1.
Rod of Asclepius
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The symbol has continued to be used in modern times, where it is associated with medicine and health care, yet frequently confused with the staff of the god Hermes, the caduceus. Theories have been proposed about the Greek origin of the symbol, the Rod of Asclepius takes its name from the god Asclepius, a deity associated with healing and medicinal arts in Greek mythology. Asclepius attributes, the snake and the staff, sometimes depicted separately in antiquity, are combined in this symbol, the most famous temple of Asclepius was at Epidaurus in north-eastern Peloponnese. Another famous healing temple was located on the island of Kos, where Hippocrates, other asclepieia were situated in Trikala, Gortys, and Pergamum in Asia. These snakes were introduced at the founding of new temple of Asclepius throughout the classical world. From about 300 BC onwards, the cult of Asclepius grew very popular, ritual purification would be followed by offerings or sacrifices to the god, and the supplicant would then spend the night in the holiest part of the sanctuary – the abaton. Any dreams or visions would be reported to a priest who would prescribe the appropriate therapy by a process of interpretation, Some healing temples also used sacred dogs to lick the wounds of sick petitioners. The original Hippocratic Oath began with the invocation I swear by Apollo the Physician and by Asclepius and by Hygieia and Panacea, the serpent and the staff appear to have been separate symbols that were combined at some point in the development of the Asclepian cult. Snake venom appears to have been prescribed in cases as a form of therapy. The staff has also been variously interpreted, one view is that it, like the serpent, conveyed notions of resurrection and healing, while another is that the staff was a walking stick associated with itinerant physicians. The staff also seems to be a symbol of some similar thing, in any case the two symbols certainly merged in antiquity as representations of the snake coiled about the staff are common. It has been claimed that the snake wrapped around the staff was a species of rat snake, AKA Aesculapian snake Some commentators have linked the symbol to the Nehushtan, a sacred object consisting of a serpent wrapped around a pole mentioned in the Bible in the Book of Numbers. The section in the Book of Numbers reads as follows,5 And the people spake against God, for there is no bread, neither is there any water, and our soul loatheth this light bread. 6 And the Lord sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people, and much people of Israel died. 7 Therefore the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for we have spoken against the Lord, and against thee, pray unto the Lord, and Moses prayed for the people. 8 And the Lord said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole, and it shall come to pass, that one that is bitten. 9 And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. King Hezekiah later destroyed the bronze serpent, which, by time, had existed for 700 years
2.
United States Department of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. They supervise their military services of the Department of the Navy. They are assisted by a Vice Chief of Naval Operations and an Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps. Unlike its U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force counterparts, the Department of the Navy consists of all elements of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. According to Navy Regulations Section 0204-2, the term Navy Department refers only to the offices at the seat of government. The bill passed in the House on 17 May 2007, but encountered opposition among members of the DoD civilian leadership and among senior Navy admirals, in the Senate, the provision was replaced in S. Amdt. 2011, an amendment in the nature of a substitute proposed by Senator Carl Levin of Michigan on 9 July 2007, the amendment removed the renaming provision and also made other changes. The House version including the provision was withdrawn in conference committee, Naval Vessel Register Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Navy Regulations, Accessed on 2011-03-23. Department of the Navy website US Marine Corps official website US Navy official website Department of Defense website Department of the Navy in the Federal Register
3.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
4.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
5.
Medical research
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Biomedical research is in general simply known as medical research. It is the research, applied research, or translational research conducted to aid. An important kind of research is clinical research, which is distinguished by the involvement of patients. Other kinds of research include pre-clinical research, for example on animals. Both clinical and pre-clinical research phases exist in the pharmaceutical industrys drug development pipelines, however, only part of the clinical or pre-clinical research is oriented towards a specific pharmaceutical purpose. The need for fundamental and mechanistic understanding, diagnostics, medical devices, the most basic medical research is a rapidly evolving area that owes much to basic biology and is given names such as Human Biosciences by universities. The increased longevity of humans over the past century can be attributed to advances resulting from medical research. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the Human Genome Project, many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity epidemic. Most of the research in the field is pursued by scientists, however significant contributions are made by other biologists. Medical research, done on humans, has to follow the medical ethics as sanctioned in the Declaration of Helsinki. In all cases, the research ethics has to be respected, areas tackled in the most fundamental parts of medical research include cellular and molecular biology, medical genetics, immunology, neuroscience, and psychology. Since many organisms share an evolutionary history with humans and hence common features and systems. Pre-clinical research covers research that prepares the ground for research with patients. Typically the work requires no ethical approval, is supervised by people with PhDs rather than medical doctors, the pre-clinical stage of pharmaceutical testing is covered at Phases of clinical research#Pre-clinical studies. Clinical research is carried out with patients and it is generally supervised by doctors in a medical setting such as a hospital and requires ethical approval. The clinical phase of testing is covered here Clinical trial. Research funding in many countries derives from research bodies and private organizations which distribute money for equipment, in the United Kingdom, funding bodies such as the Medical Research Council derive their assets from UK tax payers, and distribute this to institutions in a competitive manner. The Wellcome Trust is the UKs largest non-governmental source of funds for research and provides over £600 million per year in grants to scientists
6.
Falls Church, Virginia
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Falls Church is an independent city in the U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,332, the estimated population in 2015 was 13,892. Falls Church is included in the Washington metropolitan area, Falls Church has the lowest level of poverty of any independent city or county in the United States. Taking its name from The Falls Church, an 18th-century Anglican parish, in 1948, it was incorporated as the City of Falls Church, an independent city with county-level governance status. It is also referred to as Falls Church City, for statistical purposes, the U. S. Department of Commerces Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Falls Church with Fairfax City and Fairfax County. It was part of the Anacostan chiefdom, centered on the lower Anacostia River near present-day Washington, the Anacostans were organized under the Piscataway paramount chiefdom that was not part of the Powhatan alliance, which by the 1630s claimed to have had thirteen successive rulers. Either the Tauxenent or Doegs had shifted politically from Powhatans alliance to Iroquois alliances, the earliest known settlement within the current city limits of Falls Church was on the south side of present-day N. Washington Street at its intersection with Columbia Street. Just east of Falls Church, on Wilson Boulevard, is Powhatan Springs, todays Broad Street and Great Falls Street follow long-established trade and communication routes. In the late 17th century, especially after Bacons Rebellion in 1676, According to local tradition 1699 was inscribed on one of the chimneys of the Big Chimneys house and tavern. That 1699 inscription is often taken to be the first European settlement in the immediate vicinity, the house site is now Big Chimneys Park on West Annandale Road north of South Maple. By 1757, the building was referred to as The Falls Church, George Mason became a vestryman in 1748, as did his neighbor George Washington in 1763. Before designing the Fairfax County Courthouse James Wren designed a church in the city in 1769 to replace the wooden one. Also in 1769 the new Falls Church became the seat of the newly formed Fairfax Parish with the portion of the former parish nearer Masons and Washingtons residences becoming Pohick Church. However, following the Revolution, the Commonwealth of Virginia disestablished the Anglican Church as a government monopoly with tax support, many ministers left due to British loyalties. Remaining ministers formed the Episcopal Church, in 1789, The Falls Church was abandoned, and the Wren-designed building was re-occupied by an Episcopal congregation in 1836 which continues to this day. Nearly a decade later in 1843, Episcopalians founded Truro Church in Fairfax City, methodism came to the area in 1776 with religious services held at Church Hill, a home about a mile east of the Falls Church near Seven Corners. A chapel known as Adams Chapel or Fairfax Chapel had been built on later became Oakwood Cemetery by 1779. The Methodist chapel was replaced by a structure in 1819
7.
Old Naval Observatory
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Old Naval Observatory is a historic site in Northwest, Washington, D. C. The Washington meridian of 1850 passes through the Observatory, the observatory operated from 1844 to 1893 when it was closed in favor of a new U. S. Naval Observatory facility on Massachusetts Avenue. The building and grounds were retained by the U. S. Navy and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. The facility housed the Navys Bureau of Medicine and Surgery until 2012, the grounds and observatory are closed to the public. The entire Navy Hill is being transferred to the United States Department of State due to Base Realignment and Closure, and the Navy will be moving out. The Central Intelligence Agencys forerunner, the Office of Strategic Services was a tenant on the Hill during World War II, in 2014, the Department of State began expanding into the Navy Hill. DC-341, Old Naval Observatory, Twenty-Third & E Streets Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, DC,2 photos,2 data pages,1 photo caption page
8.
