1.
Newfoundland (island)
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Newfoundland is a large Canadian island off the east coast of the North American mainland, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It has 29 percent of the land area. The island is separated from the Labrador Peninsula by the Strait of Belle Isle and it blocks the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, creating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the worlds largest estuary. Newfoundlands nearest neighbour is the French overseas community of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, with an area of 108,860 square kilometres, Newfoundland is the worlds 16th-largest island, Canadas fourth-largest island, and the largest Canadian island outside the North. The provincial capital, St. Johns, is located on the southeastern coast of the island, Cape Spear, just south of the capital, is the easternmost point of North America, excluding Greenland. It is common to consider all directly neighbouring islands such as New World, Twillingate, Fogo, by that classification, Newfoundland and its associated small islands have a total area of 111,390 square kilometres. Additionally 6. 1% claimed at least one parent of French ancestry, the islands total population as of the 2006 census was 479,105. Long settled by peoples of the Dorset culture, the island was visited by the Icelandic Viking Leif Eriksson in the 11th century. The next European visitors to Newfoundland were Portuguese, Basque, Spanish, French, the island was visited by the Genoese navigator John Cabot, working under contract to King Henry VII of England on his expedition from Bristol in 1497. In 1501, Portuguese explorers Gaspar Corte-Real and his brother Miguel Corte-Real charted part of the coast of Newfoundland in a attempt to find the Northwest Passage. Newfoundland is considered Britains oldest colony, at the time of English settlement, the Beothuk inhabited the island. While there is evidence of ancient indigenous peoples on the island. LAnse aux Meadows was a Norse settlement near the northernmost tip of Newfoundland, the site is considered the only undisputed evidence of Pre-Columbian contact between the Old and New Worlds, if the Norse-Inuit contact on Greenland is not counted. There is a second suspected Norse site in Point Rosee, the island is a likely location of Vinland, mentioned in the Viking Chronicles, although this has been disputed. The indigenous people on the island at the time of European settlement were the Beothuk, later immigrants developed a variety of dialects associated with settlement on the island, Newfoundland English, Newfoundland French. In the 19th century, it also had a dialect of Irish known as Newfoundland Irish, Scottish Gaelic was spoken on the island during the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the Codroy Valley area, chiefly by settlers from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. The Gaelic names reflected the association with fishing, in Scottish Gaelic, it was called Eilean a Trosg, or literally, similarly, the Irish Gaelic name Talamh an Éisc means Land of the Fish. The first inhabitants of Newfoundland were the Paleo-Eskimo, who have no link to other groups in Newfoundland history
2.
Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the countrys Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, in 2013, the provinces population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the population lives on the island of Newfoundland. The province is Canadas most linguistically homogeneous, with 97. 6% of residents reporting English as their mother tongue in the 2006 census, historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken, Newfoundland and Labradors capital and largest city, St. Johns, is Canadas 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 percent of the provinces population. St. Johns is the seat of government, home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction and it became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31,1949, as Newfoundland. On December 6,2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the official name to Newfoundland. The name Newfoundland is a translation of the Portuguese Terra Nova, the influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, and is located at the corner of North America. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two divisions, Labrador, which is a large area of mainland Canada, and Newfoundland. The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands, each side is about 400 km long, and its area is 108,860 km2. Newfoundland and its small islands have a total area of 111,390 km2. Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N, Labrador is an irregular shape, the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, most of Labradors southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labradors extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a border with Nunavut. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4. 06% of Canadas area, Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield, a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock comprising much of northeastern North America. Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland, gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site. The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundlands west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains, the north-south extent of the province, prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province
3.
