1.
Peninsula
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A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on the majority of its border, while being connected to a mainland from which it extends out. Examples include the upper and lower peninsulas of the state of Michigan, the surrounding water is usually understood to be continuous, though not necessarily named as a single body of water. Peninsulas are not always named as such, one can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, a point is generally considered a tapering piece of land projecting into a body of water that is less prominent than a cape. A river which courses through a very tight meander is also said to form a peninsula within the loop of water. In English, the plural of peninsula is peninsulas or, less commonly, peninsulas can be found on coastlines and in smaller bodies of water throughout the world, ranging in scale from square meters to millions of square kilometers. Theres the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, and in Southern Europe theres the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian Peninsula, south America has the Brunswick Peninsula, and Antarctica has the Antarctic Peninsula. In Africa, theres the Horn of Africa, and in Australia, asia has the 3 largest peninsulas in the world, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Peninsula, and the Indochinese Peninsula
Peninsula
–
The world's largest peninsula, the
Arabian Peninsula
Peninsula
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Baja California Peninsula,
Mexico
Peninsula
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A beach on the Mornington Peninsula
Peninsula
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NASA satellite photo of
Otago Peninsula and
Otago Harbour. The city of
Dunedin is located at the
isthmus at lower left.
2.
Newfoundland (island)
–
Newfoundland is a large Canadian island off the east coast of the North American mainland, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It has 29 percent of the land area. The island is separated from the Labrador Peninsula by the Strait of Belle Isle and it blocks the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, creating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the worlds largest estuary. Newfoundlands nearest neighbour is the French overseas community of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, with an area of 108,860 square kilometres, Newfoundland is the worlds 16th-largest island, Canadas fourth-largest island, and the largest Canadian island outside the North. The provincial capital, St. Johns, is located on the southeastern coast of the island, Cape Spear, just south of the capital, is the easternmost point of North America, excluding Greenland. It is common to consider all directly neighbouring islands such as New World, Twillingate, Fogo, by that classification, Newfoundland and its associated small islands have a total area of 111,390 square kilometres. Additionally 6. 1% claimed at least one parent of French ancestry, the islands total population as of the 2006 census was 479,105. Long settled by peoples of the Dorset culture, the island was visited by the Icelandic Viking Leif Eriksson in the 11th century. The next European visitors to Newfoundland were Portuguese, Basque, Spanish, French, the island was visited by the Genoese navigator John Cabot, working under contract to King Henry VII of England on his expedition from Bristol in 1497. In 1501, Portuguese explorers Gaspar Corte-Real and his brother Miguel Corte-Real charted part of the coast of Newfoundland in a attempt to find the Northwest Passage. Newfoundland is considered Britains oldest colony, at the time of English settlement, the Beothuk inhabited the island. While there is evidence of ancient indigenous peoples on the island. LAnse aux Meadows was a Norse settlement near the northernmost tip of Newfoundland, the site is considered the only undisputed evidence of Pre-Columbian contact between the Old and New Worlds, if the Norse-Inuit contact on Greenland is not counted. There is a second suspected Norse site in Point Rosee, the island is a likely location of Vinland, mentioned in the Viking Chronicles, although this has been disputed. The indigenous people on the island at the time of European settlement were the Beothuk, later immigrants developed a variety of dialects associated with settlement on the island, Newfoundland English, Newfoundland French. In the 19th century, it also had a dialect of Irish known as Newfoundland Irish, Scottish Gaelic was spoken on the island during the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the Codroy Valley area, chiefly by settlers from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. The Gaelic names reflected the association with fishing, in Scottish Gaelic, it was called Eilean a Trosg, or literally, similarly, the Irish Gaelic name Talamh an Éisc means Land of the Fish. The first inhabitants of Newfoundland were the Paleo-Eskimo, who have no link to other groups in Newfoundland history
Newfoundland (island)
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The
Humber River on the Newfoundland island on an October 2007 autumn day
Newfoundland (island)
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Newfoundland (island)
Newfoundland (island)
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Plaque commemorating Gilbert's founding of the British Empire
Newfoundland (island)
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Cabot Tower located in
St John's
3.
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the countrys Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, in 2013, the provinces population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the population lives on the island of Newfoundland. The province is Canadas most linguistically homogeneous, with 97. 6% of residents reporting English as their mother tongue in the 2006 census, historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken, Newfoundland and Labradors capital and largest city, St. Johns, is Canadas 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 percent of the provinces population. St. Johns is the seat of government, home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction and it became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31,1949, as Newfoundland. On December 6,2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the official name to Newfoundland. The name Newfoundland is a translation of the Portuguese Terra Nova, the influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, and is located at the corner of North America. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two divisions, Labrador, which is a large area of mainland Canada, and Newfoundland. The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands, each side is about 400 km long, and its area is 108,860 km2. Newfoundland and its small islands have a total area of 111,390 km2. Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N, Labrador is an irregular shape, the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, most of Labradors southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labradors extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a border with Nunavut. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4. 06% of Canadas area, Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield, a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock comprising much of northeastern North America. Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland, gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site. The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundlands west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains, the north-south extent of the province, prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Churchill Falls in Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador
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Flag
Newfoundland and Labrador
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The Beothuk tribe of Newfoundland is extinct. It is represented in museum, historical and archeological records.