Bethesda, Maryland
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Bethesda is a census-designated place in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States, located just northwest of the U. S. capital of Washington, D. C. It takes its name from a church, the Bethesda Meeting House. In Aramaic, ܒܝܬ ܚܣܕܐ beth ḥesda means House of Mercy and in Hebrew, the National Institutes of Health main campus and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center are in Bethesda, as are a number of corporate and government headquarters. In 2014 it placed first in Forbes list of Americas most educated small towns, as an unincorporated area, Bethesda has no official boundaries. The United States Census Bureau defines a place named Bethesda whose center is located at 38°59′N 77°7′W. The United States Geological Survey has defined Bethesda as an area whose center is at 38°58′50″N 77°6′2″W, other definitions are used by the Bethesda Urban Planning District, the United States Postal Service, and other organizations. According to estimates released by the U. S. Census Bureau in 2013, Most of Bethesdas residents are in Maryland Legislative District 16. Bethesda is situated along a thoroughfare that was originally the route of an ancient Native American trail. Henry Fleet, an English fur trader, was the first European to travel to the area, Most early settlers in Maryland were tenant farmers who paid their rent in tobacco. A small settlement grew around a store and tollhouse along the turnpike, by 1862, the community was known as Darcys Store after the owner of a local establishment, William E. Darcy. The church burned in 1849 and was rebuilt the same year about 100 yards south at its present site. Throughout most of the 19th century, Bethesda never developed beyond a small village, consisting of a post office, a blacksmith shop, a church and school. It was not until the installation of a line in 1890. Until that time, dependence on proximity to rail lines insulated Bethesda from growth, the arrival of the personal automobile ended this dependency, and Bethesda planners grew the community with the newest transportation revolution in mind. Subdivisions began to appear on old farmland, becoming the neighborhoods of Drummond, Woodmont, Edgemoor, further north, several wealthy men made Rockville Pike famous for its mansions. These included Brainard W. Parker, James Oyster, George E. Hamilton, wilson, Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, and George Freeland Peter. In 1930, Dr Armistead Peters pioneering manor house Winona became the clubhouse of the original Woodmont Country Club, merle Thorpes mansion, Pooks Hill —on the site of the current neighborhood of the same name—became the home-in-exile of the Norwegian Royal Family during World War II. That war, and the expansion of government that it created, both the National Naval Medical Center and the NIH complex were built just to the north of the developing downtown
9.
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
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The Walter Reed Army Medical Center — known as Walter Reed General Hospital until 1951 — was the U. S. Armys flagship medical center from 1909 to 2011. Located on 113 acres in Washington, D. C. it served more than 150,000 active, the center was named after Major Walter Reed, an army physician who led the team that confirmed that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct contact. Since its origins, the WRAMC medical care facility grew from a bed capacity of 80 patients to approximately 5,500 rooms covering more than 28 acres of floor space. WRAMC combined with the National Naval Medical Center at Bethesda, Maryland in 2011 to form the tri-service Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and its position at the confluence of the Anacostia River and the Potomac River made it an excellent site for the defense of the nations capital. Dating back to 1791, the post served as an arsenal, played an important role in the nations defense, today, Fort McNair enjoys a strong tradition as the intellectual headquarters for defense. It is reported that Walter Reed lived and worked in the facility when he was assigned as Camp Surgeon from 1881 to 1882, after having served on other assignments, he returned as Professor of Medicine and Curator of the Army Medical Museum. Some of his work included studies at Washington Barracks. Regarding the structure itself, since the 1890s the health clinic was used as an Army General Hospital where physicians, corpsmen, in 1899, the morgue was constructed which now houses the Dental Clinic, and in 1901 the hospital became an entirely separate command. This new organizational command relocated eight years later with the aide of horse-drawn wagons, having departed Ft. McNair, the organization has since developed into the Walter Reed Army Medical Center that we know today. As for the facility they left behind at Fort McNair, it functioned in a role as a post hospital until 1911 when the west wing was converted into a clinic. Congressional legislation appropriated $192,000 for the construction of Walter Reed General Hospital, lieutenant Colonel William Cline Borden was the initiator, planner and effective mover for the creation, location, and first Congressional support of the Medical Center. Due to his efforts, the facility was nicknamed Bordens Dream, in 1923, General John J. Pershing signed the War Department order creating the Army Medical Center within the same campus as the WRGH. Pershing lived at Walter Reed from 1944 until his death there July 15,1948, in June 1955, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology occupied the new Building 54 and, in November, what had been MDPSS was renamed the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. 1964 saw the birth of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Nursing, former President Dwight D. Eisenhower died at WRAMC on March 28,1969. Starting in 1972, a huge new WRAMC building was constructed, WRAIR moved from Building 40 to a large new facility on the WRAMC Forest Glen Annex in Maryland in 1999. Subsequently, Building 40 was slated for renovation under an enhanced use lease by a private developer, in February 2007, The Washington Post published a series of investigative articles outlining cases of alleged neglect at WRAMC as reported by outpatient soldiers and their family. Kiley, hospital commander from 2002 to 2004, Congressional committee hearings were called and numerous politicians weighed in on the matter including President George W. Bush, who had appointed Harvey and Vice-President Dick Cheney. Several independent governmental investigations are ongoing and the controversy has spread to other health facilities
10.
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
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It is one of the most prominent U. S. military medical centers in the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area and the United States, having served numerous U. S. presidents since the 20th century. Ground was broken by John McShain Builders for the Naval Medical Center on June 29,1939 by Rear Admiral Percival S. Rossiter, MC, President Roosevelt laid the cornerstone of the Tower on Armistice Day, November 11,1940. The original Medical Center was composed of the Naval Hospital, designed to hold 1,200 beds, and the Naval Medical School, the Naval Dental School and the Naval Medical Research Institute. In 1945, at the end of World War II, temporary buildings were added to accommodate up to 2,464 wounded American sailors, in November 1963, the autopsy of U. S. President John F. Kennedy was performed at Bethesda. On November 22,1963, President Kennedy was shot and killed while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, the wounded president was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead. The Parkland doctors and local coroner insisted that they perform the autopsy, however, with concern for the security of the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, the Secret Service demanded that the presidents body would be taken to Washington. This decision was made to overrule Texas law, an autopsy was performed at Bethesda Naval Hospital during the evening of November 22,1963. The manner in which the autopsy was conducted and photographic analysis of it have become the subject of controversy, franklin D. Roosevelt selected the site of the hospital, laid the cornerstone, and made formal dedication remarks at the hospitals opening on November 11,1940. When NNMC was dedicated in 1942, its intention was to provide medical care to military personnel only. With that, an official White House doctor was appointed by the President to sort out issues with him. Each president pays for any of his medical expenses personally, ronald Reagan, on July 13,1985, underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon. At this time, Reagan was 76 years old, first Lady Nancy Reagan, on October 17,1987, underwent a mastectomy due to breast cancer. In August 1960, a $5.6 million expansion project was initiated and consisted of two wings attached to the main buildings east side. Completed in the summer of 1963, Buildings 7 and 8 provided space for 258 beds, the new inpatient buildings and the Naval Medical Center were consolidated into one command on September 1,1973, to form National Naval Medical Center. In 1979, the temporary buildings were replaced with a multi-level staff-parking garage. This addition made National Naval Medical Center one of the largest medical facilities in the country, the original Naval Medical Center tower was since listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the U. S. Department of the Interior. That merged facility was to be staffed by Army, Navy, groundbreaking took place on July 3,2008, with President George W. Bush officiating
11.
2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission
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The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission preliminary list was released by the United States Department of Defense on May 13,2005. It was the fifth Base Realignment and Closure proposal generated since the process was created in 1988 and it recommended closing 22 major United States military bases and the realignment of 33 others. On September 15,2005, President George W. Bush approved the BRAC Commissions recommendations, Congress had a maximum of 45 days to reject the proposal by passing a joint resolution of disapproval, or the recommendations automatically enter into effect. Such a resolution was introduced to the House of Representatives on September 23,2005, the House took up debate of the resolution on October 26,2005. The resolution failed to pass by a 324-85 margin, thereby enacting the list of recommendations, the Secretary of Defense was required to begin implementing the recommendations by September 15,2007 and to complete implementation no later than September 15,2011. Anthony J. Principi, Chairman James H. Bilbray Philip Coyle Harold W. Gehman, the BRAC Commission disputed this claim, pointing out what it considered to be significant flaws in the Departments methodology. The Commission recalculated the 20-year savings of the DOD recommendation list at just above $37 billion, between late May and late August, the Commission reviewed the list and amended many of the Pentagons recommendations, removing several major installations from the closure list. The Commission calculated the overall 20-year savings to the government in carrying out its amended list of recommendations as close to $15 billion, major facilities slated for realignment include these, Army Human Resource Command in Missouri, moving to the Fort Knox Military Installation in Kentucky. United States Army Armor School in Fort Knox, Kentucky, moving to the Maneuver Center of Excellence in Fort Benning, walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D. C. The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission resulted in a $35 billion increase in military spending, the military claims, however, that it also resulted in a reduction of $4 billion in annual spending
12.