Basque Country (greater region)
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The Basque Country is the name given to the home of the Basque people in the western Pyrenees that straddles the border between France and Spain on the Atlantic coast. Euskal Herria is the oldest documented Basque name for the area they inhabit, dating to the 16th century and it comprises the Autonomous Communities of the Basque Country and Navarre in Spain and the Northern Basque Country in France. The region is home to the Basque people, their language, culture, the name in Basque is Euskal Herria. The name is difficult to translate into other languages due to the wide range of meanings of the Basque word herri. It can be translated as nation, country, land, people, population and town, village, the first part, Euskal, is the adjectival form of Euskara the Basque language. Thus a more literal translation would be country/nation/people/settlement of the Basque language, some Basques refer to the seven traditional districts collectively as Zazpiak Bat, meaning The Seven One, a motto coined in the late 19th century. In most contemporary sources it covers the arrondissement of Bayonne and the cantons of Mauléon-Licharre and Tardets-Sorholus, within these conventions, the area of Northern Basque Country is 2,995 square kilometres. As emphasized by Jean Goyhenetche, it would be accurate to depict it as the reunion of five entities, Labourd, Lower Navarre, Soule but also Bayonne. The Southern Basque Country, known in Basque as Hegoalde is the part of the Basque region that lies completely within Spain and it is the largest and most populated part of the Basque Country. It includes two main regions, the Basque Autonomous Community and the Chartered Community of Navarre and its name refers to the charters, the Fueros of Navarre. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 states that Navarre may become a part of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country if it is so decided by its people, to date, there has been no implementation of this law. The latter has repeatedly asked for an amendment to the Constitution to remove this clause, the Basque Country region is dominated by a warm, humid and wet oceanic climate and the coastal area is part of Green Spain and by extension it affects Bayonne and Biarritz as well. Inland areas in Navarre and the regions of the autonomous community are transitional with continental mediterranean climate with somewhat larger temperature swings between seasons. The list only sources locations in Spain, but Bayonne/Biarritz have a similar climate as nearby Hondarribia on the Spanish side of the border. According to some theories, Basques may be the least assimilated remnant of the Paleolithic inhabitants of Western Europe to the Indo-European migrations, Basque tribes were mentioned by Greek writer Strabo and Roman writer Pliny, including the Vascones, the Aquitani, and others. Geographically, the Basque Country was inhabited in Roman times by several tribes, the Vascones, the Varduli, the Caristi, the Autrigones, the Berones, the Tarbelli, and the Sibulates. Many believe that except for the Berones and Autrigones they were non-Indo-European peoples, some ancient place-names, such as Deba, Butrón, Nervión, Zegama, suggest the presence of non-Basque peoples at some point in protohistory. The Vascones around Pamplona, after fighting against Franks and Visigoths, founded the Kingdom of Pamplona
4.
Cod
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Cod is the common name for the genus Gadus of demersal fishes, belonging to the family Gadidae. Cod is also used as part of the name for a number of other fish species. Gadus morhua was named by Linnaeus in 1758, Cod is popular as a food with a mild flavour and a dense, flaky, white flesh. Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil, an important source of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod. In the United Kingdom, Atlantic cod is one of the most common ingredients in fish and chips, along with haddock, at various times in the past, taxonomists included many species in the genus Gadus. Most of these are now classified in other genera, or have been recognized as simply forms of one of three species. All these species have a number of names, most of them ending with the word cod, whereas other species. However, many other, unrelated species also have names ending with cod. The usage often changes with different localities and at different times, three species in the Gadus genus are currently called cod, Cod forms part of the common name of many other fish no longer classified in the genus Gadus. The tadpole cod family has now placed in Gadidae. Gadiformes include, Some fish have common names derived from cod, such as codling, Some fish commonly known as cod are unrelated to Gadus. Part of this confusion is market-driven. Severely shrunken Atlantic cod stocks have led to the marketing of cod replacements using culinary names of the form x cod, the common names for the following species have become well established, note that all inhabit the Southern Hemisphere. Most are better known as groupers, and belong to the family Serranidae, Some fish that do not have cod in their names are sometimes sold as cod. Haddock and whiting belong to the family, the Gadidae. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus Whiting Merlangius merlangus Cods of the genus Gadus have three rounded dorsal and two anal fins, the pelvic fins are small, with the first ray extended, and are set under the gill cover, in front of the pectoral fins. The upper jaw extends over the jaw, which has a well-developed chin barbel. The eyes are medium-sized, approximately the same as the length of the chin barbel, Cod have a distinct white lateral line running from the gill slit above the pectoral fin, to the base of the caudal or tail fin
5.
