1.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
2.
McPherson Range
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The McPherson Range is an extensive mountain range, a spur of the Great Dividing Range, heading in an easterly direction from near Wallangarra to the Pacific Ocean coastline. It forms part of the Scenic Rim on the border between the states of New South Wales and Queensland, further west of the McPherson Range is the Main Range. Towards the coast the range continues into the Border Ranges and other mountainous terrain formed by the Tweed Volcano, the Australian electoral Division of McPherson was named after the mountain range. Wilsons Peak is considered to be the intersection of the Great Divide, there are five waterfalls in this part of the range including Teviot Falls, Queen Mary Falls, Daggs Falls, Browns Falls and Upper Browns Falls. Other notable mountains in the range include Mount Lindesay and Mount Barney, the Sydney–Brisbane rail corridor and the Lions Road pass over the range at Richmond Gap, as does the Mount Lindesay Highway and the Nerang-Murwillumbah Road. A third passage through Teviot Gap, provides a route between Boonah and Killarney near Wilsons Peak. The ranges were first explored by white settlers in 1828, the party was headed by Allan Cunningham and Patrick Logan while searching for a route to the Darling Downs from the newly established Moreton Bay penal colony. Logan had climbed Mount Barney thinking that he was on Mount Warning until he reached the summit, realising they were on another range they named it the McPherson Range. Logan named Wilsons Peak and Mount Shadforth, which is now known as Mount Toowoonan, the McPherson Range was the location of the Stinson airliner crash, which went missing on a flight between Brisbane and Sydney in 1937. Alfonso Bernard OReilly, a farmer, trekked through thick forests and rugged terrain to discover the wreck. The sub-tropical rainforest on the range has never been damaged by bushfires and contains more than 20 species of rock. The stream lily is a plant found along creeks and gullies of the range. The extinct fern species Antrophyum austroqueenslandicum may still exist in unsurveyed parts of the range, the unique Lamington spiny crayfish colours has evolved with white in New South Wales valleys and blue crayfish in Queenslands section of the range. Gold Coast hinterland List of mountains in Australia Media related to McPherson Range, Queensland at Wikimedia Commons
3.
Mount Warning
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Mount Warning, a mountain in the Tweed Range in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia, was formed from a volcanic plug of the now-gone Tweed Volcano. The mountain is located 14 kilometres west-south-west of Murwillumbah, near the border between New South Wales and Queensland, Lieutenant James Cook saw the mountain from the sea and named it Mount Warning. This volcano erupted around 23 million years ago, as the mountains central vent cooled it shrank, forming a depression at the top that has greatly eroded. The erosion caldera formed since this eruption is visible around the summit. During the last stages of eruption, different and more resistant forms of lava that were cooler than those flows that created the volcano remained to form the current peak. The whole central Mount Warning massif was also pushed up by forces that remained active after lava eruptions had stopped, Wollumbin was removed as the name of the peak NNE of Mt Warning and applied as a dual name to Mt Warning by NSW Geographical names board in 2006. The mountain remains a place of cultural and traditional significance to the Bundjalung people and is the site of particular ceremonies and initiation rites. The Bundjalung observe cultural and traditional restrictions forbidding the uninitiated from climbing the mountain, however, there are several websites that encourage climbers to hike the Mt. Warning/Wollumbin Trail up the mountain. The government National Parks and Wildlife Service advertise this request and do not encourage climbers, on 16 May 1770, Lieutenant James Cook was the first European to record seeing … a remarkable sharp peaked Mountain lying inland… from a point of land he named Cape Byron. Just five hours later while sailing North, Cook was forced to change course to the East after encountering the dangerous reefs that run 3 miles to the East from Fingal Head, now named Danger Reefs. The mountain is now protected by the surrounding Wollumbin National Park, Mount Warning is part of the United Nations World Heritage-listed Gondwana Rainforests of Australia. Over 60,000 people a year make the 8. 8-kilometre, an ascent of the mountain is discouraged out of respect for local Aboriginal lore, but if undertaken, takes approximately 1½ to 3½ hours and requires a good level of fitness. There are also viewing platforms at the summit, the total journey is 8.8 km. Bundjalung National Park List of mountains of New South Wales List of volcanoes in Australia UNESCO World Heritage Listing Mount Warning National Park Mount Warning Map includes driving directions, Northern Rivers Geology blog Mount Warning. The Caldera of the Tweed Volcano - original source, Mount Warning travel guide from Wikivoyage
4.