Joint Task Force National Capital Region Medical
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Effective September 14,2007, Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon England established the JTF CapMed under command of RADM John Mateczun, MC, USN. The Commander of the JTF CapMed will act as the medical officer in the JOA. The Commander will organize staff and reporting organizations to execute the mission, the Commander shall have the authority to compile budgets for the units assigned to JTF CapMed and distribute and direct resources as needed within the JOA to accomplish mission objectives. JTF CapMed is commanded by Rear Admiral Raquel C, Bono, who holds the title of Director, National Capital Region Medical Directorate of the Defense Health Agency. Prior to Bono, Army Major General Steve Jones had commanded the force since March 2011. Prior to Jones, Navy Vice Admiral John Mateczun, MD, BRAC consolidated four NCR inpatient hospitals into two. To date, this was the most complex and largest Base Realignment, the end result for the combined projects at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and Fort Belvoir Community Hospital was $2. Joint Military Treatment Facilities provide the foundation for the NCR Medical Integrated Delivery System and this is the DoD’s first foray into a multi-service system under a single authority. JTF CapMed has both operational and fiscal control over both – WRNMMC & FBCH, as well as control over the 32 medical clinics within the National Capital Region. This pertains to a staff of more than 9,700, in March 2012, Army Major General Steve Jones, became the acting Commander of JTF CapMed, having most recently served as the Deputy Commander for JTF CapMed. U. S. Army, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Kimbrough Ambulatory Care Center, Dunham U. S. Health Clinic, Barquist Army Health Clinic, Kirk U. S. Army Health Clinic, Fairfax Health Center, Rader Army Health Clinic, DiLorenzo TRICARE Health Clinic, Dumfries Health Center U. S. S. Bethesda braces for mega hospital and traffic nightmare 05/2008 The Journal COs Column 04/24/08 The Journal COs Column 04/17/08 The Journal COs Column 04/03/08 Washington Post U. S
13.
Defense Business Board
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The Board consists of approximately twenty private sector executives with a vast range of experiences in business management. The purpose of the Board is to provide independent advice, which reflects an outside private sector perspective, on proven, the Board’s objective is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational support to the nations warfighters. The Board members, to include the Board’s Chairperson, are appointed annually by the United States Secretary of Defense, the Chairs of the Defense Policy Board and the Defense Science Board serve as non-voting ex officio members of the Board. The Director of the Office of Management and Budget and the Comptroller General of the General Accounting Office serve as non-voting observers of the Board, in October 2014, Deputy Secretary Robert O. Work instructed the Board to hire consultants from McKinsey & Company to identify wasteful spending, on January 22,2015, the Board then voted to adopt a McKinsey plan to cut $125 billion in waste over five years. Under Secretary Frank Kendall III argued that he could not achieve any efficiencies and, instead, Secretary Carter then replaced the Board chairman, classified the McKinsey results as secret, and removed the report from public websites. In 2016 the DBB provided the model for the Defense Innovation Advisory Board which was established by Defense Secretary Carter during the 2016 during RSA cyber security conference in San Francisco
14.
Defense Health Agency
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The United States Department of Defense established the DHA as part of a larger effort meant to reorganize its health care programs and services. The reorganization was based in part on the recommendations of a force that issued a report on the management of U. S. military health care in 2011. Under the old system, many aspects of health care were managed by the individual armed services. The DHA operates under the authority and oversight of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, Assistant Secretary Jonathan Woodson, M. D. established the DHAs organizational structure, including six directorates. The Joint Task Force National Capital Region Medical is a directorate within the DHA. mil
15.
Surgeon General of the United States Navy
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The Surgeon General of the United States Navy is the most senior commissioned officer of the Medical Corps of the United States Navy. The Surgeon General of the Navy is a member of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, on 31 August 1842, the United States Congress passed a Navy appropriation bill that was a blueprint for efficiency. Heading each of the bureaus was a “Chief” to be appointed by the President of the United States, the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery became the central administrative headquarters for the Navy Medical Department, and those names became interchangeable. Overseeing all of these duties, and directing the medical department, was the Chief of BUMED, barton served at this post until 1844. He was followed by Thomas Harris, William Whelan, Phineas Horwitz, since the days of Barton’s directorship the most senior ranking physician in the Navy Medical Department has held the title of Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. On 3 March 1871, Congress passed legislation granting medical and other officers of the Navy “relative rank” with grades “equal to. The Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery now had the additional title “Surgeon General, at the helm of this “revitalized” organization stood the first Surgeon General, William Maxwell Wood, a man entering his 42nd year of a naval service as unusual and varied as could be. Wood had served aboard USS Poinsett, one of the first steam vessels of the Navy, however fitting he may have been as the first Navy Surgeon General, he served less than two years. In November 2011, VADM Matthew L. Nathan, took office becoming the 37th Surgeon General of the United States Navy, and 41st Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 757 pp. describe the role of naval medical units ashore and afloat partly online A History of Medicine in the Early U. S. Navy
16.
Vice admiral
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Vice admiral is a senior naval flag officer rank, equivalent to lieutenant general and air marshal. A vice admiral is typically senior to an admiral and junior to an admiral. The rank insignia for a vice admiral often involves three stars, but this is not always the case, in the navy of Iraq, vice admiral insignia involves one star. Vice admiral is the equivalent of air marshal in the Royal Australian Air Force, in the Royal Canadian Navy, the rank of vice-admiral is equivalent to lieutenant-general of the Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force. A vice-admiral is an officer, the naval equivalent of a general officer. A vice-admiral is senior to a rear-admiral and major general, two rows of gold oak leaves are located on the black visor of the white service cap. Vice-admirals are addressed by rank and name, thereafter by subordinates as Sir or Maam, vice-admirals are normally entitled to a staff car, the car will normally bear a flag, dark blue with three gold maple leaves arranged one over two. A vice-admiral generally holds only the most senior command or administrative appointments, barring only Chief of Defence Staff, charles, Prince of Wales holds the honorary rank of vice admiral in the Royal Canadian Navy. The vice-amiral rank used to be an OF-8 rank in NATO charts, the rank of vice-amiral descadre equals a NATO OF-8 rank. In the ancien régime Navy, between 1669 and 1791, the office of Vice-Admiral of France was the highest rank, the supreme office of Admiral of France being purely ceremonial. Distinct offices were, 1669-1791 Vice-admiral of the West, 1778-1791 Vice-admiral of the Asian and American Seas. 1784-1788 Vice-admiral of the Indian Seas, vizeadmiral is an OF-8 three-star rank equivalent to the German Heer and Luftwaffe rank of Generalleutnant. In India, vice admiral is a three star admiral, in Italy, the equivalent to vice admiral is the ammiraglio di squadra or squadron admiral. In the Philippines, the vice admiral is the highest-ranking official of the Philippine Navy. He is recognized as the flag officer in-charge of the Navy, the rank vice-admiral in the Philippines, has the same ranking in the U. S Navy. In Vietnam, the equivalent to vice admiral is the phó đô đốc
17.
Rear admiral (United States)
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Rear admiral in the United States refers to two different ranks of commissioned officers — one-star flag officers and two-star flag officers. By contrast, in most nations, the rear admiral refers to an officer of two-star rank. The abbreviation for personnel from the USN, USCG, and NOAA is RDML, whereas for the USPHS, Rear admiral ranks above captain and below rear admiral. Rear admiral is equivalent to the rank of general in the other uniformed services. In the United States uniformed services, rear admiral replaced the rank of commodore in 1985, Rear admiral ranks above rear admiral and below vice admiral. Rear admiral is equivalent to the rank of general in the other uniformed services. It is the highest permanent rank during peacetime in the uniformed services, all higher ranks are temporary ranks and linked to their specific commands or office and expire with the expiration of their term of command or office. Before the American Civil War, the American Navy had resisted creating the rank of admiral, instead, they preferred the term flag officer, in order to distinguish the rank from the traditions of the European navies. During the American Civil War, The US Congress honored David Glasgow Farraguts successful assault on the city of New Orleans by creating the rank of admiral on July 16,1862. During World War II, the U. S. Navy, by the end of the war, all incumbents had been advanced to the rank of two-star rear admiral and the commodore rank was eliminated in both services. Lower-half rear admirals were promoted to full rear admirals, or upper half status. However, both categories of rear admiral wore two-star insignia, an issue that was a source of consternation to the other services. Although not flag officers, these officers were entitled to a blue and white command pennant containing the initials. 97–86 expanded commodore from a title to a permanent grade by creating the one-star rank of commodore admiral. After only 11 months, the rank was reverted to just commodore, however, this caused issues with the Navy due to the difficulty in discriminating those commodores who were flag officers from commodores who were senior captains in certain command positions. 99–145 renamed commodore to the current grade of rear admiral effective on November 8,1985, up until 1981, all rear admirals wore two stars on their shoulder bars and rank insignia. Since then, rear admirals wear one star while rear admirals wear two, verbal address remains rear admiral for both ranks, on correspondence, where the rear admirals rank is spelled out, the acronym and follows the rear admirals rank title to distinguish between one and two stars. The flags of restricted line officers and staff officers have blue stars on a white field
