1.
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)
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Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a 1958 American drama film directed by Richard Brooks. It is based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the name by Tennessee Williams adapted by Richard Brooks. One of the box office hits of 1958, the film stars Elizabeth Taylor, Paul Newman. Late one night, a drunken Brick Pollitt is out trying to recapture his glory days of school sports by leaping hurdles on a track field. Unexpectedly, he falls and breaks his leg, leaving him dependent on a crutch, Brick, along with his wife, Maggie the Cat, are seen the next day visiting his familys estate in eastern Mississippi, there to celebrate Big Daddys 65th birthday. Depressed, Brick has spent the last few years drinking, while resisting the affections of his wife, Big Daddy and Big Mama arrive home from the hospital via their private airplane and are greeted by Gooper and his wife - and all their kids - along with Maggie. Despite the efforts of Mae, Gooper and their kids to draw his attention to them, the news is that Big Daddy is not dying from cancer. However, the doctor later meets privately with first Gooper and then Brick where he divulges that it is a deception, Big Daddy has inoperable cancer and will likely be dead within a year, and the truth is being kept from him. Brick later confides in Maggie with the truth about Big Daddys health, Maggie wants Brick to take an interest in his father - for both selfish and unselfish reasons, but Brick stubbornly refuses. As the party winds down for the night, Big Daddy meets with Brick in his room and reveals that he is fed up with his alcoholic son’s behavior, demanding to know why he is so stubborn. At one point Maggie joins them and reveals what happened a few years ago on the night Bricks best friend, Maggie was jealous of Skipper because he had more of Bricks time, and says that Skip was lost without Brick at his side. She decided to ruin their relationship by any means necessary, intending to seduce Skipper, however, Maggie ran away without completing the plan. Brick had blamed Maggie for Skippers death, but actually blames himself for not helping Skipper when he repeatedly phoned Brick in a hysterical state, after an argument, Brick lets it slip that Big Daddy will die from cancer and that this birthday will be his last. Shaken, Big Daddy retreats to the basement, meanwhile, Gooper, who is a lawyer, and his wife argue with Big Mama about the familys cotton business and Big Daddys will. Brick descends into the basement, a labyrinth of antiques and family possessions hidden away and he and Big Daddy confront each other before a large cut-out of Brick in his glory days as an athlete, and ultimately reach a reconciliation of sorts. The rest of the family begins to crumble under pressure, with Big Mama stepping up as a strong figure, Maggie says that shed like to give Big Daddy her birthday present, the announcement of her being pregnant. After the jealous Mae calls Maggie a liar, Big Daddy and Brick defend her, even Gooper finds himself admitting, That girls got life in her, alright. Maggie and Brick reconcile, and the two kiss, with the implication that they make love, possibly making Maggies lie become truth
2.
Hunt City Township, Jasper County, Illinois
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Hunt City Township is one of eleven townships in Jasper County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 282 and it contained 126 housing units, according to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 32.03 square miles, all land. Brookville at 39. 039486°N88. 066147°W /39.039486, -88.066147 Hunt City at 39. 051153°N88. 023368°W /39.051153, Hunt City Township, Jasper County, Illinois. United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles United States National Atlas City-Data. com Illinois State Archives
3.
Anacortes, Washington
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Anacortes /ˌænəˈkɔːrtəs/ is a city in Skagit County, Washington, United States. The name Anacortes is a consolidation of the name Anna Curtis, Anacortes population was 15,778 at the time of the 2010 census. It is one of two cities of and included in the Mount Vernon-Anacortes Metropolitan Statistical Area. Anacortes is known for the Washington State Ferries dock and terminal serving Lopez Island, Shaw Island, Orcas Island, there is also a Skagit County-operated ferry that serves Guemes Island, a residential island located across Guemes Channel, north of Anacortes. Anacortes was officially incorporated on May 19,1891, in 1877, railroad surveyor and town founder Amos Bowman moved his family to the northern tip of Fidalgo Island. Bowman began promoting the area as a terminus for the Northern Pacific Railroad as it was built through the north Cascades to the Pacific. Bowman established the towns first newspaper, The Northwest Enterprise, to promote his vision of the New York of the West, Seattle and Northern Company began building a rail line from the town in 1888. Real estate and development boomed from 1888 to 1890 as a result of the rumors. In 1891, the real estate bubble burst, speculators lost money and the Oregon Improvement Company could no longer afford to complete tracks over the Cascades. The town failed to become the railroad terminus Bowman had envisioned, after the bust, the town became prominent for its fishing tradition, thriving canning industry, and timber mills. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 15.53 square miles. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Anacortes has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, as of the census of 2010, there were 15,778 people,6,980 households, and 4,461 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,342.8 inhabitants per square mile, there were 7,680 housing units at an average density of 653.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 5% White,0. 7% African American,1. 0% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,1. 6% from other races, and 3. 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 0% of the population,29. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the family size was 2.75. The median age in the city was 47.2 years. 19. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 4% were from 25 to 44,29. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 22. 9% were 65 years of age or older
4.
Eastern Illinois University
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Eastern Illinois University is a state university located in Charleston, Illinois, United States. Eastern Illinois University is located in Charleston, Illinois, just off Interstate 57, about 50 miles south of Champaign, as you approach Charleston, you will see the universitys iconic landmark, Old Main, at its location on 600 Lincoln Avenue. Eastern Illinois Normal School was established by the Illinois State Legislature in 1895 to train teachers for the schools of East Central Illinois, a 40 acre campus was acquired in Charleston and the first building was commissioned. When the school classes in 1899, there were 125 students. The first building was finished in 1899 and is called Old Main, lord Administration Building in honor of EIUs first president, who served from 1899 to 1933. Built of Indiana limestone in a heavy Gothic revival style with turrets, towers, Old Main is one of Altgelds castles, five buildings built in the 1890s at the major Illinois state colleges. Governor John Peter Altgeld was instrumental in funding the Illinois university system, easterns Old Main and Illinois State Universitys Cook Hall are the only schools where the castle is not named after Altgeld. Other original Gothic Revival buildings include Booth Library and Blair Hall, Blair Hall was restored after a disastrous fire in 2004. In fall 2008, the university opened the newly constructed Doudna Fine Arts Center, the 138, 000-square-foot complex houses the music, theatre, and visual arts departments. Thus, Eastern Illinois State Normal School became Eastern Illinois State Teachers College in 1921, in 1957, the Illinois General Assembly changed the name of the institution to Eastern Illinois University. Eastern Illinois University has roughly 8,000 students, tuition is approximately $8,550 per year for residents of Illinois and other bordering states, while it is $10,680 for non-residents. The university estimates its average cost-of-attendance to be approximately $24,640 per academic year, tuition is expected to increase in the 2016-2017 academic year. There are prominent Communication Disorders and Sciences and Biological Sciences programs, the university has an endowment of approximately $35 million. The current president is David Glassman, in the US News & World Report college rankings, EIU is classified as a regional public university and fits into one of four regions, the Midwest Region. In the publications 2015 rankings, EIU ranks No.4 amongst its peers in that region, the Graduate School was founded in 1951 and has an enrollment of approximately 1,800 full and part-time students with more than 300 faculty holding graduate faculty status. The university also includes the Center for Academic Support and Achievement, the Office of Minority Affairs, the Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, the universitys Booth Library hosts yearly exhibits, the Ballenger Teachers Center, and numerous digital collections. A majority of the holdings are concentrated on art from the state of Illinois, eighty-eight percent of graduates find work in a field related to their major within six months after graduation. Eastern Illinois University offers over 150 student organizations, the schools daily newspaper is The Daily Eastern News
5.
