1.
Louisiana State University of Alexandria
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Louisiana State University of Alexandria is located in Alexandria, Louisiana, in the geographic center of the state. It is a publicly assisted university offering degrees in numerous disciplines. The university is a unit of the LSU System and operates under the auspices of the Louisiana Board of Regents, as of fall 2016, LSUA has an enrollment of 3,277 students which is recorded as the highest in the universitys history. The institution is located on the grounds of the former Oakland Plantation some eight miles south of downtown Alexandria, the campus boasts many majestic oaks dating from the nineteenth century. LSUA devotes itself exclusively to undergraduate programs, offering degrees in a variety of liberal arts, the university confers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of General Studies degrees. The baccalaureate degrees are as listed in the table, LSUA also confers associate degrees in Nursing, and Radiologic Technology. In addition, it offers Certification in Pharmacy Technology and an Alternative Path to Elementary and Secondary Education Certification, in 1959, the Louisiana Legislature authorized the establishment of LSUA as a two-year college under the governance of the LSU Board of Supervisors. LSUA registered its first students in 1960 and initiated its first degree program, the additional academic divisions of Liberal Arts, Business Administration, and Sciences were developed in 1967. In 1974, LSUA was accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges, over the next 15 years, several associate degree and certificate programs were added. From 1976 through 2003, Louisiana State University offered the course work for select bachelors degree programs on the LSUA campus through a program known as LSU Senior College. Initially, the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and Bachelor of General Studies were offered, the Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education was added in 1982. In 2002, SACS granted accreditation to the university to award associate and baccalaureate degrees. The following year LSUA was reorganized into colleges and departments rather than divisions, the College of Arts and Sciences consisted of the departments of Arts, English and Humanities, Behavioral and Social Sciences, Biological Sciences, and Mathematics and Physical Sciences. The College of Professional Studies consisted of the departments of Allied Health, Business Administration, Education, because there were students at LSUA who had completed upper-level course work through LSU Senior College, LSUA was able to produce its first bachelors degree graduates in December 2003. The university added a Bachelor of Science in Psychology in 2005, students who major in biology, English, history, or mathematics may declare Secondary Education as a minor in these areas of study, earning certification to teach that subject in grades 6–12. Add–on certifications are available for Early Childhood Education and Special Education in area of existing certification, in 2013 new bachelors degree programs were added in Elder Care and Medical Laboratory Science. In March 2014, Daniel Howard, PhD, became the new chancellor and he came to LSUA from Arkansas State University where he had been Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs and Interim Chancellor. Immediately before that, Dr. Howard served for fifteen years as a Vice President at the University of North Alabama, in December 2013, it was announced that LSUA decided to rebrand the school which started in January 2014
2.
Grambling State University
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Grambling State University is a historically black, public, coeducational university, located in Grambling, Louisiana. The university is home of College Football Hall of Fame inductee and former football coach Eddie Robinson. The university is a member-school of the University of Louisiana System, Grambling State was founded in 1901 and accredited in 1949. The school became Grambling College in 1946 named after a sawmill owner, Judson H. Grambling. With the addition of departments, Grambling gained university status in 1974. Grambling State University emerged from the desire of African-American farmers in rural north Louisiana who wanted to educate other African Americans in the part of the state. In 1896, the North Louisiana Colored Agriculture Relief Association was formed to organize, after opening a small school west of what is now the town of Grambling, the Association requested assistance from Booker T. Washington of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Charles P. Adams, sent to aid the group in organizing a school, became its founder. Under Adams’ leadership, the Colored Industrial and Agricultural School opened on November 1,1901, four years later, the school moved to its present location and was renamed the North Louisiana Agricultural and Industrial School. By 1928, the school was able to offer two-year professional certificates, the school was renamed Louisiana Negro Normal and Industrial Institute. In 1936, the program was reorganized to emphasize rural education and it became known as The Louisiana Plan or A Venture in Rural Teacher Education. Professional teaching certificates were awarded when a year was added in 1936. The institution’s name was changed to Grambling College in 1946 in honor of a sawmill owner. Grambling, who donated a parcel of land for the school, thereafter, the college prepared secondary teachers and added curricula in sciences, liberal arts and business. With these programs in effect, the school was transformed from a single institution of teacher education into a multipurpose college. In 1949, the college was accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges, the Grambling science building is one of twenty-six public structures in Louisiana constructed by the contractor George A. Caldwell. In 1974, the addition of graduate programs in early childhood and elementary education gave the school a new status, from 1977 to 2000, the university grew and prospered. Following the first university president Charles P. Adams, Ralph Waldo Emerson Jones became the second president and the highly successful baseball coach from 1936 until his retirement in 1977
3.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
4.
Louisiana State Penitentiary
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The Louisiana State Penitentiary is a maximum-security prison farm in Louisiana operated by the Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections. It is named Angola after the country from which many of the slaves came who worked on this former plantation. It is the largest maximum-security prison in the United States with 6,300 prisoners and 1,800 staff, including officers, janitors, maintenance. The prison is located at the end of Louisiana Highway 66, Angola is bordered on three sides by the Mississippi River. Burl Cain served as the warden from 1995 to March 7,2016, Death row for men and the state execution chamber for both sexes are located at the Angola facility. Before 1835, state inmates were held in a jail in New Orleans, the first Louisiana State Penitentiary, located at the intersection of 6th and Laurel streets in Baton Rouge, was modeled on a prison in Wethersfield, Connecticut. In 1844 the state leased the prison and its prisoners to McHatton Pratt and Company, union soldiers occupied the prison in Baton Rouge during the Civil War. In 1869 during the Reconstruction era, Samuel Lawrence James, a former Confederate major, the land that has been developed as Angola Penitentiary was purchased as four contiguous plantations by Isaac Franklin from Francis Routh during the 1830s. He used profits from his trading firm, Franklin and Armfield, of Alexandria, Virginia and Natchez. These plantations Panola, Belle View, Killarney and Angola, were joined in 1880 during their sale by Franklins widow, Adelicia Cheatham, the plantation was named for the country in Africa where the former slaves came from. It contained a building called the Old Slave Quarters, major Samuel James ran the plantation using convicts leased from the state as his workers. He was responsible for their room and board, and virtually total authority over them, Men who owed minor fees and fines were forced into labor, which resulted in considerable abuse of the prisoners and violence against them. The state exercised little oversight of conditions, Prisoners were often worked to death under harsh conditions. The Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections says that the facility opened as a prison in 1901. Charles Wolfe and Kip Lornell, authors of The Life and Legend of Leadbelly, hardened criminals broke down upon being notified that they were being sent to Angola. White-black racial tensions in the society were expressed at the prison, adding to the violence, Wolfe and Lornell said that the staff, consisting of 90 people, ran the prison like it was a private fiefdom. The two authors said that prisoners were viewed as niggers of the lowest order, the state did not appropriate many funds for the operation of Angola, as it saved money by trying to decrease costs. Much of the remaining money ended up in the operations of other projects, Wolfe
5.