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Master chief petty officer
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Master chief petty officer is the ninth, and highest, enlisted rate in the U. S. Navy and U. S. Coast Guard, just above senior chief petty officer. Master Chief Petty Officers are addressed as Master Chief and they constitute the top 1. 25% of the members of the maritime forces. Prior to 1958, chief petty officer was the highest enlisted rate in both the U. S. Navy and U. S. Coast Guard. This changed on 20 May 1958 with the passage Public Law 85-422, the Military Pay Act of 1958, in the U. S. Navy and U. S. In the Navy, advancement to master chief petty officer is similar to that of petty officer. It carries requirements of time in service, superior evaluation scores, similarly, senior chief petty officers and chief petty officers are chosen by selection boards. In the Coast Guard, advancement to master chief petty officer is similar to other advancements consisting of competition with other advancement-eligible senior chief petty officers. Advancement-eligible senior chief petty officers are prioritized based on written scores, evaluations, award points, time in service. Master chief petty officers are then selected monthly from this prioritization list as positions become available, Petty officers of all grades possess both a rate and rating. The full title is a combination of the two, thus, a master chief petty officer with the rating of fire controlman would properly be called a master chief fire controlman. Each rating has an official abbreviation, such as FC for fire controlman, FT for fire control technician, when combined with the rate abbreviation, it produces the full rate designation, such as FCCM for master chief fire controlman. It is not uncommon practice to refer to the chief by this shorthand in all. Mostly, though, they are simply called Master Chief, regardless of rating, the rate insignia for a master chief is a white eagle with spread wings above three chevrons. The chevrons are topped by a rocker that goes behind the eagle, two inverted silver stars are placed above the eagle. Between the arc and the top chevron is the specialty mark of the enlisted rating, in the picture above, the two crossed anchors is the specialty mark of a boatswains mate. This is used on the dress blue, dinner dress blue jacket. On other uniforms, the used for shirt collars and caps is the one that has become universally accepted as the symbol of the chief petty officer. This is a foul anchor superimposed with a silver USN or a silver shield
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Medical Corps (United States Navy)
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The Medical Corps of the United States Navy is a staff corps consisting of military physicians in a variety of specialties. It is the senior corps among all staff corps, second in only to line officers. The corps of commissioned officers was founded on March 3,1871, prior to the formal establishment of the corps, ships’ surgeons served without commissions, unless given one by the commanding officer. Those commissions would be for the duration of a specific cruise, however, facing a shortage of trained physicians to serve the needs of the Navy and Marine Corps, the Uniformed Services Health Professions Revitalization Act of 1972 was passed. This was an act in which the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. In both programs, civilians are given a commission to the rank of ensign in the United States Navy Reserve which they hold throughout the four years of their medical education. During this time they receive financial assistance on the condition that they meet reservist requirements, maintain military standards, the commitment required is at least 4 years for HPSP and 7 years of service for USUHS students. Upon graduation, the new physicians are promoted to the rank of lieutenant, as of December 2015, VADM C. Forrest Faison III is the 38th Surgeon General of the United States Navy and is the highest-ranking officer of the Medical Corps. The Chief of the Medical Corps is CAPT Paul D. Pearigen. S, air Force Medical Corps U. S. Army Medical Corps U. S. Navy Hospital Ships National Naval Medical Center Bethesda official webpage. Naval Medical Center Portsmouth official webpage, Naval Medical Center San Diego official webpage. Virtual Naval Hospital - a digital library of medicine and humanitarian medicine. Per NAVEDTRA12966 Commander Naval Medical Education and Training Command
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United States Navy Nurse Corps
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The United States Navy Nurse Corps was officially established by Congress in 1908, however, unofficially, women had been working as nurses aboard Navy ships and in Navy hospitals for nearly 100 years. The Corps was all-female until 1965, barton became the first to officially recommend that female nurses be added to naval hospital staff. However, it wasnt until 19 June 1861 that a Navy Department circular order finally established the designation of Nurse, fifteen years later, the duties were transferred to the designation Bayman. Although enlisted personnel were referred to as nurses, their duties and responsibilities were more related to those of a hospital corpsman. During the American Civil War, several African American women served as crew aboard the hospital ship Red Rover in the Mississippi River area in the position of nurse. The known names of four nurses are, Alice Kennedy, Sarah Kinno, Ellen Campbell, in addition volunteer nuns from the Catholic Sisters of the Holy Cross served aboard as nurses. During the 1898 Spanish–American War, the Navy employed a modest number of female nurses in its hospitals ashore. After the establishment of the Nurse Corps in 1908 by an Act of Congress, twenty women were selected as the first members and assigned to the Naval Medical School Hospital in Washington, D. C. Unfortunately, the navy did not provide room or board for them, in time, the nurses would come to be known as The Sacred Twenty because they were the first women to serve formally as members of the Navy. The Sacred Twenty, as shown in the photo at the top of page, were Mary H. Elizabeth Leonhardt, Estelle Hine, Ethel R. Parsons, Florence T. Milburn, Boniface T. Small, Victoria White, Isabelle Rose Roy, Margaret D. Murray and they would include three Nurse Corps Superintendents and twelve chief nurses. The Nurse Corps gradually expanded to 160 on the eve of World War I, in addition to normal hospital and clinic duties, the nurses were active in training natives in U. S. overseas possessions as well as the Navys male enlisted medical personnel. For a few months in 1913, Navy nurses saw their first shipboard service, aboard Mayflower, the first permanent shipboard positions came in late 1920, when Relief went into commission with a medical staff that included Navy nurses. The entry of the United States into the First World War brought an expansion of the Nurse Corps. In 1917–18, the Navy deployed five base hospital units to operational areas in France, Scotland and Ireland, also serving overseas were Navy operating teams, including nurses, established for detached duty near the combat frontlines. Some of these teams were loaned to the United States Army during the ground offensives of 1918. During the war,19 Navy nurses died on active duty, three of the four Navy Crosses awarded to wartime Navy nurses were given posthumously to women who sacrificed their lives during the 1918 flu pandemic. The surviving fourth nurse was Lenah H. Sutcliffe Higbee, the superintendent of the corps
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Navy Medical Service Corps
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The Medical Service Corps is a staff corps of the United States Navy, consisting of officers engaged in medical support duties. It includes healthcare scientists and researchers, comprising around 60% of its personnel, many of the latter are former enlisted hospital corpsmen, the Medical Service Corps Inservice Procurement Program being one of several routes from enlisted service to commissioned status. The Medical Service Corps has around 2,600 serving commissioned officers, the Navy Medical Service Corps was created on 4 August 1947 by act of the United States Congress. Originally it had four specialist sections, Supply and Administration, Optometry, Allied Sciences, currently the Navy Medical Service Corps has three sections, Healthcare Administration, Healthcare Sciences, and Clinical Care Providers
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Hospital corpsman
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A Hospital Corpsman /ˈkɔərmən/ is an enlisted medical specialist of the United States Navy who may also serve in a United States Marine Corps unit. Hospital corpsmen are frequently the only medical care-giver available in many fleet or Marine units on extended deployment and they may function as clinical or specialty technicians, medical administrative personnel and health care providers at medical treatment facilities. They also serve as battlefield corpsmen with the Marine Corps, rendering emergency medical treatment to include initial treatment in a combat environment. Hospital corpsmen were trained at Naval Hospital Corps School, Great Lakes, Illinois. The colloquial form of address for a hospital corpsman is Doc, in the United States Marine Corps, this term is generally used as a sign of respect. Prior to the establishment of the Hospital Corps, enlisted medical support in the Navy was limited in scope, in the Continental Navy and the early U. S. Navy, medical assistants were assigned at random out of the ships company. Their primary duties were to keep the hot and buckets of sand at the ready for the operating area. It was commonplace during battle for the surgeons to conduct amputations and irons were used to close lacerations, sand was used to keep the surgeon from slipping on the bloody ship deck. Previously, corpsmen were commonly referred to as a boy, a term borrowed from the Royal Navy. The nickname was in use for so many years that it was finally officially recognized by the Navy Regulations of 1814. In coming decades, the title of the medical assistant would change several times—from loblolly boy, to nurse. A senior enlisted medical rate, surgeons steward, was introduced in 1841, following the war, the title surgeons steward was abolished in favor of apothecary, a position requiring completion of a course in pharmacy. S. Army had established an enlisted Hospital Corps in 1887, Navy Surgeon General J. R Tryon and subordinate physicians lobbied the Navy administration to take action. With the Spanish–American War looming, Congress passed a bill authorizing establishment of the U. S. Navy Hospital Corps, three rates were created therein—hospital apprentice, hospital apprentice first class, and hospital steward, which was a chief petty officer. A revision in 1916 established a new rate structure, with the introduction of a second junior rate there were now hospital apprentice second class and hospital apprentice first class. The rating title for petty officers was established as pharmacists mate, pharmacists mate third class, second class, and first class were now the petty officers, and chief pharmacists mate was the CPO. This structure remained in place until 1947, a total of 684 personal awards were awarded to hospital corpsmen, including 22 Medals of Honor,55 Navy Crosses, and 237 Silver Stars. During World War I, hospital corpsmen served throughout the fleet, in World War II, hospital corpsmen assigned to Marine units made beach assaults with the Marines in every battle in the Pacific