Newfoundland and Labrador
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L'Anse aux Meadows on Newfoundland, site of a
Norse colony
4.
Fortune Bay
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Fortune Bay is a fairly large natural bay located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the south coast of Newfoundland, Canada. The Bay is bounded by Point Crewe on the Burin Peninsula, the bay extends in a northeast direction for 105 kilometers ending at Terrenceville. Within Fortune Bay there are also a number of bays and coves including, Connaigre Bay, Great Bay de lEau, Belle Bay. There are a number of islands located in the bay, of which the largest is Brunette Island, some of the other islands include Sagona Island, Great Island, St. Johns Island, Chapel Island and Petticoat Island. It is believed that the name Fortune Bay is derived from the Portuguese word fortuna meaning place of good fortune and it is also one of the oldest surviving names in Newfoundland when it appeared on Majollos map from 1527. The Geological stage Fortunian is named after Fortune bay and Fortune, Newfoundland, Terrenceville Bay LArgent Little Harbour East Harbour Mille St
Fortune Bay
–
Fortune Bay
5.
Placentia Bay
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Placentia Bay is a body of water on the southeast coast of Newfoundland, Canada. It is formed by Burin Peninsula on the west and Avalon Peninsula on the east, fishing grounds in the bay were used by native people long before the first European fishermen arrived in the 16th century. For a time, the French controlled the bay and they built their capital at Placentia on the east coast. The British gained Placentia during the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the town and nearby Castle Hill are national historic sites. English settlement followed in the bay and today the main communities are Burin, Marystown, and Placentia
Placentia Bay
–
Placentia Bay
6.
Terrenceville, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Terrenceville is a small town located on the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland, Canada, south west of Swift Current. Located on the island of Newfoundland, approximately 80 kilometers north of Marystown on route 211, is the town of Terrenceville. It was known as Head of Fortune Bay until 1905, the population was 300 in 1944,424 in 1951 and 521 in 1956. In recent years the Eastern School Board has come under fire for the conditions of the local K-12 school St. Josephs All Grade. In Sept 2007 mold was found in the gymnasium roof. This was initially overlooked but the boards first inspection. Since then, the school has kept in great shape. In July 2007 Terrenceville had its very first Come Home Year Celebrations, every year, usually the first weekend in August, The Fire Dept. hosts a festival now known as The Bottom of the Bay Festival which is met with great reception. In 2015, Transport Canada sought to sell or divest itself of its local port facility
Terrenceville, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Terrenceville
7.
Basque Country (historical territory)
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The Basque Country is the name given to the home of the Basque people in the western Pyrenees that straddles the border between France and Spain on the Atlantic coast. Euskal Herria is the oldest documented Basque name for the area they inhabit, dating to the 16th century and it comprises the Autonomous Communities of the Basque Country and Navarre in Spain and the Northern Basque Country in France. The region is home to the Basque people, their language, culture, the name in Basque is Euskal Herria. The name is difficult to translate into other languages due to the wide range of meanings of the Basque word herri. It can be translated as nation, country, land, people, population and town, village, the first part, Euskal, is the adjectival form of Euskara the Basque language. Thus a more literal translation would be country/nation/people/settlement of the Basque language, some Basques refer to the seven traditional districts collectively as Zazpiak Bat, meaning The Seven One, a motto coined in the late 19th century. In most contemporary sources it covers the arrondissement of Bayonne and the cantons of Mauléon-Licharre and Tardets-Sorholus, within these conventions, the area of Northern Basque Country is 2,995 square kilometres. As emphasized by Jean Goyhenetche, it would be accurate to depict it as the reunion of five entities, Labourd, Lower Navarre, Soule but also Bayonne. The Southern Basque Country, known in Basque as Hegoalde is the part of the Basque region that lies completely within Spain and it is the largest and most populated part of the Basque Country. It includes two main regions, the Basque Autonomous Community and the Chartered Community of Navarre and its name refers to the charters, the Fueros of Navarre. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 states that Navarre may become a part of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country if it is so decided by its people, to date, there has been no implementation of this law. The latter has repeatedly asked for an amendment to the Constitution to remove this clause, the Basque Country region is dominated by a warm, humid and wet oceanic climate and the coastal area is part of Green Spain and by extension it affects Bayonne and Biarritz as well. Inland areas in Navarre and the regions of the autonomous community are transitional with continental mediterranean climate with somewhat larger temperature swings between seasons. The list only sources locations in Spain, but Bayonne/Biarritz have a similar climate as nearby Hondarribia on the Spanish side of the border. According to some theories, Basques may be the least assimilated remnant of the Paleolithic inhabitants of Western Europe to the Indo-European migrations, Basque tribes were mentioned by Greek writer Strabo and Roman writer Pliny, including the Vascones, the Aquitani, and others. Geographically, the Basque Country was inhabited in Roman times by several tribes, the Vascones, the Varduli, the Caristi, the Autrigones, the Berones, the Tarbelli, and the Sibulates. Many believe that except for the Berones and Autrigones they were non-Indo-European peoples, some ancient place-names, such as Deba, Butrón, Nervión, Zegama, suggest the presence of non-Basque peoples at some point in protohistory. The Vascones around Pamplona, after fighting against Franks and Visigoths, founded the Kingdom of Pamplona
Basque Country (historical territory)
–
San Sebastián or Donostia in the
Basque language
Basque Country (historical territory)
–
Flag
Basque Country (historical territory)
–
Town of Maule (
Mauléon) in (
Soule)
Basque Country (historical territory)
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Dolmen in Bilar (Álava)
8.