West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana
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West Feliciana Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,625, the parish seat is St. Francisville. The parish was established in 1824, Feliciana Parish was one of two 19th-century Louisiana parishes to be divided into East and West, the other being Carroll Parish. West Feliciana Parish is part of the Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the River Bend Nuclear Generating Station, operated by Entergy Nuclear, is located in West Feliciana Parish below St. Francisville. It produces approximately 10 percent of the electric power demand in Louisiana. The Louisiana State Penitentiary is also located in the Parish, in Angola, following the founding of the Bayou Sara settlement by Franciscan/Capuchin monks in the late 17th century, the area was explored further by Spain, France, and Great Britain. The original settlement has been covered over by waters of the Mississippi River, after 1763, when France was defeated by Britain in the Seven Years War, it ceded this part of La Louisiane to Great Britain, which included it in its West Florida province. Spain gained control of the area in about 1780 – during the American Revolutionary War –, in 1810, the colonists, many of whom were of British descent, rebelled against the colonial regime and established the short-lived independent Republic of West Florida. Within a few months, the United States declared the area to be part of the territory included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Feliciana Parish was established in 1810, in the Territory of Orleans, with continued growth of population, in 1824 Feliciana Parish was divided into the East Feliciana and West Feliciana parishes. During the American Civil War, West Feliciana Parish provided financial assistance to the families of soldiers fighting for the Confederate States of America, wives and children of soldiers were to receive from $10 to $40 per month, depending on family size. Since before the Civil War, West Feliciana had been historically Democratic in voter preference, in 1972, the year of Richard Nixons re-election as President, West Feliciana was the only Louisiana parish to support the George McGovern and Sargent Shriver ticket. During the same period, most African Americans in the South began to support the national Democratic Party, since 2000, white voters in the parish have supported the Republican Party candidates in Presidential elections. That year Bush-Cheney polled 2,512 votes, compared to 2,187 for Democrats Al Gore, West Feliciana voters helped to re-elect George W. Bush and Dick Cheney in 2004, with 2,932 to 2,214 over Democratic candidates John Kerry and John Edwards. Republicans John McCain and Sarah Palin won the parish in 2008, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 426 square miles, of which 403 square miles is land and 23 square miles is water. The parish is located on the Mississippi River, and is bordered by Pointe Coupee Parish to the west and East Feliciana Parish to the east, the parish is about 30 miles north of Baton Rouge and about 60 miles south of Natchez, Mississippi. The area—including references to the soil and Louisiana State Penitentiary—was used by Walker Percy as the setting for his last novel. U. S.52. 0% were White,46. 5% Black of African American,0. 2% Asian,0. 1% Native American,0. 6% of some other race and 0. 6% of two or more races
6.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
7.
Vernon Parish, Louisiana
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Vernon Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 52,334, the parish was founded in 1871. Vernon Parish is part of the Fort Polk South, LA Micropolitan Statistical Area, on March 30,1871, the Louisiana General Assembly passed an act designating the creation of Vernon Parish, by taking territory from the parishes of Natchitoches, Rapides, and Sabine. While there seem to be four stories surrounding the naming of the Parish, only one is affirmed officially by the State which is that it was named in honor of Mt. Vernon, the home of George Washington. This was not to him, but to avoid disputes among the parish founders whom each wanted to name the parish after themselves. The man answered them I calls him Vernon, cause hes the fastes mule in de country, originally the area comprising Vernon was a part of a tract of land that was in dispute between the United States and Spain, this land was called the Neutral Strip. As a result of this dispute the area became a haven for outlaws, prior to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the only persons who came to the area were a few French and Spanish settlers. It was also during this period that Dr. Timothy Burr and this community was known as the Gateway to Louisiana. Also located near this community, there stands an artillery site. Leesville has been the seat of Vernon since the parish was created. The city, although founded by Dr. Edmund E. Smart, was named by Senator John Rowell Smart, his father, at the time of Leesvilles founding, the site was the home of a plantation owned by Dr. Smart. The house from that plantation is found today at the corner of Lula. In the period after World War I, Vernon became the site of two socialist based communities, the Llano del Rio Cooperative Colony established in 1917 and the Christian Commonwealth Colony. These colonies attempted to attract economists and sociologists for the purpose of conducting an experiment in communal membership, of the two colonies the Llano del Rio was the largest with over 10,000 people and was also the longest surviving community. Both colonies failed in the 1930s when the depression hit, in 1941, the United States Army opened Camp Polk, shortly after the 1939-40 maneuvers. Today, now called Fort Polk is the 5th largest military installation in the nation, with the constant movement of soldiers and their dependents in and out of the parish, Vernon experiences a unique blend of culture from numerous states and countries creating a true melting pot. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 1,341 square miles. It is the largest parish in Louisiana by land area, the population density was 39.4 people per square mile
8.
Louisiana House of Representatives
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The Louisiana House of Representatives is the lower house in the Louisiana State Legislature, the state legislature of the US state of Louisiana. The House is composed of 105 Representatives, each of whom represents approximately 42,500 people, members serve four-year terms with a term limit of three terms. The House is one of the five state legislative lower houses that has a four-year term, the House convenes at the State Capitol in Baton Rouge. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives, the Speaker is customarily recommended by the Governor, then elected by the full House. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the leadership position. The House of Representatives also elects a Speaker pro tempore to preside in the absence of the Speaker, the current Speaker is Republican Chuck Kleckley of the 36th District who was elected to that position in 2012 succeeding Jim Tucker. His deputy is the Speaker pro tempore, currently Democrat Walt Leger, the Speaker pro tempore presides when the Speaker is not present. The Chairman of the Republican Delegation is Lance Harris of the 25th District, the Louisiana House of Representatives comprises 105 representatives elected from across the state from single-member districts by registered voters in the district. Representatives must be electors, be at least eighteen years old, be domiciled in the district they represent at least one year, the House is the judge of its members qualifications and elections. Elections occur every four years and representatives are limited to three four-year terms, if a seat is vacant, it will be filled in a special election. The House is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature. The Louisiana House has sole authority to state officials and introduce appropriation bills. The Louisiana House of Representatives was established, along with its functions and authority, in Article III, the Committees of the Louisiana House review proposed bills and either kill them or recommend their passage to the full House. Each committee has an area it oversees. Committees can call upon state officials to testify at committee meetings, committee membership including Chairmanships and Vice Chairmanships are assigned by the Speaker
9.
Louisiana State Senate
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The Louisiana State Senate is the upper house of the state legislature of Louisiana. All senators serve four-year terms and are assigned multiple committees to work on, the Republicans gained control of the chamber in 2011 after a special election in District 26 brought victory to their nominee, Jonathan W. Perry. Previously the Democratic Party held a majority in the Senate, the Senate President is a Democrat-turned-Republican, John Alario from Westwego. The Louisiana State Senate is composed of 39 senators elected from single-member districts from across the state of Louisiana by the electors thereof. Senators must be an elector, be at least eighteen years of age, be domiciled in their district for at least one year. The senate is the judge of its members qualifications and elections, all candidates for a senate seat in a district run in nonpartisan blanket primary and in a runoff if necessary. Elections to the Senate occur every four years and senators are limited three four-year terms, if a seat is vacated early during a term then it will be filled in a special election. Senate sessions occur every year, along with the Louisiana House of Representatives, the Senate convenes for sixty legislative days in general session in even-numbered years, and for forty-five days in appropriations session in odd-numbered years. The Senate is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature and. In addition it tries officials impeached by the House of Representatives, †First elected in a special election The Louisiana State Senate currently has over fifteen different committees in which the senators sit. These committees address a range of issues such as environmental quality, education, labor relations. A full list of the committees can be found at the senate committees page, likewise, a full list of committee assignments can be found at the committee assignments page. The President of the Louisiana State Senate is the officer of the Louisiana State Senate. The President is elected by the members of the state senate, although not mandated by law or the Louisiana Constitution the Governor usually chooses the president, who in turn is usually elected by a near-unanimous, if not unanimous, vote. The president is chosen from the majority party, even if it is not the Governors party. One example of this is when Republican Governor Mike Foster chose Republican State Senator John Hainkel to serve as senate president even though the Democrats had a large majority. The President is fifth in the line of succession to the Governorship after the Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and State Treasurer. The first senate president to succeed to the governorship was Henry S. Thibodaux, Thibodaux served for one month before the Governor-elect, Henry Johnson, took office
10.
Louisiana State University
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Louisiana State University is a public coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville, Louisiana, LSU is the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System. In 2015, the university enrolled over 26,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools, several of LSUs graduate schools, such as the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Paul M. Hebert Law Center, have received recognition in their respective fields of study. LSUs athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports, and is a member of the NCAA, the university is represented by its mascot, Mike the Tiger. Louisiana State University Agricultural & Mechanical College had its origin in land grants made by the United States government in 1806,1811. It was founded as an academy and is still today steeped in military tradition. In 1853, the Louisiana General Assembly established the Seminary of Learning of the State of Louisiana near Pineville in Rapides Parish in Central Louisiana. Modeled initially after Virginia Military Institute, the institution opened with five professors and nineteen cadets on January 2,1860, the original location of the Old LSU Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On January 26,1861, after only a year at the helm, the school closed on June 30,1861, with the start of the American Civil War. During the course of the war, the university reopened briefly in April 1863, the losses sustained by the institution during the Union occupation were heavy, and after 1863 the seminary remained closed for the remainder of the Civil War. Following the surrender of the Confederates at Appomattox Court House on April 9,1865 and these cannons had been captured from Confederate forces after the close of the war and had been used during the initial firing upon Fort Sumter in April 1861. The cannons are still displayed in front of LSUs Military Science/Aerospace Studies Building, the seminary officially reopened its doors on October 2,1865, only to be burned October 15,1869. On November 1,1869, the institution resumed its exercises in Baton Rouge, in 1870, the name of the institution was officially changed to Louisiana State University. It temporarily opened in New Orleans, June 1,1874 and this prompted the final name change for the university to the Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. On June 7,1925, Oscar B, turner, a professor of agronomy, was murdered by an axe-wielding assailant on campus. On April 30,1926, the present LSU campus was formally dedicated, prior to this, LSU utilized the quarters of the Institute for the Deaf, Mute, and Blind. Land for the present campus was purchased in 1918, construction started in 1922, the campus was originally designed for 3000 students, but was cut back due to budget problems
11.
