the policies of the major show-giving bodies, Championships are also offered in performance events, these differ from breed ring championships and are usually written with additional abbreviations indicating the nature of the championship
23.
Richard Croker
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Richard Welstead Croker, Sr. known as Boss Croker, was an Irish-American politician, a leader of New York Citys Tammany Hall. He was born in the townland of Ballyva, in the parish of Ardfield, six miles south of Clonakilty in County Cork on November 24,1843, son of Eyre Coote Croker and Frances Laura Welsted. He was taken to the United States by his parents when he was just two years old and they boarded at the Henry Clay in Cobh, County Cork and headed for the land of opportunity. There were significant differences between this family and the family leaving Ireland at that time. They were Protestant, and were not land tenants, Eyre Coote Croker owned an estate in Ardfield, in south west Cork. However, he was not a good manager, within a short space of time, he was as poor as his tenants. Richard Croker was educated in New York public schools, where he became a member of Tammany Hall. He was an alderman from 1868-70, a Coroner of New York County and he moved to Harrison, New York by 1880, then he was the New York City Fire Commissioner in 1883 and 1887, and city Chamberlain from 1889-90. After the death of John Kelly he became the leader of Tammany Hall, as head of Tammany, Croker received bribe money from the owners of brothels, saloons and illegal gambling dens. He survived Charles Henry Parkhursts attacks on Tammany Halls corruption and became a wealthy man and he departed the United States in 1905. Croker operated a stable of thoroughbred racehorses in the United States in partnership with Mike Dwyer, in January 1895 they sent a stable of horses to England under the care of trainer Hardy Campbell, Jr. and jockey Willie Simms. Following a dispute, the partnership was dissoved in May but Croker continued to race in England, in 1907, his horse Orby won Britains most prestigious race, the Epsom Derby. Orby was ridden by American jockey John Reiff whose brother Lester had won the race in 1901, Croker was also the breeder of Orbys son Grand Parade who won the Derby in 1919. In another animal venture, Croker was the first person to pay $5000 for a bulldog and he first married in 1873 to Elizabeth Fraser. They had issue including, Richard Samuel Croker Jr. attended Brown University and married 12 March 1898 to Mary Brophy and his monumental grave was erected by his father following his death from injuries sustained in avoiding a motorcyclist while automobile racing. Joseph Croker Bertie Croker Florence Genevieve Croker, married at least two times, howard F. Croker, married 1 May 1915 on Long Island to Gertrude White Ethel J. Croker, married Thomas Francis White. He married, secondly, to Beulah Benson Edmondson in November 1914 when he was 71 years old and he died on April 29,1922 in Ireland. He left an estate estimated to $3–5 million to his wife, Beulah
24.
Interquartile range
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In other words, the IQR is the 1st quartile subtracted from the 3rd quartile, these quartiles can be clearly seen on a box plot on the data. It is an estimator, defined as the 25% trimmed range. The interquartile range is a measure of variability, based on dividing a set into quartiles. Quartiles divide a rank-ordered data set into four equal parts, the values that separate parts are called the first, second, and third quartiles, and they are denoted by Q1, Q2, and Q3, respectively. Unlike total range, the range has a breakdown point of 25%. The IQR is used to box plots, simple graphical representations of a probability distribution. For a symmetric distribution, half the IQR equals the median absolute deviation, the median is the corresponding measure of central tendency. The IQR can be used to identify outliers, the quartile deviation or semi-interquartile range is defined as half the IQR. If P is normally distributed, then the score of the first quartile, z1, is -0.67. However, a distribution can be trivially perturbed to maintain its Q1 and Q2 std. scores at 0.67 and -0.67. A better test of normality, such as Q-Q plot would be indicated here, the interquartile range is often used to find outliers in data. Outliers here are defined as observations that fall below Q1 −1.5 IQR or above Q3 +1.5 IQR, in a boxplot, the highest and lowest occurring value within this limit are indicated by whiskers of the box and any outliers as individual points. Midhinge Interdecile range Robust measures of scale
25.
