1.
Pitcher
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In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the pitcher is assigned the number 1. The pitcher is often considered the most important defensive player, there are many different types of pitchers, such as the starting pitcher, relief pitcher, middle reliever, lefty specialist, setup man, and closer. The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position. In most cases, the objective of the pitcher is to deliver the pitch to the catcher without allowing the batter to hit the ball with the bat. A successful pitch is delivered in such a way that the batter either allows the pitch to pass through the zone, swings the bat at the ball and misses it. If the batter elects not to swing at the pitch, it is called a strike if any part of the passes through the strike zone. A check swing is when the batter begins to swing, If the batter successfully checks the swing and the pitch is out of the strike zone, it is called a ball. There are two legal pitching positions, the windup and the set position or stretch, either position may be used at any time, typically, the windup is used when the bases are empty, while the set position is used when at least one runner is on base. Each position has certain procedures that must be followed, a balk can be called on a pitcher from either position. A power pitcher is one who relies on the velocity of his pitches to succeed, generally, power pitchers record a high percentage of strikeouts. A control pitcher succeeds by throwing accurate pitches and thus records few walks, nearly all action during a game is centered on the pitcher for the defensive team. A pitchers particular style, time taken between pitches, and skill heavily influence the dynamics of the game and can determine the victor. Meanwhile, a batter stands in the box at one side of the plate. The type and sequence of pitches chosen depend upon the situation in a game. The relationship between pitcher and catcher is so important that some teams select the starting catcher for a game based on the starting pitcher. Together, the pitcher and catcher are known as the battery, although the object and mechanics of pitching remain the same, pitchers may be classified according to their roles and effectiveness. The starting pitcher begins the game, and he may be followed by relief pitchers, such as the long reliever, the left-handed specialist, the middle reliever. In Major League Baseball, every team uses Baseball Rubbing Mud to rub game balls in before their pitchers use them in games, a skilled pitcher often throws a variety of different pitches to prevent the batter from hitting the ball well
2.
Outfielder
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An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball, farthest from the batter. These defenders are the left fielder, the fielder. An outfielders duty is to try to catch fly balls before they hit the ground or to quickly catch or retrieve. Outfielders normally play behind the six members of the defense who play in or near the infield. By convention, each of the nine positions in baseball is numbered. The outfield positions are 7,8 and 9 and these numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms. Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron, Ty Cobb, Joe DiMaggio, Mickey Mantle, Willie Mays, Stan Musial, Pete Rose, Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, players can be characterized as either corner outfielders or a center fielder. Corner outfielders are often slower and have less value than the center fielder. However, there are important differences between right fielders and left fielders. Right fielders tend to have the best throwing arms of the outfield so they can make the throw to third base. For example, Babe Ruth was moved from pitcher to the outfield, left fielders and right fielders are more often slow power hitters, and center fielders are usually fast base-runners and good defensive players. Center field is considered the most difficult outfield position, requiring both a good throwing arm and speed. Center fielders on many teams often bat lead off, players who do not routinely start games, but often substitute as a pinch hitter or defensive replacement in the outfield are referred to as fourth outfielders or even fifth outfielders. These players can play any of the three outfield positions. Corner outfielders are outfielders who play the positions of right field. Corner outfielders often have less speed than center fielders, but make up for this deficiency with their offensive play, many left fielders have had the speed to play center field, but have lacked the throwing ability required. Gorman Thomas is an example of the reverse theory and he was a centerfielder his entire career, but was not nearly in shape as the typical player for this position. He compensated for it with sheer hustle and determination, often, when an outfield prospect arrives in the majors, he plays both corner positions before settling at one or another
3.
Oklahoma City
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Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population, the population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 631,346 as of July 2015. Oklahoma Citys city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, the city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area. Oklahoma City has the largest municipal population of any city in the Great Plains region of the central United States as well as all neighboring states to Oklahoma, excluding Texas, lying in the Great Plains region, Oklahoma City features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy, the city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor, which is one of the primary travel corridors south into neighboring Texas and Mexico and north towards Wichita and Kansas City. Located in the Frontier Country region of the state, the citys northeast section lies in a region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889, the city was the scene of the April 19,1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died. It was the deadliest terror attack in the history of the United States until the attacks of September 11,2001, and remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U. S. history. Oklahoma City was settled on April 22,1889, when the known as the Unassigned Lands was opened for settlement in an event known as The Land Run. Some 10,000 homesteaders settled the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma, the town grew quickly, the population doubled between 1890 and 1900. Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton Classen, John Shartel, Henry Overholser, by the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the population center and commercial hub of the new state. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City, before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits, Oklahoma City became a center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and it was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported citys population as 8. 6% black and 90. 7% white, patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the citys first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U. S. city with over 350,000 residents. As with many other American cities, center city population declined in the 1970s and 1980s as families followed newly constructed highways to move to housing in nearby suburbs
4.
Kansas City, Missouri
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Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city had an population of 475,378 in 2015. It is the city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west, on June 1,1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated, shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to them soon thereafter. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, but portions spill into Clay, Cass, along with Independence, it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County. Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lees Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, and Kansas City. The city is composed of neighborhoods, including the River Market District in the north, the 18th and Vine District in the east. Kansas City is also known for its cuisine, its craft breweries, Kansas City, Missouri was officially incorporated as a town on June 1,1850, and as a city on March 28,1853. The territory straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers was considered a place to build settlements. The Antioch Christian Church, Dr. James Compton House, the first documented European visitor to Kansas City was Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, who was also the first European to explore the lower Missouri River. Criticized for his response to the Native American attack on Fort Détroit, Bourgmont lived with a Native American wife in a village about 90 miles east near Brunswick, Missouri, where he illegally traded furs. In the documents, he describes the junction of the Grande Riv des Cansez and Missouri River, French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the areas first reasonably accurate map. The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French continued their fur trade under Spanish license. After the 1804 Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark visited the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, in 1831, a group of Mormons from New York settled in what would become the city. They built the first school within Kansas Citys current boundaries, but were forced out by mob violence in 1833, in 1833 John McCoy established West Port along the Santa Fe Trail,3 miles away from the river. In 1834 McCoy established Westport Landing on a bend in the Missouri to serve as a point for West Port. Soon after, the Kansas Town Company, a group of investors, began to settle the area, in 1850, the landing area was incorporated as the Town of Kansas
5.
All Nations
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All Nations was a barnstorming professional baseball team that toured the Midwest from 1912 to 1918, and again in 1920 and 1921, and from 1923 to 1925. It derived its name from the fact that its team included players of several nationalities, including blacks and whites, Indians, Hawaiians, Japanese, the team was founded by the Hopkins Brothers sporting goods stores. One day, however, the teams manager absconde with the gate proceeds. J. L. Wilkinson, who played for the team, the team was based out of Kansas City and Des Moines. Under the management of Wilkinson, the All Nations approach to the game was more serious than that of teams who followed Abe Sapersteins farcical approach. They did however provide additional entertainment for their audiences, including having a band to play before the games. Wilkinson transported the team from location to location in a $25,000 Pullman car and he did not pay for rooms for his players, however, instead having them sleep the night before the game in tents they brought with them on the field on which they would play. Under Wilkinson, the team became strong enough to any major league club a nip and tuck battle. It went 3-1 against the Indianapolis ABCs in 1916 and splitting a series with the Chicago American Giants, the team encountered difficulties during World War I, when it found most of its better players were drafted, and was finally disbanded in 1918. Pitcher John Donaldson managed the All Nations from 1923 to 1924, the All Nations were still owned by J. L. Wilkinson and was used as a traveling team that trained inexperienced players and found talent in the Midwest. The Ballplayers - Jose Mendez at BaseballLibrary. com Dont Look Back, Satchel Paige in the Shadows of Baseball By Mark Ribowsky Riley, the Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues
6.
Kansas City Monarchs
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The Kansas City Monarchs were the longest-running franchise in the history of baseballs Negro Leagues. Operating in Kansas City, Missouri and owned by J. L. Wilkinson, J. L. Wilkinson was the first Caucasian owner at the time of the establishment of the team. The Monarchs won ten league championships before integration, and triumphed in the first Negro League World Series in 1924, the Monarchs had only one season in which they did not have a winning record. After sending more players to the major leagues than any other Negro League franchise, the Monarchs were formed in 1920, primarily from two sources. Immediate contenders, the Monarchs became bitter rivals to black baseballs reigning power, in this series, Méndez had an ERA of 1.42 in four of the games and was responsible for a shutout in the one game he was the starting pitcher in. Motivated by the Monarchs runaway pennant victory, NNL president Rube Foster changed the schedule to a split-season format for 1925. Kansas City nevertheless took the title again in 1925, but lost the World Series to Hilldale when Rogan was injured just before the series began and won one game. Even though Méndez was the manager, it was possible to see him on the mound during the few years he held the position. Newt Joseph played third base for the Monarchs from 1922 through their NNL years, in 1926 manager Méndez returned to Cuba, and Rogan took over as player/manager. He kept up the Monarchs tradition of fine pitching, as the staff over the next few years featured such Negro League greats as Chet Brewer, William Bell. After winning the pennant, the Monarchs dropped a best of nine playoff to the Chicago American Giants when Rogan lost both games of a series-closing doubleheader to the young Bill Foster. In 1928 the Monarchs narrowly missed a second-half title and they made up for this by copping another NNL title in 1929, winning both halves with the best overall single-season record ever compiled by a Negro League team. By this time, the pitcher Andy Cooper who had made a name for himself by playing for seven years with the Detroit Stars had joined the Monarchs and aided them winning the 1929 pennant. Unfortunately no World Series was played that year between the Monarchs and the Baltimore Black Sox, champions of the eastern American Negro League. Following the death of the league, the Monarchs spent several years as an independent team, mostly barnstorming through the Midwest, West. They frequently toured with the House of David baseball team, Hall of Famers Hilton Smith, a pitcher, and Willard Brown, a slugging shortstop/outfielder with a consistent batting average of over.300, became Monarch mainstays during this time. During the 1940s, Willard Brown became the home run hitter for the Monarchs. With Andy Cooper now at the helm, the Monarchs became charter members of the Negro American League in 1937, Andy Cooper was responsible for leading the Monarchs to bring home the pennant in 1939 and 1940
7.