Master's degree
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A masters degree normally requires previous study at the bachelors level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. The original meaning of the degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank of master in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became formalised as the licentia docendi, initially, the Bachelor of Arts was awarded for the study of the trivium and the Master of Arts for the study of the quadrivium. The nineteenth century saw an expansion in the variety of masters degrees offered. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by Cambridge and Durham in England, when the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, the same as that in Europe. In the United States, the first masters degrees were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation, at Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the masters degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835 this was awarded Oxbridge-style 3 years after the BA. In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid nineteenth century, in Scotland all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter. Probably the most important masters degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science, at the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858, in course, first awarded in 1859, and on examination, first awarded in 1862. The in course MS was last awarded in 1876, in Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. The same two degrees, again omitting the masters, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862, a Royal Commission suggested that Durham should award masters degrees in theology and science and this scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science. The Master of Science degree was introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durhams MA in requiring an examination for those with an ordinary bachelors degree. The Bologna declaration in 1999 started the Bologna Process, leading to the creation of the European Higher Education Area, as the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and ECTS credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the masters degrees. In 1903, the London Daily News criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs the most stupendous of academic frauds, in 1900, Dartmouth College introduced the Master of Commercial Science, first awarded in 1902. This was the first masters degree in business, the forerunner of the modern MBA, the idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing a Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the masters degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK
12.
Criminal justice
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Those accused of crime have some protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers. This report made more than 200 recommendations as part of an approach toward the prevention. Some of those recommendations found their way into the Omnibus Crime Control, the Commission advocated a systems approach to criminal justice, with improved coordination among law enforcement, courts, and correctional agencies. The Presidents Commission defined the criminal justice system as the means for society to enforce the standards of conduct necessary to protect individuals, in Canada, the criminal justice system aims to balance the goals of crime control and prevention, and justice. In Sweden, the goal for the criminal justice system is to reduce crime. In China, the system aims to keep the society function well. Overall, criminal justice plays a role throughout society as a whole in any place. ==Law== LINARES, DIANA The Law From Old English lagu, legal comes from Latin legalis, from lex law, the purpose of law is to provide an objective set of rules for governing conduct and maintaining order in a society. The oldest known codified law is the Code of hammurabi, dating back to about 1754 BC, the preface directly credits the laws to the code of hammurabi of Ur. In different parts of the world, law could be established by philosophers or religion, in the modern world, laws are typically created and enforced by governments. These codified laws may coexist with or contradict other forms of control, such as religious proscriptions, professional rules and ethics, or the cultural mores. Within the realm of codified law, there are two forms of law that the courts are concerned with. Civil laws are rules and regulations which govern transactions and grievances between individual citizens, Criminal law is concerned with actions which are dangerous or harmful to society as a whole, in which prosecution is pursued not by an individual but rather by the state. The purpose of law is to provide the specific definition of what constitutes a crime. No criminal law can be valid unless it includes both of these factors, the subject of criminal justice is, of course, primarily concerned with the enforcement of criminal law. ### The criminal justice system consists of three parts, Legislative, adjudication, and corrections. In the criminal justice system, these distinct agencies operate together both under the rule of law and as the means of maintaining the rule of law within society. When warranted, law enforcement agencies or police officers are empowered to use force and other forms of coercion and means to effect public
13.
Lincoln Parish, Louisiana
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Lincoln Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 46,735, the parish was created on February 24,1873 from parts of Bienville, Claiborne, Union, and Jackson parishes, and its boundaries have changed only once. This makes Lincoln parish one of the Reconstruction parishes, Lincoln Parish comprises the Ruston, LA Micropolitan Statistical Area. At sites such as Watson Brake, Frenchmans Bend, and Caney, generations of hunter-gatherers worked for hundreds of years to build, hedgepeth Site, located in Lincoln Parish, is dated about 5200-4500 BP, from the latter part of this period. Such finds are changing the understanding of human cultures. It was an attempt to break up the old order of political power, the parish is named for the late U. S. president Abraham Lincoln. In 1934, the historian Robert W, another Louisiana Tech faculty member, Robert C. Snyder, was instrumental in the establishment in 1962 of the Lincoln Parish Library and he served as the library board president for many years. Lincoln Parish is usually Republican in contested elections, in 2012, Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney won the parish with 10,739 votes to U. S. President Barack H. Obama, the Democrat who polled 7,956 ballots. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 472 square miles. 55. 2% were White,40. 5% Black or African American,1. 7% Asian,0. 3% Native American,0. 1% Pacific Islander,1. 3% of some other race and 1. 1% of two or more races. As of the census of 2000, there were 42,509 people,15,235 households, the population density was 90 people per square mile. There were 17,000 housing units at a density of 36 per square mile. 1. 16% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 3.01. In the parish the population was out with 22. 10% under the age of 18,25. 70% from 18 to 24,23. 20% from 25 to 44,17. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 26 years, for every 100 females there were 94.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.90 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $26,977, and the median income for a family was $38,972
14.
American Farm Bureau Federation
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The American Farm Bureau Federation, commonly referred to as the Farm Bureau, is a nonprofit organization and describes itself as the largest general farm organization in the United States. The stated mission of AFBF is working through our grassroots organizations to enhance and strengthen the lives of rural Americans and to build strong, AFBF is headquartered in Washington, D. C. There are 50 state affiliates and one in Puerto Rico, the Farm Bureau movement officially started in 1911 when John Barron, a farmer who graduated from Cornell University, worked as an extension agent in Broome County, New York. He served as a Farm Bureau representative for farmers with the Binghamton, the effort was financed by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Lackawanna Railroad. The Broome County Farm Bureau was soon separated from the Chamber of Commerce, other farm bureaus on a county level formed across the country. In 1914, with the passage of the Smith–Lever Act of 1914, farmers meeting in Saline County, Missouri, were the first to form a statewide Farm Bureau in 1915. The initial Bureaus had a social and educational function furthering the extension service efforts, the American Farm Bureau was formally founded in 1919 in Chicago, Illinois. Its initial organization papers said, The purpose of Farm Bureau is to make the business of farming more profitable, Farm Bureau should provide an organization in which members may secure the benefits of unified efforts in a way which could never be accomplished through individual effort. - Statement originally approved by Farm Bureau members in 1920, the American Farm Bureau Federation relocated its headquarters from Park Ridge, Illinois, to Washington, D. C. in 2003. Each November since 1986, AFBF has reported the results of a survey on the average retail cost of a classic Thanksgiving dinner, including a 16-pound turkey. In 2012, the cost was $49.48, an organization independent of the Farm Bureau called FBL Financial Group based in West Des Moines, Iowa, sells insurance under the brand names of Farm Bureau Financial Services. It also uses the Farm Bureau logo, nationwide Mutual Insurance Company began as an insurance company for members of the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation. It continues to serve as a provider to Farm Bureaus in nine states. The Farm Bureau and its affiliates also own American Agricultural Insurance Company, a reinsurer, and American Farm Bureau Insurance Services. The Farm Bureaus opposition to climate change related regulation began with cap-and-trade regulation measures, the climate change session at its 2010 national meeting was entitled Global Warming, A Red Hot Lie. and featured climate change skeptic Christopher C. Horner, a lawyer for the libertarian Competitive Enterprise Institute, a largely industry-backed group that strongly opposes limits on greenhouse gases, U. S. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack stated that farmers have more to gain from cap and trade than they stand to lose. The Bureaus recent stance on climate change is an evolution of earlier positions, Farm Bureau no longer denies climate change, but remains opposed to non-market based solutions. The Farm Bureau continues to argue that carbon and emission restrictions will raise costs of energy, according to a 2012 article in The Nation, the AFBF retains twenty-two registered lobbyists
15.
