1.
Norman Tindale
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Norman Barnett Tindale AO was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist, entomologist and ethnologist. The family returned to Perth, and in 1917 moved to Adelaide where Tindale took up a position as a cadet at the Adelaide Public Library. Shortly after this, Tindale lost the sight in one eye in a gas explosion which occurred while assisting his father with photographic processing. In January 1919 he secured a position at the South Australian Museum as Entomologists Assistant to Arthur Mills Lea and he had already published thirty-one papers on entomological, ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933. Tindale is best remembered for his work mapping the various groupings of Indigenous Australians. This interest began with a trip to Groote Eylandt where an Anindilyakwa man gave Tindale very detailed descriptions of which land was his. This led Tindale to question the orthodoxy of the time which was that Aboriginal people were purely nomadic and had no connection to any specific region. While Tindales methodology and his notion of the tribe have been superseded. Quite a number of now-important record films were made by Tindale, in 1942 Tindale joined the Royal Australian Air Force and was assigned the rank of Wing Commander. He had previously tried to enlist in the Australian army at the outbreak of WWII but was rejected due to his damaged eyesight, in 1967, at the age of sixty-six, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado. He was eventually honoured with a doctorate by the Australian National University in 1980, during 1993 Tindale received unofficial confirmation of his appointment as an Officer of the Order of Australia, this was presented posthumously, to his widow Muriel. Also in 1993, the South Australian Museum Boards named a public gallery in his honour, Tindale published extensively, both as sole author and collaborator. Note that the archives contain 2,804 items related to Dr Tindale
2.
Hierarchy
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A hierarchy is an arrangement of items in which the items are represented as being above, below, or at the same level as one another. A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally, indirect hierarchical links can extend vertically upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction, following a path. This is akin to two co-workers or colleagues, each reports to a superior, but they have the same relative amount of authority. Organizational forms exist that are alternative and complementary to hierarchy. A hierarchy is a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority, Hierarchies have their own special vocabulary. Most hierarchies use a more specific vocabulary pertaining to their subject, for example, with data structures, objects are known as nodes, superiors are called parents and subordinates are called children. In a business setting, a superior is a supervisor/boss and a peer is a colleague, degree of branching refers to the number of direct subordinates or children an object has a node has). Hierarchies can be categorized based on the degree, the highest degree present in the system as a whole. Categorization in this way yields two broad classes, linear and branching, in a linear hierarchy, the maximum degree is 1. In other words, all of the objects can be visualized in a lineup, note that this is referring to the objects and not the levels, every hierarchy has this property with respect to levels, but normally each level can have an infinite number of objects. An example of a hierarchy is the hierarchy of life. In a branching hierarchy, one or more objects has a degree of 2 or more, for many people, the word hierarchy automatically evokes an image of a branching hierarchy. Branching hierarchies are present within numerous systems, including organizations and classification schemes, the broad category of branching hierarchies can be further subdivided based on the degree. A flat hierarchy is a hierarchy in which the maximum degree approaches infinity. Most often, systems intuitively regarded as hierarchical have at most a moderate span, therefore, a flat hierarchy is often not viewed as a hierarchy at all. For example, diamonds and graphite are flat hierarchies of numerous carbon atoms which can be decomposed into subatomic particles. An overlapping hierarchy is a hierarchy in which at least one object has two parent objects. Pseudo-Dionysius used the related Greek word both in reference to the hierarchy and the ecclesiastical hierarchy
3.
Githabul language
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Bundjalung, or Yugambeh-Bundjalung, is an Australian Indigenous language of the northeastern New South Wales and South-East Queensland coast. Bundjalung consists of a number of dialects, including Yugumbir, Nganduwal, Minjangbal, Njangbal, Biriin, Baryulgil, Waalubal, Dinggabal, Wiyabal, Gidabal, Galibal, bowern lists Yugambal, Githabul, Minjungbal, Ngara, ngwal, and Bandjalang as separate Bandjalangic languages. Varieties of Bundjalung may have a system of either 3 or 4 vowels that also contrast in length. In practical orthography and some descriptions of the language, the h is often used after the vowel to indicate a long vowel. Vowel Alternations /a/ and /e/ are neutralised as before /j/, the low central vowel /a/ can be fronted and raised following a palatal consonant, and backed following a velar consonant. Unstressed short vowels can be reduced to the central vowel schwa in a similar way to English. Bundjalung has an inventory of consonant phonemes than is typical of most Australian languages, having only four contrastive places of articulation and only one lateral. There is no contrast in Bundjalung between these manners of articulation, generally, these consonants are phonetically voiceless, except when following a homorganic nasal segment. Nasals When nasal stops occur syllable-finally, they are produced with a stop onset as a free variant. Lateral The lateral phoneme can appear as a rather than an approximant. Rhotic The rhotic phoneme has several surface realisations in Bundjalung, between vowels, it tends to be a flap, although it can sometimes be an approximant, and it is usually a trill at the end of syllables. Semivowels The existence of semivowels in Bundjalung can be disputed, as in many Australian languages, some linguists posit their existence in order to avoid an analysis that involves onset-less syllables, which are usually held to be non-existent in Australian languages. Some phonologists have found that semivowels can be replaced with glottal stops in some varieties of Bundjalung, Bundjalung is a stress-timed language and is quantity-sensitive, with stress being assigned to syllables with long vowels. Short unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to the neutral vowel schwa, like many Australian languages, Bundjalung is thought to have a constraint that states that all syllables must have a consonant onset. Only vowels are permitted as the nucleus, and these may be long or short. Syllable codas are also permitted, with long or short vowels in the nucleus, however, long vowels are not permitted to occur in adjacent syllables. Consonant Clusters Bundjalung does not permit clusters of the consonant, or clusters that begin with an obstruent phoneme or end with an approximant. All homorganic nasal-obstruent clusters occur in the language, Clusters usually only involve two segments, but clusters of three may occur if an intervening vowel is deleted by some process
4.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
McPherson Range
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The McPherson Range is an extensive mountain range, a spur of the Great Dividing Range, heading in an easterly direction from near Wallangarra to the Pacific Ocean coastline. It forms part of the Scenic Rim on the border between the states of New South Wales and Queensland, further west of the McPherson Range is the Main Range. Towards the coast the range continues into the Border Ranges and other mountainous terrain formed by the Tweed Volcano, the Australian electoral Division of McPherson was named after the mountain range. Wilsons Peak is considered to be the intersection of the Great Divide, there are five waterfalls in this part of the range including Teviot Falls, Queen Mary Falls, Daggs Falls, Browns Falls and Upper Browns Falls. Other notable mountains in the range include Mount Lindesay and Mount Barney, the Sydney–Brisbane rail corridor and the Lions Road pass over the range at Richmond Gap, as does the Mount Lindesay Highway and the Nerang-Murwillumbah Road. A third passage through Teviot Gap, provides a route between Boonah and Killarney near Wilsons Peak. The ranges were first explored by white settlers in 1828, the party was headed by Allan Cunningham and Patrick Logan while searching for a route to the Darling Downs from the newly established Moreton Bay penal colony. Logan had climbed Mount Barney thinking that he was on Mount Warning until he reached the summit, realising they were on another range they named it the McPherson Range. Logan named Wilsons Peak and Mount Shadforth, which is now known as Mount Toowoonan, the McPherson Range was the location of the Stinson airliner crash, which went missing on a flight between Brisbane and Sydney in 1937. Alfonso Bernard OReilly, a farmer, trekked through thick forests and rugged terrain to discover the wreck. The sub-tropical rainforest on the range has never been damaged by bushfires and contains more than 20 species of rock. The stream lily is a plant found along creeks and gullies of the range. The extinct fern species Antrophyum austroqueenslandicum may still exist in unsurveyed parts of the range, the unique Lamington spiny crayfish colours has evolved with white in New South Wales valleys and blue crayfish in Queenslands section of the range. Gold Coast hinterland List of mountains in Australia Media related to McPherson Range, Queensland at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Mount Warning
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Mount Warning, a mountain in the Tweed Range in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia, was formed from a volcanic plug of the now-gone Tweed Volcano. The mountain is located 14 kilometres west-south-west of Murwillumbah, near the border between New South Wales and Queensland, Lieutenant James Cook saw the mountain from the sea and named it Mount Warning. This volcano erupted around 23 million years ago, as the mountains central vent cooled it shrank, forming a depression at the top that has greatly eroded. The erosion caldera formed since this eruption is visible around the summit. During the last stages of eruption, different and more resistant forms of lava that were cooler than those flows that created the volcano remained to form the current peak. The whole central Mount Warning massif was also pushed up by forces that remained active after lava eruptions had stopped, Wollumbin was removed as the name of the peak NNE of Mt Warning and applied as a dual name to Mt Warning by NSW Geographical names board in 2006. The mountain remains a place of cultural and traditional significance to the Bundjalung people and is the site of particular ceremonies and initiation rites. The Bundjalung observe cultural and traditional restrictions forbidding the uninitiated from climbing the mountain, however, there are several websites that encourage climbers to hike the Mt. Warning/Wollumbin Trail up the mountain. The government National Parks and Wildlife Service advertise this request and do not encourage climbers, on 16 May 1770, Lieutenant James Cook was the first European to record seeing … a remarkable sharp peaked Mountain lying inland… from a point of land he named Cape Byron. Just five hours later while sailing North, Cook was forced to change course to the East after encountering the dangerous reefs that run 3 miles to the East from Fingal Head, now named Danger Reefs. The mountain is now protected by the surrounding Wollumbin National Park, Mount Warning is part of the United Nations World Heritage-listed Gondwana Rainforests of Australia. Over 60,000 people a year make the 8. 8-kilometre, an ascent of the mountain is discouraged out of respect for local Aboriginal lore, but if undertaken, takes approximately 1½ to 3½ hours and requires a good level of fitness. There are also viewing platforms at the summit, the total journey is 8.8 km. Bundjalung National Park List of mountains of New South Wales List of volcanoes in Australia UNESCO World Heritage Listing Mount Warning National Park Mount Warning Map includes driving directions, Northern Rivers Geology blog Mount Warning. The Caldera of the Tweed Volcano - original source, Mount Warning travel guide from Wikivoyage
8.