Earned run average
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In baseball statistics, earned run average is the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings pitched. It is determined by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched, runs resulting from defensive errors are recorded as unearned runs and omitted from ERA calculations. Henry Chadwick is credited with devising the statistic, which caught on as a measure of pitching effectiveness after relief pitching came into vogue in the 1900s. Some criterion was needed to capture the apportionment of earned-run responsibility for a pitcher in games that saw contributions from other pitchers for the same team, a pitcher is assessed an earned run for each run scored by a batter who reaches base while batting against that pitcher. The National League first tabulated official earned run average statistics in 1912, recently written baseball encyclopedias display ERAs for earlier years, but these were computed retroactively. Negro League pitchers are often rated by RA, or total runs allowed, as with batting average, the definition of a good ERA varies from year to year. During the dead-ball era of the 1900s and 1910s, an ERA below 2.00 was considered good, in the 1960s, sub-2.00 ERAs returned, as other influences such as ballparks with different dimensions were introduced. Today, an ERA under 4.00 is again considered good, the all-time record for the lowest single season earned run average by a pitcher pitching 300 or more innings is 1.12, set by Bob Gibson in 1968. The record for the lowest career earned run average is 1.82, held by Ed Walsh, but a purported record based on so few innings pitched is highly misleading. Over the years, more than a dozen part-time pitchers have pitched 105 or more innings and had a run average lower than 0.86. Some sources may list players with infinite ERAs and this can happen if a pitcher allows one or more earned runs without retiring a batter. Additionally, an undefined ERA occasionally occurs at the beginning of a baseball season and it is sometimes incorrectly displayed as zero or as the lowest ranking ERA, even though it is more akin to the highest. At times it can be misleading to judge relief pitchers solely on ERA, because they are charged only for runs scored by batters who reached base while batting against them. Thus, if a pitcher enters the game with his team leading by 1 run, with 2 outs and the bases loaded. If he retires the batter, his ERA for that game will be 0.00 despite having surrendered the lead. Starting pitchers operate under the rules but are not called upon to start pitching with runners already on base. The relievers freedom to use their energy for a few innings, or even for just a few batters. ERA, taken by itself, can also be misleading when trying to objectively judge starting pitchers, the advent of the designated hitter rule in the American League in 1973 made the pitching environment significantly different
8.
Batting average
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Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball. The development of the statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic. In cricket, a batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, if all the batsmans innings were completed, this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings, this number is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players relative skills since the 18th century, most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short. All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30,15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australias Sir Donald Bradman, given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only four other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradmans average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest sportsman in any sport. As at 21 October 2016, Adam Voges of Australia has recorded an average of 72.75 from 27 innings played and it should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average, Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. A different, and more developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batsman scores – so it does not supplant the role of batting average and it is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batsman scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed, in baseball, the batting average is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three places and read without the decimal, A player with a batting average of.300 is batting three-hundred. A point is understood, in only, to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the.001 measurement, henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball
9.
Milwaukee Bears
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The Milwaukee Bears were a Negro National League team that operated during the 1923 season, its only season in the league, representing Milwaukee. The team was one of two created to fill one of the vacancies created in the NNL after the Cleveland Tate Stars and it drew much of its personnel from the disbanded Keystones and from the New Orleans Crescent Stars, an independent southern team. Hall of Fame outfielder Pete Hill,40, was asked by Rube Foster to manage the team, and remaining roster spots were filled from tryouts held in Chicago in April, and by castoffs from other teams. With limited financing and an inexperienced ownership, the team fell out of the running in the league. Primarily due to poor attendance at Athletic Park, the club played most of its games on the road. Outfielders Pete Duncan, Percy Wilson, and Sandy Thompson were among the better hitters, fulton Strong led the pitching staff with only four victories, against 14 defeats. Hill himself hit.296 in a role as the Bears player-manager. In 2006, the Milwaukee Brewers wore Bears throwback uniforms in games against the Washington Nationals, on June 23,2007, the Brewers wore the Bears uniform for another Negro League tribute game against the Royals. On July 5,2008, the Brewers also wore the Bears uniforms against the Pittsburgh Pirates, on May 29,2010, the Brewers wore Bears uniforms in a game against the New York Mets who wore New York Cubans uniforms. On July 9,2011, the Brewers wore Bears uniforms against the Cincinnati Reds, the uniforms worn in the games from 2006–2008 were white with black pinstripes, black letters spelling Milwaukee, black socks, and a white pinstriped cap. From 2009–2011, the Brewers wore a different version of the Bears uniforms, Cleveland, Ohio, Society for American Baseball Research. The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues
10.
1924 Colored World Series
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The 1924 Colored World Series was a best-of-nine match-up between the Negro National League champion Kansas City Monarchs and the Eastern Colored League champion Hilldale. In a ten-game series, the Monarchs narrowly defeated Hilldale 5 games to 4 and it was the first World Series between the respective champions of the NNL and ECL. It was the year of existence for the ECL, but no agreement could be reached in 1923 for a post-season series. Five members of the Baseball Hall of Fame participated in the series, Biz Mackey, Judy Johnson, in addition, Monarchs owner J. L. Wilkinson was also inducted into the Hall. Phil Cockrell, who lost this first game of the series, Hilldale did not use its own ballpark, Hilldale Park, but instead used Baker Bowl, home field of the Philadelphia Phillies, for the first two games, owing to its larger capacity. October 4,1924, at Baker Bowl in Philadelphia Bill McCall could not get through the first inning, facing only three men and recording no outs before Bill Plunk Drake came in to relieve, Drake did not fare much better, lasting only 1⅔ innings himself. Hilldale led 9-0 by the end of the third, Nip Winters shut out the normally high-scoring Monarchs on four singles. October 5,1924, at Maryland Baseball Park in Baltimore The Monarchs took a lead into the bottom of the ninth and again into the bottom of the twelfth. William Bell pitched 12 innings for no decision, he played the thirteenth inning in right field, Monarch fielding errors in the fifth and ninth innings allowed Hilldale to stay in the game. Biz Mackey received three intentional walks during the game, the game was called on account of darkness after thirteen innings. This game was played at Maryland Park, home park of the Baltimore Black Sox, on account of Pennsylvanias blue laws, October 6,1924, at Maryland Baseball Park in Baltimore After yesterdays tie game, another game was rescheduled for the following day. Before a sparse crowd, former Monarch Rube Currie relieved Red Ryan with one out in the third and the Monarchs leading 3-0. Hilldale tied the game in the third on two hits, a walk, and three steals, including Otto Briggs’ steal of home. Two walks and two errors helped score Hilldales winning run with none out in the ninth, October 11,1924, Muehlebach Park, Kansas City Judy Johnsons three-run inside-the-park home run with one out in the ninth shocked the crowd into silence and provided the difference in the game. A controversial umpire call and three defensive misplays helped set the table for Johnsons heroics, until the fatal ninth, the game had been a classic pitchers duel between staff aces Winters and Rogan. Winters finished the game with a flourish, retiring 25 of the last 26 men he faced, Hilldale had a 3-1 lead in games. Rube Foster had originally scheduled games Five, Six and Seven for his own ballpark, but Kansas City ownership and fans strenuously objected to losing such lucrative dates, and Foster relented. October 12,1924, at Muehelbach Park in Kansas City Phil Cockrell started the game for Hilldale, Scrip Lee pitched the remainder of the game, but tired in the eighth when the Monarchs scored the tie-breaking run
11.
National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. The Halls motto is Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations, the word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12,1939, the erroneous claim that U. S. Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994, dale Petroskey became the organizations president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched Baseball As America, an exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit, the Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16,2008. In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, House Bill H. R.2527, was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, the coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included 50,000 gold coins,400,000 silver coins, the Mint released them on March 27,2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price,114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members,29 were inducted posthumously, the Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest inductees, enshrined on July 24,2016, are players Mike Piazza, the incoming class of 2017, to be formally enshrined on July 30, consists of executives John Schuerholz and Bud Selig and players Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines, and Iván Rodríguez. In addition to honoring Hall of Fame inductees, the National Baseball Hall of Fame has presented 40 men with the Ford C, while Frick and Spink Award honorees are not members of the Hall of Fame, they are recognized in an exhibit in the Hall of Fames library. ONeil Award honorees are also not Hall of Fame members, but are listed alongside a permanent statue of the namesake and first recipient, Buck ONeil. From a final ballot typically including 25–40 candidates, each writer may vote for up to 10 players, until the late 1950s, any player named on 75% or more of all ballots cast is elected. A player who is named on fewer than 5% of ballots is dropped from future elections, players receiving 5% or more of the votes but fewer than 75% are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility
12.