Marystown
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Not to be confused with Marytown, see Marytown, Wisconsin or Marytown, West Virginia. Marystown is a Canadian town in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador with a population of 5,506 as of 2011, situated 306 km from the provinces capital, St. Johns, it is on the Burin Peninsula. Until the early 1990s, its economy was based on shipbuilding. The town was dependent on the fish plant for employment. Though the shipyard holds a presence in the town, residents have had to look elsewhere for economic subsistence in the last decade or so. The closure of the plants in Newfoundland has also had its hand in the decline in economic subsistence. Mortier Bay also served a role during the war, and was the site selected to evacuate the Royal Family. Marystown lies on hummocky pyroclastic volcanic rock of mixed composition and this rock is overlain by very stony sandy loam glacial till which has a classic podzol soil profile in undisturbed areas, this is named as Toslow soil association. The vegetation at the time of the survey was a barren dominated by sphagnum mosses, heath-type shrubs. Forest vegetation, mostly of trees, has developed in many areas around town as can be seen on Google Street View. Marystown and surrounding area is home to four schools, Marystown Central High School, Sacred Heart Academy, Pearce Junior High. Post secondary institutions include two public trade-colleges, College of the North Atlantic, and Keyin College, Marystowns public schools are serviced under the Eastern School District of Newfoundland and Labrador. While the town contains a mixture of churches of varying denominations. The information presented from a 2001 census from Statistics Canada indicates that 68% of the population is Roman Catholic, established in 1910, the original edifice, constructed in the early 1900s had to be reconstructed in the late 1970s due to a fire. In more recent years, the church has received attention from the news when a family of illegal immigrants from Israel resided there as a place of sanctuary. Alexi and Angela Portnoy and their five children stayed in the basement for a total of 962 days while seeking citizenship status. The family was deported to Israel, but their supporters vowed to try to help the family to return. Establishment of the began in 1956
6.
Newfoundland outport
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For wider usage of the term outport see Outport. An outport is the term given for an isolated coastal community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland. Originally the term was just used for communities on the island of Newfoundland. Outports are some of the oldest European settlements in Canada, giovanni Caboto visited Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island in 1497, and news spread quickly that Cabot had caught cod by simply lowering and lifting a weighted basket. The first recorded French fishing boat on the Grand Banks was in 1504, Basque whalers arrived in 1527, most fishing boats would sail in April or May and return in September. The westbound Atlantic crossing carried a crew including a shore party. The boats returned to the stage where they threw their catch to be gutted and split by the shore party. The drying fish were covered with sailcloth every night and during fog or rainy weather, the dried fish were then stored in sheds until the expanded crew and cargo were loaded for the eastbound Atlantic crossing. During the fishing and drying season, members of the party were able to increase their profits for the voyage by trading with First Nations residents bringing furs to the outport. Surviving a winter in the outport was easier for men who found friendly Mikmaq to teach them to find, both the First Nations and Europeans considered these outport communities temporary facilities of the fish trade. The pattern of small isolated settlements was reinforced by actions of the Parliament of England to make permanent settlement of Newfoundland illegal, the questionable legal status of Newfoundlands clandestine settlements discouraged the type of infrastructure investments found in the Maritime Provinces. The term outport has sometimes used in a derogatory sense. This cultural phenomenon mostly existed in the days before reliable surface land transportation on the island, the railway construction in the 1890s resulted in the creation of inland communities that relied on land-based natural resources. The outports began to see wholesale depopulation following cutbacks to ferry services and construction of roads throughout the island during, the resettlement program had many critics, as they noted that it resulted in what was likened to a cultural genocide as rural Newfoundland society became decimated. The cod moratorium of 1992 was another blow to the communities, whose entire economies were based on the ocean. Throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, outports have voluntarily agreed to depopulate as government required 100% agreement among residents for resettlement, only a small proportion of the provincial population remains in outports along the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador. With no highway access, limited economic growth due to declines in the fishery, and ongoing depopulation as young people move to urban centres. A1969 CBC radio documentary by Canadian pianist Glenn Gould called The Latecomers profiled Newfoundland outports, fishing stage Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador Fisheries Heritage website
7.