Hurricane Katrina
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Hurricane Katrina was the costliest natural disaster and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. The storm is ranked as the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone. Overall, at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods, total property damage was estimated at $108 billion, roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States. Early the following day, the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina, the cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25. After very briefly weakening to a storm, Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26. The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it due to the storm surge, severe property damage occurred in coastal areas, such as Mississippi beachfront towns, over 90 percent of these were flooded. Boats and casino barges rammed buildings, pushing cars and houses inland, over fifty breaches in New Orleanss hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29,2005. Eventually 80% of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded, according to a modeling exercise conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, two-thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure. All of the studies concluded that the USACE, the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965, is responsible. This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money, exactly ten years after Katrina, J. Many other government officials were criticized for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, several agencies including the United States Coast Guard, National Hurricane Center, and National Weather Service were commended for their actions. They provided accurate hurricane weather tracking forecasts with sufficient lead time, Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23,2005, as the result of an interaction of a tropical wave and the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24, the tropical storm moved towards Florida, and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico, on August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size, the storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf, growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours. This rapid growth was due to the movement over the unusually warm waters of the Loop Current. Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day, with sustained winds of 175 mph. However, this record was broken by Hurricane Rita
16.
The Advocate (Louisiana)
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The Advocate is Louisianas largest daily newspaper. Based in Baton Rouge, it serves the portion of the state, including Baton Rouge, New Orleans. It also publishes weekly entertainment magazines, Red in Baton Rouge and Lafayette, the oldest ancestor of the modern paper was the Democratic Advocate, an anti-Whig, pro-Democrat periodical established in 1842. Another newspaper, the Louisiana Capitolian, was established in 1868, by 1889 the paper was being published daily. In 1904, a new owner, William Hamilton, renamed it The Baton Rouge Times and later The State-Times, in 1909, The State-Times was acquired by Capital City Press, a company newly founded by Charles P. Manship Sr. and James Edmonds. Manship purchased his partners interest in 1912, in 1925, Manship also began publishing The Morning Advocate to focus on national news. The State-Times, a publication, ceased in October 1991. The Advocate remains the sole descendant of the original 1842 paper, the Manship familys Capital City Press company continued to own and operate The Advocate until 2013. On October 1,2012, under the Manships, The Advocate began printing and distributing a daily New Orleans edition for both newsstand and home delivery. This was due to a gap in the market that materialized when New Orleans longtime daily paper, The Times-Picayune. In March 2013, New Orleans businessman John Georges, who ran unsuccessfully in 2007 as an Independent for governor of Louisiana, signed a letter of intent to purchase The Advocate. Georges completed the deal to buy The Advocate on April 30,2013, he co-owns the newspaper with his wife, Dathel, through a holding company, Georges Media. The newspapers circulation in 2013 was 98,000 and 125,000 as a result of its entry into and 20,000 subscriptions in the New Orleans market. Georges is chief executive of Georges Media, Dan Shea is publisher of The Advocate, the Advocate relaunched its New Orleans edition August 18,2013, as The New Orleans Advocate and later added The Acadiana Advocate, a third edition serving Lafayette and the Acadiana region. David William Thomas, a Louisiana State University journalism professor, published a small Baton Rouge newspaper in the early 1920s and he then published papers in Hammond, and Minden, where he was elected mayor in 1936. From 1949 to her death in 1970, Margaret Dixon was The Advocates first woman managing editor, veteran journalist Kenneth L. Dixon also worked there. Ed Cullens Attic Salt column was a feature in the paper and his book Letter in a Woodpile collected some of his Morning Advocate and NPR selections. LaPlante died in Texas in an accident, and Anderson
17.
Christianity
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Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
18.
New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary
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The New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary is a private, non-profit institution of higher learning affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention, located in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. It was the first institution created as an act of the Southern Baptist Convention. Missions and evangelism are core focuses of the seminary, Leavell college is the undergraduate program of NOBTS. The Seminary has 13 graduate centers in 5 states,11 undergraduate centers in 5 states and it has over 3,700 students and trains over 6,000 participants through workshops offered by Providence Learning Center and MissionLab New Orleans. NOBTS also has over 22,000 living alumni, the main campus is situated on over 70 acres with more than 70 buildings. NOBTS has been instrumental in archaeological excavations at biblical Timnah and Gezer, NOBTS offers Doctoral, Master, Bachelor and associate degrees. NOBTS currently offers a range of degree options for ministerial training. The graduate programs are varied as well. The faculty is divided into five working divisions, biblical studies, theological & historical studies, pastoral ministries, Christian Education ministries, the primary degree offered is the Master of Divinity, but the seminary also offers the Master of Arts and Master of Theology degrees as an alternative. For music students, the degree is the Master of Church Music. Doctoral degrees are divided between research doctoral degree programs and professional degree programs. Most departments on campus offer a Doctor of Philosophy program, the Division of Church Music offers the Doctor of Musical Arts degree. The Seminary also offers the highly flexible Doctor of Ministry degree as a professional doctorate. Newly instituted is the Doctor of Educational Ministry degree, which focuses on majors within the Division of Christian Education, the graduate programs are also accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. NOBTS is also an institutional member of the National Association of Schools of Music and has authorization to operate in the State of Florida under Florida Statute 246.083. ). NOBTS has had eight presidents since its founding, The Southern Baptist Convention founded the institution as the Baptist Bible Institute during the 1917 convention meeting in New Orleans. New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, or NOBTS for short, was the first institution created as an act of the Southern Baptist Convention. The institutess purpose was centered on work, and initially established as gateway to Central America
19.
American Civil Liberties Union
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It works through litigation and lobbying. The ACLU has 1,000,000 members and a budget of over $100 million. Local affiliates of the ACLU are active in almost all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the ACLU provides legal assistance in cases when it considers civil liberties to be at risk. In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits, the ACLU lobbies for policy positions that have established by its board of directors. The two organizations share office space and employees, during the 1930s, the ACLU started to engage in work combating police misconduct and supporting Native American rights. Many of the ACLUs cases involved the defense of Communist party members, in 1940, the ACLU leadership voted to exclude Communists from its leadership positions, a decision rescinded in 1968. During World War II, the ACLU defended Japanese-American citizens, unsuccessfully trying to prevent their forcible relocation to internment camps, during the Cold War, the ACLU headquarters was dominated by anti-Communists, but many local affiliates defended members of the Communist Party. By 1964, membership had risen to 80,000, in the 1960s, the ACLU continued its decades-long effort to enforce separation of church and state. It defended several anti-war activists during the Vietnam War, in the 1970s and 1980s, the ACLU ventured into new legal areas, involving the rights of homosexuals, students, prisoners, and the poor. Fundraising and membership spiked after the 2016 election, the ACLUs current membership is more than 1.2 million, the ACLU is led by a president and an executive director, Susan N. Herman and Anthony Romero, respectively, in 2015. The president acts as chairman of the ACLUs board of directors, leads fundraising, the executive director manages the day-to-day operations of the organization. The board of directors consists of 80 persons, including representatives from each state affiliate, the organization has its headquarters in 125 Broad Street, a 40-story skyscraper located in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The leadership of the ACLU does not always agree on policy decisions, in 1937, an internal debate erupted over whether to defend Henry Fords right to distribute anti-union literature. In 1939, a debate took place over whether to prohibit communists from serving in ACLU leadership roles. During the early 1950s and Cold War McCarthyism, the board was divided on whether to defend communists, in 1968, a schism formed over whether to represent Dr. Spocks anti-war activism. In 1973, there was conflict over whether to call for the impeachment of Richard Nixon. In 2005, there was conflict about whether or not a gag rule should be imposed on ACLU employees to prevent publication of internal disputes. Membership dues are treated as donations, members choose the amount they pay annually, in the year ending March 31,2014, the combined expenses of the ACLU and ACLU Foundation were $133.4 million, spent on programs, management, and fundraising
20.