Clarence River (New South Wales)
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The Clarence River, a mature wave dominated, barrier estuary, is situated in the Northern Rivers district of New South Wales, Australia. The river reaches its mouth at its confluence with the Coral Sea in the South Pacific Ocean, on its journey it passes through the towns of Tabulam and Copmanhurst, the city of Grafton, and the towns of Ulmarra, and Maclean. The river features many large islands, including Woodford, Chatsworth, Ashby, Warregah and Harwood islands. The river supports a large prawn trawling and fishing industry, the Clarence River system is an extensive east coast drainage with many tributaries of differing size. Apart from the Murray River, it is the largest river in mainland Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn and its basin is, together with the very similarly-sized Hawkesbury, Australias largest Pacific watershed south of Bundaberg. The climate of most of the basin is subtropical, though the highest areas with cooler weather are of the temperate Cfb type, annual rainfall ranges from 1,600 millimetres on the coast at Yamba down to 1,080 millimetres in the shielded valley at Grafton. At higher altitudes, rainfall may reach 2,000 millimetres on exposed slopes, most of the high areas actually receive no more rain than Grafton though variability from year to year is less. Temperatures are generally warm, with maxima in lower area ranging from 27 °C in January to 19 °C in July. In the highlands, however, temperatures are cooler and in July range from lows of around 2 °C to maxima around 13 °C - though in January days remain very warm at around 25 °C. At Grafton, the peaked at a new record height of 8.1 metres. Two years earlier, the river peaked 7.6 metres, on both occasions, the citys levee was credited with preventing more severe flooding. The local historical society has published an account of newspaper reports documenting flooding of the river from the late 1800s to 2011, tourism is also a significant industry in the Clarence Valley generating around A$457million per annum and employing around 2500 people. Most of the Clarence basin is forested, with important areas of remnant subtropical. Only in alluvial areas where soils are less leached is there major agricultural development, in areas the chief industries are cattle rearing. Of particular interest is the island town of Harwood, where a Sperry New Holland factory. Harwood is also the location of the sugar mill, the Harwood Sugar Mill built in 1873 and is the oldest Australian mill still operational. The sugar mill is situated on the due to its importance in transporting sugar cane from farms in the surrounding area in previous times. Harwood is just after the Harwood Bridge on part of Australias National Highway from Sydney, Port Macquarie, the Aboriginal people of the lower reaches call the river Breimba or Berrinbah
9.
Tweed River (New South Wales)
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The Tweed River is a river situated in the Northern Rivers district of New South Wales, Australia. It has a wave dominated, barrier estuary. From the middle reaches of its course, the boundary between New South Wales and Queensland is located approximately 10 kilometres north of the Tweed River. The river rises on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, with its watershed bordered by the McPherson, Burringbar, Condong and Tweed ranges. On its journey, it passes through the urban centres of Murwillumbah. The rivers drainage basin consists mostly of the caldera of the Tweed Volcano. The Tweed River area has a subtropical climate, high rainfall. It was originally covered by rainforest, much of which has been cleared, some remains in several national parks and reserves. The lowlands along the river are used for farming sugar cane, the surrounding Tweed Shire is a local government area of New South Wales. Each year the river hosts a number of major aquatic events, the lower reaches of the Tweed River are a good recreational fishing site. Waterskiing, pleasure boating and rowing are popular activities on the lower reaches of the river. The traditional custodian of the surrounding the Tweed River are the Aboriginal people of the Tulgi-gin, Cudgenburra, and Mooburra clans. The river was first discovered by European explorer, John Oxley, the following is an extract from Oxleys notebook entry for 31 October 1823, Fri.31 October At 3 made sail intending to anchor to the South of Point Danger. At 5 passed close to a Bold Headland about 3 Miles North of Pt. D, on the South Side of this headland we had the satisfaction to discover a considerable river with an apparent clear entrance. Hove on for the purpose of anchoring between the Island and the Main land, at ½ past 5 passing too close to the Island we shoaled our water to 2 ½ fms but almost instantly deepened to 5 fms. To the South extends a Sandy Beach of about 3 ½ miles ending in a low sandy Point off which brakers seem to extend about ¾ of a mile. Soundings between the Island and the Main and found the deepest water 6 fms in mid channel rather including to the Mainland, observed the River from the Mast head take a SW direction running through a moderately elevated country towards the Base of Mt. Warning. John Uniack made the following relevant observations, shortly afterwards, Mr. Stirling and I landed on the island with our guns
10.
Richmond River
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The Richmond River is a river with a mature wave dominated, barrier estuary, situated in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. On its journey it passes through the towns of Kyogle, Casino, Coraki, summerland Way is situated adjacent to much of the middle reaches of the course of Richmond River. At Ballina, the Pacific Highway crosses the river, the catchment area of the river is estimated at 6,862 square kilometres, which makes it the sixth largest catchment in New South Wales, and its floodplain has an area of over 1,000 square kilometres. One of the rituals of the Githabul people was the movement from the mountain ranges to the coast during the winter months. Rous entered the river and sailed about 20 miles up river and he subsequently named the river Richmond after the fifth Duke of Richmond. Later that year the explorer Allan Cunningham reached the river by land, the river was a major port from the 1840s until well into the 20th century. Soon after the first white settlers arrived they discovered the abundant supply of Australian Red Cedar in the Richmond Valley, the river was vital in the transportation of this resource. At the time of its discovery in 1828 and until the late 1890s the river had a mouth of shifting sand bars. Understandably, a decision was made to construct two breakwaters to channel the flow and these were completed in the early 1900s. The construction of the breakwaters also led to the formation of Shaws Bay, in 1846, a conflict between white settlers and local Aborigines in the river valley caused the deaths of around 100 of the latter. With the decline of shipping as a mode, owing to better roads and rail, and the closing of the North Coast Steam Navigation Company in 1954. For boats, the river is navigable for a way up its length. Wilsons River, which flows through the city of Lismore and is a tributary of the Richmond, is navigable at least as far as Boatharbour. The Richmond River is heavily used for irrigation along its length, several weirs have been constructed in order to mitigate the effects of flooding, most notably at Casino. The freshwater reaches of the Richmond River once supported the endemic Richmond River Cod, similar to Murray Cod, the endangered Oxleyan Pygmy Perch has been recorded from the river. Rivers of New South Wales List of rivers of Australia Border Ranges National Park Richmond Range National Park Richmond River catchment, Richmond River County Council Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority
11.
Cape Byron
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Cape Byron is the easternmost point of the mainland of Australia. It is located about 3 km east of the town of Byron Bay, the Cape is part of the Cape Byron State Conservation Area. Built in 1901, the Cape Byron Lighthouse is the last of the great 19th-century Victorian era lighthouses managed by the National Parks and it is constructed from concrete blocks and stands on the most easterly point of the Australian mainland. The Cape Byron walking track traverse the park, most of it is wheelchair accessible, and bicycles can also use the path. The 3.7 kilometres loop walk can be started at any point with parking available at Captain Cook Lookout, Palm Valley, Wategos Beach, Cape Byron is part of the 22,000 hectare Cape Byron Marine Park, which was established in November 2002. The area is noted for its wildlife, with the whale watching industry a significant contributor to the local economy. It extends from the Brunswick River to Lennox Head, and from high water out to three nautical miles from the coast or islands. It includes the waters of the Brunswick River, Belongil. Migrating whales can typically be seen swimming past the Cape, Cape York, the northernmost point on the Australian mainland. South Point, the southernmost point on the Australian mainland, steep Point, the westernmost point on the Australian mainland. Mount Kosciusco, the uppermost point on the Australian mainland
12.