Cod
–
Cod is the common name for the genus Gadus of demersal fishes, belonging to the family Gadidae. Cod is also used as part of the name for a number of other fish species. Gadus morhua was named by Linnaeus in 1758, Cod is popular as a food with a mild flavour and a dense, flaky, white flesh. Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil, an important source of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod. In the United Kingdom, Atlantic cod is one of the most common ingredients in fish and chips, along with haddock, at various times in the past, taxonomists included many species in the genus Gadus. Most of these are now classified in other genera, or have been recognized as simply forms of one of three species. All these species have a number of names, most of them ending with the word cod, whereas other species. However, many other, unrelated species also have names ending with cod. The usage often changes with different localities and at different times, three species in the Gadus genus are currently called cod, Cod forms part of the common name of many other fish no longer classified in the genus Gadus. The tadpole cod family has now placed in Gadidae. Gadiformes include, Some fish have common names derived from cod, such as codling, Some fish commonly known as cod are unrelated to Gadus. Part of this confusion is market-driven. Severely shrunken Atlantic cod stocks have led to the marketing of cod replacements using culinary names of the form x cod, the common names for the following species have become well established, note that all inhabit the Southern Hemisphere. Most are better known as groupers, and belong to the family Serranidae, Some fish that do not have cod in their names are sometimes sold as cod. Haddock and whiting belong to the family, the Gadidae. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus Whiting Merlangius merlangus Cods of the genus Gadus have three rounded dorsal and two anal fins, the pelvic fins are small, with the first ray extended, and are set under the gill cover, in front of the pectoral fins. The upper jaw extends over the jaw, which has a well-developed chin barbel. The eyes are medium-sized, approximately the same as the length of the chin barbel, Cod have a distinct white lateral line running from the gill slit above the pectoral fin, to the base of the caudal or tail fin
Cod
–
Atlantic cod
Cod
Cod
–
The
Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua
Cod
–
A fish with its gills infested with two
cod worms
9.
Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
–
Fishing societies interplay with the resources which they depend on, fisheries transform the ecosystem, which pushes the fishery and society to adapt. According to any analysis, the collapse was first due to massive overfishing. Academics have highlighted these following four contributing factors in the collapse of the cod fishery. For centuries local fishermen used technology that limited the volume of their catch, the area they fished, and let them target specific species and ages of fish. From the 1950s onwards, as was common in all industries at the time, new technology was introduced that allowed fishermen to trawl a larger area, fish to a deeper depth and for a longer time. With the northern cod, significant amounts of capelin – an important prey species for the cod – were caught as bycatch, another factor important to consider in understanding the fisherys collapse is uncertainty in assessing the cod as a resource. The management of fisheries is associated with a high degree of uncertainty due to problems inherent in the nature of the resource. Unfortunately, this led to predictions about the cod stock that were mired in uncertainty, in addition to ecological considerations, decisions regarding the future of the fisheries were also influenced by social and economic factors. Throughout Atlantic Canada, but especially in Newfoundland, the cod fishery was a source of social and cultural identity, Newfoundlands fishery fell under the management of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans in 1949, when Newfoundland joined Canada as a province. Unfortunately, the department mismanaged the resource and allowed overfishing, Canada also has no policy plan, nor naval capacity to guard its own territorial rights and resources. The number of fishing trawlers in the 1960s increased, and inshore fishers complained to the government, in 1976, the government declared the right to manage the fisheries in an exclusive economic zone that extended to 200 mi offshore. The government wanted to reverse declining fish stocks by removing foreign fishing within the new inshore fishery boundaries, with the absence of foreign fishing many Canadian and U. S fishing trawlers took their place and the number of cod kept diminishing past a point of recovery. Many local fishermen noticed the decrease of cod and tried to inform local government officials. In 1986, scientists did a review of calculations and data after which they determined, however, even with these new statistics brought to light no changes were made in regards to the allotted yearly catch of cod. This was not due to a rise in cod stocks, it was because foreign trawlers could no longer fish the waters, therefore, when Fisheries and Oceans set quotas, they overestimated the total stock, and increased the total allowable catch. In 1992, John Crosbie, the minister of Fisheries and Oceans at the time, set the quota for cod at 187969 tonnes and that same year, the government announced a moratorium on cod fishing. When the government finally acted, it was too late, the 1992 moratorium was at first meant to last two years, hoping that the northern cod population would recover, and along with it the fishery. The damage done to Newfoundlands coastal ecosystem proved irreversible, even after twenty years, the northern cod population has not rebounded and the cod fishery remains closed
Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
–
The
northwest Atlantic fishery abruptly collapsed in 1992, following
overfishing since the late 1950s, and an earlier partial collapse in the 1970s.
Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
–
True cod
10.
Marystown, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Not to be confused with Marytown, see Marytown, Wisconsin or Marytown, West Virginia. Marystown is a Canadian town in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador with a population of 5,506 as of 2011, situated 306 km from the provinces capital, St. Johns, it is on the Burin Peninsula. Until the early 1990s, its economy was based on shipbuilding. The town was dependent on the fish plant for employment. Though the shipyard holds a presence in the town, residents have had to look elsewhere for economic subsistence in the last decade or so. The closure of the plants in Newfoundland has also had its hand in the decline in economic subsistence. Mortier Bay also served a role during the war, and was the site selected to evacuate the Royal Family. Marystown lies on hummocky pyroclastic volcanic rock of mixed composition and this rock is overlain by very stony sandy loam glacial till which has a classic podzol soil profile in undisturbed areas, this is named as Toslow soil association. The vegetation at the time of the survey was a barren dominated by sphagnum mosses, heath-type shrubs. Forest vegetation, mostly of trees, has developed in many areas around town as can be seen on Google Street View. Marystown and surrounding area is home to four schools, Marystown Central High School, Sacred Heart Academy, Pearce Junior High. Post secondary institutions include two public trade-colleges, College of the North Atlantic, and Keyin College, Marystowns public schools are serviced under the Eastern School District of Newfoundland and Labrador. While the town contains a mixture of churches of varying denominations. The information presented from a 2001 census from Statistics Canada indicates that 68% of the population is Roman Catholic, established in 1910, the original edifice, constructed in the early 1900s had to be reconstructed in the late 1970s due to a fire. In more recent years, the church has received attention from the news when a family of illegal immigrants from Israel resided there as a place of sanctuary. Alexi and Angela Portnoy and their five children stayed in the basement for a total of 962 days while seeking citizenship status. The family was deported to Israel, but their supporters vowed to try to help the family to return. Establishment of the began in 1956
Marystown, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Winter Sunset Over the Harbour featuring Canning Bridge
Marystown, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Coat of arms
Marystown, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Oil platform docked in
Mortier Bay.
11.
Fortune, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Fortune is a Canadian town located in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Fortune is situated on the side of the Burin Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland and was incorporated as a town in 1945. The town is located near the boundary of Fortune Bay. The name of the town is believed to have originated from the Portuguese word fortuna meaning harbour of good fortune, the main industry in Fortune is the ocean fishery which employs 400 residents. The majority of species landed include cod, flounder, and haddock, Fortune is also the nearest Canadian port for travelling to the French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. During the spring and summer months, a ferry connects the two islands with Fortune, the Geological stage Fortunian - the first age of the Cambrian Period - is named after Fortune and Fortune Bay. Mayo, political scientist Ambrose Price, interior designer and television personality Town of Fortune Fortune - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol
Fortune, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Seal
Fortune, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Fortune
12.
Newfoundland outport
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For wider usage of the term outport see Outport. An outport is the term given for an isolated coastal community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland. Originally the term was just used for communities on the island of Newfoundland. Outports are some of the oldest European settlements in Canada, giovanni Caboto visited Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island in 1497, and news spread quickly that Cabot had caught cod by simply lowering and lifting a weighted basket. The first recorded French fishing boat on the Grand Banks was in 1504, Basque whalers arrived in 1527, most fishing boats would sail in April or May and return in September. The westbound Atlantic crossing carried a crew including a shore party. The boats returned to the stage where they threw their catch to be gutted and split by the shore party. The drying fish were covered with sailcloth every night and during fog or rainy weather, the dried fish were then stored in sheds until the expanded crew and cargo were loaded for the eastbound Atlantic crossing. During the fishing and drying season, members of the party were able to increase their profits for the voyage by trading with First Nations residents bringing furs to the outport. Surviving a winter in the outport was easier for men who found friendly Mikmaq to teach them to find, both the First Nations and Europeans considered these outport communities temporary facilities of the fish trade. The pattern of small isolated settlements was reinforced by actions of the Parliament of England to make permanent settlement of Newfoundland illegal, the questionable legal status of Newfoundlands clandestine settlements discouraged the type of infrastructure investments found in the Maritime Provinces. The term outport has sometimes used in a derogatory sense. This cultural phenomenon mostly existed in the days before reliable surface land transportation on the island, the railway construction in the 1890s resulted in the creation of inland communities that relied on land-based natural resources. The outports began to see wholesale depopulation following cutbacks to ferry services and construction of roads throughout the island during, the resettlement program had many critics, as they noted that it resulted in what was likened to a cultural genocide as rural Newfoundland society became decimated. The cod moratorium of 1992 was another blow to the communities, whose entire economies were based on the ocean. Throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, outports have voluntarily agreed to depopulate as government required 100% agreement among residents for resettlement, only a small proportion of the provincial population remains in outports along the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador. With no highway access, limited economic growth due to declines in the fishery, and ongoing depopulation as young people move to urban centres. A1969 CBC radio documentary by Canadian pianist Glenn Gould called The Latecomers profiled Newfoundland outports, fishing stage Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador Fisheries Heritage website
Newfoundland outport
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Outport scene from
Fogo Island
Newfoundland outport
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Outports were established for curing fresh fish to dried cod. (photo by Karl Ragnar Gjertsen)
Newfoundland outport
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This 1922 photo taken in Norway illustrates the fish drying procedure.