Mormons
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After Smiths death in 1844, the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory. Today, most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing. The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah, and North America has more Mormons than any other continent, Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history. Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church, Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages, tobacco, coffee, tea, and other addictive substances. They tend to be very family-oriented, and have connections across generations and with extended family. Mormons also have a law of chastity, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage. Mormons self-identify as Christian, although some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian, Mormons believe in the Bible, as well as other books of scripture, such as the Book of Mormon. They have a view of cosmology, and believe that all people are spirit-children of God. Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ and they believe that Christs church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles. Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children, due to their high birth and conversion rates, the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades rising from around three million in 1970 to over 15 million in 2015. The term Mormons has been embraced by most adherents of Mormonism, most notably Mormon fundamentalists, while other Latter Day Saint denominations, both LDS Church members and members of fundamentalist groups commonly use the word Mormon in reference to themselves. The LDS Church, however, disagrees with this self-characterization, Church leaders also encourage members to use the churchs full name to emphasize its focus on Jesus Christ. Today, polygamy is practiced within Mormonism only by people that have broken with the LDS Church, the history of the Mormons has shaped them into a people with a strong sense of unity and communality. From the start, Mormons have tried to establish what they call Zion, in the first period, Smith had tried literally to build a city called Zion, in which converts could gather. During the pioneer era, Zion became a landscape of villages in Utah, in modern times, Zion is still an ideal, though Mormons gather together in their individual congregations rather than a central geographic location. Mormons trace their origins to the visions that Joseph Smith reported having in the early 1820s while living in upstate New York, in 1823, Smith said an angel directed him to a buried book written on golden plates containing the religious history of an ancient people. Smith published what he said was a translation of these plates in March 1830 as the Book of Mormon, named after Mormon, on April 6,1830, Smith founded the Church of Christ. The early church grew westward as Smith sent missionaries to proselytize, in 1833, Missouri settlers, alarmed by the rapid influx of Mormons, expelled them from Jackson County into the nearby Clay County, where local residents were more welcoming
21.
Angola Three
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The Angola Three are three former prison inmates who were put in solitary confinement in Louisiana State Penitentiary, in April 1972 after the killing of a corrections officer. Robert King spent 29 years in confinement before his conviction was overturned. Wallace was released on October 1,2013, after more than 41 years in prison, woodfoxs unconditional release was decided on June 10,2015, after 43 years of solitary confinement. On November 20,2014, Woodfox had his conviction overturned by the US Court of Appeals, and in April 2015, his lawyer applied for an unconditional writ for his release. Albert Woodfox was released on February 19,2016, after the agreed to drop the push for a retrial and accept his plea of no contest to lesser charges of burglary. The prisoners have been the subject of two films and international attention. In July 2013, Amnesty International called for the release of 71-year-old Herman Wallace and he was released October 1,2013, re-indicted on October 3,2013, and died on October 4,2013, before he could be re-arrested. The three men were sent to Angola Prison in 1971 after a conviction for armed robbery, Woodfox escaped from a Louisiana courthouse during his sentencing for armed robbery and joined the Black Panther Party. As members of the chapter of the Black Panthers, Wallace. They helped organize petitions and hunger strikes to protest segregation within the prison, Woodfox and Wallace were convicted of the 1972 stabbing murder of 23-year-old prison guard Brent Miller. The three men were out of the general prison population and were held in solitary confinement after Millers murder in 1972. In 1997, former Black Panther member Malik Rahim, of Common Ground Collective, along with law student Scott Fleming, discovered that King, Wallace, and Woodfox were still incarcerated. They initiated an investigation of the case, questioning the assertions of the investigations at Angola. As a result, King was released in 2001, following 29 years in solitary confinement and his first conviction was overturned and he pleaded guilty to a lesser conspiracy to commit murder charge. Woodfox and Wallace remained in prison at Angola prison and continued fighting for their release at the time, in March 2008, Woodfox and Wallace were moved after 36 years, from solitary confinement to a maximum security dormitory. Albert Woodfox had two appeal hearings, which resulted in his conviction being overturned and his being granted full habeas corpus, immediately after the first in November 2008, both men were moved out of the dormitory, separated and placed back in isolation and in March 2009. Wallace, along with a group of 15 inmates from Angola, was moved to Elayn Hunt Correctional Center where a closed cell isolation tier was created for the first time. In November 2010, Albert was moved to David Wade Correctional Center, in March 2013, a federal District Court judge in New Orleans overturned Woodfox’s conviction for the third time
22.
Black Panther Party
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In 1969, community social programs became a core activity of party members. The party enrolled the largest number of members and made the greatest impact in the Oakland-San Francisco Bay Area, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle, Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. The program was accused of assassinating Black Panther members. Black Panther Party membership reached a peak in 1970, with offices in 68 cities and thousands of members, after being vilified by the mainstream press, public support for the party waned, and the group became more isolated. In-fighting among Party leadership, caused largely by the FBIs COINTELPRO operation, by 1972 most Panther activity centered on the national headquarters and a school in Oakland, where the party continued to influence local politics. Though under constant police surveillance, the Chicago chapter remained active, the Seattle chapter lasted longer than most, with a breakfast program and medical clinics that continued even after the chapter disbanded in 1977. Party contractions continued throughout the 1970s, and by 1980 the Black Panther Party had just 27 members, the history of the Black Panther Party is controversial. Other commentators have described the Party as more criminal than political, the sweeping migration of black families out of the South during World War II transformed Oakland and cities throughout the West and the North. But not much changed in the cities of the North and West, Police departments were almost all white. In 1966, only 16 of Oaklands 661 police officers were African American, insurgent civil rights practices proved incapable of redressing these conditions, and the organizations that had led much of the nonviolent civil disobedience such as SNCC and CORE went into decline. Young black people in Oakland and other cities developed a rich ferment of study groups and political organizations, in late October 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party. In formulating a new politics, they drew on their experiences working with a variety of Black Power organizations, Newton and Seale first met in 1962 when they were both students at Merritt College. They joined Donald Warden’s Afro-American Association, where they read widely, debated, dissatisfied with the failure of these organizations to directly challenge police brutality and appeal to the brothers on the block, Huey and Bobby sought to take matters into their own hands. After the police killed Matthew Johnson, a young black man in San Francisco. He had an epiphany that would distinguish the Black Panther Party from the multitude of organizations seeking to build Black Power. Newton saw the explosive rebellious anger of the ghetto as a force, inspired by Robert F. Williams armed resistance to the KKK, Newton studied California gun law until he knew it better than many police officers. Like the Community Alert Patrol in Los Angeles after the Watts Rebellion, but with a crucial difference, his patrols would carry loaded guns. According to Bobby Seale, they would sell the books, make the money, buy the guns, well protect a mother, protect a brother, and protect the community from the racist cops
23.