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
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The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals is a not-for-profit organization based in Columbia, Missouri that aims to research and prevent orthopedic and hereditary diseases in companion animals. As a private foundation, the OFA has funded nearly $3 million in research aimed at reducing the incidence and prevalence of inherited companion animal disease. The OFA funds projects through the AKC Canine Health Foundation, the Morris Animal Foundation, the OFA has achieved Ruby Donor status with MAF, and Millennium Founder status with the AKC CHF. OFA supported research is not limited to orthopedic disease, and has included cancers, heart disease, some research has been breed specific, some for all breeds, some for multiple species, and has been done at many of our leading universities and research institutions. And, with the recent completion of the mapping of the canine genome, the OFA was founded by John M. Olin in 1966, after several of his dogs became affected by hip dysplasia. The methodology of the evaluation is considered a subjective method, the OFA has the largest fully searchable online canine health database in the world, with over 1,000,000 records. Each dog who has ever had an OFA certification issued can be searched by name, part of name, results automatically include all OFA certifications for that dog, plus sire, dam, siblings, half-siblings, and offspring
26.
Hip dysplasia (canine)
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In dogs, hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints. It is a trait that is affected by environmental factors. It can be found in animals and in humans, but is most commonly associated with dogs. Hip dysplasia is one of the most studied veterinary conditions in dogs, in the normal anatomy of the hip joint, the root is connected to the pelvis at the hip joint. The almost spherical end of the femur head fits into the acetabulum, the bony surfaces of the femur head and of the acetabulum are covered by cartilage. While bones provide the necessary to support body weight, cartilage ensures a smooth fit. Normal hip function can be affected by conditions such as dysplasia, discussed in this article, trauma. In a hip the dog could have major contractions or seizures from dysplasias, the caput is not deeply and tightly held by the acetabulum. Instead of being a fit, it is a loose fit. Secondly, the caput or acetabulum are not smooth and round, the body reacts to this in several ways. First, the joint itself is continually repairing itself and laying down new cartilage, the joint becomes inflamed and a cycle of cartilage damage, inflammation and pain commences. This is a process, in that the more the joint becomes damaged. The bones of the joint may also develop osteoarthritis, visible on an X-ray as small outcrops of bone, osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease marked by the breakdown of cartilage between joints resulting in painful bone-to-bone contact. The underlying deformity of the joint may get worse over time, a dog may have good X-rays and yet be in pain, or may have very poor X-rays and have no apparent pain issues. The hip condition is one factor to determine the extent to which dysplasia is causing pain or affecting the quality of life. In mild to moderate dysplasia it is often the secondary effects of wear and tear or arthritis, rather than dysplasia itself. In canines, it can be caused by a femur that does not fit correctly into the pelvic socket, large and giant breeds are most susceptible to hip dysplasia, though, many other breeds can suffer from it. For a list of top 100 breeds affected, by percentage, visit the OFFA Here, http, cats are also known to have this condition, especially Siamese
27.