Ballina, New South Wales
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Ballina /ˈbælᵻnə/ is a town in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia, and the seat of the Ballina Shire local government area. Ballinas urban population at the 2011 census was 15,963, a larger area including Lennox Head had an estimated population of 25,194 at 30 June 2015. Ballina was established in the 1840s on the shore of the Richmond River near Cape Byron. It is approximately 600 km north of Sydney and 160 km south of Brisbane, Ballina is a coastal town and is connected to the Pacific Highway which passes nearby. The Richmond River was an important transport route for the region for the first 100 years after settlement, the river and its estuaries abound with marine wildlife and provide for recreational fishing and water sports. A lighthouse, Richmond River Light, was first constructed in Ballina in 1866, the temporary lighthouse was replaced with the current one, designed by James Barnet, in 1879, and first lit in 1880. Ballina has a number of famous landfalls associated with it, in 1928, Charles Kingsford Smiths plane, the Southern Cross, crossed the coast over Ballina after its epic journey across the Pacific Ocean. Ballina had an associated with the event during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1973, the Las Balsas rafts were towed into Ballina by fishing trawlers after their journey from Ecuador, one of the rafts is preserved in the Ballina Maritime Museum. They had planned to arrive in Mooloolaba in Queensland, but currents forced them off their course and their journey was almost twice as long as the Kon-Tiki expeditions of 1947 and proved that people could have travelled across the Pacific in ancient times. A branch railway line connected Ballina with the Murwillumbah railway line railway at Booyong, the line was opened on 24 August 1930 and closed on 12 January 1949. Ballinas etymology is not entirely certain, some believe it was named directly after the Irish town of Ballina. A recent theory has emerged, without evidence, that a more likely source is a Bundjalung word, bullinah. This theory argues that the Aboriginal name reminded the predominantly Irish settlers of Ballina, the population of Ballina township was 15,963 at the 2011 census. The urban area had a population of 25,194, which includes Lennox Head, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3. 1% of the population, compared with the national and state average of 2. 5%. The most common ancestries in the area were English 32. 0%, Australian 31. 2%, Irish 10. 5%, Scottish 8. 1%,74. 5% of people had both parents born in Australia and 13. 7% of people had both parents born overseas. The most common responses for religion in the area were Catholic 25. 1%, Anglican 24. 2%, No Religion 21. 4%, Uniting Church 5. 6% and Presbyterian and Reformed 5. 2%. The median household income was estimated to be A$931 per week, with the mortgage repayments estimated at A$1,733 per month
13.
Beaudesert, Queensland
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Beaudesert is a town and locality in the Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia. At the 2011 census the recorded a population of 5,999. Beaudesert is located on the Mount Lindesay Highway, some 91 kilometres south of Brisbane, the area sources its income predominantly from rural activities such as cropping, grazing and equine activities, as well as tourism. It has a racecourse, 50-metre swimming pool, public library, in the Logan River and Albert River valleys, Beaudesert is a regional hub serving surrounding communities such as Rathdowney, Kooralbyn, Canungra, Tamborine Mountain and Jimboomba. It is approximately 91 kilometres from Brisbane and connected by the Mount Lindesay Highway, the town of Beaudesert is located 46 m above sea level and has an average annual rainfall of around 916 mm per year. The temperature is around 30 degrees in summer and falls to around three degrees in winter, generally the weather is mild, but some severe storms can arrive each summer. In the east of the locality is the decommissioned Nindooinbah Dam, the much larger Wyaralong Dam is situated roughly 14 km to the north west of the town and was completed in 2011. The town was settled in 1847 and has grown to a small, the town is possibly named after Beau Desert Park, the property of Charles Henry Alexander Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey in Staffordshire, England. It is not known why Hawkins picked the name Beaudesert, ned Hawkins moved on, not long after taking up Beaudesert station, to take up Boonara Station in the South Burnett. The town was set out in a grid pattern, however. The area was settled for growing cotton and sheep. However, the area is notoriously short of water and the cotton was not a successful crop. Hoop pine was very successfully collected from the area, in 1863 the cotton workers were indentured labourers from the South Sea Islands, the first such use in Queensland. In the 1880s, the Cobb and Co coaches ran between Beaudesert and Jimboomba, in 1885, the Beaudesert railway line was being pegged out and the railway was opened in 1888. Timber, cattle and dairying were the industries in the area. The Beaudesert Shire Tramway to Christmas Creek, Lamington and Rathdowney, operated by the Beaudesert Shire, opened in 1903, a local newspaper, the Beaudesert Times was established in 1908. From the nineteenth century through to the 1980s, it was a centre with a shoe factory and meat works as well as markets, a hospital. The Enright family managed a department store
14.
Casino, New South Wales
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Casino is a town in the Northern Rivers area of New South Wales, Australia, with a population of 9,629 people at the 2011 census. It lies on the banks of the Richmond River and is situated at the junction of the Bruxner Highway and it is located 726 km north of Sydney and 228 km south of Brisbane. Casino is the seat of the Richmond Valley Council, a local government area, the town is named after the Casino Station, owned by Clarke Irving, which was named after Cassino in Italy, with which it has a sister city agreement. Casino is among Australias largest beef centres and it is the regional hub of a very large cattle industry and positions itself as the Beef Capital of Australia, although the city of Rockhampton also claims this title. In addition it is the centre for a rich agricultural area. Each year the town celebrates Beef Week and it was not held in 2007 but since that year, has continued to be held and celebrated. Casino station is situated on the main North Coast railway line between Sydney and Brisbane, north of Grafton, a branch line ran via Lismore to Murwillumbah, that line has since been closed, although lobbying is taking place to re-open it. Casino railway station is the terminus of the daily Casino XPT from Sydney and there is a service to. In the 1920s, a never completed railway branch line to Bonalbo was started, a line was also proposed from Casino via Tabulam and even a line all the way to Tenterfield, Casino is serviced by Lismore Airport with several daily flights to Sydney. Northern Rivers Buslines operates rural services to Lismore and Kyogle each weekday, Casino Bus Service operates local town loops, including a loop service to Gays Hill. The song Ive Been Everywhere references Casino in its second verse, list of never used railways General travel information on Casino from The Sydney Morning Herald Casino – Visit NSW
15.
Gold Coast, Queensland
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Gold Coast is a coastal city in the Australian state of Queensland, approximately 66 kilometres south-southeast of the state capital Brisbane and immediately north of the border with New South Wales. With a census-estimated 2016 population of 638,090, The Gold Coast is the sixth-largest city in Australia, making it the largest non-capital city, the first settlement in what is now South East Queensland was as a penal colony at Redcliffe. The Gold Coast region remained uninhabited by Europeans until 1823 when explorer John Oxley landed at Mermaid Beach. The hinterlands red cedar supply attracted people to the area in the mid-19th century, later in 1875, Southport was surveyed and established and grew a reputation as a secluded holiday destination for wealthy Brisbane residents. The Gold Coast region grew significantly after the establishment of the Surfers Paradise hotel in the late 1920s and it is also the major film production hub for Queensland. Gold Coast will host the 2018 Commonwealth Games, lieutenant James Cook became the first European to note the region when he sailed along the coast on 16 May 1770 in the HM Bark Endeavour. Captain Matthew Flinders, an explorer charting the continent north from the colony of New South Wales, escaped convicts from the Moreton Bay penal settlement hid in the region. The region remained uninhabited by Europeans until 1823 when explorer John Oxley landed at Mermaid Beach. The hinterlands red cedar supply attracted people to the area in the mid-19th century, a number of small townships developed along coast and in the hinterland. The western suburb of Nerang was surveyed and established as a base for the industry, by 1873, the town reserve of Burleigh Heads had also been surveyed and successful land sales had taken place. Southport quickly grew a reputation as a holiday destination for wealthy Brisbane residents. Gold Coast was originally known as the South Coast, however, inflated prices for real estate and other goods and services led to the nickname of Gold Coast from 1950. South Coast locals initially considered the name Gold Coast derogatory, however, soon the Gold Coast simply became a convenient way to refer to the holiday strip from Southport to Coolangatta. As the tourism grew into the 1950s, local businesses began to adopt the term in their names. The area was proclaimed a city less than one year later, in 2007, Gold Coast overtook the population of Newcastle, New South Wales to become the sixth largest city in Australia and the largest non-capital city. The Gold Coast is approximately covered by forests of various types. This includes small patches of near-pristine ancient rainforest, mangrove-covered islands, of the plantation pine forests that were planted in the 1950s and 1960s, when commercial forest planting for tax minimisation was encouraged by the Commonwealth government, tiny remnants remain. Gold Coast City lies in the southeast corner of Queensland, to the south of Brisbane, the Albert River separates Gold Coast from Logan City, a suburban area of Brisbane
16.