Negro league baseball
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The Negro leagues were United States professional baseball leagues comprising teams predominantly made up of African Americans and, to a lesser extent, Latin Americans. In 1885 the Cuban Giants formed the first black baseball team. The first league, the National Colored Base Ball League, was organized strictly as a minor league, because blacks were not being accepted into the major and minor baseball leagues, they formed their own teams and had made professional teams by the 1880s. The first known game between two black teams was held on November 15,1859, in New York City. The Henson Base Ball Club of Jamaica, Queens, defeated the Unknowns of Weeksville, immediately after the end of the American Civil War in 1865 and during the Reconstruction period that followed, a black baseball scene formed in the East and Mid-Atlantic states. By the end of the 1860s, the black baseball mecca was Philadelphia, two former cricket players, James H. Francis and Francis Wood, formed the Pythian Base Ball Club. They played in Camden, New Jersey, at the landing of the Federal Street Ferry, at the end of the 1867 season the National Association of Baseball Players voted to exclude any club with a black player. In some ways Blackball thrived under segregation, with the few black teams of the day playing not only each other, Black teams earned the bulk of their income playing white independent semipro clubs. Baseball featuring African American players became professionalized by the 1870s, moses Fleetwood Walker and his brother, Welday Wilberforce Walker, were the first two black players in the major leagues. They both played for the 1884 Toledo Blue Stockings in the American Association, then in 1886 second baseman Frank Grant joined the Buffalo Bisons of the International League, the strongest minor league, and hit.340, third highest in the league. C. Merged to form the Cuban Giants, the success of the Cubans led to the creation of the first recognized Negro league in 1887 – the National Colored Base Ball League. Two more joined before the season but never played a game, the league, led by Walter S. Brown of Pittsburgh, applied for and was granted official minor league status and thus protection under the major league-led National Agreement. This move prevented any team in organized baseball from signing any of the NCBBL players, the reserve clause would have tied the players to their clubs from season to season but the NCBBL failed. One month into the season, the Resolutes folded, a week later, only three teams were left. Beginning in 1899 several Cuban baseball teams played in North America, including the All Cubans, the Cuban Stars, the Cuban Stars, some of them included white Cuban players and some were Negro Leagues members. The few players on the minor league teams were constantly dodging verbal and physical abuse from both competitors and fans. Then the Compromise of 1877 removed the remaining obstacles from the Souths enacting the Jim Crow laws, after Anson marched his team onto the field, military style as was his custom, he demanded that the blacks not play. Newark capitulated, and later that day, league owners voted to refuse future contracts to blacks
13.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
14.
25th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The Twenty-fifth United States Infantry Regiment was one of the racially segregated units of the United States Army known as Buffalo Soldiers. The 25th served from 1866 to 1946, seeing action in the American Indian Wars, Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, there was a 25th Infantry Regiment, raised in 1812, that served on the Lake Champlain front and the Niagara Frontier in the War of 1812. In 1815, during a reduction in force, it was consolidated with four other regiments to form the 6th Infantry Regiment. On 28 July 1866 the 2nd Battalion, 18th Infantry, raised in 1861 for service in the American Civil War, was separated and designated the 25th Infantry Regiment, in 1869, it was consolidated back into the 18th. After the Civil War, the army was expanded to 45 infantry regiments from its wartime strength of 19. The act of Congress that authorized this included the creation of four regiments of Colored Troops, racially segregated units with white officers, the army had raised a number of volunteer United States Colored Troops regiments during the war. The new regiments were the 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st Infantry Regiments, by an act of 3 March 1869, Congress reduced the 45 regiments to 25, and the four colored regiments to two. The 39th and 40th Regiments were consolidated and renumbered as the 25th Infantry Regiment, in April the 25th established its first headquarters at Jackson Barracks, Louisiana, under command of Colonel Joseph A. Mower. In May 1870 the regiment was ordered to San Antonio, Texas, after a short period there, its companies were distributed across a number of small west Texas posts, including Forts Bliss, Clark, Davis, and Stockton. In 1878, a detachment entered Mexico on a punitive expedition, in 1880 the 25th was transferred to the northern Great Plains, operating mostly in Dakota Territory, Montana and Minnesota. Elements of the 25th took part in the last major Indian campaign, several companies of the 25th were deployed to break the Northern Pacific Railroad strike of 1894. In 1896 Lieutenant James A. Moss formed a corps of bicycle troops to study the effectiveness of the concept. Eight soldiers and Moss made practice runs to Glacier and the Yellowstone National Park in the summer of 1896. In 1897, Moss, a surgeon, a reporter and 20 enlisted men made a 41-day,1, 900-mile ride from Fort Missoula, Montana to St. Louis, Missouri. All four colored regiments were transferred to Florida in the spring of 1898 in preparation for the war with Spain and they were assigned to Major General William R. Shafters V Corps, which moved to Cuba to capture the major eastern city, Santiago de Cuba. The 25th participated in the 1 July 1898 assault on El Caney, men from the 25th were among the first to reach the summit. Private T. C. Butler of H Company was first into the blockhouse at the summit, an officer of the 12th Infantry ordered Butler to turn over the flag, and the 12th later claimed credit for the capture. Lieutenant Colonel A. S. Daggett, commanding the 25th, on 14 July, when the Spanish surrendered the city, the 25th had advanced closer to Santiago than any other unit
15.
Negro World Series
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The first championship was between the Kansas City Monarchs of the NNL and the Hilldale Club of the ECL. In 1928, the ECL folded, with their teams returning to independent play, the first NNL also folded after the 1931 season. The Negro American League was organized in 1937 in the West, shades of Glory, The Negro Leagues and the Story of African-American Baseball. Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Company
16.
Manager (baseball)
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In baseball, the field manager is an individual who is responsible for matters of team strategy on the field and team leadership. Managers are typically assisted by one and six assistant coaches, whose responsibilities are specialized. A manager is essentially equivalent to the coach in other North American professional sports leagues. How much control a manager takes in a games strategy varies from manager to manager and from game to game. Some managers control pitch selection, defensive positioning, decisions to bunt, steal, pitch out, managers are typically assisted by two or more coaches. Typically, the title of manager is used in professional baseball. In many cases, a manager is a professional, semi-professional or college player. Many current and former managers are former catchers which include Mike Matheny, John Gibbons, Brad Ausmus, Joe Torre, Mike Scioscia, Bruce Bochy, the managers responsibilities normally are limited to in-game decisions, with off-the-field and roster management decisions falling to the teams general manager. The term manager used without qualification almost always refers to the field manager, some owners carried out both GM and field managerial duties themselves. Major League Baseball managers differ from the coaches of most other professional sports in that they dress in the same uniform as the players and are assigned a jersey number. The wearing of a uniform is frequently practiced at other levels of play. The manager may be called skipper or skip informally by his players
17.
Oscar Charleston
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Oscar McKinley Charleston was an American center fielder and manager in baseballs Negro leagues from 1915 to 1945. Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, Charleston joined the Army at 15, after returning to the United States, he immediately began his baseball career with the Indianapolis ABCs in 1915. He served as a player manager for the ABCs, Chicago American Giants, Lincoln Stars, St. Louis Giants, Harrisburg Giants, Philadelphia Hilldales, Homestead Grays. His career batting average was.348, and he finished among league leaders in both home runs and stolen bases. He was also known for his nature, getting into many brawls. In 1932, Charleston became player-manager of the Pittsburgh Crawfords and presided over what some historians consider the best Negro league team ever. His roster included Hall of Famers Josh Gibson, Satchel Paige, the team went 99-36, and Charleston himself batted.363. In addition to his tremendous play in the Negro leagues, Charleston excelled in exhibition play against all-white major league teams, contemporary observers compared his play to that of Tris Speaker and Babe Ruth. Some baseball historians consider him one of the greatest players in history and he died at age 57 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Charleston was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1976, in 1999, he was ranked #67 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, one of five players so honored who played all or most of their careers in pre-1947 black leagues. He was also nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team, Baseball writer Bill James, in his The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, ranked Charleston as the fourth-best player of all-time
18.
Satchel Paige
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Paige was a right-handed pitcher, and at age 42 in 1948, he was the oldest major league rookie while playing for the Cleveland Indians. He played with the St. Louis Browns until age 47, Paige first played for the semi-professional Mobile Tigers from 1924 to 1926. He began his baseball career in 1926 with the Chattanooga Black Lookouts of the Negro Southern League and became one of the most famous. While his outstanding control as a pitcher first got him noticed, it was his infectious, cocky, enthusiastic personality, on town tours across the United States, Paige would sometimes have his infielders sit down behind him and then routinely strike out the side. He played his last professional game on June 21,1966, while Satchel Paige was playing baseball, many ages and birthdates were reported, ranging from 1900 to 1908. Paige himself was the source of many of these dates, Paiges birth certificate is displayed in his autobiography. In 1959, Paiges mother told a reporter that he was 55 rather than 53, Paige wrote in his autobiography, Seems like Moms Bible would know, but she aint ever shown me the Bible. Anyway, she was in her nineties when she told the reporter that, Satchel was born Leroy Robert Page to John Page, a gardener, and Lula Page, a domestic worker, in a section of Mobile, Alabama known as Down the Bay. Lula and her children changed the spelling of their name from Page to Paige in the mid-1920s, just before the start of Satchels baseball career. Lula said, Page looked too much like a page in a book, whereas Satchel explained, My folks started out by spelling their name Page and later stuck in the i to make themselves sound more high-tone. The introduction of the new spelling coincided with the death of Satchels father, according to Paige, his nickname originated from childhood work toting bags at the train station. He said he was not making money at a dime a bag, so he used a pole. Another kid supposedly yelled, You look like a walking satchel tree, a different story was told by boyhood friend and neighbor, Wilber Hines, who said he gave Paige the nickname after he was caught trying to steal a bag. At the age of ten, Satchel was playing top ball which was what got him into baseball, top ball was a kids game that used sticks and bottle caps instead of baseballs and bats to play a variation of the diamond sport. Satchels mother, Lula, would comment on how Satchel would rather play baseball than eat. Two weeks before his birthday, Paige was arrested for shoplifting. During the more than five years he spent at the school, Byrd taught Paige to kick his front foot high and to swing his arm around so it looked like his hand was in the batters face when he released the ball. Paige was released from the school in December 1923, six months early
19.
