1.
Rod of Asclepius
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The symbol has continued to be used in modern times, where it is associated with medicine and health care, yet frequently confused with the staff of the god Hermes, the caduceus. Theories have been proposed about the Greek origin of the symbol, the Rod of Asclepius takes its name from the god Asclepius, a deity associated with healing and medicinal arts in Greek mythology. Asclepius attributes, the snake and the staff, sometimes depicted separately in antiquity, are combined in this symbol, the most famous temple of Asclepius was at Epidaurus in north-eastern Peloponnese. Another famous healing temple was located on the island of Kos, where Hippocrates, other asclepieia were situated in Trikala, Gortys, and Pergamum in Asia. These snakes were introduced at the founding of new temple of Asclepius throughout the classical world. From about 300 BC onwards, the cult of Asclepius grew very popular, ritual purification would be followed by offerings or sacrifices to the god, and the supplicant would then spend the night in the holiest part of the sanctuary – the abaton. Any dreams or visions would be reported to a priest who would prescribe the appropriate therapy by a process of interpretation, Some healing temples also used sacred dogs to lick the wounds of sick petitioners. The original Hippocratic Oath began with the invocation I swear by Apollo the Physician and by Asclepius and by Hygieia and Panacea, the serpent and the staff appear to have been separate symbols that were combined at some point in the development of the Asclepian cult. Snake venom appears to have been prescribed in cases as a form of therapy. The staff has also been variously interpreted, one view is that it, like the serpent, conveyed notions of resurrection and healing, while another is that the staff was a walking stick associated with itinerant physicians. The staff also seems to be a symbol of some similar thing, in any case the two symbols certainly merged in antiquity as representations of the snake coiled about the staff are common. It has been claimed that the snake wrapped around the staff was a species of rat snake, AKA Aesculapian snake Some commentators have linked the symbol to the Nehushtan, a sacred object consisting of a serpent wrapped around a pole mentioned in the Bible in the Book of Numbers. The section in the Book of Numbers reads as follows,5 And the people spake against God, for there is no bread, neither is there any water, and our soul loatheth this light bread. 6 And the Lord sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people, and much people of Israel died. 7 Therefore the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for we have spoken against the Lord, and against thee, pray unto the Lord, and Moses prayed for the people. 8 And the Lord said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole, and it shall come to pass, that one that is bitten. 9 And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. King Hezekiah later destroyed the bronze serpent, which, by time, had existed for 700 years
2.
United States Department of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. They supervise their military services of the Department of the Navy. They are assisted by a Vice Chief of Naval Operations and an Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps. Unlike its U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force counterparts, the Department of the Navy consists of all elements of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. According to Navy Regulations Section 0204-2, the term Navy Department refers only to the offices at the seat of government. The bill passed in the House on 17 May 2007, but encountered opposition among members of the DoD civilian leadership and among senior Navy admirals, in the Senate, the provision was replaced in S. Amdt. 2011, an amendment in the nature of a substitute proposed by Senator Carl Levin of Michigan on 9 July 2007, the amendment removed the renaming provision and also made other changes. The House version including the provision was withdrawn in conference committee, Naval Vessel Register Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Navy Regulations, Accessed on 2011-03-23. Department of the Navy website US Marine Corps official website US Navy official website Department of Defense website Department of the Navy in the Federal Register
3.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
4.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
5.
Medical research
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Biomedical research is in general simply known as medical research. It is the research, applied research, or translational research conducted to aid. An important kind of research is clinical research, which is distinguished by the involvement of patients. Other kinds of research include pre-clinical research, for example on animals. Both clinical and pre-clinical research phases exist in the pharmaceutical industrys drug development pipelines, however, only part of the clinical or pre-clinical research is oriented towards a specific pharmaceutical purpose. The need for fundamental and mechanistic understanding, diagnostics, medical devices, the most basic medical research is a rapidly evolving area that owes much to basic biology and is given names such as Human Biosciences by universities. The increased longevity of humans over the past century can be attributed to advances resulting from medical research. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the Human Genome Project, many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity epidemic. Most of the research in the field is pursued by scientists, however significant contributions are made by other biologists. Medical research, done on humans, has to follow the medical ethics as sanctioned in the Declaration of Helsinki. In all cases, the research ethics has to be respected, areas tackled in the most fundamental parts of medical research include cellular and molecular biology, medical genetics, immunology, neuroscience, and psychology. Since many organisms share an evolutionary history with humans and hence common features and systems. Pre-clinical research covers research that prepares the ground for research with patients. Typically the work requires no ethical approval, is supervised by people with PhDs rather than medical doctors, the pre-clinical stage of pharmaceutical testing is covered at Phases of clinical research#Pre-clinical studies. Clinical research is carried out with patients and it is generally supervised by doctors in a medical setting such as a hospital and requires ethical approval. The clinical phase of testing is covered here Clinical trial. Research funding in many countries derives from research bodies and private organizations which distribute money for equipment, in the United Kingdom, funding bodies such as the Medical Research Council derive their assets from UK tax payers, and distribute this to institutions in a competitive manner. The Wellcome Trust is the UKs largest non-governmental source of funds for research and provides over £600 million per year in grants to scientists
6.