Irving Berlin
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Irving Berlin was an American composer and lyricist, widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in American history. His music forms a part of the Great American Songbook. Born in Imperial Russia, Berlin arrived in the United States at the age of five. He published his first song, Marie from Sunny Italy, in 1907, receiving 33 cents for the publishing rights and he also was an owner of the Music Box Theatre on Broadway. Alexanders Ragtime Band sparked a dance craze in places as far away as Berlins native Russia. In doing so, said Walter Cronkite, at Berlins 100th birthday tribute, he helped write the story of country, capturing the best of who we are. He wrote hundreds of songs, many becoming major hits, which him a legend before he turned thirty. During his 60-year career he wrote an estimated 1,500 songs, including the scores for 19 Broadway shows and 18 Hollywood films, with his songs nominated eight times for Academy Awards. Many songs became popular themes and anthems, including Easter Parade, White Christmas, Happy Holiday, This Is the Army, Mr. Jones, and Theres No Business Like Show Business. His Broadway musical and 1942 film, This is the Army, Celine Dion recorded it as a tribute, making it no.1 on the charts after the September 11 attacks in 2001. In 2015, pianist and composer Hershey Felder began touring nationwide as a show, portraying Berlin. Composer George Gershwin called him the greatest songwriter that has ever lived, Berlin was born on May 11,1888, in Tolochin, Russian Empire. He was one of eight children of Moses and Lena Lipkin Beilin and his father, a cantor in a synagogue, uprooted the family to America, as did many other Jewish families in the late 19th century. In 1893 they settled in New York City, as of the 1900 census, the name Beilin had changed to Baline. By daylight the house was in ashes, as an adult, Berlin said he was unaware of being raised in abject poverty since he knew no other life. Tsar Alexander III of Russia and then Tsar Nicholas II, his son, had revived with utmost brutality the anti-Jewish pogroms, which created the spontaneous mass exodus to America. When they reached Ellis Island, Israel was put in a pen with his brother and his Yiddish-speaking family eventually settled on Cherry Street, a windowless cold-water basement flat in the Theater District of the Lower East Side. His father, unable to find work as a cantor in New York, took a job at a kosher meat market and gave Hebrew lessons on the side
6.
This Is the Army
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This Is the Army is a 1943 American wartime musical comedy film produced by Hal B. Wallis and Jack L. Warner, and directed by Michael Curtiz, adapted from a stage musical with the same name, designed to boost morale in the U. S. during World War II. The screenplay by Casey Robinson and Claude Binyon was based on the 1942 Broadway musical by Irving Berlin, in World War I song-and-dance man Jerry Jones is drafted into the US Army, where he stages a revue called Yip Yip Yaphank. Among the teary, last-minute goodbyes Jones kisses his newlywed bride Ethel farewell, in the trenches of France, several of the soldiers in the production are killed or wounded by shrapnel from a German artillery barrage. Jones is wounded in the leg and must walk with a cane, nevertheless, he is resolved to find something useful to do, especially now that he is the father of a son. Eddie Dibble, the bugler, also survive. Twenty-five years later World War II is raging in Europe, jerrys son Johnny enlists in the Army shortly after Pearl Harbor. He tells his sweetheart Eileen Dibble that they cannot marry until he returns, Johnny reluctantly accepts an order to stage another musical, following in his fathers footsteps. The show goes on throughout the United States and eventually plays Washington. During the show it is announced that this is the last performance, Eileen, who has joined the Red Cross auxiliary, appears backstage. During a break in the show she brings a minister and convinces Johnny that they should marry now - which they do, in the alley behind the theater, the plot provides an envelope to showcase both revues. Davidson Rosemary DeCamp as Ethel Jones Ruth Donnelly as Mrs. OBrien Dorothy Peterson as Mrs. Nelson Gertrude Niesen as World War I Vocalist Ronald Reagan as Cpl, there he spoke with the commanding officers, including Capt. A. H. Rankin of Special Services, about restaging his original 1917 Army play, Ezra Stone was selected as director for the new contemporary play, and the two set up on base during the weekdays to put together the story and crew. Insisting on integration, Berlin was granted the chance to add African Americans into this play and this would not be unconventional for Berlin, but it would be for the United States Army—no whites and African Americans would appear on stage simultaneously. Though progressive in regard, Berlin was still planning on opening with a minstrel skit. Ezra Stone told his boss that it would be impossible to get 110 men out of blackface in time for the next number. Casting aside his minstrel show, Berlin instead wrote a new Puttin on the Ritz, the retooled play ran on Broadway, at the Broadway Theatre from July 4,1942, to September 26,1942. The show was directed by Sgt, the show was such a success that it went on the road
7.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
8.
So Dear to My Heart
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So Dear to My Heart is a 1949 feature film produced by Walt Disney, whose world premiere was in Indianapolis on January 19,1949, released by RKO Radio Pictures. Like 1946s Song of the South, the film combines animation and it is based on the Sterling North book Midnight and Jeremiah. Set in Indiana in 1903, the tells the tale of Jeremiah Kincaid. Jeremiah names the lamb Danny for the race horse, Dan Patch. Jeremiahs dream of showing Danny at the Pike County Fair must overcome the objections of his loving—yet tough—grandmother Granny. Jeremiahs confidant, Uncle Hiram, is the boys steady ally, inspired by the animated figures and stories, the boy perseveres. Bobby Driscoll received a special Juvenile Award from the Academy, honoring him as the outstanding juvenile actor of 1949, after the railroad closed, John Lasseter relocated it to his property. The film was re-released in 1964 and earned an estimated $1.5 million in rentals in North America, so Dear to My Heart was not released on home video until 1986. It was then re-released in 1992 and released on video in 1994 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection, the film was originally planned for a US DVD release as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection, but was cancelled, with no particular reason given. Six years after seeing a region 2 DVD release, it was released in the US on DVD in July 2008 as a Disney Movie Club Exclusive. Song of the South Official website So Dear to My Heart at the Internet Movie Database So Dear to My Heart at The Big Cartoon DataBase So Dear to My Heart, The Secrets Behind the Film
9.
The Big Country
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The Big Country is a 1958 American epic Western film directed by William Wyler and starring Gregory Peck, Jean Simmons, Carroll Baker, Charlton Heston and Burl Ives. The supporting cast features Charles Bickford and Chuck Connors, the picture was based on the serialized magazine novel Ambush at Blanco Canyon by Donald Hamilton. And was co-produced by Wyler and Peck, the opening title sequence was created by Saul Bass. The film is one of very few pictures in which Heston plays a supporting role instead of the lead. Ives won the Academy Award as Best Supporting Actor for his performance as well as the Golden Globe Award, the film was also nominated for an Academy Award for the musical score by Jerome Moross. Successful sea captain James McKay travels to the American West to join his fiancée Patricia at the ranch owned by her father, Henry Terrill. Terrill has been feuding with Rufus Hannassey, the patriarch of a poorer, less refined ranching clan, over water rights in the arid grazing lands of the high plains. Patricias friend, schoolteacher Julie Maragon, owns the Big Muddy, Julie allows all to water their cattle and refuses to sell or lease the Big Muddy to either side, so as to keep the fragile peace. McKay brings a pair of dueling pistols to the Major as a gift, but he repeatedly refuses to be provoked into proving his manhood, he tells the Major that his father died in a meaningless duel. He does nothing when Hannasseys trouble-making son Buck and his shiftless companions harass him and he also declines an invitation by Terrills foreman, Steve Leech, to ride an unbroken horse named Old Thunder. Consequently, everyone, including Patricia, considers him a coward, when the Major and his men ride to the Hannassey ranch in retribution for Bucks harassment of a Terrill guest, McKay declines to participate. Buck makes his escape from Terrills men while others in his posse are punished, alone at Terrills ranch except for ranch hand Ramon, McKay then breaks Old Thunder, after being thrown out of the saddle numerous times. He swears Ramon, the witness, to secrecy. Terrill hosts a Grand Gala to formally announce Patricias upcoming wedding, a ruffled and grizzled Hannassey, armed with a shotgun, spoils the festive mood when he confronts Terrill in front of all his guests over the brutal beating of his men. He threatens to start a war over Terrills steadfast practice of denying water to Hannasseys cattle. McKay rides out to the Big Muddy and persuades Julie to sell him the land, a search party, led by Leech, spends two days looking for McKay, believing he has become lost. McKay explains that he was never in danger, but Leech calls him a liar, again refusing to be goaded into a fight, McKay sees that both Patricia and her father are disappointed, they agree to reconsider their engagement. Early the next morning, before anybody else is up, McKay seeks out Leech to settle their quarrel and they fight, without witnesses, to an exhausted draw
10.