Frank Duncan (baseball, born 1901)
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Frank Duncan was a baseball player in the Negro Leagues from 1920 to 1948. He was primarily a catcher for the Kansas City Monarchs, handling their pitching staff from 1921 through 1934 as the team won five pennants between 1923 and 1931, while playing part-time, he managed the Monarchs to two pennants in 1942 and 1946. He caught two no-hitters with the Monarchs, in 1923 and 1929, Duncan broke in with the 1920 Chicago Giants, forcing John Beckwith to move from catcher to shortstop. In 1921, Duncan moved to the Monarchs and batted. 250/. 295/.277 for the combined season. In 1922, Duncan improved to. 235/. 317/.313 at the plate and was credited with 22 sacrifice hits to lead the Negro National League in that category and he led the NNLs catchers in fielding percentage and assists. In 1923, he batted. 257/. 332/.332 and that winter, he played for one of the most famous Cuban Winter League teams ever, the 1923–1924 Santa Clara Leopardos. He batted.336 and slugged.401 for the club, Duncan batted. 267/~. 358/.332 in 1924, helping the Monarchs to the second of their three consecutive pennants. He was batted only.139 in the 1924 Colored World Series, the play was notable because veteran catcher Louis Santop had dropped Duncans foul pop-up one pitch before, and his key hit went through shortstop Biz Mackeys legs. Both Mackey and Santop were considered great defensive players, though Santops best defensive days were behind him, Duncan hit only.200 for Santa Clara in the winter of 1924. In 1925, the catcher slipped to.222 for the Monarchs and he went 3 for 21 in the playoffs and 4 for 21 in the 1925 Negro World Series. He again had a moment in the series, with a great tag on Otto Briggs at home in the 11th inning of game one. In June, he was in the middle of a fight when he collided with John Hines, during the melee, he was struck on the back of the head by the butt of a policemans pistol. While Duncan was down, Jelly Gardner kicked him in the mouth with his spikes, in the winter of 1926–1927, Duncan batted.276 and slugged.328 in the California Winter League. In 1927, the Kansas City native hit.395 while splitting time with T. J, had he qualified, he would have ranked 4th in the NNL in batting average. Duncan took part in a tour of Japan by Negro League players that year. The fall trip included stops in Hawaii, China, Russia, in the winter of 1927-1928, Duncan was 8 for 21 with two doubles in the California Winter League. With Cienfuegos that winter, he hit.265 and slugged.434 and his 8 stolen bases were second on the team behind Cool Papa Bell. That winter, he hit.250 for Cienfuegos and slugged.369, Duncan hit.370 in 1930, tying for third in the NNL behind only Mule Suttles and Willie Wells
20.
Casey Stengel
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Charles Dillon Casey Stengel, nicknamed The Old Perfessor, was an American Major League Baseball right fielder and manager. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1966, Stengel was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and originally nicknamed Dutch, a common nickname at that time for Americans of German ancestry. In the 1950s, sportswriters dubbed him with yet another nickname, The Old Professor, for his sharp wit, although his baseball career spanned a number of teams and cities, he is primarily associated with clubs in New York City. Between playing and managing, he is the person to have worn the uniforms of all four of New Yorks major league clubs. He was the first of four men to both the New York Yankees and New York Mets. Like Joe Torre, he managed the Braves and the Dodgers. Stengel ended his career as the beloved manager for the then expansion New York Mets. Stengel was born on July 30,1890, in Kansas City and he played sandlot baseball as a child, and also played baseball, football and basketball at Central High School. His basketball team won the city championship, while the team won the state championship. Stengel had no vision of sports as a long-term profession. As described in his autobiography, on pages 58 and 75–76 and he had some problems due to the lack of left-handed instruments and the training was a struggle. Stengel signed a contract with the Kansas City Blues of the Class AAA American Association, considered the best minor league and he struggled as a pitcher, leading manager Danny Shay to play Stengel as an outfielder. Kansas City optioned Stengel to the Kankakee Kays of the Class D Northern Association and he had a.251 batting average with Kankakee when the league folded in July. He spent the remainder of the 1910 season with the Shelbyville Grays / Maysville Rivermen of the Class D Blue Grass League, Stengel attended Western Dental College in the offseason, which provided Stengel with enough negotiating leverage to receive a raise from Kansas City for the 1911 season. The Blues assigned Stengel to the Aurora Blues of the Class C Wisconsin–Illinois League and he led the league with a.351 batting average. Brooklyn Dodgers scout Larry Sutton noticed Stengel, and the Dodgers signed Stengel in 1911 and they assigned Stengel to the Montgomery Rebels of the Class A Southern Association for the 1912 season. Playing for manager Kid Elberfeld, Stengel batted.290 and led the league in outfield assists and he also developed a reputation as an eccentric player. Scout Mike Kahoe referred to Stengel as a ballplayer
21.
Kansas City, Kansas
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Kansas City is the third-largest city in the state of Kansas, the county seat of Wyandotte County, and the third-largest city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. It is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the Unified Government, Wyandotte County also includes the independent cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 145,786 residents and it is situated at Kaw Point, which is the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers. In October 1872, old Kansas City, Kansas, was incorporated, the first city election was held on October 22 of that year, by order of Judge Hiram Stevens of the Tenth Judicial District, and resulted in the election of Mayor James Boyle. The mayors of the city after its organization were James Boyle, C. A. Eidemiller, A. S. Orbison, Eli Teed, in June 1880, the Governor of Kansas proclaimed the city of Kansas City a city of the second class with Mayor McConnell present. In March 1886, new Kansas City, Kansas, was formed through the consolidation of five municipalities, old Kansas City, Armstrong, Armourdale, Riverview, the oldest city of the group was Wyandotte, which was formed in 1857 by Wyandot Native Americans and Methodist missionaries. In the 1890s, the city saw a growth in population as a streetcar suburb of Kansas City, Missouri, from which it takes its name. It was one of the nations 100 largest cities for many U. S. Census counts, from 1890 to 1960, including 1920, when it had a population of over 100,000 residents for the first time. As with adjacent Kansas City, Missouri, the percentage of the citys most populous ethnic group, in 1997, voters approved a proposition to unify the city and county governments creating the Unified Government of Wyandotte County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 128.38 square miles. Neighborhoods of Kansas City, Kansas, include the following, Downtown Argentine − former home to the silver smelter for which it was named, Armourdale − formerly a city, it was consolidated with the city of Kansas City in 1886. Armstrong − a town absorbed by Wyandotte, bethel − a neighborhood located generally along Leavenworth Rd. between 72nd and 77th Streets. It was never incorporated as a municipality, Fairfax District − an industrial area along the Missouri River. Nearman Piper Pomeroy − a late-19th—early-20th-century Train Depot, Trading Post, Saw Mill, Riverview Rosedale − merged with Kansas City in 1922. Stony Point Strawberry Hill Turner − community around the Wyandotte-Johnson County border to the Kansas River north-south, unless otherwise stated, normal figures below are based on data from 1981 to 2010 at Downtown Airport. The warmest month of the year is July, with a 24-hour average temperature of 81.0 °F, the summer months are hot, but can get very hot and moderately humid, with moist air riding up from the Gulf of Mexico. High temperatures surpass 100 °F on 5.6 days of the year, the coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31.0 °F. Winters are cold, with 22 days where the high is at or below the mark and 2.5 nights with a low at or below 0 °F
22.
24th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 24th Infantry Regiment was a unit of the United States Army, active from 1869 until 1951, and again from 1995 until 2006 and was primarily made up of African-American soldiers. The 24th Infantry Regiment was organized on 1 November 1869 from the 38th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, all the enlisted soldiers were black, either veterans of the U. S. From its activation to 1898, the 24th Infantry served throughout the Western United States and its missions included garrisoning frontier posts, battling American Indians, protecting roadways against bandits, and guarding the border between the United States and Mexico. The year 1898 saw the 24th Infantry deployed to Cuba as part of the U. S. Expeditionary Force in the Spanish–American War, elements of the 24th participated in the storming of the Spanish fortress in the Battle of El Caney. In 1899 the regiment deployed to the Philippine Islands to help suppress a guerrilla movement in the Philippine–American War, the regiment returned to the Islands in 1905 and 1911. Though the 24th fought a number of battles in the Philippines, one of the most notable occurred on 7 December 1899, in 1916 the 24th Infantry guarded the Mexico–United States border to keep the Mexican Revolution from spilling onto U. S. soil. When it did, the 24th joined the Punitive Expedition under General Pershing, in 1919, rebels and troops of the Mexican government fought in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, which borders the U. S. city of El Paso, Texas. The 24th Infantry crossed over again to engage the rebels, ensuring that no violence erupted across the U. S. border. When white police arrested a black infantryman who tried to prevent their detaining a drunk woman, then beat up and shot at a black corporal sent to inquire after him. The Houston Riot was a mutiny by 150 black soldiers of the Twenty-fourth United States Infantry, sergeant Vida Henry of I Company, 3rd Battalion led about 150 black soldiers in a two-hour march on Houston because they had suffered racial discrimination in the city. The soldiers were met by local policemen and a crowd of Houston residents. When the soldiers killed Captain J. W. Mattes of the Illinois National Guard, Henry shot himself, distraught over having killed another serviceman. In their two-hour march on the city, the battalion killed 15 armed whites, including four policemen, and seriously wounded 12 others, one of whom, two were accidentally shot by their own men, one in camp and the other on San Felipe Street. The riot lasted one afternoon, and resulted in the deaths of four soldiers and 15 civilians, the rioters were tried at three courts-martial. Fourteen were executed, and 41 were given life sentences, at the start of World War II, the 24th Infantry was stationed at Fort Benning as school troops for the Infantry School. They participated in the Carolina Maneuvers of October – December 1941, during World War II, the 24th Infantry fought in the South Pacific Theatre as a separate regiment. Deploying on 4 April 1942 from the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, the 24th moved to Guadalcanal on 28 August 1943, and was assigned to the US XIV Corps. 1st Battalion deployed to Bougainville, attached to the 37th Infantry Division, from March to May 1944 for perimeter defense duty
23.