Cherry eye
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Cherry eye is a disorder of the nictitating membrane, also called the third eyelid, present in the eyes of dogs and cats. Cherry eye is most often seen in dogs under the age of two. Common misnomers include adenitis, hyperplasia, adenoma of the gland of the eyelid, however, cherry eye is not caused by hyperplasia, neoplasia. In many species, the third eyelid plays an role in vision by supplying oxygen. Normally, the gland can evert without detachment, cherry eye results from a defect in the retinaculum which is responsible for anchoring the gland to the periorbita. This defect causes the gland to prolapse and protrude from the eye as a red fleshy mass, problems arise as sensitive tissue dries out and is subjected to external trauma Exposure of the tissue often results in secondary inflammation, swelling, or infection. If left untreated, this condition can lead to Keratoconjunctivitis sicca and this defect is most common in the Burmese breed of felines. A similar condition exists in dwarf lop-eared rabbits, which occurs in the harderian gland, cherry eye is not considered a genetic problem, as no proof of inheritance has been determined. The NM contains many glands which merge and appear as a single gland, typically, glands secrete tears for lubrication of the cornea. Lack of anchoring allows the gland to flip up, causing the gland to prolapse, symptoms include a visible fleshy mass, abnormal tear production, and a discharge or drainage from the eye. Cherry eye is typically diagnosed by examination of the conjunctiva and nictitating membrane, the most obvious symptom of cherry eye is a round fleshy mass through medial canthus of the eye, similar in appearance to the fruit it is named for. This mass may be unilateral or ‘’bilateral’’, both eyes may develop cherry eye at different times in the animal’s life. Other symptoms of cherry eye include drainage from the eye and abnormal tear production, initially, cherry eye results in overproduction of tears, but eventually changes to unsubstantial tear production. Cherry eye, if caught early, can be resolved with a downward diagonal-toward-snout closed-eye massage of the eye or occasionally self-corrects alone or with antibiotics. Sometimes the prolapse will correct itself with no interference, or with slight physical manual massage manipulation as often as necessary coupled with medication, surgery is the most common means of repairing a cherry eye. Surgery involves gland replacement, not excision, by anchoring the membrane to the orbital rim, in severely infected cases, preoperative antibiotics may be necessary by means of antibiotic eye ointment. Removal of the gland was once an acceptable treatment, and made the eye appear completely normal, despite cosmetic appeal, removal of the gland reduces tear production by 30 per cent. Tear production is essential in maintaining and protecting the eye from the external environment, reduced tear production is especially problematic in breeds of animals predisposed to Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
28.
Physical exercise
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Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system and helps prevent diseases of such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes. Childhood obesity is a global concern, and physical exercise may help decrease some of the effects of childhood. Some care providers call exercise the miracle or wonder drug—alluding to the variety of benefits that it can provide for many individuals. Aside from the advantages, these benefits may include different social rewards for staying active while enjoying the environment of one’s culture. Many individuals choose to exercise publicly outdoors where they can congregate in groups, socialize, in the United Kingdom two to four hours of light activity are recommended during working hours. The goal of aerobic exercise is to increase cardiovascular endurance, examples of aerobic exercise include cycling, swimming, brisk walking, skipping rope, rowing, hiking, playing tennis, continuous training, and long slow distance training. Anaerobic exercise, which includes strength and resistance training, can firm, strengthen, and tone muscles, as well as improve bone strength, balance, examples of strength moves are push-ups, pull-ups, lunges, and bicep curls using dumbbells. Anaerobic exercise also include training, functional training, eccentric training, Interval training, sprinting. Flexibility exercises stretch and lengthen muscles, activities such as stretching help to improve joint flexibility and keep muscles limber. The goal is to improve the range of motion which can reduce the chance of injury, Physical exercise can also include training that focuses on accuracy, agility, power, and speed. Sometimes the terms dynamic and static are used, dynamic exercises such as steady running, tend to produce a lowering of the diastolic blood pressure during exercise, due to the improved blood flow. Conversely, static exercise can cause the pressure to rise significantly. Some studies indicate that exercise may increase life expectancy and the quality of life. People who participate in moderate to high levels of exercise have a lower mortality rate compared to individuals who by comparison are not physically active. Moderate levels of exercise have been correlated with preventing aging by reducing inflammatory potential, the majority of the benefits from exercise are achieved with around 3500 metabolic equivalent minutes per week. A lack of physical activity causes approximately 6% of the burden of disease from coronary disease, 7% of type 2 diabetes, 10% of breast cancer. Overall, physical inactivity causes 9% of premature mortality worldwide, individuals can increase fitness following increases in physical activity levels