31st Academy Awards
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The 31st Academy Awards ceremony was held on April 6,1959, to honor the best films of 1958. The shows producer, Jerry Wald, started cutting numbers from the show to make sure it ran on time and he cut too much material and the ceremony ended 20 minutes early, leaving Jerry Lewis to attempt to fill in the time. Eventually, NBC cut to a re-run of a sports show, the film Gigi won nine Oscars, breaking the previous record of eight. It would be short-lived, however, as Ben-Hur broke the record with eleven Oscars the following year, Gigi was the last film until The Last Emperor to win Best Picture without any acting nominations. It also had the biggest clean sweep that would be met by The Last Emperor, winning all 9 of its nominations. The record was broken in 2003 by The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King with all 11 of its nominations, also record of most Oscar wins with Ben-Hur. The ceremony was hosted by an ensemble of actors, Jerry Lewis, Mort Sahl, Tony Randall, Bob Hope, David Niven, Niven won Best Actor that night, making him the only host in Oscar history to have won an award during the same ceremony. Winners are listed first and highlighted with boldface Maurice Chevalier Jack L
11.
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)
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Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions and currently distributed by Universal Television. It first aired Sunday, December 6,1964, on the NBC television network in the United States, and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour. The special was based on the Johnny Marks song Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer which was based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks brother-in-law. Since 1972, the special has aired on CBS, with the unveiling a high-definition. As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Rudolph no longer airs just once annually, unlike other holiday specials that also air on several cable channels, Rudolph only airs on CBS. It has been telecast every year since 1964, making it the longest running Christmas TV special in history,2014 marked the 50th anniversary of the television special and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6,2014. Sam the Snowman narrates the story of Rudolph, a reindeer who is born with a red nose. His father, Santas lead reindeer Donner, feels ashamed after Santa Claus tells him that he not allow Rudolph to be in the sleigh team with his nose. Donner uses a cover to hide Rudolphs nose so Donner. A year later, Rudolph is a reindeer who is sent to take part in the Reindeer Games to learn how to fly. Donner still tries to hide the nature of Rudolphs nose with the cover and this causes Rudolphs voice to sound as if he had a permanent cold. Despite this, two deer befriend Rudolph, one is a little buck named Fireball, and one unnamed buck is said to be the son of Dasher. The other is a doe named Clarice, whose affection for Rudolph inspires him to fly higher. During some horseplay, Fireball inadvertently pops the cover off of Rudolphs nose, after seeing his glowing nose, Comet bans Rudolph from the rest of the games as a result. Clarice is the reindeer who still likes Rudolph and tries to comfort him. However, their musings are interrupted by Clarices father, who forbids Clarice from being around Rudolph, Rudolph runs off into the woods and meets up with Hermey, an elf who had been forced out of his job because he was more interested in dentistry than toymaking and singing. The two bond after they discover they each have something that makes them unique, after deciding to be independent together, they set out but encounter the Abominable Snow Monster aka the Bumble, a carnivorous monster who hates Christmas and feeds on reindeer. The two manage to escape him, later, they meet a prospector named Yukon Cornelius, who professes himself as the Greatest Prospector of the North but never finds any of the precious metal that he seeks
12.
Jasper County, Illinois
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Jasper County is a county located in the U. S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 9,698, Jasper County was formed in 1831 out of Clay and Crawford Counties. William Jasper, Revolutionary War hero from South Carolina, in the defense of Fort Moultrie in 1776, when the staff of the American flag was shot away, Sgt. Jasper erected a staff, and waved the flag at the British until a new staff was erected. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 498 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.38 inches in January to 4.39 inches in May, the population density was 19.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,345 housing units at a density of 8.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 6% white,0. 2% Asian,0. 1% American Indian,0. 1% black or African American,0. 3% from other races, and 0. 6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0. 8% of the population, in terms of ancestry,39. 5% were German,12. 5% were American,11. 0% were Irish, and 9. 1% were English. The average household size was 2.45 and the family size was 2.90. The median age was 42.7 years, the median income for a household in the county was $46,546 and the median income for a family was $53,034. Males had an income of $39,167 versus $24,856 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,467, about 6. 3% of families and 8. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 6% of those under age 18 and 5. 1% of those age 65 or over. Jasper County is largely served by Jasper County Community Unit School District 1, five of the districts six schools are located in Jasper County. Saint Thomas Catholic School is an elementary school, also in Newton
13.
Newton, Illinois
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Newton is a city in and the county seat of Jasper County, Illinois, United States. The population was 3,069 at the 2000 Census, Newton is home to a large coal-fired power plant and Newton Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area. Newton has produced several notable natives and these include Texas Ranger pitcher Ross Wolf, folk singer Burl Ives, and Irene Hunt, who set the historical novel about the Civil War, Across Five Aprils, in and around Newton. Newton is located at 38°59′17″N 88°9′52″W, the city is located in the geographic center of Jasper County on a bluff overlooking the Embarras River. According to the 2010 census, Newton has an area of 1.85 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,069 people,1,329 households, the population density was 1,647.3 people per square mile. There were 1,490 housing units at a density of 799.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 99% White,0. 10% African American,0. 20% Asian,0. 23% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 59% of the population. Among the White residents, the origin is primarily German with lesser contributions from England, France. 35. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.94. In the city, the population was out with 23. 9% under the age of 18,9. 3% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,20. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 84.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $30,280, and the median income for a family was $42,788. Males had an income of $31,808 versus $17,877 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,363, about 8. 4% of families and 11. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. 7% of those under age 18 and 10. 1% of those age 65 or over. Newton is the largest, oldest and only city in Jasper County, because of its favorable location within the county, it was named county seat in 1835. Jasper County was formed in 1831 and approved on Dec.19,1834, the county was named after American Revolutionary War hero, Sergeant Jasper. He and his friend, Sergeant Newton, were patriots that saved American prisoners of war from certain death at the hands of British soldiers
14.