Grand Bank
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Grand Bank, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada or Grand Banc as the first French settlers pronounced it, is a small rural town with a population of 2,580. It is located on the tip or toe of the Burin Peninsula,360 km from the provinces capital of St. Johns. Grand Banc was inhabited by French fisherman as early as 1640 and it was given the name Grand Banc because of the high bank that extends from Admirals Cove to the waters edge on the west side of the harbour. The Town of Grand Bank can attribute much of its past and present growth and prosperity to its proximity to the fishing grounds, original settlers thrived on trade with the French and a vigorous inshore fishing industry. Grand Bank became the nucleus of the fishing industry for Newfoundland. With the decline of the fish industry, the towns emphasis quickly shifted to fresh fish production. Enterprising businessmen and town planners prepared the way for a fish plant. 1640 - French fishermen were said to be in Grand Bank during this time,1687 - First French Census taken in Newfoundland shows “Grand Banc” with a population of 45. The first community had one church,3 houses and 18 muskets,1693 – Census takers recorded some of the prominent names, Bourney, Commer, Chevallier and Grandin. 1713 - Treaty of Utrecht, France relinquishes its claim to Newfoundland including St. Pierre et Miquelon, the French Population moved to Ile Royale. 1714 - William Taverner surveys the coast for the English Government,1763 - Peace Treaty of Paris, French are given St. Pierre et Miquelon, forcing the English population at St. Pierre to relocate to Grand Bank and Fortune Bay. 1765 - Captain James Cook mapped out the area and moored his ship at Admiral’s Cove, came ashore and gathered buds off the small spruce tree to brew beer for his crew. 1836 – Census list 45 dwellings and a population of 236 residents, 1850s - By the end of the 1850s, Grand Bank had a school, a doctor, a judicial system, a postal service and a road system. 1870s - A change in fishing vessel from a shallop to a schooner, with the change in vessel came a change in fishing gear. However, the trawl could not be set directly from the schooner, there was a need for a smaller boat, different from the punt, we have the first appearance of the dory. 1879 - Breakwater and Dredging legislation was passed,1881 - Bank Fishery began and Samuel Harris’s first season on the banks was a success. In short order, a number of other Grand Bankers with schooners followed, the demand for schooners dramatically increased. There were at one point seven schooners being built in Grand Bank, 1890-1940 – Grand Bank had a fleet of banking and foreign-going ships and earned the distinction “The Bank Fishing Capital” of Newfoundland
8.
Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
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Fishing societies interplay with the resources which they depend on, fisheries transform the ecosystem, which pushes the fishery and society to adapt. According to any analysis, the collapse was first due to massive overfishing. Academics have highlighted these following four contributing factors in the collapse of the cod fishery. For centuries local fishermen used technology that limited the volume of their catch, the area they fished, and let them target specific species and ages of fish. From the 1950s onwards, as was common in all industries at the time, new technology was introduced that allowed fishermen to trawl a larger area, fish to a deeper depth and for a longer time. With the northern cod, significant amounts of capelin – an important prey species for the cod – were caught as bycatch, another factor important to consider in understanding the fisherys collapse is uncertainty in assessing the cod as a resource. The management of fisheries is associated with a high degree of uncertainty due to problems inherent in the nature of the resource. Unfortunately, this led to predictions about the cod stock that were mired in uncertainty, in addition to ecological considerations, decisions regarding the future of the fisheries were also influenced by social and economic factors. Throughout Atlantic Canada, but especially in Newfoundland, the cod fishery was a source of social and cultural identity, Newfoundlands fishery fell under the management of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans in 1949, when Newfoundland joined Canada as a province. Unfortunately, the department mismanaged the resource and allowed overfishing, Canada also has no policy plan, nor naval capacity to guard its own territorial rights and resources. The number of fishing trawlers in the 1960s increased, and inshore fishers complained to the government, in 1976, the government declared the right to manage the fisheries in an exclusive economic zone that extended to 200 mi offshore. The government wanted to reverse declining fish stocks by removing foreign fishing within the new inshore fishery boundaries, with the absence of foreign fishing many Canadian and U. S fishing trawlers took their place and the number of cod kept diminishing past a point of recovery. Many local fishermen noticed the decrease of cod and tried to inform local government officials. In 1986, scientists did a review of calculations and data after which they determined, however, even with these new statistics brought to light no changes were made in regards to the allotted yearly catch of cod. This was not due to a rise in cod stocks, it was because foreign trawlers could no longer fish the waters, therefore, when Fisheries and Oceans set quotas, they overestimated the total stock, and increased the total allowable catch. In 1992, John Crosbie, the minister of Fisheries and Oceans at the time, set the quota for cod at 187969 tonnes and that same year, the government announced a moratorium on cod fishing. When the government finally acted, it was too late, the 1992 moratorium was at first meant to last two years, hoping that the northern cod population would recover, and along with it the fishery. The damage done to Newfoundlands coastal ecosystem proved irreversible, even after twenty years, the northern cod population has not rebounded and the cod fishery remains closed
9.