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Pedigree Dogs Exposed
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Pedigree Dogs Exposed is a BBC One investigative documentary, produced by Jemima Harrison, which looks into health and welfare issues facing pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom. It was originally broadcast on 19 August 2008, the programme generated much criticism of the Kennel Club. It also caused various sponsors and trade exhibitors to withdraw their participation from Crufts, the BBC—which has broadcast Crufts for 42 years—withdrew its coverage of Crufts for 2009, and chose not to renew it for 2010. The Kennel Club initially denied the assertion that many dogs suffer from diseases. It also lodged a complaint with broadcasting regulator Ofcom, claiming unfair treatment, due to strong public opinion, it later rolled out new health plans and reviewed breed standards for every breed. Some breeders have condemned the Club for overreacting, ofcoms final ruling upheld KCs complaints regarding the lack of a right of reply for some allegations made by the programme but dismissed complaints made in various other areas. The ruling also acknowledged that KCs geneticist Jeff Sampsons views were misrepresented but states that as a whole, Three separate health reports were commissioned as a result of the programme. A follow-up program, Pedigree Dogs Exposed, Three Years On was broadcast on BBC4 on 27 February 2012. A Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was shown to be in due to a condition known as syringomyelia. Veterinary Neurologist Dr Claire Rusbridge described the brain as a size 10 foot thats been shoved into a size 6 shoe, another problem that plagues the breed is heart disease. Cardiologist Simon Swift explained that half of all Cavaliers aged 5 would have heart murmurs. About three-quarters of the 7 million dogs in the UK are pedigree breeds, leading geneticist Steve Jones attributed one of the key problems to inbreeding. RSPCA Chief Vet Mark Evans singled out competitive dog showing as responsible for the problem, old photos of the Dachshund, Basset Hound, Bull Terrier, Bulldog, Pug and German Shepherd Dog were shown to illustrate how much the breeds have changed over the past century. The German Shepherd used in the ring was contrasted with the working German Shepherd. Crufts Judge Terry Hannan insisted that the working German Shepherds are anatomically incorrect, when shown a photo of a Basset Hound from sixty years ago, he was less than impressed. The programme stated that bulldog heads have become so large that the majority are unable to give birth naturally, the boxer breed was presented as suffering from heart diseases and high rate of cancer, one boxer was shown having an epileptic seizure. The function of the dog then became secondary to appearance, RSPCA Chief Vet Mark Evans called the Crufts show a parade of mutants and a freakish, garish beauty pageant that has frankly nothing to do with health and welfare. He pointed out that breed standards take no account of temperament, the programme traced the Kennel Clubs history to the eugenics movement, on which it said purebred dog breeding is based
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Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
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HMS Vansittart (D64)
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HMS Vansittart was an Admiralty modified W class destroyer built for the Royal Navy. She was ordered in January 1918 from William Beardmore & Company with the 13th Order for Destroyers of the Emergency War Program of 1918-19 and she was the second Royal Navy ship to carry the name which was first used in 1821 for a hired packet. HMS Vansittart’s keel was laid on 7 January 1918 at the William Beardmore & Company Shipyard at Dalmuir and she was launched on 17 April 1919. She was 312 feet overall in length with a beam of 29.5 feet and her mean draught was 9 feet, and would reach 11.25 feet under full load. She had a displacement of 1,140 tons standard and up to 1,550 full load and she was propelled by three Yarrow water tube boilers powering Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines developing 27,000 SHP driving two screws for a maximum designed speed of 34 knots. She was oil-fired and had a bunkerage of 320 to 370 tons and this gave a range of between 3500 nautical miles at 15 knots and 900 nautical miles at 32 knots. She shipped four BL4.7 in