Grafton, New South Wales
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The city of Grafton is the seat of Local Government, the Federal and State Government administrative centre, and the commercial hub of the Clarence River Valley. Established in 1851, Grafton features many buildings and tree-lined streets. It is located approximately 630 kilometres north of the New South Wales State capital, Sydney,340 km south of Brisbane, Queensland, as at June 2015, Grafton had a population of 18,689. Before European settlement, the Clarence River marked the border between the Bundjalung and Gumbaynggirr peoples, and so descendants of both groups can now be found in the Grafton region. Grafton, like other settlements in the area, was first opened up to white settlement by the cedar-getters. An escaped convict, Richard Craig, discovered the district in 1831, with the wealth of red gold cedar just waiting for exploitation, he was given a pardon and one hundred pounds to bring a party of cedar-getters on the cutter Prince George to the region. Word of such wealth to be had did not take long to spread and one of the arrivals was pioneer John Small on the Susan in 1838, the Settlement was established shortly after. In 1851, Governor FitzRoy officially named the town Grafton, after his grandfather, the Duke of Grafton, Grafton was proclaimed a city in 1885. Local industries include logging, beef cattle, fishing/prawning, sugar, manufacturing and this bridge is a one of a kind and is a major feature on the Clarence River in Grafton. Grafton has a subtropical climate with significantly more rainfall and higher temperatures in summer than in winter. Rainfall is lower than in stations directly on the coast, Grafton gets around 115.2 clear days on an annual basis. Grafton like many NSW regional centres, is affected by heatwaves in the summer months, on 12 February 2017 Grafton recorded a maximum temperature of 46.3, the towns highest recorded temperature since records began. Grafton is known and promoted as the Jacaranda City, in reference to its tree-lined streets, inaugurated in 1935, Jacaranda is held each October/November. A half-day public holiday is observed locally on the first Thursday of November, a half-day public holiday is also observed for the Grafton Cup horse race, held each year on the second Thursday in July. It is the point of the citys annual Racing Carnival—Australias largest and richest non-metropolitan Carnival—which takes place over a fortnight in that month. Grafton is the birthplace of renowned country music players. Local artist Troy Cassar-Daley received four Golden Guitar awards at the 2006 Tamworth Country Music Awards—the largest and most prestigious music awards in Australia. At the same event Samantha McClymont, the 2005/2006 Grafton Jacaranda Queen and sister of Brooke McClymont, christ Church Cathedral, designed by John Horbury Hunt, was consecrated in 1884 and is the seat of the Anglican Diocese of Grafton
17.
Lismore, New South Wales
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Lismore had an estimated urban population of 29,413 at June 2015. The city of Lismore lies in the Bundjalung peoples nation area, however, the actual area of the Bundjalung people from Evans Head is currently under examination, as well as the actual origin of the name Bundjalung. It has been suggested that the Aboriginal people called the area Tuckurimbah meaning glutton. The European history of the city begins in c. 1843, ward Stephens took up the run in the same year, but the subtropical climate was unsuited for sheep grazing, so it was eventually abandoned. In January 1845, William and Jane Wilson took it over, the Wilsons were Scottish immigrants, who arrived in New South Wales in May 1833. In 1855, the surveyor Frederick Peppercorne was instructed by Sir Thomas Mitchell to determine a site for a township in the area, Peppercorne submitted his map of the proposed village reserve on 16 February 1856. The chosen site was William Wilsons homestead paddock and the area was proclaimed the Town of Lismore in the NSW Government Gazette on 1 May 1856, the township was soon settled and its Post Office was opened on 1 October 1859. Lismore was incorporated as a municipality on 5 March 1879, and was proclaimed a city on 30 August 1946. From the mid-1950s until the early 1960s Lismore hosted an annual Floral Carnival in early September, the week-long programme of events culminated in a street parade of decorated floats, crowning of the Floral Queen and a fireworks display. Lismore and surrounding towns were part of the rainforest referred to as The Big Scrub. A section of this rainforest is viewable in the grounds of the Southern Cross University and at Wilsons Nature Reserve on Wyrallah Road. Lismore is located on the Bruxner Highway and it lies at the confluence of the Wilsons River and Leycester Creek, brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, is 200 kilometres to the north. Lismores central business district is located 35 kilometres from the eastern coast, the coastal town of Ballina is 36 kilometres away. There are a number of rainforest patches in the area, remnants of the Big Scrub and these are preserved today, with a small pocket known as Boatharbour Reserve just east of town on the Bangalow road. The nearest large and publicly accessible national park is Nightcap National Park, Lismore experiences a humid subtropical climate with mild to warm temperatures all year round and ample rainfall. Temperatures in summer range between 20 °C and 35 °C, the subtropical climate combined with geographical features means the urban area is unusually humid when compared with surrounding areas, with humidity levels often reaching 100% in summer. Lismore has 109.6 clear days annually, although no major environmental hazards affect the area, Lismore is renowned for frequent floods. One of the worst of these occurred in 1974, when waters rose to a height of 12.1 metres, in 1954, Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh almost became flood-bound by one such inundation when they were staying at the Gollan Hotel
18.
Tabulam
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Tabulam is a rural village in the far north-east of New South Wales, Australia,800 kilometres from the state capital, Sydney. Tabulam is located on the Bruxner Highway between Tenterfield and Casino and on the Clarence River, according to the 2006 Census, there were 573 people living in Tabulam. Tabulam is locally administered by Kyogle Council, the name Tabulam is derived from Bundjalung Dahbalam. Originally, Tabulam and the farm and bushland was inhabited by Bundjalung Aborigines of which many still inhabit the town. The land was first settled by Europeans in 1839 and it is the birthplace of Lieutenant General Sir Harry Chauvel of the Australian Light Horse. During World War II tank traps were built in the area near Paddys Flat, more of the tank traps became visible after flooding of the Clarence River in 2011. Tabulam has a large Indigenous population with a number of Indigenous villages surrounding the local area, the main one being Jubullum Village which is the home to the Tabulum Turtle Divers rugby team. This village is located on the Rocky River and has around 130-150 people, local cultural leaders and artists live in this village and a team of locals maintains the lawns and houses. Tabulam has a number of recreational activities, Tabulam Golf Course is located near the Clarence river at Tabulam. It is a 9 hole bush-land course, the course is maintained by volunteers. It is open to the public, Tabulam hosts an annual Spring Racing Carnival, occurring each year on the Saturday following the Melbourne Cup. The Tabulam racecourse is managed by the Tabulam Jockey Club, the Tabulam Races are held at the local racetrack, located approximately 1 km south of the township, on the bank of the Clarence River. The 5 race carnival culminates with the Tabulam Cup, a 2220m race, white-water rafting, camping, fishing, bushwalking and other nature activities are available at the town. A local company offers weekend or single day river adventures, with guides, media related to Tabulam, New South Wales at Wikimedia Commons Northern Rivers Geology - Tabulam Tabulam travel guide from Wikivoyage
19.