Clarence River (New South Wales)
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The Clarence River, a mature wave dominated, barrier estuary, is situated in the Northern Rivers district of New South Wales, Australia. The river reaches its mouth at its confluence with the Coral Sea in the South Pacific Ocean, on its journey it passes through the towns of Tabulam and Copmanhurst, the city of Grafton, and the towns of Ulmarra, and Maclean. The river features many large islands, including Woodford, Chatsworth, Ashby, Warregah and Harwood islands. The river supports a large prawn trawling and fishing industry, the Clarence River system is an extensive east coast drainage with many tributaries of differing size. Apart from the Murray River, it is the largest river in mainland Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn and its basin is, together with the very similarly-sized Hawkesbury, Australias largest Pacific watershed south of Bundaberg. The climate of most of the basin is subtropical, though the highest areas with cooler weather are of the temperate Cfb type, annual rainfall ranges from 1,600 millimetres on the coast at Yamba down to 1,080 millimetres in the shielded valley at Grafton. At higher altitudes, rainfall may reach 2,000 millimetres on exposed slopes, most of the high areas actually receive no more rain than Grafton though variability from year to year is less. Temperatures are generally warm, with maxima in lower area ranging from 27 °C in January to 19 °C in July. In the highlands, however, temperatures are cooler and in July range from lows of around 2 °C to maxima around 13 °C - though in January days remain very warm at around 25 °C. At Grafton, the peaked at a new record height of 8.1 metres. Two years earlier, the river peaked 7.6 metres, on both occasions, the citys levee was credited with preventing more severe flooding. The local historical society has published an account of newspaper reports documenting flooding of the river from the late 1800s to 2011, tourism is also a significant industry in the Clarence Valley generating around A$457million per annum and employing around 2500 people. Most of the Clarence basin is forested, with important areas of remnant subtropical. Only in alluvial areas where soils are less leached is there major agricultural development, in areas the chief industries are cattle rearing. Of particular interest is the island town of Harwood, where a Sperry New Holland factory. Harwood is also the location of the sugar mill, the Harwood Sugar Mill built in 1873 and is the oldest Australian mill still operational. The sugar mill is situated on the due to its importance in transporting sugar cane from farms in the surrounding area in previous times. Harwood is just after the Harwood Bridge on part of Australias National Highway from Sydney, Port Macquarie, the Aboriginal people of the lower reaches call the river Breimba or Berrinbah
5.
Tweed River (New South Wales)
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The Tweed River is a river situated in the Northern Rivers district of New South Wales, Australia. It has a wave dominated, barrier estuary. From the middle reaches of its course, the boundary between New South Wales and Queensland is located approximately 10 kilometres north of the Tweed River. The river rises on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, with its watershed bordered by the McPherson, Burringbar, Condong and Tweed ranges. On its journey, it passes through the urban centres of Murwillumbah. The rivers drainage basin consists mostly of the caldera of the Tweed Volcano. The Tweed River area has a subtropical climate, high rainfall. It was originally covered by rainforest, much of which has been cleared, some remains in several national parks and reserves. The lowlands along the river are used for farming sugar cane, the surrounding Tweed Shire is a local government area of New South Wales. Each year the river hosts a number of major aquatic events, the lower reaches of the Tweed River are a good recreational fishing site. Waterskiing, pleasure boating and rowing are popular activities on the lower reaches of the river. The traditional custodian of the surrounding the Tweed River are the Aboriginal people of the Tulgi-gin, Cudgenburra, and Mooburra clans. The river was first discovered by European explorer, John Oxley, the following is an extract from Oxleys notebook entry for 31 October 1823, Fri.31 October At 3 made sail intending to anchor to the South of Point Danger. At 5 passed close to a Bold Headland about 3 Miles North of Pt. D, on the South Side of this headland we had the satisfaction to discover a considerable river with an apparent clear entrance. Hove on for the purpose of anchoring between the Island and the Main land, at ½ past 5 passing too close to the Island we shoaled our water to 2 ½ fms but almost instantly deepened to 5 fms. To the South extends a Sandy Beach of about 3 ½ miles ending in a low sandy Point off which brakers seem to extend about ¾ of a mile. Soundings between the Island and the Main and found the deepest water 6 fms in mid channel rather including to the Mainland, observed the River from the Mast head take a SW direction running through a moderately elevated country towards the Base of Mt. Warning. John Uniack made the following relevant observations, shortly afterwards, Mr. Stirling and I landed on the island with our guns
6.