Mk. I guns, the turrets were disposed as two forward and two aft in super imposed firing positions. She also carried two QF2 pdr Mk. II pom-pom mounted abeam between funnels, abaft of the second funnel, she carried six 21-inch torpedo tubes in two triple mounts on the centre-line. HMS Vansittart was commissioned on 5 November 1919 into the Royal Navy, after her acceptance trials she was assigned to the 4th Destroyer Flotilla in the Atlantic Fleet. In 1925 the 4th Flotilla was transferred to the Mediterranean, in early 1930s she underwent a refit and was placed in reserve as more modern destroyers came into service. This ship was laid-up in Maintenance Reserve at Rosyth with a special complement and she was reactivated manned by Reservists for a Royal Review at Weymouth in August 1939. As war loomed she was brought to war readiness, HMS Vansittart was allocated to the 15th Destroyer Flotilla in the Western Approaches Command and deployed in the English Channel for convoy defence. Her first deployment was to escort troops of the British Expeditionary Force from the Solent to Brest, in October she was transferred to the 17th Destroyer Flotilla based at Plymouth for convoy defence in the South-West Approaches. She remained in this deployment through April when she was sent to Scapa Flow in response to the German invasion of Norway and she was deployed in protecting military convoys until she was damaged at Narvik during an air attack on 10 May, during the Battles of Narvik. On 20 May she deployed on Operation Ordnance – the evacuation of Dutch ports including Rotterdam, at the end of May her pennant number was changed to I64 for visual signalling purposes. In June she was deployed to the South-West approaches. On 1 July she responded to a signal from the torpedoed merchant ship SS Clearton. An hour after arriving on the scene she established a strong ASDIC return, after this attack she was unable to re-establish contact, and observed a large oil slick
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Handsome Dan
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Handsome Dan is a bulldog who serves as the mascot of Yale Universitys sports teams. In addition to a person wearing a costume, the position is filled by an actual bulldog, the honor being transferred to another upon death or retirement. Handsome Dan was selected based on his ability to tolerate bands and children, negative reaction to the crimson and to tigers. The students quickly adopted Dan as the Yale mascot, after Graves graduated and returned to England, Dan stayed on campus with his master’s brother. Before football and baseball games would begin, Handsome Dan founded a tradition, one newspaper reported, He was a big white bulldog, with one of the greatest faces a dog of that breed ever carried. The title came to him, he never sought it and he was always taken to games on a leash, and the Harvard football team for years owed its continued existence to the fact that the rope held. The Philadelphia Press reported that a favorite trick was to him to Speak to Harvard. He would bark ferociously and work himself into physical contortions of rage never before dreamed of by a dog, Dan was peculiar to himself in one thing – he would never associate with anyone but students. Dan implanted himself more firmly in the hearts of Yale students than any mascot had ever done before, Handsome Dan crossed the Atlantic to join his old master in 1897 and died in 1898. Graves had Dan stuffed and returned him to be displayed at Yale in the old gymnasium, when it was torn down, Dan I was sent to the Peabody Museum for reconstruction. Andrew Graves died of tuberculosis on February 18,1948, in Westbury, after a 35-year interval, Handsome Dan II was purchased with pennies donated by the freshman class, and given to coach Ducky Pond. He died of a leg fracture received from a jump, Handsome Dan III was a huge white dog who unfortunately exhibited morbid fear of crowds and had to be retired. Handsome Dan IV had his spine fractured by a car early in his term of office, until he eventually died in 1940, a bulldog named Bull served in his place, becoming Handsome Dan V. 1940–1947. Bull, brought in his youth to watch football practices by his owner, high school student Bob Day who lived near the Yale Bowl, ascended to office when Handsome Dan IV died. A great success, he loved public appearances and the adulation of crowds, was a figure around the locker rooms. Handsome Dan VI was eight weeks old when he took the role and it was reported that he died from fear of fireworks at the Yale-Harvard game, or of shame from seeing the Yale team lose to both Princeton and Harvard in the same year. Handsome Dan VII was donated to football coach Herman Hickman at age 3 but he proved to have a bad temper, up to this point, Handsome Dans had lived at the Yale Boathouse and were cared for in a somewhat haphazard fashion. Handsome Dan VIII, however, was owned by assistant football manager Tom Shutt, nevertheless, he had to retire after only two games due to intense discomfort with public appearances
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Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