Newfoundland outport
–
History
13.
Jacques Fontaine, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
St. Bernards-Jacques Fontaine is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 525 in the Canada 2006 Census, the town of St. Bernards-Jacques Fontaine was amalgamated in 1994 from two small fishing communities. Incorporated as a town in 1967, the community was known as Fox Cove until 1915, the name was changed to differentiate it from two other communities with the same name. St. Bernards appears to have settled in the early 19th century by the Johnson, Stewart. These were primarily Anglican fishermen and as with many Newfoundland communities, St. Bernards became predominantly Roman Catholic, while the nearby communities of Jacques Fontaine and Bay LArgent became predominantly Anglican. Incorporated as a town in 1986, this fishing community is located near the base of the Burin Peninsula on the east side of Fortune Bay approximately 3 km east of Bay LArgent. The origin of the name is uncertain, perhaps deriving from an early French settler, at noon weighed and came to sail. The earliest know settler was a Reuben Buffett, two of his children were born at Jack Fontaine according to the Grand Bank Methodist Church Records. Charlotte was born 19 December 1819 and Ambrose was born 21 Nov 1823, the first recorded census in 1863 labels the community as Tank Fontaine with a population of 33 residents. In 1935, there were 125 residents, noting the most common names as Johnson, Pardy, Allen, Harris. In the early 1980s, the population of Jacques Fontaine reached 200, most people finding employment in the inshore, list of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland Vital Statistics, 1753-1893, Family History Library,35 N. West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, UT84150 USA, Burin, Grand Bank, Birth 1817-1860, Vol.108, p.5, Record no
Jacques Fontaine, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Bank Road, or simply known to locals as "the Bank".
14.
Garnish, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Garnish, a town located on the west coast of the Burin Peninsula, was well known for its lumbering and now for its lobstering operations. Located on Route 213, it is 25 km along route 220 north west of Grand Bank and 18 km along Route 220 east of Marystown, the Way Office was established in 1852 and the first Waymaster was Henry Campe. In 2006 the town had a population of 578, List of lighthouses in Canada List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador Town of Garnish Garnish - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol
Garnish, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Garnish
15.
Grand Bank
–
Grand Bank, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada or Grand Banc as the first French settlers pronounced it, is a small rural town with a population of 2,580. It is located on the tip or toe of the Burin Peninsula,360 km from the provinces capital of St. Johns. Grand Banc was inhabited by French fisherman as early as 1640 and it was given the name Grand Banc because of the high bank that extends from Admirals Cove to the waters edge on the west side of the harbour. The Town of Grand Bank can attribute much of its past and present growth and prosperity to its proximity to the fishing grounds, original settlers thrived on trade with the French and a vigorous inshore fishing industry. Grand Bank became the nucleus of the fishing industry for Newfoundland. With the decline of the fish industry, the towns emphasis quickly shifted to fresh fish production. Enterprising businessmen and town planners prepared the way for a fish plant. 1640 - French fishermen were said to be in Grand Bank during this time,1687 - First French Census taken in Newfoundland shows “Grand Banc” with a population of 45. The first community had one church,3 houses and 18 muskets,1693 – Census takers recorded some of the prominent names, Bourney, Commer, Chevallier and Grandin. 1713 - Treaty of Utrecht, France relinquishes its claim to Newfoundland including St. Pierre et Miquelon, the French Population moved to Ile Royale. 1714 - William Taverner surveys the coast for the English Government,1763 - Peace Treaty of Paris, French are given St. Pierre et Miquelon, forcing the English population at St. Pierre to relocate to Grand Bank and Fortune Bay. 1765 - Captain James Cook mapped out the area and moored his ship at Admiral’s Cove, came ashore and gathered buds off the small spruce tree to brew beer for his crew. 1836 – Census list 45 dwellings and a population of 236 residents, 1850s - By the end of the 1850s, Grand Bank had a school, a doctor, a judicial system, a postal service and a road system. 1870s - A change in fishing vessel from a shallop to a schooner, with the change in vessel came a change in fishing gear. However, the trawl could not be set directly from the schooner, there was a need for a smaller boat, different from the punt, we have the first appearance of the dory. 1879 - Breakwater and Dredging legislation was passed,1881 - Bank Fishery began and Samuel Harris’s first season on the banks was a success. In short order, a number of other Grand Bankers with schooners followed, the demand for schooners dramatically increased. There were at one point seven schooners being built in Grand Bank, 1890-1940 – Grand Bank had a fleet of banking and foreign-going ships and earned the distinction “The Bank Fishing Capital” of Newfoundland
Grand Bank
–
Grand Bank
Grand Bank
16.