The Dukes of Hazzard
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The Dukes of Hazzard is an American action-comedy television series that aired on CBS from January 26,1979 to February 8,1985. The show aired for a total of 147 episodes spanning seven seasons, the series was inspired by the 1975 film Moonrunners, which was also created by Gy Waldron and had many identical or similar character names and concepts. Several other technicalities of their probation also came into play at various times and he is always looking for ways to get them out of the picture so that his plots have a chance of succeeding. Many episodes revolve around Hogg trying to engage in an illegal scheme, some of these are get-rich-quick schemes, though many others affect the financial security of the Duke farm, which Hogg has long wanted to acquire for various reasons. Other times, Hogg hires criminals from out of town to do his dirty work for him, Bo and Luke always seem to stumble over Hoggs latest scheme, sometimes by curiosity, and often by sheer luck, and put it out of business. Owing to their fundamentally good natures, the Dukes often wind up helping Boss Hogg out of trouble, more than once Hogg is targeted by former associates who are either seeking revenge or have double crossed him after a scheme has unraveled in one way or another. Sheriff Coltrane also finds himself in some instances and these instances became more frequent as the show progressed, and later seasons saw a number of stories where the Dukes and Hogg temporarily work together. The series was developed from the 1975 film Moonrunners, created by Gy Waldron in collaboration with ex-moonshiner Jerry Rushing, this movie shares many identical and very similar names and concepts with the subsequent TV series. Although itself essentially a comedy, this movie was much cruder and edgier than the family-friendly TV series that would evolve from it. In 1977, Waldron was approached by Warner Bros. with the idea of developing Moonrunners into a television series, Waldron reworked various elements from Moonrunners, and from it was devised what would become The Dukes of Hazzard. Production began in October 1978 with the intention of only nine episodes being produced as mid-season filler. The first five episodes were filmed in Covington and Conyers, Georgia and surrounding areas, after completing production on the fifth episode, High Octane, the cast and crew broke for Christmas break, expecting to return in several weeks time to complete the ordered run of episodes. Rushing appeared as shady used car dealer Ace Parker in the third episode produced, although he remained on good terms with cast and crew and in recent years has made appearances at several fan conventions. By the end of the first season, the tone of The Dukes of Hazzard was mostly in place. When the show returned for a season in Fall 1979, with a few further minor tweaks. By the third season, starting in Fall 1980, the template was well set in place for that which would be associated with the show. Of the characters, only Uncle Jesse and Boss Hogg appeared in all 145 episodes, Daisy appears in all but one, the General Lee also appears in all but one. Lucas K. Luke Duke is the dark-haired, older Duke boy, more mature and rational than his cousin Bo, he is typically the one who thinks of the plan that will get the two out of whatever trouble they have gotten into
24.
Calvin College
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Calvin College is a liberal arts college located in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Founded in 1876, Calvin College is an institution of the Christian Reformed Church. Calvin College is named after John Calvin, the 16th-century Protestant Reformer, the Christian Reformed Church in North America founded the school on August 4,1876, as part of Calvin College and Theological Seminary to train church ministers. The college and seminary began with seven students, in an upper room on Spring Street, in Grand Rapids. The initial six-year curriculum included four years of studies and two years of theology. In 1892, the moved to the intersection of Madison Avenue. In September 1894, the school expanded the curriculum for those who were not pre-theological students, in 1900, the curriculum further broadened, making it more attractive to students interested in teaching or preparing for professional courses at universities. In 1901, Calvin admitted the first women to the school, in 1906, the literary department of the college became known as John Calvin Junior College and the college held its first commencement. The student newspaper Chimes was first published in 1907, around 1910, the West Michigan cities of Muskegon and Kalamazoo fought to have Calvin relocate to their respective cities. Muskegon offered US$10,000 and a tract of land to attract the college, the city of Grand Rapids countered with its own $10,000 offer and the junior college chose to stay in Grand Rapids. In time, the college became a four-year college. In 1917, John Calvin Junior College moved to the Franklin Street Campus, two years later the college appointed its first president, the Rev. J. J. The next year the college awarded its first bachelors degree, in 1925, the college began a teacher training program and, in 1926, appointed its first female faculty member, Johanna Timmer, as Dean of Women. The college dedicated its library, the Hekman Library on March 8,1928, the college later dedicated its seminary building at the Franklin Street Campus on October 29,1930. Still under the leadership of Rev. Hiemenga the college faced significant trouble during the Great Depression as financial hardship beset the college, although the school grew slowly in these early years, by 1930 it had reached its pre-World War I size of 350-450 students. Like many colleges in the United States, the end of the war led to the fastest enrollment increase in Calvins history, by 1950 the enrollment had climbed to 1,270 and Calvin joined the M. I. A. A. The enrollment increase led to space limitations at the Franklin Campus, William Spoelhoef became president of Calvin in 1951. In 1956, the Synod of the Christian Reformed Church authorized the college to purchase the Knollcrest Farm from J. C. Miller for $400,000
25.
Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan. It is on the Grand River about 30 miles east of Lake Michigan, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 188,040. In 2010, the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648, Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County, Michigan. A historic furniture-manufacturing center, Grand Rapids is home to five of the leading office furniture companies. Its more common nickname of River City refers to the landmark river for which it was named. The city and surrounding communities are diverse, based in the health care, information technology, automotive, aviation. Grand Rapids is the hometown of U. S. President Gerald Ford, for thousands of years, succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the area. Over 2000 years ago, people associated with the Hopewell culture occupied the Grand River Valley, later, a tribe from the Ottawa River traveled to the Grand River valley, fighting three battles with the Prairie Indians who were established in the area. The tribe later split, with the Chippewas settling in the lower peninsula, the Pottawatomies staying south of the Kalamazoo River. In 1740, an Ottawa man who would later be known as Chief Noonday, between 1761 and 1763, Chief Pontiac visited the area annually, gathering over 3,000 natives and asking them to volunteer to fight the British in Detroit, which would culminate into Pontiacs War. The Potawatomi attacked the Ottawa in 1765, attempting to take the Grand River territory but were defeated, by the end of the 1700s, there were an estimated 1,000 Ottawa in the Kent County area. After the French established territories in Michigan, Jesuit missionaries and traders traveled down Lake Michigan, at the start of the 19th century, European fur traders and missionaries established posts in the area among the Ottawa. They generally lived in peace, trading European metal and textile goods for fur pelts and they were French-speaking and Roman Catholic. They likely both spoke Ottawa, Madelines maternal ancestral language, La Framboise, whose mother was Ottawa and father French, later merged her successful operations with the American Fur Company. By 1810, Chief Noonday established a village on the west side of the river with about 500 Ottawa, madeline La Framboise retired the trading post to Rix Robinson in 1821 and returned to Mackinac. The first permanent European-American settler in the Grand Rapids area was Isaac McCoy, general Lewis Cass, who commissioned Charles Christopher Trowbridge to establish missions for Native Americans in Michigan, ordered McCoy to establish a mission in Grand Rapids for the Ottawa. In 1824, Baptist missionary Rev. L. Slater traveled with two settlers to Grand Rapids to perform work, the winter of 1824 proved to be difficult, with Slaters group having to resupply and return before the spring. Slater then erected the first settler structures in Grand Rapids, a log cabin for himself, in 1825, McCoy returned and established a missionary station
26.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
27.
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment. The U. S. Supreme Court has ruled that this amendments Cruel, the phrases in this amendment originated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689. This amendment was adopted on December 15,1791, along with the rest of the United States Bill of Rights. The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows, Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel, the Eighth Amendment was adopted, as part of the Bill of Rights, in 1791. Oates was sentenced to imprisonment including an annual ordeal of being out for two days pillory plus one day of whipping while tied to a moving cart. The Oates case eventually became a topic of the U. S. Supreme Court’s Eighth Amendment jurisprudence, the punishment of Oates involved ordinary penalties collectively imposed in a barbaric, excessive and bizarre manner. The reason why the judges in Oates perjury case were not allowed to impose the penalty may be because such a punishment would have deterred even honest witnesses from testifying in later cases. England’s declaration against cruel and unusual punishments was approved by Parliament in February 1689, Parliament then enacted the English Bill of Rights into law in December 1689. Members of parliament characterized the punishment in the Oates case as not just barbarous and inhuman, in England, the cruel and unusual punishments clause was a limitation on the discretion of judges, and required judges to adhere to precedent. For the bill of rights has particularly declared, that excessive fines ought not to be imposed, nor cruel, Virginia adopted this provision of the English Bill of Rights in the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, and the Virginia convention that ratified the U. S. Constitution recommended in 1788 that this also be included in the Constitution. Virginians such as George Mason and Patrick Henry wanted to ensure that this restriction would also be applied as a limitation on Congress, Mason warned that, otherwise, Congress may inflict unusual and severe punishments. Henry emphasized that Congress should not be allowed to depart from precedent, What has distinguished our ancestors. --That they would not admit of tortures, or cruel, but Congress may introduce the practice of the civil law, in preference to that of the common law. They may introduce the practice of France, Spain, and Germany, ultimately, Henry and Mason prevailed, and the Eighth Amendment was adopted. James Madison changed ought to shall, when he proposed the amendment to Congress in 1789, in England, sheriffs originally determined whether to grant bail to criminal suspects. Since they tended to abuse their power, Parliament passed a statute in 1275 whereby bailable and non-bailable offenses were defined, the Kings judges often subverted the provisions of the law. It was held that an individual may be held without bail upon the Sovereigns command, eventually, the Petition of Right of 1628 argued that the King did not have such authority. Thereafter, judges were compelled to set bail, but they often required impracticable amounts, finally, the English Bill of Rights held that excessive bail ought not to be required
28.