Tweed Heads, New South Wales
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Tweed Heads is a city in New South Wales. It is located on the Tweed River in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia, Tweed Heads is located next to the border with Queensland, adjacent to its Twin Town of Coolangatta, which is a suburb of the Gold Coast. The view was beautiful beyond description. The scenery here exceeded anything I have previously seen in Australia, timber cutters originally moved to the Tweed Valley in 1844. After the timber had been cleared, farmers moved in with bananas, cane and dairy farming dominating the area, the first school opened in 1871. Tweed Heads was once connected to the Queensland Railways system, with the South Coast line providing a connection to Brisbane. The Tweed Heads railway station was located on the side of Enid Street between Bay Street and Frances Street. The railway line to Brisbane closed in 1961, the site of the station has been converted to parklands, the Tweed Heads and Coolangatta Surf Life Saving Club opened on 13 September 1911. The Tweed Shire, inclusive Murwillumbah was declared in 1947, given its closeness to the Gold Coast, Tweed Heads has a shared economy with Coolangatta based heavily on tourism. Some areas of the Tweed can receive both tv broadcasts from Brisbane and Northern New South Wales, Brisbane stations are Seven Brisbane BTQ, Nine Brisbane QTQ, and Ten Brisbane TVQ. The local Northern NSW stations are Prime7, NBN Television and Southern Cross Ten, in the 2011 census, Tweed Heads recorded a population of 7,525 people made up of 52.8 percent female and 47.2 percent male. The median age of the population was 54 years,17 years above the Australian median and this has made the Tweed Heads region a prime location for retirement living, with 14 separate retirement villages. Eighty-seven percent speak English as their first language, followed by 0.7 percent Mandarin,0.6 percent Portuguese,0.5 percent Tagalog,0.3 percent Italian and 0.3 percent Spanish. According to the 2011 census, the groups in Tweed Heads by size were Catholic 26. 9%, Anglican 24. 4%, No Religion 17. 9%, Presbyterian and Reformed 5. 4%. Composition of the Tweed Heads urban area Population by Statistical Local Area, composition of the Tweed Heads urban area Population by Statistical Local Area. Tweed Heads was once home to several iterations of professional league clubs in the New South Wales Rugby League competition between 1988-1995. The Gold Coast-Tweed Giants were established in 1988 and based out of the Tweed Heads Seagulls premises in west Tweed Heads, the team pulled off its biggest coup in 1990 when it signed future Rugby League Immortal Wally Lewis. After years of poor on field results and low attendances, the Seagulls sold their NSWRL licence to businessman Jeff Muller who moved the team to Carrara on the Gold Coast
20.
Logan City
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Logan City is a local government area situated within the south of the Brisbane metropolitan area in South East Queensland, Australia. Situated between the City of Brisbane to the north and the City of Gold Coast to the south, the City also borders the Scenic Rim Region, the City of Ipswich, and Redland City LGAs. Logan City is divided into 64 suburbs and 12 divisions, for which a councillor is elected to each of the latter, luke Smith is the currently elected mayor of the city. Logan City is located across parts of the sub-basin of Oxley Creek, the Daisy Hill Koala Centre serves as an example of Logans prominent bushland, reminiscent of Karawatha Forest, and the Tamborine and Venman Bushland National Parks, that border Logan suburbs. Etymologically, the region is named after Patrick Logan, as is the river, alongside the commercial hubs of Logan Central, Shailer Parks Logan Hyperdome. Other populous suburbs include Beenleigh, Rochedale South, Woodridge, Eagleby, the city facilitates much of the transport between Brisbane and the Gold Coast. The Commandant of the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement, Captain Patrick Logan, Patrick Logan was a compulsive explorer and in 1826 on his first expedition he discovered the Logan River. Logan noted the river was well suited to large-vessel traffic and was an avenue to access the high-quality arable land along its banks. He named the country Darling, in honour of the Governor, the Governor renamed the river after Logan. The penal settlement based in Brisbane was closed in 1841 and the land was taken up by squatters. The first leases of land in the Logan area were issued from 1849, the declaration of the Logan and Eight Mile Plains Agricultural Reserves in 1862 led to extensive settlement of the area. German immigrants arrived in batches from the 1864 onwards, generous land orders for immigrants in Queensland created a drawcard in the possibility of owning their own farm. A cotton gin, which was converted to a mill, was built at Loganholme in 1867. Cotton growers faced problems with both the weather and a lack of available labour despite the introduction of Kanaka labour, by the 1870s few working cotton plantations remained along the Logan River. While this crop was successful, between 1866 and 1874, sugar was soon to become the staple industry. Many small sugar mills were started by farmers seeking to avoid processing costs charged by big mills, however these quickly proved to be uneconomic. Many farmers in the area abandoned sugar after a severe frost in 1885, others continued growing sugar cane to make 1890 one of the best harvests ever. The Wild Water Water Slide Park began operations in October 1982, the site was to become the Logan Hyperdome with the first work on the regional shopping centre beginning in October 1988
21.
Warwick, Queensland
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Warwick /ˈwɒrɪk/ is a town and locality in southeast Queensland, Australia, lying 130 kilometres south-west of Brisbane. It is the centre of the Southern Downs Region local government area. The surrounding Darling Downs have fostered a strong agricultural industry for which Warwick, together with the city of Toowoomba. The town had an urban population of 15,505 at June 2015. The Condamine River meanders from the east to the north-west of Warwick, one of its tributaries, Rosenthal Creek, enters Warwick from the south and enters the Condamine within Warwick. The Cunningham Highway and the New England Highway jointly enter Warwick from the north, cross the Condamine River, the Cunningham Highway then continues west towards Goondiwindi, while the New England Highway heads south towards Stanthorpe. The Condamine River often floods, which can disconnect the northern and southern parts of Warwick, gauges that measure river height are used to provide flood alerts to residents. Low-lying land around the river is used for recreation to minimise the damage caused by flooding with most developed areas at higher levels. Queens Park is a park based around the river and the highway crossing. The Warwick central business district is laid out on a grid pattern, the statue of former Queensland Premier Thomas Byrnes is located at their intersection. The Warwick Green Belt, on the banks of the Condamine River, patrick Leslie and his two brothers originally settled in the area as squatters, naming their run Canning Downs. In 1847 the NSW government asked Leslie to select a site on his station for a township, land sales were held in 1850, and the first allotment was bought by Leslie. The telegraph to Brisbane was operating by 1861, the 1870s were boom years for this new town. In 1871 the railway reached Warwick, a brewery was built in 1873, then a flour mill. As Prime Minister William Morris Hughes was addressing a crowd at the Warwick railway station, Hughes ordered his arrest but the Queensland State policeman present refused to carry out the orders saying that Hughes had no authority over him. A statue of the 12th Queensland Premier Thomas Joseph Byrnes is located on the corner of Palmerin, the Warwick War Memorial was built in 1923 and the memorial gates were built in 1924. Newspapers in Warwick include the Warwick Daily News, the Warwick and Southern Downs Weekly, former newspapers include the Warwick Argus which was published from 1879 to 1919, the Warwick Argus and Tenterfield Chronicle and the Warwick Examiner and Times. Radio station 4WK was established in May 1935 and its coverage was gradually extended to Toowoomba, Pittsworth, Millmerran, Clifton, Allora, Stanthorpe, Crows Nest, Highfields, Dalby, Oakey, Tara, Goondiwindi, Boonah, and Esk
22.
Woodenbong
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Woodenbong is a rural village in the Kyogle Shire of northern New South Wales. It is situated 10 km south of the Queensland border and five south of the junction of the Summerland Way and the Mount Lindesay Road. At the 2006 census Woodenbong had a population of 332, Woodenbong Central School has played host on numerous occasions to sporting events held between other rural New South Wales towns. It is 798 km north-east of Sydney,145 km from Brisbane and 60 km north-west of Kyogle, the name is derived from an Githabul Tribal Nation word meaning wood ducks on water. Dairy farming and cattle grazing are the two main industries, a number of National Parks are close to Woodenbong, some of which are declared World Heritage areas. woodenbong. org Northern Rivers Geology Blog - Woodenbong
23.
Aboriginal Australians
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Aboriginal Australians are legally defined as people who are members of the Aboriginal race of Australia. Until the 1980s, the legal and administrative criterion for inclusion in this category was race. In the era of colonial and post-colonial government, access to human rights depended upon your race. If you were a full blooded Aboriginal native, the Constitution of Australia, in its original form as of 1901, referred to Aboriginals twice, but without definition. Section 51 gave the Commonwealth parliament power to legislate with respect to the people of any throughout the Commonwealth. The purpose of this provision was to give the Commonwealth power to regulate non-white immigrant workers, the only other reference, Section 127, provided simply that aboriginal natives shall not be counted in reckoning the size of the population of the Commonwealth or any part of it. The purpose of section 127 was to prevent the inclusion of Aboriginal people in section 24 determinations of the distribution of House of Representatives seats amongst the states and territories, after both of these references were removed by the 1967 referendum, the Australian Constitution had no references to Aboriginals. Since that time, there have been a number of proposals to amend the constitution to specifically mention Indigenous Australians, the change to Section 51 gave the Commonwealth parliament the power to make laws specifically with respect to Aboriginal peoples as a race. The case concerned an application of legislation that would preserve cultural heritage of Aboriginal Tasmanians and it was held that Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, together or separately, and any part of either, could be regarded as a race for this purpose. As to the criteria for identifying a person as a member of such a race, Deane said, It is unnecessary, for the purposes of the present case, to consider the meaning to be given to the phrase people of any race in s.51. Plainly, the words have a wide and non-technical meaning, the phrase is, in my view, apposite to refer to all Australian Aboriginals collectively. Any doubt, which might otherwise exist in regard, is removed by reference to the wording of par. The phrase is also apposite to refer to any identifiable racial sub-group among Australian Aboriginals, while Deanes three-part definition reaches beyond the biological criterion to individuals self-identification, it has been criticised as continuing to accept the biological criterion as primary. It has been difficult to apply, both in each of its parts and as to the relations among the parts, biological descent has been a fall-back criterion. If it is to be used to refer to us as a group of people. This has just really crept up on us and we are very happy with our involvement with indigenous people around the world, on the international forum because theyre our brothers and sisters. But we do object to it being used here in Australia and her lecture offered a new perspective on the terms urban, traditional and of Indigenous descent as used to define and categorise Aboriginal Australians. She said, Not only are these categories inappropriate, they serve to divide us, governments insistence on categorising us with modern words like urban, traditional and of Aboriginal descent are really only replacing old terms half-caste and full-blood – based on our colouring
24.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
25.