Barbara Allen (song)
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Barbara Allen is a traditional Scottish ballad, it later travelled to America both orally and in print, where it became a popular folk song. The ballad generally follows a plot, although narrative details vary between versions. A servant asks Barbara Allen to attend on his sick master and she visits the bedside of the heartbroken young man, who pleads for her love. She refuses, claiming that he had slighted her while drinking with friends, Barbara Allen later hears his funeral bells tolling, stricken with grief, she dies as well. They are buried in the church, a rose grows from his grave, a briar from hers. A diary entry by Samuel Pepys on January 2,1666 contains the earliest extant reference to the song, from this, Roud & Bishop have inferred the song was popular at that time. They suggested that it may have written for stage performance, as Elizabeth Knepp was a professional actress, singer. One 1690 broadside of the song was published in London under the title Barbara Allens cruelty, or, with Barbara Allens amentation for her unkindness to her lover, and her self. Additional printings were common in Britain throughout the eighteenth century, the ballad was first printed in the United States in 1836. Many variations of the continued to be printed on broadsides in the United States through the 19th and 20th centuries. Throughout New England, it was passed orally and spread by inclusion in songbooks and newspaper columns, along with other popular ballads such as The Farmers Curst Wife, several early complete versions of the ballad are extant. Scottish poet Allan Ramsay published Bonny Barbara Allen in his Tea-Table Miscellany published in 1740, soon after, Thomas Percy published two similar renditions in his 1765 collection Reliques of Ancient English Poetry under the titles Barbara Allens Cruelty and Sir John Grehme and Barbara Allen. Ethnomusicologist Francis Child compiled these renditions together with others found in the Roxburghe Ballads to create his A and B standard versions. It was in and about the Martinmas time, When the green leaves were a falling, O Hooly, hooly rose she up, To the place where he was lying, And when she drew the curtain by, Young man, I think youre dying. The setting is sometimes Scarlet Town and this may be a punning reference to Reading, as a slip-song version c.1790 among the Madden songs at Cambridge University Library has In Reading town, where I was bound. London town and Dublin town are used in other versions, the dying man is called Sir John Graeme in the earliest known printings. American versions of the ballad often call him some variation of William, James, or Jimmy, his last name may be specified as Grove, Green, Grame, the ballad opens by establishing a festive timeframe, usually stated as May, Martinmas, or Lammas. A dialogue between the two follows, O its Im sick, and very, very sick, And t is a Barbara Allan, O the better for me yes never be
15.
Charleston, Illinois
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Charleston is a city in Coles County, Illinois, United States and is also the county seat. The population was 21,838, as of the 2010 census, the city is home to Eastern Illinois University and has close ties with its neighbor, Mattoon, Illinois. Both are principal cities of the Charleston–Mattoon Micropolitan Statistical Area, Native Americans lived in the Charleston area for thousands of years before Europeans arrived. Indians may have set the wildfires which maintained the local mosaic of prairie. Streams with names like Indian Creek and Kickapoo Creek mark the sites of former Native settlements, one village is said to have been located south of Fox Ridge State Park near a deposit of flint. The early history of European settlement in the area was marked by uneasy co-existence between Native Americans and European settlers, some settlers lived peacefully with the natives. Two pitched battles occurred just south of Charleston along the hills of the Embarrass and these conflicts did not slow European settlement. Native American history in Coles County effectively ended when all natives were expelled by law from Illinois after the 1832 Black Hawk War, with the grudging exception of Indian wives, the last natives were driven out by the 1840s. First settled by Benjamin Parker in 1826, it was named for Charles Morton, the city was established in 1831, but not incorporated until 1865. When Abraham Lincolns father moved to a farm on Goosenest Prairie south of Charleston in 1831, Lincoln helped him move, then left to start his own homestead at New Salem in Sangamon County. Lincoln was a frequent visitor to the Charleston area, though he spent more time at the Coles County courthouse than at the home of his father and stepmother. One of the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates was held in Charleston on September 18,1858, and is now the site of the Coles County fairgrounds, Lincolns last visit was in 1859, when the future President visited his stepmother and his fathers grave. Although Illinois was a solidly pro-Union, anti-slavery state, Coles County was settled by many Southerners with pro-slavery sentiments, in 1847, the county was divided when prominent local citizens offered refuge to a family of escaped slaves brought from Kentucky by Gen. Robert Matson. Abe Lincoln, by then a railroad lawyer, appeared in the Coles County courthouse to argue for the return of the escaped slaves under the Fugitive Slave Act in a case known as Matson v. Ashmore. As in the rest of the nation, this long-simmering debate finally broke out into violence during the American Civil War, newspaper accounts at the time said the Copperheads stated intention was to burn the town and cut out the hearts of the abolitionists. Even the county sheriff is alleged to have fired on the soldiers, by the time the Charleston Riot had ended, nine were dead and twelve had been wounded, mostly Copperheads. In 1895, the Eastern Illinois State Normal School was established in Charleston and this led to lasting resentment in nearby Mattoon, which had originally led the campaign to locate the proposed teaching school in Coles County. A Mattoon newspaper printed a special edition announcing the decision with the derisive headline Catfish Town Gets It, thomas Lincolns log cabin has been restored and is open to the public as the Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site,8 mi. south of Charleston
16.
Beowulf
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Beowulf is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative lines. It may be the oldest surviving poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature. A date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars, the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript, the author was an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet, referred to by scholars as the Beowulf poet. The poem is set in Scandinavia, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by a monster known as Grendel. After Beowulf slays him, Grendels mother attacks the hall and is also defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland and later king of the Geats. After a period of fifty years has passed, Beowulf defeats a dragon, after his death, his attendants cremate his body and erect a tower on a headland in his memory. The full poem survives in the known as the Nowell Codex. It has no title in the manuscript, but has become known by the name of the storys protagonist. In 1731, the manuscript was damaged by a fire that swept through Ashburnham House in London that had a collection of medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton. The Nowell Codex is currently housed in the British Library, the poem may have been brought to England by people of Geatish origins. Others have associated this poem with the court of King Alfred the Great or with the court of King Cnut the Great. The poem deals with legends, was composed for entertainment, though Beowulf himself is not mentioned in any other Anglo-Saxon manuscript, scholars generally agree that many of the other personalities of Beowulf also appear in Scandinavian sources. This does not only people, but also clans and some of the events. Three halls, each about 50 metres long, were found during the excavation, the majority view appears to be that people such as King Hroðgar and the Scyldings in Beowulf are based on real historical people from 6th-century Scandinavia. 19th-century archeological evidence may confirm elements of the Beowulf story, Eadgils was buried at Uppsala according to Snorri Sturluson. When Eadgils mound was excavated in 1874, the finds supported Beowulf and they showed that a powerful man was buried in a large barrow, c 575, on a bear skin with two dogs and rich grave offerings. These remains include a Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets and he was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads, and he wore a belt with a costly buckle
17.
Freemasonry
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The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow, and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft Freemasonry, members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, the basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge. The Lodges are usually supervised and governed at the level by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry, each Grand Lodge is independent, modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups. Continental Freemasonry is now the term for the liberal jurisdictions who have removed some, or all. The Masonic Lodge is the organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the formal business of any small organisation. In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, at the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song. The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies, candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft. In all of ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs. Another ceremony is the installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, in other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge. Most Lodges have some sort of calendar, allowing Masons. Often coupled with events is the obligation placed on every Mason to contribute to charity. This occurs at both Lodge and Grand Lodge level, Masonic charities contribute to many fields from education to disaster relief. These private local Lodges form the backbone of Freemasonry, and a Freemason will necessarily have been initiated into one of these, there also exist specialist Lodges where Masons meet to celebrate anything from sport to Masonic research
18.