Falls Church, Virginia
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Falls Church is an independent city in the U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,332, the estimated population in 2015 was 13,892. Falls Church is included in the Washington metropolitan area, Falls Church has the lowest level of poverty of any independent city or county in the United States. Taking its name from The Falls Church, an 18th-century Anglican parish, in 1948, it was incorporated as the City of Falls Church, an independent city with county-level governance status. It is also referred to as Falls Church City, for statistical purposes, the U. S. Department of Commerces Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Falls Church with Fairfax City and Fairfax County. It was part of the Anacostan chiefdom, centered on the lower Anacostia River near present-day Washington, the Anacostans were organized under the Piscataway paramount chiefdom that was not part of the Powhatan alliance, which by the 1630s claimed to have had thirteen successive rulers. Either the Tauxenent or Doegs had shifted politically from Powhatans alliance to Iroquois alliances, the earliest known settlement within the current city limits of Falls Church was on the south side of present-day N. Washington Street at its intersection with Columbia Street. Just east of Falls Church, on Wilson Boulevard, is Powhatan Springs, todays Broad Street and Great Falls Street follow long-established trade and communication routes. In the late 17th century, especially after Bacons Rebellion in 1676, According to local tradition 1699 was inscribed on one of the chimneys of the Big Chimneys house and tavern. That 1699 inscription is often taken to be the first European settlement in the immediate vicinity, the house site is now Big Chimneys Park on West Annandale Road north of South Maple. By 1757, the building was referred to as The Falls Church, George Mason became a vestryman in 1748, as did his neighbor George Washington in 1763. Before designing the Fairfax County Courthouse James Wren designed a church in the city in 1769 to replace the wooden one. Also in 1769 the new Falls Church became the seat of the newly formed Fairfax Parish with the portion of the former parish nearer Masons and Washingtons residences becoming Pohick Church. However, following the Revolution, the Commonwealth of Virginia disestablished the Anglican Church as a government monopoly with tax support, many ministers left due to British loyalties. Remaining ministers formed the Episcopal Church, in 1789, The Falls Church was abandoned, and the Wren-designed building was re-occupied by an Episcopal congregation in 1836 which continues to this day. Nearly a decade later in 1843, Episcopalians founded Truro Church in Fairfax City, methodism came to the area in 1776 with religious services held at Church Hill, a home about a mile east of the Falls Church near Seven Corners. A chapel known as Adams Chapel or Fairfax Chapel had been built on later became Oakwood Cemetery by 1779. The Methodist chapel was replaced by a structure in 1819
7.
Old Naval Observatory
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Old Naval Observatory is a historic site in Northwest, Washington, D. C. The Washington meridian of 1850 passes through the Observatory, the observatory operated from 1844 to 1893 when it was closed in favor of a new U. S. Naval Observatory facility on Massachusetts Avenue. The building and grounds were retained by the U. S. Navy and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. The facility housed the Navys Bureau of Medicine and Surgery until 2012, the grounds and observatory are closed to the public. The entire Navy Hill is being transferred to the United States Department of State due to Base Realignment and Closure, and the Navy will be moving out. The Central Intelligence Agencys forerunner, the Office of Strategic Services was a tenant on the Hill during World War II, in 2014, the Department of State began expanding into the Navy Hill. DC-341, Old Naval Observatory, Twenty-Third & E Streets Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, DC,2 photos,2 data pages,1 photo caption page
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