Bundjalung National Park
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Bundjalung National Park is on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia,554 km north-east of Sydney. It protects an area of plain, heathland and solitary beaches between the towns of Iluka and Evans Head. The park features coffee rock formations that can be found on the beaches at its northern end, along the Iluka peninsula coast at the southern end of the park are a number of closely spaced headlands that create small crescent shaped beaches of white sand. Each headland features rock platforms cut by waves and contain rock pools that are havens for marine life. The park is named for the Bundjalung Aboriginal nation, the occupiers of the land. Facilities in the park include camping areas at Black Rocks and at Woody Head, the park contains six picnic areas, Gummi Garra near Evans Head and Shark Bay, Old Ferry Crossing, Back Beach, Frazers Reef and Iluka Bluff on the Iluka Peninsula. The north-eastern portion of the park contains an exclusion zone utilised by the RAAF as a bombing range. The bombing range has been in use since World War II as a facility for target practice. Its existence predates the gazettal of the park and provides a benefit in that it has preserved a large area that has been relatively untouched by human interference for many years
26.
Bandjalang language
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Bundjalung, or Yugambeh-Bundjalung, is an Australian Indigenous language of the northeastern New South Wales and South-East Queensland coast. Bundjalung consists of a number of dialects, including Yugumbir, Nganduwal, Minjangbal, Njangbal, Biriin, Baryulgil, Waalubal, Dinggabal, Wiyabal, Gidabal, Galibal, bowern lists Yugambal, Githabul, Minjungbal, Ngara, ngwal, and Bandjalang as separate Bandjalangic languages. Varieties of Bundjalung may have a system of either 3 or 4 vowels that also contrast in length. In practical orthography and some descriptions of the language, the h is often used after the vowel to indicate a long vowel. Vowel Alternations /a/ and /e/ are neutralised as before /j/, the low central vowel /a/ can be fronted and raised following a palatal consonant, and backed following a velar consonant. Unstressed short vowels can be reduced to the central vowel schwa in a similar way to English. Bundjalung has an inventory of consonant phonemes than is typical of most Australian languages, having only four contrastive places of articulation and only one lateral. There is no contrast in Bundjalung between these manners of articulation, generally, these consonants are phonetically voiceless, except when following a homorganic nasal segment. Nasals When nasal stops occur syllable-finally, they are produced with a stop onset as a free variant. Lateral The lateral phoneme can appear as a rather than an approximant. Rhotic The rhotic phoneme has several surface realisations in Bundjalung, between vowels, it tends to be a flap, although it can sometimes be an approximant, and it is usually a trill at the end of syllables. Semivowels The existence of semivowels in Bundjalung can be disputed, as in many Australian languages, some linguists posit their existence in order to avoid an analysis that involves onset-less syllables, which are usually held to be non-existent in Australian languages. Some phonologists have found that semivowels can be replaced with glottal stops in some varieties of Bundjalung, Bundjalung is a stress-timed language and is quantity-sensitive, with stress being assigned to syllables with long vowels. Short unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to the neutral vowel schwa, like many Australian languages, Bundjalung is thought to have a constraint that states that all syllables must have a consonant onset. Only vowels are permitted as the nucleus, and these may be long or short. Syllable codas are also permitted, with long or short vowels in the nucleus, however, long vowels are not permitted to occur in adjacent syllables. Consonant Clusters Bundjalung does not permit clusters of the consonant, or clusters that begin with an obstruent phoneme or end with an approximant. All homorganic nasal-obstruent clusters occur in the language, Clusters usually only involve two segments, but clusters of three may occur if an intervening vowel is deleted by some process
27.
Byron Bay, New South Wales
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Byron Bay is a beachside town located in the far-northeastern corner of the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 772 kilometres north of Sydney and 165 kilometres south of Brisbane, Cape Byron, a headland adjacent to the town, is the easternmost point of mainland Australia. At the 2011 census, the town had a permanent population of 4,959, the town is in turn the nucleus of Byron Shire, which had 29,209 residents. The local Arakwal Aboriginal peoples name for the area is Cavvanbah, Lieutenant James Cook named Cape Byron after Naval officer John Byron, circumnavigator of the world and grandfather of the poet Lord Byron. The history of Europeans in Byron Bay began in 1770, when Lieutenant James Cook found a safe anchorage, the first industry in Byron was cedar logging from the Australian red cedar. Gold mining of the beaches was the industry to occur. Up to 20 mining leases set up on Tallow Beach to extract gold from the sands around the 1870s. Byron Bay has a history of industrial production and was a significant. The poet Brunton Stephens spoke of cattle grazing on the plains of Cape Byron in a poem he penned in 1876. The first jetty was built in 1886, and the railway was connected in 1894, dairy farmers cleared more land and settled the area. In 1895, the Norco Co-operative was formed to provide storage and manage the dairy industry. The introduction of improved production, and Byron Bay exported butter to the world. The Norco factory was the biggest in the hemisphere, expanding from dairy to bacon. The lighthouse was built in 1901 at the most easterly point on the Australian mainland, in 1930, the first meatworks opened. The smell from the meat and dairy works was, by all accounts, appalling, sand mining between the World Wars damaged the environment further, and one by one, all these industries declined. Longboard surfers arrived in the 1960s and used natural breaks at The Pass, Wategos, and Cosy Corner. This was the beginning of Byron Bay as a tourist destination, and by 1973, shipwrecks litter the bay and surrounding areas. Byron Bay is part of the caldera of an ancient shield volcano, the Tweed Volcano
28.
Rite of passage
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A rite of passage is a celebration of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. It involves a significant change of status in society, in cultural anthropology the term is the Anglicisation of rite de passage, a French term innovated by the ethnographer Arnold van Gennep in his work Les rites de passage, The Rites of Passage. The term is now fully adopted into anthropology as well as into the literature, in English, Van Genneps first sentence of his first chapter begins, Each larger society contains within it several distinctly separate groupings. In addition, all these groups break down into still smaller societies in subgroups, the population of a society belongs to multiple groups, some more important to the individual than others. Van Gennep uses the metaphor, as a kind of house divided into rooms, a passage occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another, in the metaphor, he changes rooms. Van Gennep further distinguishes between the secular and the sacred sphere, many groups in modern industrial society practice customs that can be traced to an earlier sacred phase. Passage between these requires an ceremony, or ritual hence rite of passage. He is able to find some universals, mainly two, the separation between men and women, and the magico-religious separation between the profane and the sacred. He refuses credit for being the first to recognize type of rites, in the work he concentrates on groups and rites individuals might normally encounter progressively, pregnancy, childbirth, initiation, betrothal, marriage, funerals and the like. He mentions some others, such as the passage, a crossing of borders into a culturally different region. Rites of passage have three phases, separation, liminality, and incorporation, as van Gennep described, in the first phase, people withdraw from their current status and prepare to move from one place or status to another. The first phase comprises symbolic behavior signifying the detachment of the individual or group, from an earlier fixed point in the social structure. There is often a detachment or cutting away from the self in this phase. For example, the cutting of the hair for a person who has just joined the army and he or she is cutting away the former self, the civilian. The transition phase is the period between states, during which one has one place or state but has not yet entered or joined the next. The attributes of liminality or of liminal personae are necessarily ambiguous, in the third phase the passage is consummated the ritual subject. Having completed the rite and assumed their new identity, one society with ones new status. Laboratory experiments have shown that severe initiations produce cognitive dissonance and it is theorized that such dissonance heightens group attraction among initiates after the experience, arising from internal justification of the effort used
29.