Richmond, Indiana
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Richmond /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ is a city in east central Indiana, United States, bordering on Ohio. It is the county seat of Wayne County, and in the 2010 census had a population of 36,812, situated largely within Wayne Township, its area includes a non-contiguous portion in nearby Boston Township where the Richmond Municipal Airport is located. The city is called the cradle of recorded jazz because some early jazz records were made there at the studio of Gennett Records. The city has received the All-America City Award, most recently in 2009. Richmond is located at 39°49′49″N 84°53′26″W, according to the 2010 census, Richmond has a total area of 24.067 square miles, of which 23.91 square miles is land and 0.157 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 36,812 people,15,098 households, the population density was 1,539.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 17,649 housing units at a density of 737.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 83. 9% White,8. 6% African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,1. 9% from other races, and 4. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 1% of the population,34. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the family size was 2.91. The median age in the city was 38.4 years. 22. 1% of residents were under the age of 18,11. 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 4% were from 25 to 44,25. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 16. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 9% male and 52. 1% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 39,124 people,16,287 households, and 9,918 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,685.3 people per square mile, there were 17,647 housing units at an average density of 760.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 86. 78% White,8. 87% African American,0. 27% Native American,0. 80% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,1. 09% from other races, and 2. 14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 03% of the population,33. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the family size was 2.89. In the city, the population was out with 23. 4% under the age of 18,11. 0% from 18 to 24,27. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 6% from 45 to 64
19.
Gennett Records
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Gennett was an American record company and label in Richmond, Indiana, which flourished in the 1920s. Gennett produced some of the earliest recordings of Louis Armstrong, King Oliver, Bix Beiderbecke and its roster also included Jelly Roll Morton, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Charley Patton, and Gene Autry. Gennett Records was founded in Richmond, Indiana, by the Starr Piano Company and it released its first records in October 1917. The company took its name from its top managers, Harry, Fred, earlier, the company had produced recordings under the Starr Records label. Gennett set up recording studios in New York City and later, in 1921, the sides recorded in New York are generally of about typical audio fidelity for a minor label of the time, and some masters were leased from other New York area firms. Many early religious recordings were made by Homer Rodeheaver, early shape note singers and others, Gennett issued a few early electrically recorded masters recorded in the Autograph studios of Chicago in 1925. These recordings were crude, and like many other Autograph issues are easily mistaken for acoustic masters by the casual listener. Gennett began serious electrical recording in March 1926, using a process licensed from General Electric, at this time the company also introduced an improved record biscuit which was adequate to the demands imposed by the electric recording process. The improved records were identified by a newly designed black label touting the New Electrobeam process, from 1925 to 1934, Gennett released recordings by hundreds of old-time music artists, precursors to country music, including such artists as Doc Roberts and Gene Autry. By the late 1920s, Gennett was pressing records for more than 25 labels worldwide, in 1926, Fred Gennett created Champion Records as a budget label for tunes previously released on Gennett. The Gennett Company was hit severely by the Great Depression in 1930 and it cut back on record recording and production until it was halted altogether in 1934. At this time the only product Gennett Records produced under its own name was a series of recorded sound effects for use by radio stations, in 1935 the Starr Piano Company sold some Gennett masters, and the Gennett and Champion trademarks to Decca Records. Kapp also attempted to revive the Gennett and Champion labels between 1935 and 1937 as specialists in bargain pressings of race and old-time music with but little success. The Starr record plant soldiered on under the supervision of Harry Gennett through the remainder of the decade by offering contract pressing services. For a time the Starr Piano Company was the manufacturer of Decca records. In the years remaining before World War II, Gennett did contract pressing for a number of New York-based jazz and folk music labels, including Joe Davis, Keynote and Asch. With the coming of the Second World War, the War Production Board in March 1942 declared shellac a rationed commodity, newly organized record labels were forced to purchase their shellac allocations from existing companies. Joe Davis purchased the Gennett shellac allocation, some of which he used for his own labels, brunswick Records acquired the old Gennett pressing plant for Decca
20.
Banjo
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The banjo is a four-, five- or six-stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity as a resonator, called the head. The membrane, or head, is made of plastic, although animal skin is still occasionally but rarely used. Early forms of the instrument were fashioned by Africans in America, the banjo is frequently associated with country, folk, Irish traditional and bluegrass music. Historically, the banjo occupied a place in African American traditional music. The banjo, with the fiddle, is a mainstay of American old-time music and it is also very frequently used in Traditional Jazz. The modern banjo derives from instruments that had used in the Caribbean since the 17th century by enslaved people taken from West Africa. Written references to the banjo in North America appear in the 18th century, the etymology of the name banjo is uncertain. The word could have come from the Yoruba word Bami jo and it may derive from the Kimbundu word mbanza. A Banza, a five double string courses Portuguese viuhela with two short strings, mbanza is a string African instrument that has been built after the Portuguese Banza. Banza is quite similar to Banjo, various instruments in Africa, chief among them the kora, feature a skin head and gourd body. Banjos with fingerboards and tuning pegs are known from the Caribbean as early as the 17th century, 18th- and early 19th-century writers transcribed the name of these instruments variously as bangie, banza, bonjaw, banjer and banjar. Instruments similar to the banjo have been played in many countries, another likely relative of the banjo is the akonting, a spike folk lute played by the Jola tribe of Senegambia, and the ubaw-akwala of the Igbo. Early, African-influenced banjos were built around a body and a wooden stick neck. These instruments had varying numbers of strings, though often including some form of drone, the five-string banjo was popularized by Joel Walker Sweeney, an American minstrel performer from Appomattox Court House, Virginia. In the 1830s Sweeney became the first white performer to play the banjo on stage and his version of the instrument replaced the gourd with a drum-like sound box and included four full-length strings alongside a short fifth string. This new banjo was at first tuned dGdf♯a, though by the 1890s this had been transposed up to gcgbd, Banjos were introduced in Britain by Sweeneys group, the American Virginia Minstrels, in the 1840s, and became very popular in music halls. In the Antebellum South, many black slaves played the banjo, two techniques closely associated with the five-string banjo are rolls and drones. Rolls are right hand fingering pattern that consist of eight notes that subdivide each measure
21.
Mona, Utah
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Mona is a city in Juab County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Provo–Orem, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 850 at the 2000 census. At the time this was sufficient under Utah state law for Mona to become a city and it is about halfway between Santaquin and Nephi, about 1.6 km west of Interstate 15. Mona, one of the settlements along the Old Mormon Road, was originally settled in 1852. First named Clover Creek for patches of wild clover that grew along the creek in the area and it was later renamed Willow Creek for its water source, then Starr for a local settler, before receiving its present name. Burl Ives was once jailed in Mona for singing Foggy Foggy Dew, Mona is located at 39°48′55″N 111°51′23″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.4 square miles. Mona is at the foot of Mount Nebo, the southernmost and highest mountain in the Wasatch Range, one of the unique things about Mona is a farm growing lavender. 200 acres of lavender are planted on the side of town. Mona also has an annual Lavender Festival, as of the census of 2000, there were 850 people,232 households, and 203 families residing in the town. The population density was 614.1 people per square mile, there were 243 housing units at an average density of 175.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 24% White,0. 35% Native American,0. 12% Asian,0. 12% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 41% of the population. 9. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.66 and the average family size was 3.97. In the town the population was out with 40. 7% under the age of 18,10. 2% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,16. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 24 years, for every 100 females there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $49,464, and the median income for a family was $50,625. Males had an income of $35,982 versus $22,222 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,474, about 0. 5% of families and 2. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over
22.