Buffalo Soldier
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Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the U. S. 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army, formed on September 21,1866, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. This nickname was given to the Negro Cavalry by the Native American tribes they fought in the Indian Wars. S, on September 6,2005, Mark Matthews, who was the last living Buffalo Soldier, died at the age of 111. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, sources disagree on how the nickname Buffalo Soldiers began. According to the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, the name originated with the Cheyenne warriors in the winter of 1877, however, writer Walter Hill documented the account of Colonel Benjamin Grierson, who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871 campaign against Comanches. Hill attributed the origin of the name to the Comanche due to Griersons assertions, the Apache used the same term a claim supported by other sources. Some sources assert that the nickname was given out of respect for the fighting ability of the 10th Cavalry. Still other sources point to a combination of both legends, the term Buffalo Soldiers became a generic term for all black soldiers. It is now used for U. S. Army units that trace their lineage back to the 9th and 10th Cavalry units whose service earned them an honored place in U. S. history. In September 1867, Private John Randall of Troop G of the 10th Cavalry Regiment was assigned to escort two civilians on a hunting trip, the hunters suddenly became the hunted when a band of 70 Cheyenne warriors swept down on them. The two civilians quickly fell in the attack and Randalls horse was shot out from beneath him. The Cheyenne beat a hasty retreat, leaving behind 13 fallen warriors. Private Randall suffered a wound to his shoulder and 11 lance wounds but recovered. )During the Civil War. The 38th and 41st were reorganized as the 25th Infantry Regiment, with headquarters in Jackson Barracks in New Orleans, Louisiana, the 39th and 40th were reorganized as the 24th Infantry Regiment, with headquarters at Fort Clark, Texas, in April 1869. All of these units were composed of enlisted men commanded by both white and black officers. From 1866 to the early 1890s, these regiments served at a variety of posts in the Southwestern United States and they participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. In addition to the campaigns, the Buffalo Soldiers served a variety of roles along the frontier. On April 17,1875, regimental headquarters for the 9th and 10th Cavalries were transferred to Fort Concho, companies actually arrived at Fort Concho in May 1873
24.
Schofield Barracks
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Schofield Barracks is a United States Army installation and census-designated place located in the City and County of Honolulu and in the Wahiawa District of the American island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi. Schofield Barracks lies adjacent to the town of Wahiawā, separated from most of it by Lake Wilson, Schofield Barracks is named after Lieutenant General John McAllister Schofield, Commanding General United States Army August 1888 to September 1895. He had been sent to Hawaiʻi in 1872 and had recommended the establishment of a base at Pearl Harbor. Schofield Barracks has an area of 17,725 acres on Central Oʻahu, the post was established in 1908 to provide mobile defense of Pearl Harbor and the entire island. It has been the home of the 25th Infantry Division, known as the Tropic Lightning Division, the population was 16,370 at the 2010 census. Schofield Barracks is located at 21°29′52″N 158°3′48″W, the Main Gate used to be off Wilikina Drive, however, now only the Foote and Lyman gates located along Kunia Road are used for controlled access. Proceeding north on Wilikina Road leads to intersections with Kaukonahua Road to Waialua, east on Wilikina leads to Interstate H-2 and Kamehameha Highway to Wahiawā and Mililani Town. Proceeding south on Kunia Road past Schofield leads to the Kunia Gate on Wheeler, Kunia, according to the United States Census Bureau, the post has a total area of 2.8 square miles, all of it land. Schofield Barracks has a savanna climate. This climate type is shared with Honolulu but is in slightly cooler year round owing to the elevation. Precipitation patterns closely resemble those of mediterranean climates being found in mainland California, as of the census of 2000, there were 14,428 people,2,965 households, and 2,902 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 5,251.5 people per square mile, there were 3,733 housing units at an average density of 1,358.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 56. 4% White,21. 9% African American,1. 1% Native American,3. 9% Asian,1. 7% Pacific Islander,8. 6% from other races, and 6. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16. 2% of the population,2. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.55 and the family size was 3.58. In the CDP the population was out with 32. 1% under the age of 18,29. 8% from 18 to 24,36. 6% from 25 to 44,1. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 22 years, for every 100 females there were 152.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 183.6 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $33,788, and the median income for a family was $32,970
25.
Dobie Moore
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Walter Dobie Moore was an American shortstop and right-handed batter in the Negro Leagues who played his entire career with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League. His career ended after seven seasons when he shattered his already injured leg while escaping a woman who had shot him. Born in Georgia, Moore served in the United States Army and played for the 25th Infantry Wreckers from 1916 to 1920, along with Bullet Rogan and he went directly to the Monarchs in mid-season 1920, where he was the leagues top shortstop until his career ended. 511 and 230 pounds, he fielded his position with Gold Glove ability and hit for a.359 lifetime batting average better than average power. Nicknamed the Black Cat, Moore won the NNL batting title in 1924 when he hit.453 and he helped the Monarchs to three league titles, and one Colored World Series title in 1924. He batted.300 in the 1923 Series and.364 in a cause in the 1925 Series. His career ended abruptly in mid-1926 when he was shot in the leg by a girlfriend and he reportedly played semi-pro ball in Detroit into the 1930s as a stiff-legged first baseman. A few years after his death, Moore received votes listing him on the 1952 Pittsburgh Courier player-voted poll of the Negro Leagues best players ever
26.
Oscar Johnson (baseball)
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Oscar Heavy Johnson was a baseball player in the Negro Leagues. Johnson was one of the Negro Leagues foremost power hitters in the 1920s, reportedly weighing 250 pounds, longtime MLB umpire Jocko Conlan once said that Johnson could hit a ball out of any park. Johnson was part of the all-black 25th Infantry Wreckers, a teammate of other future Negro Leaguers including Bullet Rogan, Lemuel Hawkins, and Dobie Moore. He briefly played for the St. Louis Giants in 1920 while on Army furlough, hitting.300 in 3 games, in his rookie season with the Kansas City Monarchs, Johnson batted.406, and posted a.345 average in the Cuban winter league. Johnson won a triple crown in 1923 with a.406 batting average,20 home runs and 120 RBI in 98 games. Johnson was also the first member of the Monarchs to hit a run at the new Kansas City Municipal Stadium. Johnson was credited with more than 60 home runs against all opposition in 1924, and batted.296 in the 1924 Colored World Series, which was won by the Monarchs. Johnson then moved to the Baltimore Black Sox, where he posted averages of.345, in 1927, with the Harrisburg Giants, Johnson hit.316, teaming with John Beckwith and Oscar Charleston. Johnson split the 1928 season between the Cleveland Tigers and the Memphis Red Sox, posting a.315 average overall. Former pitcher Bill Plunk Drake said that Johnson was once sleeping on the bench when he was awoken and told to pinch-hit, he grabbed a fungo bat, despite Johnsons weight, he was described as a remarkably fast runner for his bulk. He was also described as temperamental and moody, one of the nasty boys, Johnson finished his career in 1933 with a.337 lifetime batting average. Negro league baseball statistics and player information from Seamheads. com, or Baseball-Reference
27.
Lemuel Hawkins
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Lemuel Hawkins was an American first baseman in Negro league baseball. He played for the Kansas City Monarchs, Chicago Giants and Chicago American Giants from 1921 to 1928 and he was 510 and weighed 185 pounds. Hawkins was born in Macon, Georgia, in 1895 and he served in World War I and was also the first baseman for the successful 25th Infantry Division baseball team posted at Schofield Barracks at Wahiawa, Hawaii and Ft. Huachuca, Arizona. He, along with teammates Oscar Johnson, Dobie Moore, Bullet Rogan, Hawkins was the Monarchs everyday first baseman from 1921 to 1927 and played for the Monarchs team which won the 1924 Colored World Series. According to George Sweatt, Hawkins and teammate Bill Plunk Drake were good friends, were the craziest guys, Sweatt recalled. When wed go to a different town, theyd just walk through the all night. Between the 1923 and 1924 baseball seasons, it was reported that Hawkins spent the winter driving a taxicab, Hawkins played for the Chicago American Giants in 1928. He finished his career in the Negro National League with a.265 batting average, in July 1931, Hawkins was with three other men in a car when they were searched by police in connection with a holdup. One of the men pulled a gun and was shot to death by the officers. In August 1934, Hawkins and an attempted to hold up a beer truck. A scuffle took place, and Hawkins was accidentally shot to death by his partner, Hawkins is one of four Negro league baseball players who were honored with plaques at Luther Williams Field in Macon in 2016. Negro league baseball statistics and player information from Seamheads. com, or Baseball-Reference
28.