Ballina, New South Wales
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Ballina /ˈbælᵻnə/ is a town in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia, and the seat of the Ballina Shire local government area. Ballinas urban population at the 2011 census was 15,963, a larger area including Lennox Head had an estimated population of 25,194 at 30 June 2015. Ballina was established in the 1840s on the shore of the Richmond River near Cape Byron. It is approximately 600 km north of Sydney and 160 km south of Brisbane, Ballina is a coastal town and is connected to the Pacific Highway which passes nearby. The Richmond River was an important transport route for the region for the first 100 years after settlement, the river and its estuaries abound with marine wildlife and provide for recreational fishing and water sports. A lighthouse, Richmond River Light, was first constructed in Ballina in 1866, the temporary lighthouse was replaced with the current one, designed by James Barnet, in 1879, and first lit in 1880. Ballina has a number of famous landfalls associated with it, in 1928, Charles Kingsford Smiths plane, the Southern Cross, crossed the coast over Ballina after its epic journey across the Pacific Ocean. Ballina had an associated with the event during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1973, the Las Balsas rafts were towed into Ballina by fishing trawlers after their journey from Ecuador, one of the rafts is preserved in the Ballina Maritime Museum. They had planned to arrive in Mooloolaba in Queensland, but currents forced them off their course and their journey was almost twice as long as the Kon-Tiki expeditions of 1947 and proved that people could have travelled across the Pacific in ancient times. A branch railway line connected Ballina with the Murwillumbah railway line railway at Booyong, the line was opened on 24 August 1930 and closed on 12 January 1949. Ballinas etymology is not entirely certain, some believe it was named directly after the Irish town of Ballina. A recent theory has emerged, without evidence, that a more likely source is a Bundjalung word, bullinah. This theory argues that the Aboriginal name reminded the predominantly Irish settlers of Ballina, the population of Ballina township was 15,963 at the 2011 census. The urban area had a population of 25,194, which includes Lennox Head, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3. 1% of the population, compared with the national and state average of 2. 5%. The most common ancestries in the area were English 32. 0%, Australian 31. 2%, Irish 10. 5%, Scottish 8. 1%,74. 5% of people had both parents born in Australia and 13. 7% of people had both parents born overseas. The most common responses for religion in the area were Catholic 25. 1%, Anglican 24. 2%, No Religion 21. 4%, Uniting Church 5. 6% and Presbyterian and Reformed 5. 2%. The median household income was estimated to be A$931 per week, with the mortgage repayments estimated at A$1,733 per month
7.