Vagrancy (people)
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A vagrant or a vagabond is a person, often in poverty, who wanders from place to place without a home or regular employment or income. Other synonyms include tramp, hobo, and drifter, a vagrant could be described as being a person without a settled home or regular work who wanders from place to place and lives by begging, vagrancy is the condition of such persons. Both vagrant and vagabond ultimately derive from Latin word vagari wander, the term vagabond is derived from Latin vagabundus. In Middle English, vagabond originally denoted a criminal, in settled, ordered communities, vagrants have been historically characterised as outsiders, embodiments of otherness, objects of scorn or mistrust, or worthy recipients of help and charity. Some ancient sources show vagrants as passive objects of pity, who deserve generosity, others show them as subversives, or outlaws, who make a parasitical living through theft, fear and threat. Some fairy tales of medieval Europe have beggars cast curses on anyone who was insulting or stingy towards them, in Tudor England, some of those who begged door-to-door for milk, yeast, drink, pottage were thought to be witches. Many world religions, both in history and today, have strong vagrant traditions, jesus is seen in the Bible teaching compassion for beggars, prostitutes, and the disenfranchised himself, telling his followers to give away their possessions and becoming wanderers themselves. These traditions dominated early Christian movements and were encouraged by figures such as St. Paul. Many still survive in places like Europe, Africa, and the Near East, as preserved by Gnosticism, Hesychasm, the Catholic church also teaches compassion for people living in vagrancy and many Christian denominations recognize various aspects of ascetic teachings that are found in scripture. Examples include sadhus, dervishes, Bhikkhus and the sramanic traditions generally, in Germany, according to the 1871 Penal Code, vagabondage was among the grounds to confine a person to a labor house. In the Tsardom of Russia, the legal term vagrancy was defined in another way than respective terms in Western Europe, foreigners who had been twice expatriated with prohibition of return to the Russian Empire and were arrested in Russia again were also recognized as vagrants. In the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, which came into force on 1 January 1961 and this continued until 5 December 1991, when Section 209 was repealed and vagrancy ceased to be a criminal offence. At present, vagrancy is not an offence in the Russian Federation. The first major vagrancy law was passed in 1349 to increase the following the Black Death by making idleness an offence. By the 16th century the statutes were mainly used as a means of controlling criminals, in 16th and 17th century England, a vagrant was a person who could work but preferred not to, or one who begged for a living. Vagrancy was illegal, punishable by branding, whipping, conscription into the military, vagrants were different from impotent poor, who were unable to support themselves because of advanced age or sickness. However, the English laws usually did not distinguish between the impotent poor and the criminals, so both received the same harsh punishments, in 1530, Henry VIII decreed that beggars who are old and incapable of working receive a beggars licence. On the other hand, whipping and imprisonment for sturdy vagabonds, in 1547, Edward VI ordained that if anyone refuses to work, he shall be condemned as a slave to the person who has denounced him as an idler
23.
Terre Haute, Indiana
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Terre Haute is a city in and the county seat of Vigo County, Indiana, United States, near the states western border with Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 60,785. Located along the Wabash River, Terre Haute is the capital of the Wabash Valley. The city is home to higher education institutions, including Indiana State University, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College. Terre Haute is notable for being the home of Socialist Party of America leader and five-time presidential nominee, Debs and the Federal Correctional Complex. Terre Haute is located alongside the bank of the Wabash River in western Indiana. The city lies about 75 miles west of Indianapolis, according to the 2010 census, Terre Haute has a total area of 35.272 square miles, of which 34.54 square miles is land and 0.732 square miles is water. The Wabash River dominates the geography of the city, forming its western border. Small bluffs on the east side of city mark the edge of the flood plain. Lost Creek and Honey Creek drain the northern and southern sections of the city, in the late 19th century, several oil and mineral wells were productive in and near the center of the city. That well produced oil into the 1920s, Terre Haute is at the intersection of two major roadways, U. S.40 from California to Maryland and US41 from Copper Harbor, Michigan to Miami, Florida. Terre Haute is located 77 miles southwest of Indianapolis and within 185 miles of Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Dfa, Terre Hautes name was derived from the French phrase terre haute, meaning Highland. It was likely named by French explorers in the area in the early 18th century to describe the unique location above the Wabash River, at the time the area was claimed by the French and British, these highlands were considered the border between Canada and Louisiana. The construction of Fort Harrison in 1811 marked the beginning of a permanent population of European-Americans. A Wea Indian village already existed near the fort, and the orchards, the village of Terre Haute, then a part of Knox County, Indiana, was platted in 1816. Growth really began when the founders won the bid to make it the county seat when Vigo County was formed in March 1818. When the villages 1,000 residents voted to incorporate in 1832, Terre Haute became a town, early Terre Haute was a center of farming, milling and pork processing
24.
Indiana State University
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Indiana State University is a public university located in Terre Haute, Indiana, United States. It is an independent public university founded in 1865 that offers over 100 majors, the university has a broad range of graduate offerings in a number of fields. Indiana State is classified by the a Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as a Doctoral/Research University, both the Princeton Review and US News have ranked the Scott College of Business as one of the top business schools for its class. It is a member of the College Consortium of Western Indiana, Indiana State University was established by the Indiana General Assembly on December 20,1865, as the Indiana State Normal School in Terre Haute. As the State Normal School, its mission was to educate elementary. The school awarded its first baccalaureate degrees in 1908 and the first masters degrees in 1928, in 1929, the Indiana State Normal School was renamed the Indiana State Teachers College, and in 1961, was renamed Indiana State College due to an expanding mission. In 1965, the Indiana General Assembly renamed the college as Indiana State University in recognition of continued growth, the Indiana State University main campus is located on the north side of Terre Haute’s downtown business district and covers more than 200 acres in the heart of the city. Over 60 brick and limestone buildings and laboratories comprise the main campus, in 2009, the university dedicated a more than 109, 000-square-foot Student Recreation Center, financed via private funding and student fees. Also in 2009, the College of Education was relocated to the newly renovated, the Scott College of Business has relocated to the renovated former Terre Haute Federal Building, a classic Art Deco building erected in 1933. The Indiana State University field campus is a teaching, learning. The field campus is located on 93 acres approximately 18 miles east of Terre Haute near Brazil, Indiana, Fairbanks Hall serves as both a working art studio as well as gallery space for the art department of Indiana State University. Originally built as a Terre Haute public library in 1903-06, it is an example of Beaux-Arts architecture. In 1903, Mr. Fairbanks offered to construct a new library on a site the city would provide. Terre Haute acquired a parcel of land at Seventh and Eagle Streets by May 5,1903, on August 10,1904, the cornerstone was placed. The informal opening and dedication of the building was April 29,1906. On Saturday, August 11,1906, a ceremony to open the building to the public was held, the following Monday. As part of the new Indiana State Master Plan, Fairbanks Hall will receive a comprehensive study to determine a new use of the space and it is a historically significant structure and will continue to be used by the University. Architect, W. H. Floyd and C. E, Normal Hall served as the university library until ‘Cunningham Memorial Library’ was built in 1974 and named in honor of Indiana State’s first Librarian, Mr. Arthur Cunningham
25.
Juilliard School
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The Juilliard School located in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City, is a performing arts conservatory established in 1905. It is informally referred to as Juilliard, the school trains about 850 undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. It is widely regarded as one of the leading music schools. In 2016, QS Quacquarelli Symonds ranked it as the worlds best institution for Performing Arts in their global ranking of the discipline. The Institute opened in the former Lenox Mansion, Fifth Avenue and 12th Street and it moved in 1910 to 120 Claremont Avenue in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, onto a property purchased from Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. In 1920, the Juilliard Foundation was created, named after textile merchant Augustus D. Juilliard, in 1924, the foundation purchased the Vanderbilt family guesthouse at 49 E. 52nd Street and established the Juilliard Graduate School. In 1926, the Juilliard School of Music was created through a merger of the Institute of Musical Art, the two schools shared a common Board of Directors and President but retained their distinct identities. The conductor and music-educator Frank Damrosch continued as the Institutes dean, in 1937, Hutcheson succeeded Erskine as president of the two institutions, a job he held until 1945. In 1946, the Institute of Musical Art and the Juilliard Graduate School completely merged to form a single institution, the president of the school at that time was William Schuman, the first winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Music. Schuman established the Juilliard String Quartet in 1946 and the Dance Division in 1951, William Schuman graduated from Columbias Teachers College and attended the Juilliard Summer School in 1932,1933 and 1936. While attending Juilliard Summer School, he developed a dislike for traditional music theory and ear training curricula, finding little value in counterpoint. L&M was Schumans reaction against more formal theory and ear training, the general mandate was to give the student an awareness of the dynamic nature of the materials of music. The quality and degree of each students education in harmony, music history or ear training was dependent on how each composer-teacher decided to interpret this mandate, William Schuman resigned as president of Juilliard after being elected president of Lincoln Center in 1962. Peter Mennin, another composer with experience at the Peabody Conservatory, was elected as his successor. Mennin made significant changes to the L&M program—ending ear training and music history, in 1968, Mennin hired John Houseman to manage a new Drama Division, and in 1969 oversaw Juilliards relocation from Claremont Avenue to Lincoln Center. Polisis many accomplishments include philanthropic successes, broadening of the curriculum, in 2001, the school established a jazz performance training program. In 1999, the Juilliard School was awarded the National Medal of Arts, in 2006, Juilliard received a trove of precious music manuscripts from board chair and philanthropist Bruce Kovner. Many of the manuscripts had been unavailable for generations,2, and manuscripts of Brahmss Symphony No.2 and Piano Concerto No.2
26.