Real estate
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Also, the business of real estate, the profession of buying, selling, or renting land, buildings or housing. It is a term used in jurisdictions whose legal system is derived from English common law, such as India, the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Pakistan, Australia. Residential real estate may contain either a family or multifamily structure. Residences can be classified by, if, and how they are connected to neighbouring residences, different types of housing tenure can be used for the same physical type. For example, connected residents might be owned by an entity and leased out. Major categories in North America and Europe Attached / multi-unit dwellings Apartment or Flat – An individual unit in a multi-unit building, the boundaries of the apartment are generally defined by a perimeter of locked or lockable doors. Often seen in apartment buildings. Multi-family house – Often seen in multi-story detached buildings, where each floor is an apartment or unit. Terraced house – A number of single or multi-unit buildings in a row with shared walls. Condominium – Building or complex, similar to apartments, owned by individuals, common grounds and common areas within the complex are owned and shared jointly. There are townhouse or rowhouse style condominiums as well, semi-detached dwellings Duplex – Two units with one shared wall. Single-family detached house Portable dwellings Mobile homes – Potentially a full-time residence which can be movable on wheels, houseboats – A floating home Tents – Usually very temporary, with roof and walls consisting only of fabric-like material. The size of an apartment or house can be described in square feet or meters, in the United States, this includes the area of living space, excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. It can be described roughly by the number of rooms. A studio apartment has a bedroom with no living room. A one-bedroom apartment has a living or dining room separate from the bedroom, Two bedroom, three bedroom, and larger units are common. Major categories in India and the Asian Subcontinent Co-operative Housing Societies Condominiums Chawls Villas Havelis The size is measured in Gaz, Quila, Marla, Beegha, and acre. See List of house types for a listing of housing types and layouts, real estate trends for shifts in the market
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Central, Louisiana
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Central is the thirteenth-largest city in the U. S. state of Louisiana. It is the second largest city in East Baton Rouge Parish, Central became the states newest city in April 2005. It is part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population of Central was 26,864 as of the 2010 census. Long an unincorporated suburb of Baton Rouge, the citizens of Central voted to incorporate as a city on April 23,2005, the U. S. Postal Service allows residents to use Central, LA with their current ZIP code. It had about 25,000 residents when it incorporated, former Central High School principal Shelton Mac Watts became the temporary mayor upon the incorporation of the city. Formal elections were held on April 1,2006, in which voters chose incumbent Watts with 86 percent of the 18,000 votes cast, in November 2006, the voters of the state passed a constitutional amendment authorizing the creation of the Central Community School District. The amendment authorized Central to govern its own school system. Central operates its own police and fire departments, other services, such as water, sewerage and trash, are still operated by the city-parish. Utilities are provided by DEMCO and Entergy, on January 9,2007, Governor Kathleen Blanco appointed the interim members of the new Central Community School Board. The board appointed Mike Faulk as the first superintendent, the new school system began operation on July 1,2007. By 2015 the city had about 28,000 residents, Central is located in the east-central part of East Baton Rouge. The eastern boundary follows the Amite River, which forms the border with Livingston Parish, Louisiana Highway 408 passes through the center of Central, leading west 7 miles to Interstate 110 in the northern part of Baton Rouge. Downtown Baton Route is 13 miles southwest of Central, Louisiana Highway 37 passes through the eastern part of Central, leading northeast 30 miles to Greensburg, southwest 8 miles to Monticello, and southwest 18 miles to Baton Rouge. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the area of Central is 62.5 square miles, of which 62.2 square miles is land and 0.3 square miles. The municipal government only has three direct employees, the mayor, an assistant, and an administrative officer, the remainder of city services are contracted to private companies. At first the city contracted with CH2M Hill for city services, the municipal governments only source of revenue, as of 2015, is a 2% sales tax. This was instituted since its incorporation and, has of that time, had not been revised, the school district and fire department are funded separately and instituted independent taxing districts. The city government does not pay to maintain many of the roads as they are owned by the State of Louisiana and/or East Baton Rouge Parish, the Central Fire Protection District #4 operates fire stations and provides fire protection services
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East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
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East Baton Rouge Parish is the largest parish in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 440,171, the parish seat is Baton Rouge, Louisianas state capital. East Baton Rouge Parish is part of the Baton Rouge, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 470 square miles, of which 455 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. Amite River Bayou Manchac Mississippi River Thompson Creek East Feliciana Parish West Feliciana Parish West Baton Rouge Parish Iberville Parish Ascension Parish Livingston Parish St, the city and parish are served by the Metropolitan Council and the Mayor-President. BRgov. com is the government website for the City of Baton Rouge. The parish courthouse in Baton Rouge is one of public buildings constructed by the contractor George A. In 2010, the 19th Judicial District Court moved into the new courthouse on North Blvd, as of the 2010 census, there were over 440,000 residents in East Baton Rouge, making it the largest parish in Louisiana. There are 156,365 households and 102,575 families residing in the parish, the population density was 906 people per square mile. There were 169,073 housing units at a density of 371 per square mile. The racial makeup of the parish was 49. 5% White,45. 9% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,3. 0% Asian,0. 12% Pacific Islander,1. 02% from other races, and 1. 2% from two or more races. 3. 8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, there were 156,365 households, of which 32. 80% include children under the age of 18. 44. 70% were married couples living together,16. 80% had a householder with no husband present. 26. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.14. In the parish the population was out with 26. 20% under the age of 18,14. 40% aged 18 to 24,28. 70% from 25 to 44,20. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years old, for every 100 females there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males, the median income for a parish household was $37,224, and the median income for a family was $47,480. Males had an income of $38,334 versus $25,073 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $19,790, about 13. 20% of families and 17. 90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 70% of those under age 18 and 11. 50% of those age 65 or over
31.