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Naval Medical Center Portsmouth
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The Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, formerly Naval Hospital Portsmouth, is a United States Navy medical center in Portsmouth, Virginia, United States. It is the oldest continuously running hospital in the Navy medical system, the historic Portsmouth Naval Hospital building was designed by noted architect John Haviland and built in 1827. It is a granite and Freestone building on a 12-foot basement. Its form is that of a square, measuring 172 feet wide by 192 feet deep. The front facade features a 92 feet wide Doric order portico with 10 columns, the buildings interior was reconstructed in 1907, and a shallow dome was added to the roof. Stefanie DeLeo, American author and playwright, was born at the Medical Center in 1982
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Naval Medical Center San Diego
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Naval Medical Center San Diego, also known as Bob Wilson Naval Hospital and informally referred to as Balboa Hospital, is a technologically advanced Navy medical treatment facility. Located within the grounds of Balboa Park in San Diego, the hospital has played a role in the history of San Diego for more than 80 years. The goal has remained constant, to provide the finest medical care in a family-centered care environment to operational forces, their families, organizationally, the hospital is first and foremost a military command. During this time, a tent was set up at the present location of the San Diego Natural History Museum. In September 1919, city leaders set aside a 17-acre parcel at Inspiration Point in Balboa Park for use in constructing a permanent Naval hospital and this donation, along with other purchased land, allowed for the development of a 85-acre, 89-building complex with 2,600 beds. The first unit opened in 1925, during World War II, due to large numbers of casualties coming from the Pacific Theater of Operations, the hospital expanded to include most of the buildings in present-day Balboa Park. For instance, the Navy Nurses were housed at the House of Hospitality and the California Building, Fine Arts Gallery, the Balboa Complex, to include the main Naval Hospital, treated approximately 172,000 patients with a maximum occupancy of 12,000 in December,1944. In 1946 the Balboa Park grounds and buildings were returned to the city, during the Vietnam War-era, the complex was the largest military hospital in the world. An entirely new $270 million hospital complex was built in Florida Canyon, north of the hospital, during the mid-1980s. Representative Bob Wilson, after whom the new complex was subsequently named. It officially opened in January 1988, a 39-acre portion of the original site was returned to the city of San Diego and restored to Park use. The center has five medical mobilization teams including the hospital ship USNS Mercy whose personnel are drawn from the hospital staff and these teams deploy to the Western Pacific and Southeast Asia at various times during the year. The hospital is a training facility associated with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences. The hospital also maintains a school on the grounds for training enlisted medical personnel, the hospital operates clinics at area military installations, where ambulatory care is provided to the active duty population. Nine other clinics are located in San Diego and are available to family members, a leader in the medical field, the hospital is also a major teaching and research center. On May 8,2008, the hospital Medical Center San Diego was dedicated to San Diego Congressman Bob Wilson, Bob Wilson Drive, leading to the hospital inside Balboa Park, is also named for him. San Diego, San Diego Historical Society, Naval Medical Center San Diego website
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Naval Hospital Yokosuka Japan
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U. S. Naval Hospital Yokosuka staff is composed of active duty service members, U. S. Civil Servants, contract employees and Japan Master Labor Contract employees. We are forward deployed to provide medical, operational and contingency support for active duty, family members and other eligible beneficiaries in Japan, Korea and we deploy in direct support of the overseas contingency operations and humanitarian assistance missions. The core hospital is located on the grounds of the hospital compound built in 1881 for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Earthquake and fire destroyed those buildings in 1923, the Imperial Japanese Navy rebuilt the hospital in February 1931 as a medical center and training school. At the end of World War II, American Occupational Forces used the facility as a 250-bed hospital dispensary, on September 11,1950, at the beginning of the Korean War, the hospital was established. The command received its first Navy Unit Commendation for treatment of over 5,800 casualties from the Korean War, a second Navy Unit Commendation was awarded for services rendered during the Vietnam War. In 1973, the base was revitalized with the arrival of the aircraft carrier USS Midway, due to the increased importance of the Middle East and Far East theatres, a new hospital facility was built in 1980 and opened on February 10,1981. A second Meritorious Unit Commendation Medal was awarded for superb medical support provided between July 1986 and July 1988, in 1999, the Navy Medicine Inspector General recognized USNH Yokosuka as a benchmark command in customer relations and marketing. USNH Yokosuka opened a joint Wellness Center at the Fleet Recreation Center in Yokosuka, after September 11,2001 the command reengineered operational readiness training. Throughout 2002, the command strengthened force health protection for the Forward-Deployed Naval Forces, in 2003 the command opened a Storks Nest to assist pregnant women and their families throughout mainland Japan. USNH Yokosuka provided support to USS Kitty Hawks medical department during, in addition to eligible beneficiaries, U. S. Naval Hospital Yokosuka continues to support Overseas Contingency Operations and humanitarian missions world-wide. U. S. Naval Hospital, Yokosuka, provides a range of emergency, outpatient and inpatient care services to about 43,000 active duty personnel. With its regional Educational and Developmental Intervention Services, USNH Yokosuka provides care to children with special needs at every military base in mainland Japan, the hospital publishes a quarterly magazine titled Kenko Shimbun available in print at the hospital or downloaded as a pdf from the official Web site. In 2010, official Facebook and Twitter pages were launched that provide the community with information about the command regularly, regularly updated news articles, videos and photos can be found on the official Navy News Web site. Since 1952, U. S. Naval Hospital Yokosuka, Japan has actively trained Japanese physicians in a rotating internship. Education is conducted English and focuses on a Western approach to medical care, interns learn outpatient and inpatient medicine and assist as medical liaisons between USNH Yokosuka and local Japanese hospitals. Six Japanese physicians are selected to begin training each April, six weeks of electives are available for interns to choose from as well. Japanese citizens or permanent residents who have graduated or will graduate the current academic year from Japanese medical schools are eligible to apply for an internship position, all applicants should be fluent in verbal and written English
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Charleston Naval Hospital Historic District
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On 2 November 1902 the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery bought 96.5 acres of land that was owned by the city of Charleston, South Carolina adjoining the northwest side of the Navy Yard. Later transfers to the Navy Yard reduced the acreage to 43.14 acres, after establishment of the Navy Yard in 1902, the Medical Department activities occupied hospital tents near the site of the Marine Corps Post Exchange. In 1905 a Marine Sick Quarters was erected in the same place, during this period of time the Medical Officer of the Yard had an office in the Post Office building in Charleston, making a daily trip to the Yard by street car. In 1905, a room in one of the existing buildings at the Yard was allotted for use as a Medical Dispensary. This wooden building was erected on brick piers near the center of the Navy Yard, later a basement was constructed under this building which functioned as a dispensary and as a small hospital, with many of its patients in tents. Since its beginning the building had been enlarged by additions. In 1917 the west wing was added, Emergency facilities in the shape of tents, and temporary beds were established in connection with the Naval Dispensary until a total capacity was reached for 120 patients. This was an expedient to meet the circumstances incident to a sudden influx of men without accommodations for the sick. The hospital was the original Naval Hospital built on the site located on the Medical Department Property that was purchased in 1902, the hospital consisted of 19 temporary wooden buildings with a bed capacity of 250. These additional building were of wooden construction finished in stucco and were erected south of the hospital reservation, the hospital made use of an ambulance to transport the sick from outlying stations of the Sixth Naval District and from vessels in the harbor to the hospital. Commander W. M. Garton, MC, USN was its commanding officer during its construction, the Yard Dispensary was then designated a Naval Hospital. On 21 December 1922, the hospital was officially closed. The changes had no other significance other that to return the hospital to a pre-war status and this hospital/dispensary consisted of several frame buildings occupying about 4 acres of land near the center of the Navy Yard, and had a bed capacity of 57. The building previously used for officers quarters, dental office. A covered ramp connected this building with the main building, in 1937 work was underway on construction of a new hospital corpsman quarters west of this hospital building. The hospital corps quarters was then located on the Bureau of Medicine, upon completion of the new quarters, the old quarters was converted to a contagious and genitourinary ward. The building previously used for contagious and genitourinary cases was used as a Yard Dispensary. On 1 May 1941, the Yard Dispensary and the Naval Hospital, in July 1942, the dispensary was transferred to building number 58 of the Naval Shipyard at the entrance of the Third Street gate
27.