The Boys from Syracuse
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The Boys from Syracuse is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart, based on William Shakespeares play, The Comedy of Errors, as adapted by librettist George Abbott. The score includes swing and other contemporary rhythms of the 1930s, the show was the first musical based on a Shakespeare play. The Comedy of Errors was itself based on a Roman play, The Menaechmi, or the Twin Brothers. The play premiered on Broadway in 1938 and Off-Broadway in 1963, with productions including a West End run in 1963. A film adaptation was released in 1940, well-known songs from the score include Falling in Love with Love, This Cant Be Love and Sing for Your Supper. Abbott directed and George Balanchine choreographed the production, which opened on Broadway at the Alvin Theater on November 23,1938, after tryouts in New Haven, Connecticut. The show closed on June 10,1939 after 235 performances and it starred Eddie Albert, Ronald Graham, Teddy Hart, Jimmy Savo, Muriel Angelus and Marcy Westcott. Scenic and lighting design were by Jo Mielziner and costumes were by Irene Sharaff, the show was revived Off-Broadway, opening at Theatre Four on April 15,1963 and running for 500 performances. Directed by Christopher Hewett, the cast featured Stuart Damon, Clifford David, Danny Carroll, Rudy Tronto, Ellen Hanley, Julienne Marie, a film version was released on August 9,1940 by Universal Pictures. Directed by A. Edward Sutherland, the film starred Allan Jones in the roles of the two Antipholuses, Joe Penner in the dual roles of the Dromios, Martha Raye and Irene Hervey. A Stratford Festival of Canada production opened on May 19,1986 and it featured Colm Feore, Geraint Wyn Davies, Susan Wright, Goldie Semple, and Eric McCormack. The production was filmed by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and was broadcast in late 1986, a revival directed by Judi Dench was mounted at the Regents Park Open Air Theatre in London in July through August 1991, and toured the UK in September and October 1991. The Roundabout Theatre revival opened on Broadway at the American Airlines Theatre on August 18,2002, the revival featured a new book by Nicky Silver based on the original book. It was directed by Scott Ellis with choreography by Rob Ashford, the shows Asian premiere was in Singapore, performed by LASALLE College of the Arts. The production run was at The Singapore Airlines Theatre in March 2012, the show was directed by Tony Knight, musical direction by Bronwyn Gibson, and choreography by Tiffany Wrightson. The cast included Linden Furnell, Taryn Erickson, Mina Kaye, James Simpson, Gimbey Dela Cruz, Elle-May Patterson, Safia Hanifah, Michelle Kraiwitchaicharoen, identical twins Antipholus of Ephesus and Antipholus of Syracuse, were separated from each other in a shipwreck as young children. Their servants, both named Dromio, are also long-separated identical twins, adrianas sister Luciana and the Syracuse Antipholus fall in love. The 2002 revival ended with, Hurrah
27.
Eddie Albert
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Edward Albert Heimberger, known professionally as Eddie Albert, was an American actor and activist. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1954 for his performance in Roman Holiday, other well-known screen roles of his include Bing Edwards in the Brother Rat films, traveling salesman Ali Hakim in the musical Oklahoma. And the sadistic prison warden in 1974s The Longest Yard and he starred as Oliver Wendell Douglas in the 1960s television sitcom Green Acres and as Frank MacBride in the 1970s crime drama Switch. He also had a role as Carlton Travis on Falcon Crest. Edward Albert Heimberger was born in Rock Island, Illinois, on April 22,1906, the oldest of the five children of Frank Daniel Heimberger, a realtor and his year of birth is often given as 1908, but this is incorrect. His parents were not married when Albert was born, and his mother altered his birth certificate after her marriage, when he was one year old, his family moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota. Young Edward secured his first job as a boy when he was only six. During World War I, his German name led to taunts as the enemy by his classmates and he studied at Central High School in Minneapolis and joined the drama club. His schoolmate Harriet Lake graduated in the same class, finishing high school in 1926, he entered the University of Minnesota, where he majored in business. When he graduated, he embarked on a business career, however, the stock market crash in 1929 left him essentially unemployed. He then took odd jobs, working as a performer, an insurance salesman. Albert stopped using his last name professionally, since it invariably was mispronounced as Hamburger and he moved to New York City in 1933, where he co-hosted a radio show, The Honeymooners - Grace and Eddie Show, which ran for three years. At the shows end, he was offered a contract by Warner Bros. In the 1930s, Albert performed in Broadway stage productions, including Brother Rat and he had lead roles in Room Service and The Boys from Syracuse. Performing regularly on television, Albert wrote and performed in the first teleplay, The Love Nest. Hosted by Betty Goodwin, The Love Nest starred Albert, Hildegarde, The Ink Spots, Ed Wynn, before this time, television productions were adaptations of stage plays. In 1938, he made his debut in the Hollywood version of Brother Rat with Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman. The next year, he starred in On Your Toes, adapted for the screen from the Broadway smash by Rodgers and Hart
28.
Blackface minstrelsy
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Blackface is a form of theatrical makeup used predominantly by non-black performers to represent a black person. The practice gained popularity during the 19th century and contributed to the spread of racial stereotypes such as the happy-go-lucky darky on the plantation or the dandified coon. In 1848, blackface minstrel shows were an American national art of the time, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. Early in the 20th century, blackface branched off from the show and became a form in its own right. Blackface was an important performance tradition in the American theater for roughly 100 years beginning around 1830, in both the United States and Britain, blackface was most commonly used in the minstrel performance tradition, which it both predated and outlasted. Later, black artists also performed in blackface, in some quarters, the caricatures that were the legacy of blackface persist to the present day and are a cause of ongoing controversy. Another view is that blackface is a form of cross-dressing in which one puts on the insignias of a sex, class, or race that stands in opposition to ones own. By the mid-20th century, changing attitudes about race and racism effectively ended the prominence of blackface makeup used in performance in the U. S. and it remains in relatively limited use as a theatrical device and is more commonly used today as social commentary or satire. Perhaps the most enduring effect of blackface is the precedent it established in the introduction of African-American culture to an international audience, there is no consensus about a single moment that constitutes the origin of blackface. Whites routinely portrayed the characters in the Elizabethan and Jacobean theater. The play attracted notice, and other performers adopted the style, from at least the 1810s, blackface clowns were popular in the United States. Rice introduced the song Jump Jim Crow accompanied by a dance in his act in 1828. Rice traveled the U. S. performing under the stage name Daddy Jim Crow, the name Jim Crow later became attached to statutes that codified the reinstitution of segregation and discrimination after Reconstruction. In the 1830s and early 1840s, blackface performances mixed skits with comic songs, stereotyped blackface characters developed, buffoonish, lazy, superstitious, cowardly, and lascivious characters, who stole, lied pathologically, and mangled the English language. By 1852, the skits that had part of blackface performance for decades expanded to one-act farces. The songs of northern composer Stephen Foster figured prominently in blackface minstrel shows of the period, though written in dialect and certainly politically incorrect by todays standards, his later songs were free of the ridicule and blatantly racist caricatures that typified other songs of the genre. Fosters works treated slaves and the South in general with a cloying sentimentality that appealed to audiences of the day. White minstrel shows featured white performers pretending to be blacks, playing their versions of black music, Minstrel shows dominated popular show business in the U. S. from that time through into the 1890s, also enjoying massive popularity in the UK and in other parts of Europe
29.