Beaudesert, Queensland
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Beaudesert is a town and locality in the Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia. At the 2011 census the recorded a population of 5,999. Beaudesert is located on the Mount Lindesay Highway, some 91 kilometres south of Brisbane, the area sources its income predominantly from rural activities such as cropping, grazing and equine activities, as well as tourism. It has a racecourse, 50-metre swimming pool, public library, in the Logan River and Albert River valleys, Beaudesert is a regional hub serving surrounding communities such as Rathdowney, Kooralbyn, Canungra, Tamborine Mountain and Jimboomba. It is approximately 91 kilometres from Brisbane and connected by the Mount Lindesay Highway, the town of Beaudesert is located 46 m above sea level and has an average annual rainfall of around 916 mm per year. The temperature is around 30 degrees in summer and falls to around three degrees in winter, generally the weather is mild, but some severe storms can arrive each summer. In the east of the locality is the decommissioned Nindooinbah Dam, the much larger Wyaralong Dam is situated roughly 14 km to the north west of the town and was completed in 2011. The town was settled in 1847 and has grown to a small, the town is possibly named after Beau Desert Park, the property of Charles Henry Alexander Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey in Staffordshire, England. It is not known why Hawkins picked the name Beaudesert, ned Hawkins moved on, not long after taking up Beaudesert station, to take up Boonara Station in the South Burnett. The town was set out in a grid pattern, however. The area was settled for growing cotton and sheep. However, the area is notoriously short of water and the cotton was not a successful crop. Hoop pine was very successfully collected from the area, in 1863 the cotton workers were indentured labourers from the South Sea Islands, the first such use in Queensland. In the 1880s, the Cobb and Co coaches ran between Beaudesert and Jimboomba, in 1885, the Beaudesert railway line was being pegged out and the railway was opened in 1888. Timber, cattle and dairying were the industries in the area. The Beaudesert Shire Tramway to Christmas Creek, Lamington and Rathdowney, operated by the Beaudesert Shire, opened in 1903, a local newspaper, the Beaudesert Times was established in 1908. From the nineteenth century through to the 1980s, it was a centre with a shoe factory and meat works as well as markets, a hospital. The Enright family managed a department store
8.
Gold Coast, Queensland
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Gold Coast is a coastal city in the Australian state of Queensland, approximately 66 kilometres south-southeast of the state capital Brisbane and immediately north of the border with New South Wales. With a census-estimated 2016 population of 638,090, The Gold Coast is the sixth-largest city in Australia, making it the largest non-capital city, the first settlement in what is now South East Queensland was as a penal colony at Redcliffe. The Gold Coast region remained uninhabited by Europeans until 1823 when explorer John Oxley landed at Mermaid Beach. The hinterlands red cedar supply attracted people to the area in the mid-19th century, later in 1875, Southport was surveyed and established and grew a reputation as a secluded holiday destination for wealthy Brisbane residents. The Gold Coast region grew significantly after the establishment of the Surfers Paradise hotel in the late 1920s and it is also the major film production hub for Queensland. Gold Coast will host the 2018 Commonwealth Games, lieutenant James Cook became the first European to note the region when he sailed along the coast on 16 May 1770 in the HM Bark Endeavour. Captain Matthew Flinders, an explorer charting the continent north from the colony of New South Wales, escaped convicts from the Moreton Bay penal settlement hid in the region. The region remained uninhabited by Europeans until 1823 when explorer John Oxley landed at Mermaid Beach. The hinterlands red cedar supply attracted people to the area in the mid-19th century, a number of small townships developed along coast and in the hinterland. The western suburb of Nerang was surveyed and established as a base for the industry, by 1873, the town reserve of Burleigh Heads had also been surveyed and successful land sales had taken place. Southport quickly grew a reputation as a holiday destination for wealthy Brisbane residents. Gold Coast was originally known as the South Coast, however, inflated prices for real estate and other goods and services led to the nickname of Gold Coast from 1950. South Coast locals initially considered the name Gold Coast derogatory, however, soon the Gold Coast simply became a convenient way to refer to the holiday strip from Southport to Coolangatta. As the tourism grew into the 1950s, local businesses began to adopt the term in their names. The area was proclaimed a city less than one year later, in 2007, Gold Coast overtook the population of Newcastle, New South Wales to become the sixth largest city in Australia and the largest non-capital city. The Gold Coast is approximately covered by forests of various types. This includes small patches of near-pristine ancient rainforest, mangrove-covered islands, of the plantation pine forests that were planted in the 1950s and 1960s, when commercial forest planting for tax minimisation was encouraged by the Commonwealth government, tiny remnants remain. Gold Coast City lies in the southeast corner of Queensland, to the south of Brisbane, the Albert River separates Gold Coast from Logan City, a suburban area of Brisbane
9.