Point May, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Point May is the most southerly community on the Burin Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador with a population of about 150-250 people. It is a Catholic community with a church, town hall, fire hall, two stores, softball and soccer field. It is known for its proximity to the French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Point Mays main economic staple is its fishing, as in other small. However, since the decline of stocks and government intervention the residents of Point May have suffered. Point May has a rugged and diverse landscape, flat in comparison to most of Newfoundland and Labrador, Point May and its surrounding area is lined with marshes and peatland, perfect for bakeapple berries and partridge hunting. Because it is so close to the ocean, it is also a spot for hunting saltwater ducks. Its landscape is ideal for camping, cabins, fishing, Point May is actually separated in two by a river which is crossed by a bridge. Each area of town has its own such as Micks Cove, Lories. Point May and its people are known for their times, during holidays the town is one big party with lots of song and dance and alky. People of all ages gather at the Town Hall to celebrate whatever occasion, the softball team the Point May Tappers traveled throughout Canada to participate in national tournaments. Hockey is also popular and kids can be seen playing nearly everyday of the year. As time goes on, many communities in Newfoundland are being lost as people are leaving their homes to find work elsewhere. The fear is that this way of life will be lost
Point May, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Point May
17.
Lawn, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Lawn, population approximately 670 as of 2011, is located at the tip of the Burin Peninsula on Newfoundlands South coast, Newfoundland and Labrador. Lawn is spread around a harbour in a relatively lush valley. According to one tradition it was this lushness that inspired Captain James Cook to name the place Lawn Harbour. But it has also speculated that a Frenchman named the community after a doe caribou that he spotted there. Lawn is a community whose survival over the past two hundred years has depended entirely on the fishery, the abundance of fish in the waters surrounding Lawn attracted seasonal fishermen from France, Portugal, Spain and England. These fishermen came over in large fishing ships and returned to their homelands in the fall and this type of migratory fishery continued to exist on the Burin Peninsula well into the eighteen hundreds. However, in 1763 an important event occurred which had a impact on the development of permanent settlements on the Burin Peninsula. The town of Lawn was formed as Community Council in 1952 and was changed to a Town Council in 1968, prior to 1763 the English and French were continually at war with each other. These wars took a toll on both nations, as they fought for control of colonial possessions. Newfoundland, with its abundant supply of fish, became a colonial prize, the two nations agreed to divide the island into two zones in which they were permitted to prosecute a summer fishery. The Burin Peninsula was part of the “French Shore” in which the French had exclusive fishing rights, in the 1760s the British gained the upper hand in their war with France and finally in 1763 the French were defeated. In 1763 the French signed the Treaty of Utrecht, which forced them to all territorial claims on the island of Newfoundland. The only possessions they were permitted to keep were the islands of St. Pierre, the banishment of the French made permanent settlement much more attractive in Burin Peninsula communities such as Lawn. The first settlers to establish permanent residence in Lawn were the Connors family who came from County Cork, michael and his brother Peter Connors were fish merchants who decided to stay in Lawn after the summer fishery. Many of these began to spend their winters in Lawn. The Connors, Murphy, Strang, Pike and Tarrant descendants planted family roots, the survival of Lawn in the late seventeen hundreds and early eighteen hundreds were influenced by two important factors. The most important factor was the supply of cod, the second factor was the availability of a market for the cod. In the late 18th century the Sir Robert Newman Company, one of the most powerful fishing establishments in Newfoundland and this gave some sense of stability to the area and provided easy access to a market for fishermen from Lawn
Lawn, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Lawn
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St. Lawrence, Newfoundland and Labrador