Portland Beavers
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The Portland Beavers was the name of separate minor league baseball teams, which represented Portland, Oregon, in the Pacific Coast League. The team was established in 1903, the first year of the PCL, the most recent form of the Beavers left after the 2010 season and are now in west Texas as the El Paso Chihuahuas. Along with the Los Angeles Angels, Oakland Oaks, Sacramento Solons, San Francisco Seals, and Seattle Rainiers, a Portland Beavers club was a charter member of the Pacific Coast League in 1903. Along with Sacramento, Portland was one of two cities that had a team in the PCL, the other cities having been taken over by Major League Baseball franchises. In 2010, the Beavers were sold to Jeff Moorad, owner of the San Diego Padres, before the Portland franchise joined the PCL, the president of the Pacific Northwest League, Henry Lucas, was adamant in keeping the Portland franchise in his league. A team in the Pacific Northwest League was formed called the Portland Green Gages, when the Portland PCL team first started playing, they were known as the Portland Browns. In their first season, classified as an independent league, the PCL featured six teams including the Browns, the Browns finished their first season fifth in the PCL. During the 1904 season, the Browns finished with a record of 79–136, the 136 losses still stands as a record in the PCL for most losses by a team in a single season. Other records for that include the most errors in a season. Before the 1905 season, professional baseball player Walt McCredie and former Republican U. S. House member from Washington Judge William Wallace McCredie purchased the Portland franchise, the team was then renamed the Portland Giants and Walter McCredie was named the player-manager of the team. During the 1905 season, the PCL was re-classified as a Class-A league in minor league baseball, in 1906, the team was renamed the Portland Beavers after a newspaper contest was started to decide the new name of the team. That season, the Portland team won its first pennant in the PCL, Beavers player Mike Mitchell led the PCL in home runs with six, the fewest ever to lead the PCL. Mitchell also led the league in batting average, the Beavers finished last in 1907, and second in 1908 and 1909. In 1910, Portland won another pennant behind the pitching of Vean Gregg, Gregg finished the season with a 32–18 record and 14 shutouts while Krapp had a 29–16 record for the season. Portland repeated as PCL champs in 1911 fielding four 20-game-winning pitchers, in 1912, Judge McCredie helped get a new 12, 000-seat grandstand built at Vaughn Street Park. The NAPBL made a change to league classifications in 1912, making Double-A the top tier, the PCL, and the Portland Beavers, moved into this new classification from the previous top tier Class A league. During the 1910s, the Beavers developed some working relationships with other teams, from 1911 to 1914 the Portland Beavers had their own farm team which played in the Northwest League. The Class B team shared the use of Vaughn Street Park and was known as the Portland Pippins in 1911, during the 1914 season, the Colts moved to the Seattle area and finished their last season as the Ballard Pippins before folding
29.
Pacific Coast League
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The Pacific Coast League is a Minor League Baseball league operating in the Western, Midwestern, and Southeastern United States. Along with the International League and the Mexican League, it is one of three leagues playing at the Triple-A level, which is one grade below Major League Baseball and it is officially named the Pacific Coast League of Professional Baseball Clubs, Inc. The PCL maintains its headquarters in Round Rock, Texas, during the first half of the 20th century, the Pacific Coast League developed into one of the premier regional baseball leagues. With no major league baseball team existing west of St. Louis, although it was never recognized as a true major league, its quality of play was considered very high. During 1945 the league voted to become a major league, some players made a career out of the minor leagues. One of the better known was Frank Shellenback, whose Major League pitching career was brief, many former major-league players came to the PCL to finish their careers after their time in the majors had ended. The mild climate of the West Coast, especially California, allowed the league to play longer seasons, sometimes starting in late February and this allowed players to hone their skills, earn an extra month or two of pay, and reduce the need to find off-season work. The longer playing season also allowed for games on the schedule. Teams sometimes played more than 200 games in a single season, during the 1905 season the San Francisco Seals set the all-time PCL record by playing 230 games. Even just prior to the 1958 reshuffling, the league was playing 170–180 games per season, one consequence of such lengthy seasons was that a number of the all-time minor-league records for season statistical totals are held by players from the PCL. In 1952, the PCL became the minor league in history to be given the Open classification. This limited the rights of major clubs to draft players from the PCL. The shift to the Open classification came just as minor league teams from coast to coast suffered a drop in attendance. The hammer blow to the PCLs major league dreams came in 1958, when the Brooklyn Dodgers moved to Los Angeles, as a result, three of the PCLs flagship teams were immediately forced to relocate to smaller markets. Additionally, the PCL lost customers to the league teams which now occupied the same territory. The league never recovered from these blows, the Pacific Coast League reverted to Triple-A classification in 1958, and soon diminished in the public eye to nothing more than another minor league. The Oakland Oaks had moved to Canada two years before the arrival of the Giants, the San Diego Padres and Seattle Rainiers were displaced by Major League teams in 1969, but by this time the PCLs decline was already far advanced. The league now stretches from Western Washington to Middle Tennessee, despite its name, the league now has as many teams east of the Mississippi as it does near the Pacific coast
30.
J. L. Wilkinson
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James Leslie Wilkinson was an American sports executive who founded the barnstorming All Nations baseball club in 1912, and the Negro league baseball team Kansas City Monarchs in 1920. Born in Algona, Iowa, Wilkinson was a pitcher until he hurt his throwing wrist. He turned to team ownership and management, parlaying a promotional flair into an association with the game lasted more than 50 years. In 1909, he developed a womens baseball team—possibly with a few men in drag—to draw up to 2,000 fans to a covered grandstand moved around the Midwest by train. A team band whipped up tunes for crowds, a male catcher wrestled all comers, town teams throughout Iowa and surrounding states faced Wilkinsons gimmick-laden squad. In 1912, he founded the multi-racial All Nations team in Des Moines, the team consisted of whites, blacks, Polynesians, Asians, Native Americans and – at one time – a woman. As did Wilkinsons first venture, it also had a band and a number of other promotions. Wilkinson was the white team owner trusted by Rube Foster when the Negro National League was founded. Stories were told by his players that during the Depression, Wilkinson would bunk with his coaches and players when the team was on the road and hotels were short of rooms. Wilkinson was the first owner in the league to secure the services of African American Umpires for the Negro National League and by 1923, during his ownership, the Monarchs won ten league titles and participated in four Negro League World Series, winning in 1924 and 1942. In 1930, Wilkinsons Monarchs became the first professional team to play night baseball, Wilkinson also signed Jackie Robinson to his first professional contract, in 1945. He sold the Monarchs in 1948, and died in poverty in a Kansas City nursing home, wilkie, as he was affectionately known to players, sportswriters and fans, was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. J. L. Wilkinson at the Baseball Hall of Fame Baseball Library Kansas City Public Library Des Moines Register - J. L. Wilkinson Find a Grave Bio
31.
Home run
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In modern baseball, the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles without first touching the ground, resulting in an automatic home run. There is also the home run, increasingly rare in modern baseball. When a home run is scored, the batter is credited with a hit and a run scored. Likewise, the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit, a batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. A batted ball that goes over the wall after touching the ground is not a home run. A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt. If the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, however, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is a home run. This stipulation is in Approved Ruling of Rule 7.10, an inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with a home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield, with outfields much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the games early days, inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They are usually the result of a ball being hit by a very fast runner, either way, this sends the ball into open space in the outfield and thereby allows the batter-runner to circle the bases before the defensive team can put him out. The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks, all runs scored on such a play, however, still count. An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10,2007, by the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a one-run homer, with one runner on base, two runs are scored and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot, the term four-run homer is seldom used, instead, it is nearly always called a grand slam. Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the turn at bat
32.
Strikeout
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In baseball or softball, a strikeout occurs when a batter accumulates three strikes during a time at bat. It usually means the batter is out, a strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters, and is denoted by K. Although a strikeout suggests that the pitcher dominated the batter, the style that generates home runs also leaves batters susceptible to striking out. Some of the greatest home run hitters of all time — such as Alex Rodriguez, Gorman Thomas, Reggie Jackson, and Sammy Sosa — were notorious for striking out. A pitched ball is ruled a ball by the if the batter did not swing at it and, in that umpires judgment. Any pitch at which the batter swings or, that in that umpires judgment passes through the zone, is ruled a strike. Each ball and strike affects the count, which is incremented for each pitched ball with the exception of a ball on any count with two strikes. That is, a strike may only occur by the batter swinging and missing at a pitched ball. A pitched ball that is struck by the batter with the bat on any count, a batter may also strike out by bunting, even if the ball is hit into foul territory. In Japan, this is called furinige, or swing and escape, in Major League Baseball, it is known as an uncaught third strike. When this happens, a strikeout is recorded for both the pitcher and the batter, but no out is recorded, because of this, a pitcher may occasionally be able to record more than three strikeouts in one half-inning. In baseball scorekeeping, a strikeout is recorded as a K. A strikeout looking is often scored with a backward K, and sometimes as a K-L, CK, despite the scorekeeping custom of using K for strikeout, SO is the official abbreviation used by Major League Baseball. K is still used by fans and enthusiasts for purposes other than official record-keeping. The K may be placed backward in cases where the batter strikes out looking, the use of K for a strikeout was invented by Henry Chadwick, a newspaper journalist who is widely credited as the originator of the box score and the baseball scorecard. As is true in much of baseball, both the box score and scorecard remain largely unchanged to this day, Chadwick decided to use K, the last letter in struck, since the letter S was used for sacrifice. Chadwick was responsible for several other scorekeeping conventions, including the use of numbers to designate player positions and those unaware of Chadwicks contributions have speculated that K was derived from the last name of 19th century pitcher Matt Kilroy. If not for the evidence supporting Chadwicks earlier use of K, Kilroy raised the prominence of the strikeout, setting an all-time single-season record of 513 strikeouts in 1886, only two years after overhand pitching was permitted
33.