USNS Mercy (T-AH-19)
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The third USNS Mercy is the lead ship of her class of hospital ships in non-commissioned service with the United States Navy. Her sister ship is the USNS Comfort and she was named for the virtue of compassion. In accordance with the Geneva Conventions, USNS Mercy and her crew do not carry any offensive weapons, firing upon the Mercy would be considered a war crime. Mercy was built as an oil tanker, SS Worth, by National Steel and Shipbuilding Company, San Diego, starting in July 1984, she was renamed and converted to a hospital ship by the same company. Launched on 20 July 1985, USNS Mercy was placed in service on 8 November 1986 and she has a raised forecastle, a transom stern, a bulbous bow, an extended deckhouse with a forward bridge, and a helicopter-landing deck with a flight control facility. The Mercy class hospital ships are the second largest ships in the U. S. Navy Fleet by length, USNS Mercy, homeported in San Diego, is normally in reduced operating status. Like most USNS Ships, Mariners from the US Navys Military Sealift Command are responsible for navigation, propulsion, Mercy is as of c.2012 part of MSCs Service Support Program. However, the Medical Treatment Facility, or hospital on the ship, is commanded by a Captain of the Navy Medical Corps or Navy Nurse Corps, on 27 February 1987, Mercy began training while en route on a humanitarian cruise to the Philippines and the South Pacific. Over 62,000 outpatients and almost 1,000 inpatients were treated at seven Philippine, Mercy returned to Oakland, California, on 13 July 1987. On 9 August 1990, Mercy was activated in support of Operation Desert Shield, departing on 15 August, she arrived in the Persian Gulf on 15 September. For the next six months, Mercy provided support to allied forces. She admitted 690 patients and performed almost 300 surgeries, after treating the 21 American and two Italian repatriated prisoners of war, she departed for home on 16 March 1991, arriving in Oakland on 23 April. Combined, she provided 108,000 patient services, rendered by members of the Department of Defense, Project Hope, and the United States Public Health Service. USNS Mercy departed San Diego in 2006 as the deployment of Pacific Partnership. She visited several ports in the South Pacific Ocean including the Philippines, Indonesia, USNS Mercy departed San Diego on 14 April 2008 for Pacific Partnership 2008, a four-month humanitarian and civic deployment in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Mercy, with her 900 officers and sailors, included 300 US health, partners participating in the mission included the nations of Australia, Canada, Chile, Japan, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand, and Portugal, as well as several non-governmental organizations. On 10 June, the mission was temporarily suspended after one of its helicopters was shot at in the strife-torn southern Philippines area of Mindanao. Over the course of the deployment, Mercy would treat 91,000 patients, for Pacific Partnership 2010 Mercy visited Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Timor Leste, treated 109,754 patients, and performed 1,580 surgeries
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East Timor
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East Timor or Timor-Leste, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a sovereign state in Maritime Southeast Asia. It comprises the half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse. The countrys size is about 15,410 km2, nine days later, it was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesias 27th province the following year. The Indonesian occupation of East Timor was characterised by a highly violent decades-long conflict between separatist groups and the Indonesian military, in 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory. East Timor became the first new state of the 21st century on 20 May 2002 and joined the United Nations. In 2011, East Timor announced its intention to gain status in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations by applying to become its eleventh member. It is one of two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia, the other being the Philippines. In Indonesian, the country is called Timor Timur, thus using the Portuguese name for the island followed by the word for east, the official names under the Constitution are Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste in English, República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese and Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste in Tetum. Humans first settled in East Timor 42,000 years ago, descendants of at least three waves of migration are believed still to live in East Timor. The first is described by anthropologists as people of the Veddo-Australoid type, around 3000 BC, a second migration brought Melanesians. The earlier Veddo-Australoid peoples withdrew at this time to the mountainous interior, finally, proto-Malays arrived from south China and north Indochina. Hakka traders are among those descended from this final group, Timorese origin myths tell of ancestors that sailed around the eastern end of Timor arriving on land in the south. Some stories recount Timorese ancestors journeying from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra, austronesians migrated to Timor, and are thought to be associated with the development of agriculture on the island. Thirdly, Proto-Malays arrived from south China and north Indochina, before European colonialism, Timor was included in Chinese and Indian trading networks, and in the 14th century was an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey, and wax. It was the abundance of sandalwood in Timor that attracted European explorers to the island in the early 16th century. During that time, European explorers reported that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms, the Portuguese established outposts in Timor and Maluku. Effective European occupation of a part of the territory began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded. For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a trading post until the late nineteenth century, with minimal investment in infrastructure, health
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Portsmouth, Virginia
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Portsmouth is an independent city located in the U. S. commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 95,535 and it is part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. The shipyard upgrades, remodels, and repairs ships of the US Navy and is one of the few facilities in the world with the capability to dry dock an aircraft carrier. Directly opposite Norfolk, the city of Portsmouth also has miles of waterfront land on the Elizabeth River as part of the harbor of Hampton Roads, there is a ferry boat that takes riders back and forth across the water between Downtown Norfolk and Olde Towne Portsmouth. Portsmouth is located on the side of the Elizabeth River directly across from the City of Norfolk. In 1620, the site of Portsmouth was recognized as suitable shipbuilding location by John Wood, a shipbuilder. The surrounding area was settled as a plantation community. Portsmouth was founded by Colonel William Crawford, a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and it was established as a town in 1752 by an act of the Virginia General Assembly and was named for Portsmouth, England. In 1767, Andrew Sprowle, a shipbuilder, founded the Gosport Shipyard adjacent to Portsmouth, the Gosport Shipyard at Portsmouth was owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia after the American Revolutionary War and was sold to the new United States federal government. In 1855, the Portsmouth and Norfolk area suffered an epidemic of fever which killed 1 of every three citizens. It became an independent city from Norfolk County in 1858, during the American Civil War, in 1861, Virginia joined the Confederate States of America. Fearing that the Confederacy would take control of the shipyard at Portsmouth, the Confederate forces did in fact take over the shipyard, and did so without armed conflict through an elaborate ruse orchestrated by civilian railroad builder William Mahone. The Union forces withdrew to Fort Monroe across Hampton Roads, which was the land in the area which remained under Union control. In early 1862, the Confederate ironclad warship CSS Virginia was rebuilt using the hulk of USS Merrimack. Virginia engaged the Union ironclad USS Monitor in the famous Battle of Hampton Roads during the Union blockade of Hampton Roads, the Confederates burned the shipyard again when they left in May 1862. Following the recapture of Norfolk and Portsmouth by the Union forces, the name of the shipyard was derived from its location in Norfolk County. The Norfolk Naval Shipyard today is located entirely within the city limits of Portsmouth, Portsmouth was the county seat of Norfolk County until 1963 when the new city of Chesapeake was formed in a political consolidation with the city of South Norfolk. Portsmouths other county neighbor, the former Nansemond County, also consolidated with a smaller city, one of the older cities of Hampton Roads, in the early 21st century, Portsmouth was undergoing moderate urban renewal in the downtown
30.
Beaufort, South Carolina
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Beaufort is a city in and the county seat of Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States. Chartered in 1711, it is the second-oldest city in South Carolina, the citys population was 12,361 in the 2010 census. It is a city within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Beaufort is located on Port Royal Island, in the heart of the Sea Islands, the city is renowned for its scenic location and for maintaining a historic character by preservation of its antebellum architecture. The city is known for its military establishments, being located in close proximity to Parris Island. The Lowcountry region had been subject to numerous European explorations and failed attempts at colonization before the British founded the city in 1711, the city initially grew slowly, subject to numerous attacks from Native American tribes and threats of Spanish invasion. It flourished first as a center for shipbuilding and later, when the colony was established as a slave society, several months after hostilities began between the states, Beaufort was occupied by Union forces following the Battle of Port Royal. Due in part to its occupation, the city attracted escaping slaves. The Union declared the slaves emancipated and initiated efforts at education and preparation for full independence, the Freedmens Bureau worked with local blacks during Reconstruction. After the war, the city relied on phosphate mining before a hurricane in 1893. Their effects slowed growth of the city for nearly half a century, in the latter half of the twentieth century, the community became a destination for tourists. It also benefited by the growth of military installations in the area, local groups have worked to preserve Beauforts historic character and significant architecture. In addition to the Beaufort Historic District, The Anchorage, William Barnwell House, Barnwell-Gough House, Beaufort National Cemetery, John A. Beaufort is located at 32°25′55″N 80°41′22″W. The majority of the city is situated upon Port Royal Island, the city has also annexed lands across the Beaufort River on Ladys Island. The city is amid a marshy estuary, and according to the United States Census Bureau has an area of 33.6 square miles, of which 27.6 square miles is land and 6.0 square miles. Remnants of the original English colonial settlement of Beaufort can be found in the downtown or historic district area,304 acres of the town have been designated a National Historic Landmark. With approximate dimensions, downtown is defined as anything upon the peninsula jutting into the Beaufort River that is located east of Ribaut Road. Further defined, downtown is broken into five distinct neighborhoods, Downtown, The Point, The Bluff, The Old Commons
31.