Angola Prison Rodeo
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The Angola Prison Rodeo, staged at the Louisiana State Penitentiary, is the longest running prison rodeo in the United States. It is held on one weekend in April and on every Sunday in October, on each occasion, thousands of visitors enter the prison complex. Various prisoner organizations sell food at concession stands, many of the prisoners use family recipes to craft the concession stand food. Prison guards conduct the financial transactions at the Angola Rodeo, as part of the prison rodeo, there is an Arts and Crafts Festival that is biannual. The rodeo raises funds for educational programs for prisoners. As of 2013 each spring rodeo raises $450,000, the rodeos slogan is the wildest show in the South. The idea of the rodeo was born in 1964, the Rodeo, a collaboration between prisoners and employees, began in 1965. Cathy Fontenot, the Assistant Warden, said that originally prisoners and staff backed pickup trucks into a field and would go out there, in 1967 LSP opened the Rodeo to outside spectators. As time passed, LSP erected bleachers and adopted the rules of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, in addition the administration added an Arts and Crafts festival, and added stock animals and rodeo clowns. The current 10, 000-person stadium opened in 2000, inmate Jack Favor, a former rodeo star from Texas who was imprisoned falsely at Angola for two murders in Bossier Parish that he he never committed, worked to establish the rodeo. He sought to instill self-discipline in the prisoners and formed a chapter of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Prison authorities permitted Favor to travel across the state to promote the event. Favor earmarked funds raised through the rodeo to finance emergency trips for inmates, started in 1964, the Angola Prison Rodeo began as a recreational activity for the inmates and officers, and originally was closed to the public. A few years later, people began to flock to the rodeo, when its popularity grew, the prison took notice of the economic opportunity and began selling tickets and building seating for the spectators. The Rodeo is still in operation today,50 years later, grand Entry - Angola Rough Riders enter the arena at full gallop and colors are presented. Bust Out - All six chutes open simultaneously, releasing six angry bulls, the last man to remain on the bull wins the event. Bareback Riding - Riders are expected to one hand in the air. Wild Horse Race - Six wild horses are released into the arena with short ropes dragging behind them. Three-man teams attempt to grab the ropes and hold the horse long enough for a member to mount
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Entrepreneurship
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What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital. Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a leader and innovator of new ideas. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise, Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. For Schumpeter, the changes and dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, for example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals. In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as part of the disciplines of management or business administration, Entrepreneur, is a loanword from French. First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative, economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership, and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. Historically the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, the term entrepreneurship was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur dates to the 1850s. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation, thus, creative destruction is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs, Schumpeters initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case the innovation, the car, was transformational and it did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time, incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry. Despite Schumpeters early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks, in this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk, the capitalist did, Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the Production Possibility Curve to a higher level using innovations. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus, he draws attention to the function of the entrepreneur, and distinguishes clearly between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provides the money
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Jackson, Louisiana
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Jackson is a town in East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 3,842 at the 2010 census, down from 4,130 in 2000 and it is part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town of Jackson was founded in 1815 as the seat of justice for Feliciana Parish before the parish was divided into East and West, the town was a major commercial center and a center for education, earning it the title Athens of the South. Jackson was the seat only until 1824, when Feliciana Parish was split into two parishes, with Clinton selected as the new seat of government in East Feliciana. Jackson was the location of the College of Louisiana from 1825 until 1845, and then the Methodist-affiliated Centenary College from 1845 until 1908, the East Louisiana State Hospital was founded in Jackson in 1847. Jackson is located on the edge of East Feliciana Parish at 30°52′15″N 91°12′52″W. The towns western border is Thompson Creek, which is also the border with West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana Highway 10 passes through Jackson, leading east 12 miles to Clinton and west 12 miles to St. Francisville overlooking the Mississippi River. According to the United States Census Bureau, Jackson has an area of 4.5 square miles, of which 0.01 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,130 people,841 households, the population density was 924.2 people per square mile. There were 992 housing units at a density of 222.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 46. 56% White,52. 30% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 39% Asian,0. 07% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 34% of the population. 26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.08. In the town, the population was out with 15. 1% under the age of 18,12. 0% from 18 to 24,44. 5% from 25 to 44,22. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 226.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 264.7 males, the median income for a household in the town was $27,455, and the median income for a family was $32,450. Males had an income of $20,917 versus $17,896 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,039, about 18. 7% of families and 27. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 8% of those under age 18 and 20. 2% of those age 65 or over. The Republic of West Florida Historical Museum and its 3 ft narrow gauge Old Hickory Railroad are located in Jackson, other points of interest include the Centenary State Historic Site and Feliciana Cellars Winery
34.
Grand jury
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Grand jury is a legal body empowered to conduct official proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may compel the production of documents and compel sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it, Grand jury is separate from the courts, which do not preside over its functioning. Grand juries perform both accusatory and investigatory functions, investigatory functions of grand juries include obtaining and reviewing documents and other evidence, and hearing sworn testimonies of witnesses who appear before it. Grand jurys accusatory function is to determine there is probable cause to believe that one or more persons committed a certain offence within the venue of district court. Grand jury in the United States is usually composed of 16 to 23 citizens, though in Virginia, in Ireland, they also functioned as local government authorities. In Japan, Law of July 12,1948 created the Kensatsu Shinsakai, Grand jury is so named because traditionally it has greater number of jurors than trial jury, called a petit jury. The function of a jury is to accuse persons who may be guilty of an offense. It is a means for lay citizens, representative of the community and it can also make presentments on crime and maladministration in its area. The traditional number of the jury is 23. No indictment or presentment can be made except by concurrence of at least twelve of the jurors, the grand jury may accuse upon their own knowledge, but it is generally done upon the testimony of witnesses under oath and other evidence heard before them. The proceedings of grand jury are, in the first instance, at the instigation of the government or other prosecutor, the accused has no knowledge nor right to interfere with their proceedings. If the grand jury returns an indictment as a bill, the indictment is said to be founded and party stand indicted. Grand jury only hears evidence on behalf of the prosecution for the finding of an indictment only in the nature of inquiry or accusation, however, they ought to be thoroughly persuaded of the truth of indictment, so far as their evidence goes. The first instance of a jury can be traced back to the Assize of Clarendon in 1166. Henrys chief impact on the development of the English monarchy was to increase the jurisdiction of the courts at the expense of the feudal courts. Itinerant justices on regular circuits were sent out each year to enforce the Kings Peace. To make this system of criminal justice more effective, Henry employed the method of inquest used by William the Conqueror in the Domesday Book. In each shire, a body of important men was sworn to report to the sheriff all crimes committed since the last session of the circuit court, thus originated the more recent grand jury that presents information for an indictment
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Motorcycle
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A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes, long travel, commuting, cruising, sport including racing. Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and related social activity such as joining a motorcycle club, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle. In 2014, the three top motorcycle producers globally by volume were Honda, Yamaha, and Hero MotoCorp, in developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are in the Asia-Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, according to the United States Department of Transportation the number of fatalities per vehicle mile traveled was 37 times higher for motorcycles than for cars. The term motorcycle has different legal definitions depending on jurisdiction, there are three major types of motorcycle, street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these types, there are many sub-types of motorcycles for different purposes, there is often a racing counterpart to each type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes. Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal. Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a different riding posture, the first internal combustion, petroleum fueled motorcycle was the Daimler Reitwagen. It was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning. The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen and it was designed as an expedient testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle. The first commercial design for a cycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler Petrol Cycle. He exhibited his plans for the vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884, the vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in Greenwich, in 1888. The engine was liquid-cooled, with a radiator over the driving wheel. Speed was controlled by means of a valve lever. No braking system was fitted, the vehicle was stopped by raising and lowering the rear driving wheel using a foot-operated lever, the driver was seated between the front wheels. It wasnt, however, a success, as Butler failed to find sufficient financial backing, many authorities have excluded steam powered, electric motorcycles or diesel-powered two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle, and credit the Daimler Reitwagen as the worlds first motorcycle
36.
Ouachita Parish, Louisiana
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Ouachita Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 153,720, the parish was formed in 1807. Ouachita Parish is part of the Monroe, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Ouachita Parish was the home to many succeeding Native American groups in the thousands of years before European settlements began. Peoples of the Marksville culture, Troyville culture, Coles Creek culture and Plaquemine culture built villages, notable examples include the Filhiol Mound Site, located on a natural levee of the Ouachita River. The parish bears the name as the Ouachita River, which flows through southern Arkansas. Beginning about 1720, French settlers arrived in modern Ouachita Parish, Natchez Indians destroyed the Ouachita plantations during the Natchez Revolt of 1729-1731, and the French did not move back. Choctaw Indians began hunting in northern Louisiana, including the Ouachita country, beginning in the 1750s, in 1769, Alejandro OReilly, the first Spanish governor to rule successfully in West Louisiana, claimed Ouachita Parish for Spain. Following the Seven Years War, France had ceded its territories in North America east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain in 1763, Spain took over French territories west of the Mississippi, including nominally in Louisiana. A census of the parish that year recorded 110 white people, in 1769 Spain abolished the Indian slave trade and Indian slavery in its colonies. Thus a child of an Indian mother or grandmother, free people since 1769, in 1783, Don Juan Filhiol, was among Frenchmen who worked for the Spanish colonial government in Louisiana after it had taken control. He was assigned that year to establish the first European outpost in the area of the Ouachita River Valley, called Poste dOuachita. With his wife, a few soldiers and slaves, his party made the slow, arduous journey by keelboat up the Mississippi, Red, Black. The European population of the entire Ouachita District was only 207 in 1785, originally based in Arkansas, Filhio surveyed his grant and settled in 1785 at Prairie des Canots. He gradually organized settlers, including trying to some military skills. He built Fort Miro on his land to provide protection for settlers from the Indians, at the same time, he worked to establish trade with the Chickasaw people and others of the area. He was tasked with organizing the settlers in the Ouachita River Valley, Filhio served as commandant of Poste dOuachita until 1800, when he retired. He continued to live on his plantation here, the US took over the vast former French territory west of the Mississippi and outside the Southwest and California, which were still Spanish territory. In 1819 the Americans renamed Fort Miro as the Ouachita Post, a year or so later, they changed the towns name to Monroe, after the first steamboat to reach it in travel up the Ouachita River