Tweed Heads, New South Wales
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Tweed Heads is a city in New South Wales. It is located on the Tweed River in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia, Tweed Heads is located next to the border with Queensland, adjacent to its Twin Town of Coolangatta, which is a suburb of the Gold Coast. The view was beautiful beyond description. The scenery here exceeded anything I have previously seen in Australia, timber cutters originally moved to the Tweed Valley in 1844. After the timber had been cleared, farmers moved in with bananas, cane and dairy farming dominating the area, the first school opened in 1871. Tweed Heads was once connected to the Queensland Railways system, with the South Coast line providing a connection to Brisbane. The Tweed Heads railway station was located on the side of Enid Street between Bay Street and Frances Street. The railway line to Brisbane closed in 1961, the site of the station has been converted to parklands, the Tweed Heads and Coolangatta Surf Life Saving Club opened on 13 September 1911. The Tweed Shire, inclusive Murwillumbah was declared in 1947, given its closeness to the Gold Coast, Tweed Heads has a shared economy with Coolangatta based heavily on tourism. Some areas of the Tweed can receive both tv broadcasts from Brisbane and Northern New South Wales, Brisbane stations are Seven Brisbane BTQ, Nine Brisbane QTQ, and Ten Brisbane TVQ. The local Northern NSW stations are Prime7, NBN Television and Southern Cross Ten, in the 2011 census, Tweed Heads recorded a population of 7,525 people made up of 52.8 percent female and 47.2 percent male. The median age of the population was 54 years,17 years above the Australian median and this has made the Tweed Heads region a prime location for retirement living, with 14 separate retirement villages. Eighty-seven percent speak English as their first language, followed by 0.7 percent Mandarin,0.6 percent Portuguese,0.5 percent Tagalog,0.3 percent Italian and 0.3 percent Spanish. According to the 2011 census, the groups in Tweed Heads by size were Catholic 26. 9%, Anglican 24. 4%, No Religion 17. 9%, Presbyterian and Reformed 5. 4%. Composition of the Tweed Heads urban area Population by Statistical Local Area, composition of the Tweed Heads urban area Population by Statistical Local Area. Tweed Heads was once home to several iterations of professional league clubs in the New South Wales Rugby League competition between 1988-1995. The Gold Coast-Tweed Giants were established in 1988 and based out of the Tweed Heads Seagulls premises in west Tweed Heads, the team pulled off its biggest coup in 1990 when it signed future Rugby League Immortal Wally Lewis. After years of poor on field results and low attendances, the Seagulls sold their NSWRL licence to businessman Jeff Muller who moved the team to Carrara on the Gold Coast
10.