Bora (Australian)
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Bora is an initiation ceremony of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands before European colonisation. The word bora also refers to the site on which the initiation is performed, at such a site, boys, having reached puberty, achieve the status of men. During the rites, the youths who were to be initiated were taught traditional sacred songs, the secrets of the tribes religious visions, dances, many different clans would assemble to participate in an initiation ceremony. Women and children were not permitted to be present at the sacred bora ground where these rituals were undertaken. The word Bora was originally taken from the Gamilaraay language spoken by the Kamilaroi people who lived in the north of the Hunter Valley in New South Wales to southern Queensland. It was then adorted broadly to describe similar ritual sites and the associated with them performed throughout Eastern Australia. Many other terms exist across Australia to denote similar initiatory rites on a ground, such as burbung. The specific word is said to come from the belt worn by initiated men, the appearance of the site varies among cultures, but it is often associated with stone arrangements, rock engravings, or other art works. Typically, bora ground comprised a circle with a diameter of between 20–30 metres, and a smaller ring around 10–15 metres in diameter. The former was a public space while the latter was sacred. In south-east Australia, the Bora is often associated with the creator-spirit Baiame, in the Sydney region, large earth mounds were made, shaped as long bands or simple circles. Matthews gives an excellent eye-witness account of a Bora ceremony, one very fine example of a two ring bora ceremonial site used to exist in Alberton till it was destroyed, and made way for a pineapple plantation in the late 1950s. The smaller southern ring contained a dolmen-like structure, the rings are joined by a sacred walkway. While most are confined to south-east Queensland and eastern New South Wales, five earth rings have been recorded near the Victorian town of Sunbury, Bora rings in the form of circles of individually placed stones are evident in Werrikimbe National Park in northern New South Wales
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Bullroarer
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The bullroarer, rhombus, or turndun, is an ancient ritual musical instrument and a device historically used for communicating over greatly extended distances. It dates to the Paleolithic period, being found in Ukraine dating from 17,000 BC, anthropologist Michael Boyd, a Bullroarer expert, documents a number found in Europe, Asia, the Indian sub-continent, Africa, the Americas, and Australia. In ancient Greece it was an instrument used in the Dionysian Mysteries and is still used in rituals worldwide. Along with the didgeridoo, it was a prominent musical technology among the Australian Aborigines, a bullroarer consists of a weighted airfoil attached to a long cord. The cord is given a slight initial twist, and the roarer is then swung in a circle in a horizontal plane. The aerodynamics of the roarer will keep it spinning about its axis even after the initial twist has unwound, the cord winds fully first in one direction and then the other, alternating. The low-frequency component of the sound travels extremely long distances, clearly audible over many miles on a quiet night, various cultures have used bullroarers as musical, ritual, and religious instruments and long-range communication devices for at least 19,000 years. For example, due to their sound, some people used bullroarers in the southern United States in the late 1800s. Because of its pitch modulation, the bullroarer has been used as an example of something exhibiting the Doppler effect. This explanation seems credible because the blade is moving so fast that it is difficult for a human observer to simultaneously track the blades location. However, the user will actually hear the same pitch modulation as an observer. The greatest pitch variation are not caused by the approach and recession of the blade at all. Rather, as the spins, it winds up or loosens the twisting of the cord that holds the blade. At that time, the blade will reverse its direction again. During the reversals the blades rotational speed about its long axis rises and this variation in its own rapid rate of spin is what produces the pitch variation. A bullroarer featured in the Kate Bush Before The Dawn concerts in London 2014, a bullroarer can be heard prominently in the song Bullroarer, featured on Midnight Oils 1987 album Diesel And Dust. Bullroarers have been used in ceremonies and in burials to ward off evil spirits, bad tidings. Bullroarers are considered secret mens business by some Aboriginal tribal groups, fison and Howitt documented this in Kamilaroi and Kurnai
31.
Thunderstorm
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Thunderstorms occur in association with a type of cloud known as a cumulonimbus. They are usually accompanied by winds, heavy rain, and sometimes snow, sleet, hail, or, in contrast. Thunderstorms may line up in a series or become a rainband, strong or severe thunderstorms, known as supercells, rotate as do cyclones. Thunderstorms result from the upward movement of warm, moist air. As the warm, moist air moves upward, it cools, condenses, as the rising air reaches its dew point temperature, water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice, reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell. Any precipitation falls the long distance through the clouds towards the Earths surface, as the droplets fall, they collide with other droplets and become larger. Thunderstorms can form and develop in any location but most frequently within the mid-latitude. Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many weather phenomena. Thunderstorms, and the phenomena that occur along them, pose great hazards. Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds, large hailstones, stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and waterspouts. There are four types of thunderstorms, single-cell, multi-cell cluster, multi-cell lines, supercell thunderstorms are the strongest and the most associated with severe weather phenomena. Mesoscale convective systems formed by vertical wind shear within the tropics and subtropics can be responsible for the development of hurricanes. Dry thunderstorms, with no precipitation, can cause the outbreak of wildfires from the heat generated from the lightning that accompanies them. Several means are used to study thunderstorms, weather radar, weather stations, past civilizations held various myths concerning thunderstorms and their development as late as the 18th century. Beyond the Earths atmosphere, thunderstorms have also observed on the planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune. Warm air has a lower density than air, so warmer air rises upwards. Clouds form as relatively warmer air, carrying moisture, rises within cooler air, the moist air rises, and, as it does so, it cools and some of the water vapor in that rising air condenses. If enough instability is present in the atmosphere, this process will continue long enough for cumulonimbus clouds to form and produce lightning, Meteorological indices such as convective available potential energy and the lifted index can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds
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Emu
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The emu is the second-largest living bird by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. It is endemic to Australia where it is the largest native bird, the emus range covers most of mainland Australia, but the Tasmanian emu and King Island emu subspecies became extinct after the European settlement of Australia in 1788. The bird is common for it to be rated as a least-concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Emus are soft-feathered, brown, flightless birds with long necks and legs, Emus can travel great distances, and when necessary can sprint at 50 km/h, they forage for a variety of plants and insects, but have been known to go for weeks without eating. They drink infrequently, but take in copious amounts of water when the opportunity arises, breeding takes place in May and June, and fighting among females for a mate is common. Females can mate several times and lay clutches of eggs in one season. The male does the incubation, during this process he hardly eats or drinks, the eggs hatch after around eight weeks, and the young are nurtured by their fathers. They reach full size after around six months, but can remain as a unit until the next breeding season. The emu is an important cultural icon of Australia, appearing on the coat of arms, the bird features prominently in Indigenous Australian mythology. The birds were known on the eastern coast before 1788, when the first Europeans settled there, total length seven feet two inches. The long spines which are seen in the wings of the sort, are in this not observable. The legs are stout, formed much as in the Galeated Cassowary, the species was named by ornithologist John Latham in 1790 based on a specimen from the Sydney area of Australia, a country which was known as New Holland at the time. In his original 1816 description of the emu, the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot used two names, first Dromiceius and later Dromaius. Most modern publications, including those of the Australian government, use Dromaius, another theory is that it comes from the word ema, which is used in Portuguese to denote a large bird akin to an ostrich or crane. In Victoria, some terms for the emu were Barrimal in the Dja Dja Wurrung language, myoure in Gunai, the birds were known as murawung or birabayin to the local Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney basin. The emu was long classified, with its closest relatives the cassowaries, in the family Casuariidae, however, an alternate classification was proposed in 2014 by Mitchell et al. based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA. This splits off the Casuariidae into their own order, the Casuariformes, the cladogram shown below is from their study. Two different Dromaius species were present in Australia at the time of European settlement, the insular dwarf emus, D. baudinianus and D. n. minor, originally present on Kangaroo Island and King Island respectively, both became extinct shortly after the arrival of Europeans
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Bronwyn Bancroft