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St. Lawrence is a Canadian town located on the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland and Labrador. As of 2011, the population of St. Lawrence was 1,244, popular family names in the town include Slaney, Pike, Lake, Drake and Edwards. St. Lawrence was named by a group of shipwrecked sailors who came to the New Found Land in 1583 with Sir Humphrey Gilbert, during the expedition their vessel, “HMS Delight”, sank off Sable Island. Sixteen of her crew drifted in a lifeboat for 7 days before coming ashore on the South Coast in Little St. Lawrence. A history of Newfoundland from the English, colonial, and foreign records, London, Eyre and Spottiswoode p. 183> However, in the Parliamentary Report of 1718 it is stated that nearly all the Poole vessels engaged in the Newfoundland trade were built in the Colony. Spurriers built barques, brigs, and ships at Oderin, Burin, p165. > Captain James Cook surveyed the St. Lawrence area and vicinity in 1765. St. Lawrence was a hive of activity in 1784 when Newmans opened its store in Little St. Lawrence, matthews, “NEWMAN, ROBERT, ” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 5, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed January 25,2017, http, fishing was the main economic activity of the area for hundreds of years due to the proximity of St. Lawrence with the Grand Banks. A tsunami devastated the following the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake,27 people lost their lives. This added greatly to the hardship already inflicted by the Great Depression, Fluorspar deposits had been noted as early as 1843 but it was not until 1933 that mining began. The Fluorspar mine in St. Lawrence was an employer in the community until 1978. In 2011 Canada Fluorspar Inc. outlined preparations to open a mine on the site of the old mine. As of 2016 the project has not commenced. A wind project has recently been initiated by the Government of Newfoundland, the project has resulted in the installation of nine Vestas V90-3MW wind turbines. Home of the wild brud as well, the recent development of offshore oil in the nearby Grand Banks area has not affected St. Lawrence much. On February 18,1942, more than 200 American sailors died when the USS Truxton ran aground near Chambers Cove, St. Lawrence has a K-12 School, St. Lawrence Academy. The school was initially the school for the town St. Lawrence Central High School. With dwindling enrollment in the 1990s the school was renamed St. Lawrence Academy, St. Lawrence has been referred to as the Soccer Capital of Canada and Home of the wild Brud
St. Lawrence, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Echoes of Valour Memorial
St. Lawrence, Newfoundland and Labrador
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St. Lawrence
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Burin, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Burin is a town on the Burin Peninsula in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The Burin Peninsula is often affectionately nicknamed The Boot due to its resemblance to the footwear when seen on a map, Burin is approximately 318 km from the capital of St. Johns. Settlement in Burin dates to the early 18th century, although evidence indicates that French fishermen had been fishing and exploring the area even earlier. Burin was settled as a community, with the earliest known evidence of settlement being in 1718. With the shelter of Burin harbour, the community thrived as one of the busiest fishing ports on the island, the town was incorporated in 1950, and included Burin North, Ship Cove and Burin Bay. In 1970 the town limits were expanded and now include Collins Cove, Path End, Bulls Cove, Black Duck Cove, Long Cove, Green Hill, Little Salmonier, Holletts Farm, Burin Bay Arm, and Salt Pond. Up until the early 1990s the local economy was still dependent on the fishing industry. The federally imposed cod moratorium which was instituted in 1992 had a impact on the fishing industry as a whole. One of the employers on the Burin peninsula was Fishery Products International, with fish processing plants located in Fortune, Marystown. The fish plants continue to this day to struggle to employ people to perform processing of fish products. The tourism sector has grown in the absence of the fishing industry, museums such as the Heritage House and Old Colony Trust remind people of what life was like in early Burin. There are also many Bed and Breakfasts that are located throughout the community, the school systems in Newfoundland underwent a change from denominational to a fully integrated system in the mid-1990s. Originally, there were two school systems under the denominational set-up — the Roman Catholic School Board and the Integrated School Board, Schools in the R. C. system included St. Patricks elementary school and Father Berney Memorial High School. The Integrated Schools included Sheens Hill Elementary, Harfitt Primary, Donald C. Jameson Academy, Schools, Sacred Heart Elementary and Marystown Central High School, as well as a Pentecostal School. With the removal of the school system, each of the schools were combined into one system to provide education for the area. Marystown Central High School, Sacred Heart Elementary, Pearce Junior High, jamieson Academy now remain, with Fr. Berney Memorial housing the school board offices, Pearce Junior will close in the end of the 2011 school year, with the junior high students transferring to Marystown Central High School. Post secondary institutions include three public colleges, College of the North Atlantic, Keyin College and Centrac College
Burin, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Seal
Burin, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Burin
20.
Baine Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Baine Harbour is a Canadian community in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Incorporated as a Government Community in 1970, it is located northeast of Marystown, in 1911 it had one store, one church and one hotel. The Way office was established in 1883, the first Waymaster was Lemuel Roberts. The first postmaster was W. Rodway in 1949 and it had a population of 204 in 1976, and 134 in 2006. List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Baine Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Baine Harbour
21.