Warwick, Queensland
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Warwick /ˈwɒrɪk/ is a town and locality in southeast Queensland, Australia, lying 130 kilometres south-west of Brisbane. It is the centre of the Southern Downs Region local government area. The surrounding Darling Downs have fostered a strong agricultural industry for which Warwick, together with the city of Toowoomba. The town had an urban population of 15,505 at June 2015. The Condamine River meanders from the east to the north-west of Warwick, one of its tributaries, Rosenthal Creek, enters Warwick from the south and enters the Condamine within Warwick. The Cunningham Highway and the New England Highway jointly enter Warwick from the north, cross the Condamine River, the Cunningham Highway then continues west towards Goondiwindi, while the New England Highway heads south towards Stanthorpe. The Condamine River often floods, which can disconnect the northern and southern parts of Warwick, gauges that measure river height are used to provide flood alerts to residents. Low-lying land around the river is used for recreation to minimise the damage caused by flooding with most developed areas at higher levels. Queens Park is a park based around the river and the highway crossing. The Warwick central business district is laid out on a grid pattern, the statue of former Queensland Premier Thomas Byrnes is located at their intersection. The Warwick Green Belt, on the banks of the Condamine River, patrick Leslie and his two brothers originally settled in the area as squatters, naming their run Canning Downs. In 1847 the NSW government asked Leslie to select a site on his station for a township, land sales were held in 1850, and the first allotment was bought by Leslie. The telegraph to Brisbane was operating by 1861, the 1870s were boom years for this new town. In 1871 the railway reached Warwick, a brewery was built in 1873, then a flour mill. As Prime Minister William Morris Hughes was addressing a crowd at the Warwick railway station, Hughes ordered his arrest but the Queensland State policeman present refused to carry out the orders saying that Hughes had no authority over him. A statue of the 12th Queensland Premier Thomas Joseph Byrnes is located on the corner of Palmerin, the Warwick War Memorial was built in 1923 and the memorial gates were built in 1924. Newspapers in Warwick include the Warwick Daily News, the Warwick and Southern Downs Weekly, former newspapers include the Warwick Argus which was published from 1879 to 1919, the Warwick Argus and Tenterfield Chronicle and the Warwick Examiner and Times. Radio station 4WK was established in May 1935 and its coverage was gradually extended to Toowoomba, Pittsworth, Millmerran, Clifton, Allora, Stanthorpe, Crows Nest, Highfields, Dalby, Oakey, Tara, Goondiwindi, Boonah, and Esk
11.
Aboriginal Australians
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Aboriginal Australians are legally defined as people who are members of the Aboriginal race of Australia. Until the 1980s, the legal and administrative criterion for inclusion in this category was race. In the era of colonial and post-colonial government, access to human rights depended upon your race. If you were a full blooded Aboriginal native, the Constitution of Australia, in its original form as of 1901, referred to Aboriginals twice, but without definition. Section 51 gave the Commonwealth parliament power to legislate with respect to the people of any throughout the Commonwealth. The purpose of this provision was to give the Commonwealth power to regulate non-white immigrant workers, the only other reference, Section 127, provided simply that aboriginal natives shall not be counted in reckoning the size of the population of the Commonwealth or any part of it. The purpose of section 127 was to prevent the inclusion of Aboriginal people in section 24 determinations of the distribution of House of Representatives seats amongst the states and territories, after both of these references were removed by the 1967 referendum, the Australian Constitution had no references to Aboriginals. Since that time, there have been a number of proposals to amend the constitution to specifically mention Indigenous Australians, the change to Section 51 gave the Commonwealth parliament the power to make laws specifically with respect to Aboriginal peoples as a race. The case concerned an application of legislation that would preserve cultural heritage of Aboriginal Tasmanians and it was held that Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, together or separately, and any part of either, could be regarded as a race for this purpose. As to the criteria for identifying a person as a member of such a race, Deane said, It is unnecessary, for the purposes of the present case, to consider the meaning to be given to the phrase people of any race in s.51. Plainly, the words have a wide and non-technical meaning, the phrase is, in my view, apposite to refer to all Australian Aboriginals collectively. Any doubt, which might otherwise exist in regard, is removed by reference to the wording of par. The phrase is also apposite to refer to any identifiable racial sub-group among Australian Aboriginals, while Deanes three-part definition reaches beyond the biological criterion to individuals self-identification, it has been criticised as continuing to accept the biological criterion as primary. It has been difficult to apply, both in each of its parts and as to the relations among the parts, biological descent has been a fall-back criterion. If it is to be used to refer to us as a group of people. This has just really crept up on us and we are very happy with our involvement with indigenous people around the world, on the international forum because theyre our brothers and sisters. But we do object to it being used here in Australia and her lecture offered a new perspective on the terms urban, traditional and of Indigenous descent as used to define and categorise Aboriginal Australians. She said, Not only are these categories inappropriate, they serve to divide us, governments insistence on categorising us with modern words like urban, traditional and of Aboriginal descent are really only replacing old terms half-caste and full-blood – based on our colouring
12.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