Hilldale Club
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The Hilldale Athletic Club were an African American professional baseball team based in Darby, Pennsylvania, west of Philadelphia. Established as a team in 1910, the Hilldales were developed by their early manager. They won the first three Eastern Colored League pennants beginning in 1923 and in 1925 won the second Colored World Series, Hall of Fame player Judy Johnson was a Hilldale regular for most its professional era with twelve seasons in fifteen years 1918–1932. Pitcher Phil Cockrell played for Hilldale throughout those years, Oscar Charleston, Biz Mackey, Louis Santop, Chaney White, and Jesse Nip Winters were also important Hilldale players in the 1920s. Ed Bolden founded the team in 1910 as an athletic club for local young men. Devere Thompson was the first manager but Bolden took over as manager himself before the end of the first season, the club incorporated November 1916, as Hilldale Baseball and Exhibition Company, and began to hire some established players. Spot Poles and Bill Pettus led the 1917 team to a 23-15-1 record, Hilldale and the Atlantic City Bacharach Giants played as eastern Associates of the western Negro National League in 1920 and 1921. In the latter season they held a four game series in September with the winner to face the NNL champion Chicago American Giants, after both teams won two games, the American Giants traveled east to play one series each. Chicago defeated the Bacharach Giants 2-1-1 but Hilldale beat Chicago 3-2-1, Hilldale was a charter member of the Eastern Colored League in 1923 and won the first-place pennants in 1923,1924, and 1925. They lost the inaugural,1924 Colored World Series to the Kansas City Monarchs five games to four, next season they won a rematch with the Monarchs five games to one. The 1925 club featured star catcher and cleanup hitter Biz Mackey, third baseman Judy Johnson, player-manager Frank Warfields pitching staff was led by left-handed ace Nip Winters and spitballer Phil Cockrell. Hilldale dropped to third in 1926 and fifth in 1927, frustrated by the leagues lack of organization, Bolden withdrew his club from the ECL prior to the 1928 season. When the American Negro League was organized in 1929, Hilldale joined, Bolden was subsequently forced out of club management, and Hilldale corporation member Lloyd Thompson assumed control of the club in 1930. He had been the a 14-year-old infielder on the boys team twenty years earlier. After a single season, the team was purchased by John Drew, during the Great Depression, Black urban unemployment hit as high as 50%. This negatively impacted attendance in the Negro leagues in the 1930s, Drew disbanded the ballclub in July 1932 after the combined attendance of two subsequent Saturday afternoon games at Hilldale Park totaled 295. The Negro National League was formed in 1920, an official League business-card from that year lists the club as one of two Associated Members and identifies the club as Hilldale, Darby, Pa. Unlike other teams listed with both location and team-name, no nickname is identified with Hilldale, while various nicknames were informally applied to the club including Darby Daisies and Clan Darbie, the team was most commonly known simply as Hilldale or the Hilldales
34.
Cuban League
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The Cuban League was one of the earliest and longest lasting professional baseball leagues outside of the United States, operating in Cuba from 1878 to 1961. The schedule usually operated during the months, so the league was sometimes known as the Cuban Winter League. It was always a small league, generally 3 to 5 teams, the league became racially integrated in 1900, and during the first half of the 20th century the Cuban League was a premier venue for black and white players to meet. Many great black Northern American players competed in Cuba alongside native black and white Cuban stars such as José Méndez, Cristóbal Torriente, Adolfo Luque, after 1947, the Cuban League entered into an agreement with Major League Baseball and was used for player development. Following the 1959 Cuban Revolution, however, tensions rose with the new Communist government, the first game in what became known as the Cuban League took place in Havana on December 29,1878. Esteban Bellán, the first Latin American to play professionally in the United States, was captain of Habana while the opposing Almendares was captained by Carlos Zaldo, Habana won the first game 21-20. The only other team in the league was Matanzas, in that first season, only four games were scheduled for each team, with the season lasting through February. Habana won the first championship with a record of 4-0-1, early baseball in Cuba, as in the United States, was an amateur sport first organized by gentlemens athletic clubs. Games were played on Sundays and were preceded by a picnic. A unique feature of early Cuban baseball is that played with 10 players per side. The tenth player was a shortstop, playing halfway between the first and second bases. In Cuba, however, the clubs that wished to remain amateur broke off from the Cuban League, Baseball in Cuba became associated with Cuban identity and nationalism. A ban was issued in 1869, just as the Ten Years War was starting, several of the sponsors of early baseball teams were also supporters of the revolutionary cause. A number of ballplayers fought against Spain in the Cuban War of Independence, during the 19th century the Cuban League remained a segregated, whites-only institution. However, black Cubans were developing their skills playing for semi-professional. The Cuban War of Independence brought Cuban blacks and whites together in a common cause, the other great legacy of 19th century Cuban League baseball was the enduring rivalry between Habana and Almendares. This rivalry began before the formation of the Cuban League and survived after its end, growing up in Havana meant choosing between Habana and Almendares. On December 29,1878 the Cuban Leagues first game took place in Havana, Habana beat Almendares 21-20, on December 21,1879 an American professional team, the Hop Bitters, visited Cuba and easily beat a Cuban team
35.
Chicago American Giants
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The Chicago American Giants were a Chicago-based Negro league baseball team, owned and managed from 1911 to 1926 by player-manager Andrew Rube Foster. From 1910 until the mid-1930s, the American Giants were the most dominant team in black baseball, the team was disbanded in 1952. In 1910, Foster, captain of the Chicago Leland Giants, wrested control of the name Leland Giants away from the teams owner. In 1911, Foster renamed the club the American Giants, playing in spacious Schorling Park, Fosters club relied on fielding, pitching, speed, and inside baseball to succeed in the young Negro National League, winning championships in 1920,1921, and 1922. When the Kansas City Monarchs supplanted the American Giants as the dominant team beginning in 1923, Foster tried rebuilding, accordingly, his protégé Dave Malarcher took over on-field management of the team. Malarcher followed Fosters pattern, emphasizing pitching and defense, and led the American Giants back to the top-tier of the Negro leagues, winning pennants in 1926 and 1927. Both seasons also saw the American Giants defeat the Bacharach Giants of Atlantic City, champions of the Eastern Colored League, the NNL collapsed in 1931, and in 1932 the team won the Negro Southern League pennant as Coles American Giants. The next season the American Giants joined the new Negro National League, the 1933 season saw the Giants get kicked off of their home field after the end of May, the park owners preferred to use the land as a dog racing track for the remaining summer months. This forced the Giants to play the majority of their games in Indianapolis for the balance of that season. In 1934, the American Giants won the NNLs second-half title, in 1937, after a year spent playing as an independent club, the American Giants became a charter member of yet another circuit, the Negro American League. Ted Double Duty Radcliffe was appointed manager in 1950, the team’s owner, Dr. J. B. Martin, was concerned about black players joining major league teams so he instructed Radcliffe to sign white players. Radcliffe recruited at least five young white players, Negro League Baseball Players Association Negro Leagues Baseball Museum 1920 Chicago American Giants Calendar
36.
Detroit Stars
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The Detroit Stars were an American baseball team in the Negro leagues and played at historic Mack Park. Foster transferred several of his players to the team, including player-manager Pete Hill. The Stars became a member of the Negro National League in 1920. New outfielder Jimmie Lyons enjoyed a brilliant season at bat, the next season Lyons was transferred to the American Giants, and the team slumped to 32-32 and fourth place. This would be their low point for some time, for the rest of their tenure in the NNL, the Stars were consistently good, but not brilliant. Pete Hill left after the 1921 season, Bruce Petway took his place as manager until 1926, when Candy Jim Taylor briefly held the position. Bingo DeMoss, yet another Rube Foster protégé, took over in 1927, the Stars won the second-half season title, only to lose the playoff series to the St. Louis Stars. After the collapse of the Negro National League at the end of 1931, in 1933 the team reappeared in the newly reformed Negro National League. This team was actually the incarnation of the Indianapolis ABCs who, shortly after opening day. This team lasted for one season before again disbanding, the third version of the Stars were a major Negro league baseball team that played in the Negro American League for one season in 1937. They were a member of the NAL, but the team disbanded prior to the 1938 season. The team was not affiliated with the original Detroit Stars, after the integration of blacks into organized white leagues, a minor league version of the Stars appeared in 1954. In 1958, Detroit Stars owner Ted Rasberry renamed his team Goose Tatums Detroit Clowns after Reece Goose Tatum, a member of basketballs Harlem Globetrotters. The team ceased operations around 1959, Detroit-New Orleans Stars, The team played home games in both Detroit and New Orleans during the 1960 and 1961 seasons. During the 1920s the Stars made their home at Mack Park before moving to Hamtramck Stadium during the 1930–1931 seasons, the second version of the Stars also played at Mack Park in 1933. The third version of the Stars played at DeQuindre Park for their season in the Negro American League in 1937. The fourth version of the Stars from 1954–1961 played at Mack Park and when playing as the Detroit-New Orleans Stars from 1960–1961 they played at both Mack Park and Stars Field
37.
Enid, Oklahoma
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Enid is a city in Garfield County, Oklahoma, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 49,379 and it is the county seat of Garfield County. Enid was founded during the opening of the Cherokee Outlet in the Land Run of 1893, and is named after Enid, in 1991, the Oklahoma state legislature designated Enid the Purple Martin Capital of Oklahoma. Enid holds the nickname of Queen Wheat City and Wheat Capital of Oklahoma and the United States for its grain storage capacity. In summer 1889, M. A. Low, a Rock Island official, visited the railroad station then under construction. At that time, it was called Skeleton station, disliking the original name, he renamed the station Enid after a character in Alfred Lord Tennysons Idylls of the King. However, a fanciful story of how the town received its name is popular. According to that tale, in the following the land run, some enterprising settlers decided to set up a chuckwagon and cook for their fellow pioneers. Some other, more free-spirited settlers, turned that sign backward to read, of course, Enid, the rail station, was the original town site endorsed by the government. It was platted by the surveyor W. D. Twichell, then of Amarillo, the Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War ensued when the Department of the Interior moved the government site three miles south of the station prior to the land run, which was then called South Enid. During the run, due to the Rock Islands refusal to stop, by the afternoon of the run, Enids population was estimated at 12,000 people located in the Enids 80-acre town plat. A year later, the population was estimated at 4,410, growing to 10,087 by 1907, the towns early history was captured in Cherokee Strip, A Tale of an Oklahoma Boyhood by Pulitzer-winning author Marquis James, who recounts his boyhood in Enid. He writes of the town, A trip to Enid was surely a marvelous treat. First off, on the edge of the prairie was a house here and house there--and not so many of them sod houses, quite a few were even painted. Pretty soon the stores began, with the buildings touching each other and no front yards at all, then you came to the Square. You never saw so many rigs or so many people, Enid experienced a golden age following the discovery of oil in the region in the 1910s and continuing until World War II. Enids downtown saw the construction of buildings including the Broadway Tower, Garfield County Courthouse. In conjunction with the oil boom, oilmen such as T. T. Eason, H. H. Champlin, residential additions during this period include Kenwood, Waverley, Weatherly, East Hill, Kinser Heights, Buena Vista, and McKinley
38.