Southeast Bight, Newfoundland and Labrador
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South East Bight is a small, isolated community located on the western shores of Placentia Bay on the Burin Peninsula. The only way to get to South East Bight is by boat and it is sometimes thought to be an island because of this. But the reason is there are no roads accessing the community. Many people from the community travel to Monkstown in the winter by ski-doo, to get to SEB one must travel towards Marystown on the Burin Peninsula, turn off the highway at Boat Harbour, travel to Petite Forte and then take a half-hour ferry ride to South East Bight. The community name came from the one takes to reach the community. The first settlers of South East Bight came in the early 1850s from England and Ireland and these settlers were people involved in the fishery. In the late 19th century South East Bight was a busy place, with a commercial farm, a slate quarry. Fishing was the occupation and remains so today. In the 19th century the population was about 30 families and by the 1930s it dropped to five families then grew to about 30 families again in the 1950s. When resettlement occurred in the 1960s many people left the community but nine families came in from surrounding places like Darbys Harbour, Clattice Harbour, many of these families still live in the community and return to these resettled communities to visit their cabins. The community is fully Roman Catholic religion and every family is supported by the fishery, family names that remain today are Lake, Ward, Whyte, Hefferan, Jones, Murphy, Brewer and Hepditch. South East Bight was originally settled by the Handlins in 1835, by 1836 the population had risen to about 30 people, all of Roman Catholic religion. A census taken in 1871 showed that the families were Dunphy, Hayne, Hefferon, Hunt, Pitman, Reddy, Ward. Most of these names, or variations thereof, are common in South East Bight today. This could be due to the manner in which the census was taken years ago, South East Bight once had a small slate mine operating but the venture was not feasible and was quickly closed down. Years ago the men traveled to the woods and to mines in places like St. Lawrence. In the early 20th century the population of South East Bight was approximately 150-160 people, by 1945 it had decreased to 51. In the 50s and 60s it again started to grow until resettlement, in the next few years families like the Lakes, Murphys and Powers moved in from Darbys Harbour, Murphys Cove and Clattice Harbour, and young people began to marry and settle there
Southeast Bight, Newfoundland and Labrador
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South East Bight
22.
Toslow
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Toslow is a resettled fishing community in Placentia Bay on the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The village was located in a harbour called Presque Harbour. According to Howley, the name is believed to be a corruption of the French for silver cup because the harbour is cup-like. In the 1836 census there were 21 people and in 1845 it had a population of 26 and it was a prosperous community where all of the residents made a living in the fishing industry. By 1901 there were three factories in the community. The community has gained notoriety from the very familiar Newfoundland ballad of The Ryans, the song mentions many of the surrounding communities such as Isle Valen, Oderin and Little Bona amongst many others. Toslow is also the subject of another popular Newfoundland ballad, Out from St. Leonards where it describes the plight of the residents as they were forced into resettlement. The chorus verse of the song is as follows, List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Toslow
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Toslow
23.
1929 Grand Banks earthquake
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The 1929 Grand Banks earthquake occurred on November 18. The shock had a moment magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of VI and was centered in the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Newfoundland in the Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone. The earthquake was centred on the edge of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and it was felt as far away as New York City and Montreal. The quake, along two faults 250 kilometres south of the Burin Peninsula, triggered a large submarine landslide displacing and it snapped 12 submarine transatlantic telegraph cables and led to a tsunami that arrived in three waves. Newfoundland, Canada and Saint Pierre and Miquelon had the largest impact and this was Canadas largest submarine landslide ever recorded, up to 500 times the size of 1894 Saint-Alban subaerial slide. In 2002 Natural Resources Canada and the United States Geological Survey, the tsunami waves had an amplitude of 3–8 metres, and a runup of 13 metres along the Burin Peninsula. It destroyed many south coastal communities on the Peninsula, killing 27 or 28 people, all means of communication were cut off by the destruction, and relief efforts were further hampered by a blizzard that struck the day after. This was Canadas largest submarine landslide ever recorded, up to 500 times the size of 1894 Saint-Alban landslide, tsunami travel times demonstrate the strong anisotropy of the propagating waves. The waves reach open ocean islands such as Bermuda in about 2 h and the Azores in about 4 h. At the same time, tsunami wave speeds are slower in the direction of the North America coast. Prince Edward Island had felt the earthquake the intensity was rated at the time IV - VI on the Rossi-Forel scale, in PEI it ranged from an intensity of a III - V. On the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, about 18 kilometres west of the Burin Peninsula, people were woken around 16, at 17,20, the tsunami reached the island of Saint-Pierre, submerging the docks. The worst damage was reported on the then named Île-aux-Chiens. The tsunami hit from the south, rising above the height of the bank that protects the south coast. It damaged and moved some of the houses, there were no reported injuries or casualties from the islands, donations from across Newfoundland, Canada, the United States and United Kingdom totaled $250,000. There was never an official list of the victims produced by any branch of the Newfoundland government. In the report entitled Loss of Life, the Honourable Dr. Harris Munden Mosdell, Chairman of the Board of Health Burin West, reported, twenty-five deaths were due directly to the upheaval. Two other deaths occurred subsequently and were due to shock and exposure, one sand layer, thought to be deposited by the 1929 tsunami, at Taylors Bay was found 13 centimetres below the turf line
1929 Grand Banks earthquake
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