Peninsula
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A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on the majority of its border, while being connected to a mainland from which it extends out. Examples include the upper and lower peninsulas of the state of Michigan, the surrounding water is usually understood to be continuous, though not necessarily named as a single body of water. Peninsulas are not always named as such, one can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, a point is generally considered a tapering piece of land projecting into a body of water that is less prominent than a cape. A river which courses through a very tight meander is also said to form a peninsula within the loop of water. In English, the plural of peninsula is peninsulas or, less commonly, peninsulas can be found on coastlines and in smaller bodies of water throughout the world, ranging in scale from square meters to millions of square kilometers. Theres the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, and in Southern Europe theres the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian Peninsula, south America has the Brunswick Peninsula, and Antarctica has the Antarctic Peninsula. In Africa, theres the Horn of Africa, and in Australia, asia has the 3 largest peninsulas in the world, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Peninsula, and the Indochinese Peninsula
10.
Fortune, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Fortune is a Canadian town located in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Fortune is situated on the side of the Burin Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland and was incorporated as a town in 1945. The town is located near the boundary of Fortune Bay. The name of the town is believed to have originated from the Portuguese word fortuna meaning harbour of good fortune, the main industry in Fortune is the ocean fishery which employs 400 residents. The majority of species landed include cod, flounder, and haddock, Fortune is also the nearest Canadian port for travelling to the French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. During the spring and summer months, a ferry connects the two islands with Fortune, the Geological stage Fortunian - the first age of the Cambrian Period - is named after Fortune and Fortune Bay. Mayo, political scientist Ambrose Price, interior designer and television personality Town of Fortune Fortune - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol
11.
St. Bernard's-Jacques Fontaine
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St. Bernards-Jacques Fontaine is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 525 in the Canada 2006 Census, the town of St. Bernards-Jacques Fontaine was amalgamated in 1994 from two small fishing communities. Incorporated as a town in 1967, the community was known as Fox Cove until 1915, the name was changed to differentiate it from two other communities with the same name. St. Bernards appears to have settled in the early 19th century by the Johnson, Stewart. These were primarily Anglican fishermen and as with many Newfoundland communities, St. Bernards became predominantly Roman Catholic, while the nearby communities of Jacques Fontaine and Bay LArgent became predominantly Anglican. Incorporated as a town in 1986, this fishing community is located near the base of the Burin Peninsula on the east side of Fortune Bay approximately 3 km east of Bay LArgent. The origin of the name is uncertain, perhaps deriving from an early French settler, at noon weighed and came to sail. The earliest know settler was a Reuben Buffett, two of his children were born at Jack Fontaine according to the Grand Bank Methodist Church Records. Charlotte was born 19 December 1819 and Ambrose was born 21 Nov 1823, the first recorded census in 1863 labels the community as Tank Fontaine with a population of 33 residents. In 1935, there were 125 residents, noting the most common names as Johnson, Pardy, Allen, Harris. In the early 1980s, the population of Jacques Fontaine reached 200, most people finding employment in the inshore, list of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland Vital Statistics, 1753-1893, Family History Library,35 N. West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, UT84150 USA, Burin, Grand Bank, Birth 1817-1860, Vol.108, p.5, Record no