Naval Hospital Camp Lejeune
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Naval Hospital Camp Lejeune is a United States Navy-run facility that is located on Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, USA. Residing on the largest military installation on the East coast, the hospital serves approximately 150,000 active duty personnel, retirees. Its vision is to be your medical center of choice, and together, we, “Ensure Strength Through Caring. ”Out of a 144-acre area of swamp, sand dunes, and snakes grew Naval Hospital Camp Lejeune over sixty-four years ago. With World War II already engulfing Europe, it became evident that facilities at Quantico, after detailed reconnaissance, the vicinity of New River, North Carolina was determined to be the most suitable area for all elements of a Marine Division. On February 15,1941 the Navy Department received approval to construct the East Coast Marine Corps Training Center that is now Camp Lejeune, the peninsula known as Hadnot Point was selected as the site for the original Naval Hospital. Construction that began on March 13,1942, by June, the first building was substantially complete and was turned over to Captain T. L. Morrow, MC USN, the Prospective Medical Officer in Command. Captain J. F. Riordan, MC USN reported on May 14,1942 to assume the duties as command officer, the Naval Hospital Camp Lejeune was commissioned May 1,1943. Staff assigned to the hospital in May 1943 consisted of 51 Officers,90 Navy Nurses,270 Navy Corpsmen and 150 Civilian employees, the hospital reached its highest patient load of 2,087 during WWII. Beds were placed in passageways and double-deck bunks were used extensively, during the Korean War, the peak census was about 1,865, including many Army patients suffering from frostbite injuries. In July 1975 the current site was approved for construction of a new Naval Hospital, the contract for construction of the new hospital was finalized ground breaking took place in May 1979. In a Mast Stepping ceremony on July 21,1982, silver dollars were placed at the base of the new flag poles. The placing of the coins, honoring the Chief of Naval Operations, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, and the Surgeon General, is taken from an ancient Roman custom. The tradition of placing coins at the foot of a ship’s mast was said to ensure that the fare of all hands on board was paid for passage across the River Styx. The new hospital was built on a 162-acre site on the Northeast Creek at a cost of $46 million. In contrast to the old Hospital, the new hospital is a unit, consisting of a 4-story clinical and support building, with bed capacity at 205. The surgical suite consisted of 5 operating rooms, and the Obstetrical Suite had 5 labor rooms and 3 delivery rooms, the cost to equip the new hospital was $8,200,000.00. Remarkably the move-in was accomplished in two days from February 12 to 13,1983. The dedication ceremony was held on May 12,1983, the new hospital did not get the benefit of enjoying peaceful times
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Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune
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Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune is a 246-square-mile United States military training facility in Jacksonville, North Carolina. The bases 14 miles of beaches make it an area for amphibious assault training. In April 1941, construction was approved on an 11, 000-acre tract in Onslow County, on May 1 of that year, Lt. Col. William P. T. Hill began construction on Marine Barracks New River, the first base headquarters was in a summer cottage on Montford Point, and then moved to Hadnot Point in 1942. Later that year it was renamed in honor of the 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps, One of the satellite facilities of Camp Lejeune served for a while as a third boot camp for the Marines, in addition to Parris Island and San Diego. That facility, Montford Point, was established after Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, between 1942 and 1949, a brief era of segregated training for black Marines, the camp at Montford Point trained 20,000 African-Americans. After the military was ordered to integrate, Montford Point was renamed Camp Gilbert H. Johnson. Military forces from around the world come to Camp Lejeune on a basis for bilateral. Camp Lejeune was featured in the hit CW network drama One Tree Hill in late 2006, a 1974 base order required safe disposal of solvents and warned that improper handling could cause drinking water contamination. Yet solvents were dumped or buried near base wells for years, the bases wells were shut off in the mid-1980s, but were placed back online in violation of the law. In 1982, Volatile organic compounds were found to be in Camp Lejeunes drinking water supply, VOC contamination of groundwater can cause birth defects and other ill health effects in pregnant and nursing mothers. This information was not made public for two decades when the government attempted to identify those who may have been exposed. An advocacy group called The Few, The Proud, The Forgotten was created to inform victims of the contamination at Lejeune. This is believed to be the first time the government has admitted the link between the contamination and illnesses, in 2007, Jerry Ensminger, a retired Marine master sergeant, found a document dated 1981 that described a radioactive dump site near a rifle range at the camp. According to the report, the waste was laced with strontium-90, according to Camp Lejeunes installation restoration program manager, base officials learned in 2004 about the 1981 document. Ensminger served in the Marine Corps for 24 and a half years, in 1985 his 9-year-old daughter, Janey, died of cancer. On July 6,2009, Laura Jones filed suit against the US government over the water at the base. Jones previously lived at the base where her husband, a Marine, was stationed, Jones has lymphoma and now lives in Iowa
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Jacksonville, Florida
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Jacksonville is a seaport city and the seat of Duval County, Florida, United States. With an estimated 868,031 residents as of 2015, Jacksonville is the most populous city in both the state of Florida and the southeastern United States. It is estimated to be the 12th most populous city in the United States and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,603,497 and is the 34th largest in the United States and fourth largest in the state of Florida. The city is situated on the banks of the St. Johns River, in the First Coast region of North Florida, prior to European settlement, the Jacksonville area was inhabited by Native American people known as the Timucua. In 1564, the French established the colony of Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River. In 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain, Jacksonville is the cultural, commercial and financial center of North Florida. A major military and civilian deep-water port, the citys riverine location supports two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Floridas third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Jacksonville is also home to several colleges and universities, including University of North Florida, Jacksonville University and Florida State College at Jacksonville. The area of the city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the 16th century, the beginning of the era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville, French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20,1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, the Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustines position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964. Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, the British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber
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Naples
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Naples is the capital of the Italian region Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy, after Rome and Milan. In 2015, around 975,260 people lived within the administrative limits. The Metropolitan City of Naples had a population of 3,115,320, Naples is the 9th-most populous urban area in the European Union with a population of between 3 million and 3.7 million. About 4.4 million people live in the Naples metropolitan area, Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Bronze Age Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, a larger colony – initially known as Parthenope, Παρθενόπη – developed on the Island of Megaride around the ninth century BC, at the end of the Greek Dark Ages. Naples remained influential after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, thereafter, in union with Sicily, it became the capital of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. Naples was the most-bombed Italian city during World War II, much of the citys 20th-century periphery was constructed under Benito Mussolinis fascist government, and during reconstruction efforts after World War II. The city has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades, and unemployment levels in the city, however, Naples still suffers from political and economic corruption, and unemployment levels remain high. Naples has the fourth-largest urban economy in Italy, after Milan, Rome and it is the worlds 103rd-richest city by purchasing power, with an estimated 2011 GDP of US$83.6 billion. The port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe, numerous major Italian companies, such as MSC Cruises Italy S. p. A, are headquartered in Naples. The city also hosts NATOs Allied Joint Force Command Naples, the SRM Institution for Economic Research, Naples is a full member of the Eurocities network of European cities. The city was selected to become the headquarters of the European institution ACP/UE and was named a City of Literature by UNESCOs Creative Cities Network, the Villa Rosebery, one of the three official residences of the President of Italy, is located in the citys Posillipo district. Naples historic city centre is the largest in Europe, covering 1,700 hectares and enclosing 27 centuries of history, Naples has long been a major cultural centre with a global sphere of influence, particularly during the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras. In the immediate vicinity of Naples are numerous culturally and historically significant sites, including the Palace of Caserta, culinarily, Naples is synonymous with pizza, which originated in the city. Neapolitan music has furthermore been highly influential, credited with the invention of the romantic guitar, according to CNN, the metro stop Toledo is the most beautiful in Europe and it won also the LEAF Award 2013 as Public building of the year. Naples is the Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, Naples sports scene is dominated by football and Serie A club S. S. C. Napoli, two-time Italian champions and winner of European trophies, who play at the San Paolo Stadium in the south-west of the city, the Phlegraean Fields around Naples has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. The earliest Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, sailors from the Greek island of Rhodes established a small commercial port called Parthenope on the island of Megaride in the ninth century BC
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Center for Information Warfare Training
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The Center also oversees the Center for Language, Regional Expertise and Culture. The Center administers about 200 courses across the globe to an annual student count of 22,000 with a staff of nearly 1,300 military, civilian. All of CIWTs learning sites operate under one of four schoolhouse commands, each schoolhouse has its own leadership team and operates independently of one another. This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Navy document Center for Information Warfare Training
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Pensacola, Florida
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Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 51,923. Pensacola is the city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 461,227 residents in 2012. Pensacola is a sea port on Pensacola Bay, which is protected by the island of Santa Rosa. The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center, the area was originally inhabited by Muskogean peoples. The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact, Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559. In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area, from which the city gradually developed. The area changed several times as European powers competed in North America. During Floridas British rule, fortifications were strengthened, other nicknames include Worlds Whitest Beaches, Cradle of Naval Aviation, Western Gate to the Sunshine State, Americas First Settlement, Emerald Coast, Red Snapper Capital of the World, and P-Cola. The original inhabitants of the Pensacola Bay area were Native American peoples, at the time of European contact, a Muskogean-speaking tribe known to the Spanish as the Pensacola lived in the region. This name was not recorded until 1677, but the tribe appears to be the source of the name Pensacola for the bay and thence the city. Creek people, also Muskogean-speaking, came regularly from present-day southern Alabama to trade, so the peoples were part of a broader regional and even continental network of relations. The best-known Pensacola culture site in terms of archeology is the Bottle Creek site and this site has at least 18 large earthwork mounds, five of which are arranged around a central plaza. Its main occupation was from 1250 AD to 1550 and it was a ceremonial center for the Pensacola people and a gateway to their society. This site would have had access by a dugout canoe. The areas written recorded history begins in the 16th century, with documentation by Spanish explorers who were the first Europeans to reach the area. The expeditions of Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528 and Hernando de Soto in 1539 both visited Pensacola Bay, the latter of which documented the name Bay of Ochuse. In 1559, Tristán de Luna y Arellano landed with some 1,500 people on 11 ships from Veracruz, Mexico