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Bronwyn Bancroft is an Australian artist, notable for being amongst the first Australian fashion designers invited to show her work in Paris. Born in Tenterfield, New South Wales, and trained in Canberra and Sydney, Bancroft worked as a designer, and is an artist, illustrator. In 1985, Bancroft established a shop called Designer Aboriginals, selling fabrics made by Aboriginal artists including herself and she was a founding member of Boomalli Aboriginal Artists Co-operative. Art work by Bancroft is held by the National Gallery of Australia, the Art Gallery of New South Wales and she has provided art work for more than 20 childrens books, including Stradbroke Dreaming by writer and activist Oodgeroo Noonuccal, and books by artist and writer Sally Morgan. She has received commissions, including one for the exterior of a sports centre in Sydney. Bancroft has a history of involvement in community activism and arts administration. Her painting Prevention of AIDS was used in a campaign to raise awareness of HIV/AIDS in Australia, Bancroft has served on the boards of copyright collection agency Viscopy and Tranby Aboriginal College, and the Artists Board at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney. A Bundjalung woman, Bancroft was born in Tenterfield, a town in rural New South Wales and she was the youngest of seven children of Owen Cecil Joseph Bancroft, known as Bill—an Aboriginal Australian from the Djanbun clan—and Dot, who is of Scottish–Polish ancestry. Bancroft has said that her great-great-great-grandmother Pemau was one of two or three survivors from her clan, the rest murdered when their land was settled by a white farmer. Her grandfather and uncle worked in local goldmines and she recalled that her fathers education was obstructed by discrimination because he was Aboriginal. His lack of training meant that he had to work away from home cutting railroad sleepers. Bancrofts father was an engineer during World War II, managing barges at Madang, there Bancroft completed a Diploma of Visual Communications through the Canberra School of Art, followed by a Master of Studio Practice and a Master of Visual Arts at the University of Sydney. She never returned to live in Tenterfield, although her three sisters were living there in 2004, Bancroft has three children, Jack was born in 1985, Ella in 1988. She separated from Manning when they were young, her third child Rubyrose was born in 1999. Jack was awarded NSW Young Australian of the Year in 2010 for his arranging the mentoring of Indigenous school students. Bancroft was a member of the Boomalli Aboriginal Artists Co-operative, one of Australias oldest Indigenous-run artists organisations. She served in the roles of chairperson, director, and treasurer during its first two decades, in 1985, she opened a shop in Sydney called Designer Aboriginals, selling the work of designers including her own fabrics, and staffed by her Indigenous female students. Two years later, in 1989, she contributed to a London exhibition, Australian Fashion, despite these successes, she moved away from the fashion industry, telling an interviewer in 2005 that she had not done fabric design for 15 years
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Troy Cassar-Daley
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Troy Cassar-Daley is a country musician from New South Wales, Australia. He released his first EP, Dream Out Loud, in 1994 and was nominated for his first Golden Guitar for Best Male Vocalist the same year. He won the ARIA Music Award for Best Country Album in 2006 and he has been a regular at the Tamworth Country Music Festival, the Deadly Awards and a visitor to Nashville, Tennessee, where he performed in the Country Music Associations Global Artist Party. Cassar-Daley was born in the Sydney suburb of Surry Hills to a Maltese-Australian father, at a very young age, he moved with his mother to Grafton in north-eastern New South Wales. At eleven, Troy went to the Tamworth Country Music Festival, at 16 he and his band, Little Eagle, were touring the North Coast of New South Wales and he made the top 10 in Tamworths Star Maker quest. He won the 1986 Search for a Star competition and then toured with Brian Young for seven months in which he began to develop his songwriting skills, after returning home he replaced James Blundell as leader of country music band The Blue Heeler Band. The first single Dream Out Loud was released in 1994 by Sony Music, the album was released in January 1995 and Troy won the 1995 ARIA Award for Best Country Record. At the 1996 Country Music Awards, in Tamworth, Troy won Best Male Vocalist and he also made a cameo appearance in the motion picture Race the Sun in which he performed a song in a bar scene. In June that year Troy was part of the Australian Country Music Showcase in Nashville, the Showcase included Lee Kernaghan, Gina Jeffreys and Tommy Emmanuel. As a result, Troy returned to the States to record his new album True Believer with Steve Dorff, Troy Cassar-Daley partnered up with Kate Ritchie for the singing competition It Takes Two aired on Seven Network in 2006. In May 2007 Troy re-appeared on the show, this time partnered with Krystal Forscutt. The same year, Troy was featured in a Wiggles music video for the song Old Dan Tucker, Cassar-Daley performed the national anthem at the 2003 NRL grand final. The event was simultaneously with another concert taking place at the Sydney Cricket Ground. All the proceeds from the Melbourne Concert went to the Red Cross Victorian Bushfire Relief Appeal,2010 Country Work of the Year win and Song of the Year nomination for Big, Big Love, performed and written by Cassar-Daley. 2013 Country Work of the Year nomination for Country Is, performed by Cassar-Daley and co-written with Colin Buchanan
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Malta
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Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta, is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. It lies 80 km south of Italy,284 km east of Tunisia, the country covers just over 316 km2, with a population of just under 450,000, making it one of the worlds smallest and most densely populated countries. The capital of Malta is Valletta, which at 0.8 km2, is the smallest national capital in the European Union, Malta has one national language, which is Maltese, and English as an official language. John, French and British, have ruled the islands, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to Malta in 1942 for the countrys bravery in the Second World War. The George Cross continues to appear on Maltas national flag, the country became a republic in 1974, and although no longer a Commonwealth realm, remains a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004, in 2008, Catholicism is the official religion in Malta. The origin of the term Malta is uncertain, and the modern-day variation derives from the Maltese language, the most common etymology is that the word Malta derives from the Greek word μέλι, meli, honey. The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη meaning honey-sweet, possibly due to Maltas unique production of honey, an endemic species of bee lives on the island. The Romans went on to call the island Melita, which can be considered either as a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα. Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth a haven or port in reference to Maltas many bays, few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature, with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary. The extinction of the hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on Malta. Prehistoric farming settlements dating to the Early Neolithic period were discovered in areas and also in caves. The Sicani were the tribe known to have inhabited the island at this time and are generally regarded as being closely related to the Iberians. Pottery from the Għar Dalam phase is similar to found in Agrigento. A culture of megalithis temple builders then either supplanted or arose from this early period, the temples have distinctive architecture, typically a complex trefoil design, and were used from 4000 to 2500 BCE. Animal bones and a knife found behind an altar stone suggest that temple rituals included animal sacrifice. Tentative information suggests that the sacrifices were made to the goddess of fertility, the culture apparently disappeared from the Maltese Islands around 2500 BC. Archaeologists speculate that the builders fell victim to famine or disease
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Ruby Langford Ginibi
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Ruby Langford Ginibi was an acclaimed Bundjalung author, historian and lecturer on Aboriginal history, culture and politics. According to Langfords memoir, Dont Take Your Love to Town, her parents married in September 1934, eight months after her birth, Langford was her husbands surname, and Ginibi is a Bundjalung honorific. Born at the Box Ridge Mission, Coraki on New South Waless northern coast, Langford was raised at Bonalbo, at 15, she moved to Sydney where she qualified as a clothing machinist. She had nine children by various relationships, but only married once, to Peter Langford. Three of Langfords children predeceased her and her best-known book was the autobiographical Dont Take Your Love to Town, published in 1988, which won the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Human Rights Award for Literature. In 2005 she was awarded the New South Wales Premiers Literary Awards Special Award and her works are studied in Australian high schools and universities. In 2006, she won the Australia Council for the Arts Writers Emeritus Award and she received the award with its prize of $50,000 at a ceremony during the Sydney Writers Festival. The award recognises the achievements of writers over the age of 65, in 2008, Ginibi was a Dont DIS my ABILITY ambassador. She wrote non-fiction books, essays, poems and short stories, Langford had been suffering kidney problems and high blood pressure before her death at Fairfield Hospital, Sydney, aged 77, on 1 October 2011. Approaches to Dont Take Your Love to Town, Australian Womens Studies Resources Remembering Ruby, Dont Take Your Love to Town again, MC Review, Sydney Writers Festival News Issue #1
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Cricket
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Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket at each end. One team bats, attempting to score as many runs as possible, each phase of play is called an innings. After either ten batsmen have been dismissed or a number of overs have been completed, the innings ends. The winning team is the one that scores the most runs, including any extras gained, at the start of each game, two batsmen and eleven fielders enter the field of play. The striker takes guard on a crease drawn on the four feet in front of the wicket. His role is to prevent the ball hitting the stumps by use of his bat. The other batsman, known as the non-striker, waits at the end of the pitch near the bowler. A dismissed batsman must leave the field, and a teammate replaces him, the bowlers objectives are to prevent the scoring of runs and to dismiss the batsman. An over is a set of six deliveries bowled by the same bowler, the next over is bowled from the other end of the pitch by a different bowler. If a fielder retrieves the ball enough to put down the wicket with a batsman not having reached the crease at that end of the pitch. Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires, the laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council and the Marylebone Cricket Club. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball. Although crickets origins are uncertain, it is first recorded in south-east England in the 16th century and it spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire, leading to the first international matches in the mid-19th century. ICC, the governing body, has over 100 members. The sport is followed primarily in Australasia, Britain, the Indian subcontinent, southern Africa, womens cricket, which is organised and played separately, has also achieved international standard. A number of words have been suggested as sources for the term cricket, in the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598 it is called creckett. One possible source for the name is the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff, in Samuel Johnsons Dictionary, he derived cricket from cryce, Saxon, a stick