Jamestown, North Dakota
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Jamestown is a city in Stutsman County, North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Stutsman County, the population was 15,427 at the 2010 census, making it the ninth largest city in North Dakota. In 1871, a Northern Pacific Railroad work crew set up camp where the railroad would cross the James River, the fort guarded the crossing of the James by the Northern Pacific Railroad. The fort only lasted five years, being decommissioned in 1877 - but the railroad remained, Jamestown was founded in 1872 and General Thomas Rosser of Northern Pacific named it after Jamestown, Virginia. In 1873, Stutsman County became the first official county within Dakota Territory with Jamestown as the county seat, on November 10,1889, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Jamestown was established. April 6,1897 saw a change of name to Diocese of Fargo, since 1995, the Diocese of Jamestown is listed as a titular see of the Catholic Church. Jamestown is located at 46°54′20″N 98°42′11″W at the confluence of the James River and Pipestem Creek. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 12.87 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 15,427 people,6,567 households, the population density was 1,202.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 6,983 housing units at a density of 544.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 6% White,0. 8% African American,1. 8% Native American,0. 6% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 1. 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 1% of the population,39. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the family size was 2.78. The median age in the city was 39.9 years. 19. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,12. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 8% were from 25 to 44,27. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 2% male and 49. 8% female, in October,2016 the North Dakota Housing Finance Agency projected that Jamestown would lose 2. 1% of its population by the next census. It also reported that it projected a 4% population drop in the nine counties surrounding Jamestown and is considered Jamestowns primary trade area. As of the census of 2000, there were 15,527 people,6,505 households, the population density was 1,246.7 per square mile
39.
Ernie Banks
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He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1977, and was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999. Banks is regarded by some as one of the greatest players of all time and he began playing professional baseball in 1950 with the Kansas City Monarchs in the Negro leagues. He served in the U. S. military for two years, played for the Monarchs again, and began his league career in September 1953. The following year, Banks was the National League Rookie of the Year runner-up, beginning in 1955, Banks was a National League All-Star for 11 seasons, playing in 13 of the 15 All-Star Games held during those seasons. Banks was the Cubs main attraction in the late 1950s, the National League Most Valuable Player in 1958 and 1959, in 1962, Banks became a regular first baseman for the Cubs. In the mid-1960s, Cubs manager Leo Durocher became frustrated with Banks, Durocher said he was unable to remove Banks from the lineup due to the stars popularity among Cubs fans. Between 1967 and 1971, he was a player-coach, in 1969, through a Chicago Sun-Times fan poll, Cubs fans voted him the greatest Cub ever. In 1970, Banks hit his 500th career home run at Wrigley Field and he retired from playing in 1971, was a coach for the Cubs in 1972, and in 1982 was the teams first player to have his uniform number retired. Banks was active in the Chicago community during and after his tenure with the Cubs and he founded a charitable organization, became the first black Ford Motor Company dealer in the United States, and made an unsuccessful bid for a local political office. In 2013, Banks was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contribution to sports, Banks lived in the Los Angeles and Chicago areas. Banks was born in Dallas, Texas, to Eddie and Essie Banks on January 31,1931 and his father, who had worked in construction and was a warehouse loader for a grocery chain, played baseball for black, semi-professional teams in Texas. As a child, Banks was not very interested in baseball, preferring swimming and his father bought him a baseball glove for less than three dollars at a five and dime store and motivated him with nickels and dimes to play catch. His mother encouraged him to one of his grandfathers into a career as a minister. Banks graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in 1950 and he lettered in basketball, football and track. Banks school did not have a team, he played fastpitch softball for a church team during the summer. He was also a member of the Amarillo Colts, a baseball team. History professor Timothy Gilfoyle wrote that Banks talent for baseball was discovered by Bill Blair, other sources say Banks was noticed by Cool Papa Bell of the Monarchs. In 1951, Banks was drafted into the U. S. Army and he served as a flag bearer in the 45th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion at Fort Bliss, where he played with the Harlem Globetrotters on a part-time basis
40.
Buck O'Neil
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John Jordan Buck ONeil was a first baseman and manager in the Negro American League, mostly with the Kansas City Monarchs. After his playing days, he worked as a scout, ONeils life was documented in Joe Posnanskis award-winning 2007 book The Soul of Baseball. He left Florida in 1934 for several years of semi-professional barnstorming experiences, the effort paid off, and in 1937, ONeil signed with the Memphis Red Sox for their first year of play in the newly formed Negro American League. His contract was sold to the Monarchs the following year, ONeil had a career batting average of.288 between 1937 and 1950, including five. 300-plus seasons at the plate, as well as five seasons in which he did not top.260. In 1946, the first baseman led the NAL with a.350 batting average and he also posted averages of.344 in 1940 and.330 in 1949. He played in four East-West All-Star Games in three different seasons and two Negro World Series, a World War II tour in the U. S. Navy from 1943–1945 briefly interrupted his playing career. ONeil was named manager of the Monarchs in 1948 after Frank Duncans retirement and his two undisputed pennants were won in 1953 and 1955, when the league had shrunk to fewer than six teams. ONeil was known to have played full-time in 1951 and as a reserve and pinch-hitter as late as 1955, Banks played briefly for the Monarchs in 1950 and 1953, his play interrupted by Army duty. ONeil was Banks manager during those stints, and Banks was signed to play for the Cubs more than two years before ONeil joined them as a scout. After many years with the Cubs, ONeil became a Kansas City Royals scout in 1988, ONeil gained national prominence with his compelling descriptions of the Negro leagues as part of Ken Burns 1994 PBS documentary on baseball. Afterwards, he became the subject of countless national interviews, including appearances on the Late Show with David Letterman, in 1990, ONeil led the effort to establish the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City, and served as its honorary board chairman until his death. In 1996, ONeil became the recipient of an Honorary Doctor of Business Administration degree from the University of Missouri – Kansas City in Kansas City, Missouri. In February 2002, at the end of the NLBMs Legacy Awards annual banquet, with Buck, I felt something big. The way he carried himself, you can see and tell, on May 13,2006, he received an honorary doctorate in education from Missouri Western State University where he also gave the commencement speech. They didnt think Buck was good enough to be in the Hall of Fame, thats the way they thought about it and thats the way it is, so were going to live with that. Now, if Im a Hall of Famer for you, thats all right with me, no, man, be happy, be thankful. On July 29,2006, ONeil spoke at the ceremony for the Negro league players at the Baseball Hall of Fame. Just before the Hall of Fame ceremonies, ONeil signed a contract with the Kansas City T-Bones on July 17 to allow him to play in the Northern League All-Star Game
41.
Bob Meusel
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Robert William Meusel was an American baseball left and right fielder who played in Major League Baseball for eleven seasons from 1920 through 1930, all but the last for the New York Yankees. Meusel, noted for his strong throwing arm, batted fifth behind Baseball Hall of Famers Babe Ruth. In 1925, he became the second Yankee, after Ruth, to lead the AL in the offensive categories, home runs, runs batted in. Meusel ended his career in 1930 with the Cincinnati Reds and he hit for the cycle three times, and was the second of four major leaguers to accomplish this feat as many as three times during a career. His older brother, Emil Irish Meusel, was an outfielder in the National League during the same period. Meusel was born in San Jose, California, the youngest of Charlie, at an early age he moved to Los Angeles, where he attended Los Angeles High School. Meusel started his career with the Vernon Tigers of the Pacific Coast League in 1917 and he joined the US Navy during World War I and played for the Navy baseball team. He went back to the Tigers for the 1919 season, batting.330 and he also played third base in the minors. On December 14,1921, Meusel married Edith Cowan, with whom he had one daughter, Meusels contract was purchased by the New York Yankees in early 1920. After a productive spring training, Meusel replaced future Hall of Famer Frank Baker at third base and he played his first game on April 14,1920. In his rookie season, Meusel had a.328 batting average with 11 home runs and 83 runs batted in over 119 games and he finished fourth in the league in doubles with 41 while sharing time with Duffy Lewis in left field. In the 1921 season, Meusel started in 149 out of 154 games and he batted.318, finishing second in the league in home runs with 24 and third in the league with 136 runs batted in. He hit for the cycle in a win against the Washington Senators on May 7, in the second game of a September 5 doubleheader, he tied a major league record for outfielders by recording four assists. He broke a record and tied Jack Tobin of the St. Louis Browns for the league lead in outfield assists with 28. Meusels brother, Irish, was acquired by the New York Giants from the Philadelphia Phillies mid-season, the two brothers played against each other in the 1921 World Series, where the Giants faced their tenants. Bob Meusel stole home in Game 3 of the Series and he doubled in Babe Ruth for the winning run in Game 5 for a one-game lead, but the Yankees lost the next three games and the Series. His batting average in eight games was a mere.200. At the same time, Meusel, Bill Piercy, and Ruth signed up to play in a barnstorming tour and it was a violation of baseball rules at the time, and Meusel and Ruth had previously been warned about playing with the tour