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Rota, Andalusia
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The town of Rota is a Spanish municipality located in the Province of Cádiz, Andalusia. Its surface area is 84 km ² and is bordered by the towns of Chipiona, Sanlúcar de Barrameda and it is located near the city of Jerez de la Frontera and is 36 kilometers away from the provincial capital, Cadiz. In the year 2009 had 28,516 inhabitants, with a density of 339.44 inhabitants / km ². Located along the Bay of Cádiz in the Atlantic Ocean, it is halfway between Portugal and Gibraltar, is predominantly a tourist town, a destination for travelers from all over Europe. During the low season, its business activity is the fishing industry. In the municipality is located the Naval Station Rota, which is the largest source of employment to the municipality, archaeological evidence suggests that there was a Bronze Age settlement on the present site of Rota. The current town was founded by the Phoenicians at approximately the time as Cádiz. Rota is assumed to be the city known as Astaroth of the Tartesian empire. It later passed to the Romans, who knew the town as Speculum Rotae, following the arrival of the Moors in Spain, the city became known as Rabita Rutta, from which it derives its present name. From 1248 onwards, the Moors were gradually expelled from Spain, in 1297, Sancho IV awarded the town to Alonso Pérez de Guzmán in honour of his defence of Tarifa. Later, Pérez de Guzmán gave it to his daughter, Isabel, as a present when she married Fermin Ponce de León, Maestre of Alcántara. During the Middle Ages, the town was an important port for trading with North Africa, in 1780 the 11th Duke of Arcos died without issue, and the city was rendered to the Duke of Osuna. Rota is primarily a town, offering eight hotels and nearly two thousand beds. It is a destination for tourists from all over Europe. During the off-season, its commercial activity centres on the fishing industry. Rota is also the location of the Rota naval base, a joint Spanish and U. S. naval base and it is also the usual first and last port of call for U. S. naval vessels after leaving the Mediterranean Sea. The surrounding area is used for agriculture, the predominant crops are cotton and sunflowers, as well as green peppers, tomatoes. A traditional dish is the arranque made with chopped bread, tomatoes, green peppers, garlic, salt, the local wine, known as tintilla, is made with dark, ripe grapes
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Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
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Naval Air Station Sigonella
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Naval Air Station Sigonella, is a U. S. Navy installation at NATO Base Sigonella and an Italian Air Force base in Sicily, Italy. Although a tenant of the Italian Air Force, NAS Sigonella acts as landlord to more than 40 other U. S. commands and it is located 15 km west and 11 km south of the city of Catania, and some 40 km south of Mount Etna. Because of its location near the center of the Mediterranean Sea, NASSIG is well placed to support operations by the U. S. 6th Fleet, other U. S. military units and it also serves as an Italian base for the 41º Stormo Antisom. It is one of the most frequently used stops for U. S. airlift aircraft bound from the continental United States to Southwest Asia, NAS Sigonella has the best claim to be hub of U. S. naval air operations in the Mediterranean. The base command is landlord to more than 40 other U. S. units, among the largest are a rotating P-3C patrol squadron, a Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station, and a U. S. Naval Hospital. The hospital was built in 1992, previously, there was only a clinic and the closest U. S. Naval Hospital was at Naples. Sigonella is home to more than 4,000 troops, civilian personnel, NAS Sigonella is the Navys second largest security command, second only to that located at Naval Support Activity Bahrain. NAS Sigonella also has a support of security personnel from NR NSF Sigonella. The base comprises two sections, NAS I was the site of the original U. S. base but is now a support facility, NAS I also is host to other facilities, mainly for entertainment. NAS II is now used as a service base. The United States Naval Air Facility, Sigonella, was established 15 June 1959, the facility was conceived in the early 1950s, when plans to base U. S. Navy P2V Neptunes at Hal Far, Malta began to outgrow the facility. When there was no room for expansion at Malta, the U. S. Navy obtained NATO backing to be hosted by Sicilians, Italy made land available under a temporary agreement signed 25 June 1957. Six days later, Landing Ship Tank began to deliver equipment from the Malta base, Ground was broken in September, and construction on the administrative area at NAF I was started in 1958. It was built on top of an airfield where damaged fighters and bombers of the German Air Force had once landed during the Second World War. By the end of August 1959, the NAF II airfield was available for flights under visual flight rules,24 flights were logged by 31 August. One of Sigonellas first buildings was what is now the American Forces Network building, in 1958, that building was Sigonellas vector control center, where rat poison was stored. The Army Corps of Engineers next used the building for their offices, later sharing it with Special Services, or what is now called Morale, Welfare and Recreation. Around 1966, AFN came to Sigonella and joined Special Services, Sigonellas first flood occurred mid-September 1959
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Great Lakes, Illinois
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Naval Station Great Lakes is the home of the United States Navys only boot camp, located near North Chicago, in Lake County, Illinois. Important tenant commands include the Recruit Training Command, Training Support Center, Naval Station Great Lakes is the second largest military installation in Illinois and the largest training station in the Navy. The base has 1,153 buildings situated on 1,628 acres and has 50 miles of roadway to access to the bases facilities. Within the naval service, it has several different nicknames, including The Quarterdeck of the Navy, the original 39 buildings built between 1905 and 1911 were designed by Jarvis Hunt. The base is like a city, with its own Fire Department, Naval Security Forces. One of the landmarks of the area is Building 1, also known as the clocktower building, completed in 1911, the building is made of red brick, and has a tower over the third floor of the building. The large parade ground in front of the building is named Ross Field. In 1996, RTC Great Lakes became the Navys only basic training facility, approximately 40,000 recruits pass through Recruit Training Command annually with an estimated 7,000 recruits on board the installation at any time. RTC Great Lakes has been active for over 100 years, TSC Great Lakes is the Navys premier technical training command. It has a throughput of 16,000 sailors a year. The course has been consolidated with the US Armys parallel program and relocated to Fort Lee, Hospital Corpsman A School has been moved out of Great Lakes. The last class graduated on July 27,2011 and its last class was Class 11-125. The school has relocated to the Medical Education and Training Campus at Fort Sam Houston, Joint Base San Antonio and this change has merged Air Force, Army, and Navy Medical staff to a centralized location. In addition, all Navy rates that require basic electrical knowledge and this includes the Mineman and Sonar Technician rates, as well as some aviation rates prior to detachment to their respective school locations in San Diego, CA and Pensacola, Florida. Boatswains Mates complete Surface Common Core Basic Maintenance Training and engineering rates complete Basic Engineering Common Core Great Lakes was approved in 1904 by Theodore Roosevelt, construction was supervised by Navy Captain Albert R. Ross. Chicago-area architect Jarvis Hunt designed the original 39 buildings and Lt. George A. McKay was the engineer for the construction on the 172 acres wilderness location. $3.5 million was appropriated to finance construction, president William Howard Taft dedicated the Naval Training Station in 1911. On 3 July 1911, Joseph Gregg was the first recruit to arrive and he would graduate in the first class of 300
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Annapolis, Maryland
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Annapolis is the capital of the U. S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census, the city served as the seat of the Continental Congress in 1783–84 and was the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention and the Annapolis Peace Conference, held in 2007. Annapolis is the home of St. Johns College as well as the United States Naval Academy, a settlement in the Province of Maryland named Providence was founded on the north shore of the Severn River in 1649 by Puritan exiles from Virginia led by Governor William Stone. The settlers later moved to a harbor on the south shore. The settlement on the shore was initially named Town at Proctors, then Town at the Severn. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland, per orders from Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. On March 25,1655, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the Commonwealth. In 1660, he was replaced by Phillip Calvert as fifth/sixth Governor of Maryland), Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708. Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the chief industries. Annapolis is home to a number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city. Dr. Alexander Hamilton was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis, Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned John Shaw, the flag is slightly different from other designs of the time. The blue field extends over the height of the hoist. Shaw created two versions of the flag, one started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one. In 1786, delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the regulation of commerce. Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, the Philadelphia convention drafted and approved the Constitution of the United States, which is still in force. During this period, a prisoner of war camp, Camp Parole, was set up in Annapolis. As the war continued, the camp expanded to a location just west of the city
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North Charleston, South Carolina
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North Charleston is the third-largest city in the U. S. state of South Carolina, with incorporated areas in Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties. On June 12,1972, the city of North Charleston incorporated and was the ninth-largest city in South Carolina. As of the 2010 Census, North Charleston had a population of 97,471, growing to a population of 108,304 in 2015. North Charleston is one of the major industrial centers and is the states top city in gross retail sales. From the 17th century until the Civil War, plantations cultivated commodity crops, such as rice, some of the plantations located in what is now North Charleston were, Archdale Hall Plantation – dating from 1680, Archdale Hall was located on the Ashley River. By 1783, it had grown to almost 3,000 acres and its primary crops were indigo and rice. The plantation was the longest family-owned plantation in South Carolina and it has since been redeveloped into the Archdale subdivision. Camp Plantation – dating from 1705, Camp Plantation covered around 1,000 acres, Elms Plantation – dating from 1682, Elms Plantation was founded by Ralph Izard. It covered nearly 4,350 acres, stretching across parts of what are now the cities of Goose Creek, Charleston Southern University is located on part of the original plantation lands. French Botanical Garden – established between 1786 and 1796, this small area of 111 acres was owned and maintained by the French botanist André Michaux. It was closed by Michauxs son in 1803, the garden was located near what is today the Charleston International Airport, and the parkway connecting Dorchester Road with International Boulevard is named in his honor. Marshlands, Mons Repos and Retreat plantations – the Retreat Plantation dates from 1672, Mons Repos was developed around 1798. The land from all three plantations was acquired by the government for development of the Charleston Naval Base and Charleston Naval Shipyard. The Marshlands Plantations main house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, To preserve the house, Oak Grove Plantation – dating from 1680, Oak Grove originally covered 960 acres along the Cooper River. By 1750, its owners had expanded the plantation to about 1,127 acres, Tranquil Hill Plantation – started in 1683, Tranquil Hill was originally known as White Hall Plantation, a name it would keep until 1773. Since the late 20th century, it was redeveloped as the Whitehall residential subdivision, General William Moultrie, victor at the Battle of Sullivans Island in 1776 and governor from 1785–87 and 1792–94, was originally buried here. His remains were exhumed and reburied at Fort Moultrie on Sullivans Island in 1977, the Windsor Hill Plantation subdivision was developed on a portion of the eponymous plantations property. The large plantations were subdivided into farms in the late 19th century as the urban population began moving northward
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