Hobo
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A hobo is a migratory worker or homeless vagabond, especially one who is impoverished. The term originated in the Western—probably Northwestern—United States around 1890, unlike a tramp, who works only when forced to, and a bum, who does not work at all, a hobo is a traveling worker. The origin of the term is unknown, according to etymologist Anatoly Liberman, the only certain detail about its origin is the word was first noticed in American English circa 1890. Liberman points out that many folk etymologies fail to answer the question, author Todd DePastino has suggested it may be derived from the term hoe-boy meaning farmhand, or a greeting such as Ho, boy. Bill Bryson suggests in Made in America that it could come from the railroad greeting, Ho. It could also come from the homeless boy. H. L. Mencken, in his The American Language, wrote, Tramps and hobos are commonly lumped together, a hobo or bo is simply a migratory laborer, he may take some longish holidays, but sooner or later he returns to work. Lower than either is the bum, who neither works nor travels and it is unclear exactly when hobos first appeared on the American railroading scene. With the end of the American Civil War in the 1860s, others looking for work on the American frontier followed the railways west aboard freight trains in the late 19th century. In 1906, Professor Layal Shafee, after an exhaustive study and his article What Tramps Cost Nation was published by The New York Telegraph in 1911, when he estimated the number had surged to 700,000. The number of hobos increased greatly during the Great Depression era of the 1930s, with no work and no prospects at home, many decided to travel for free by freight train and try their luck elsewhere. Life as a hobo was dangerous, moreover, riding on a freight train is dangerous in itself. British poet W. H. Davies, author of The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp and it was easy to be trapped between cars, and one could freeze to death in bad weather. When freezer cars were loaded at an ice factory, any hobo inside was likely to be killed, according to Ted Conover in Rolling Nowhere, at some unknown point in time, as many as 20,000 people were living a hobo life in North America. Modern freight trains are faster and thus harder to ride than in the 1930s. Many hobo terms have become part of language, such as big House, glad rags, main drag. To cope with the uncertainties of life, hobos developed a system of symbols. Hobos would write code with chalk or coal to provide directions, information
30.
Woody Guthrie
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He frequently performed with the slogan This machine kills fascists displayed on his guitar. His best-known song is This Land Is Your Land, many of his recorded songs are archived in the Library of Congress. Throughout his life Guthrie was associated with United States Communist groups, Guthrie was married three times and fathered eight children, including American folk musician Arlo Guthrie. Guthrie died from complications of Huntingtons disease, a genetic neurological disorder. Guthrie was born in Okemah, a town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma. His parents named him after Woodrow Wilson, then Governor of New Jersey, Charles Guthrie was an industrious businessman, owning at one time up to 30 plots of land in Okfuskee County. He was actively involved in Oklahoma politics and was a conservative Democratic candidate for office in the county, when Charles was making stump speeches, he would often be accompanied by his son. Charles Guthrie was involved in the 1911 lynching of Laura and Lawrence Nelson, Woody Guthrie wrote three songs about the event and said that his father, Charles, was later a member of the revived Ku Klux Klan. Guthries early family life was affected by fires, including one that caused the loss of his familys home in Okemah. His sister Clara later died in a fire when Guthrie was seven. Guthries mother, Nora, was afflicted with Huntingtons disease, although the family did not know this at the time and it leads to dementia as well as muscular degeneration. She was eventually committed to the Oklahoma Hospital for the Insane, judging from the circumstances of her fathers death by drowning, researchers suspect that George Sherman suffered from the same hereditary disease. When Nora Guthrie was institutionalized, Woody Guthrie was 14 and his father Charley was living and working in Pampa, Texas, to repay his debts from unsuccessful real estate deals. Woody and his siblings were on their own in Oklahoma, they relied on their eldest brother Roy for support, the 14-year-old Woody Guthrie worked odd jobs around Okemah, begging meals and sometimes sleeping at the homes of family friends. According to one story, Guthrie befriended an African-American blues harmonica player named George, before long, Guthrie bought his own harmonica and began playing along with him. In another interview 14 years later, Guthrie claimed he learned how to play harmonica from a friend, John Woods. He seemed to have an affinity for music and easily learned to play by ear. He began to use his musical skills around town, playing a song for a sandwich or coins, Guthrie easily learned old ballads and traditional English & Scots songs from the parents of friends
31.
Will Geer
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William Aughe Ghere, known as Will Geer, was an American actor and social activist, known for his portrayal of Grandpa Zebulon Tyler Walton in the 1970s TV series The Waltons. Geer was born in Frankfort, Indiana, the son of Katherine, a teacher, and Roy Aaron Ghere and his father left the family when the boy was only 11 years old. He was deeply influenced by his grandfather, who taught him the names of the plants in his native state. Geer started out to become a botanist, studying the subject, while at Chicago, he also became a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He began his career touring in tent shows and on riverboats. He worked on several left-oriented documentaries, including narrating Sheldon Dicks Men and Dust, Geer was also the lover of homosexual activist Harry Hay. In 1934, Hay met Geer at the Tony Pastor Theatre and they became lovers, and Hay credited Geer as his political mentor. Later that year, Hay and Geer performed in support of the San Francisco General Strike, from 1948 to 1951, he appeared in more than a dozen movies, including Winchester 73, Broken Arrow, Comanche Territory and Bright Victory. Geer became a member of the Communist Party of the United States in 1934, Geer was also influential in introducing Harry Hay to organizing in the Communist Party. In 1934, Geer and Hay gave support to a strike of the port of San Francisco. Though marred by violence, it was a triumph, one that became a model for future union strikes. Geer became a reader of the West Coast Communist newspaper, Peoples World, Geer became a dedicated activist, touring government work camps in the 1930s with folk singers like Burl Ives and Woody Guthrie. In 1956, the duo released an album together on Folkways Records, titled Bound for Glory, Songs, in his biography, fellow organizer and homosexual rights pioneer Harry Hay described Geers activism and outlined their activities while organizing for the strike. Geer is credited with introducing Guthrie to Pete Seeger at the Grapes of Wrath benefit Geer organized in 1940 for migrant farm workers, Geer acted with the Group Theatre studying under Harold Clurman, Cheryl Crawford and Lee Strasberg. Geer also acted in radio, appearing as Mephistopheles in the 1938 and 1944 productions of Norman Corwins The Plot to Overthrow Christmas and he also acted in the radio soap opera Bright Horizon. Geer was blacklisted in the early 1950s for refusing to testify before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, as a result, Geer appeared in very few films over the next decade. Among them was Salt of the Earth which was produced, directed, written, the film was denounced as subversive and faced difficulties in its production and distribution as a consequence. In 1951 Geer founded the Will Geer Theatricum Botanicum in Topanga, California, with his wife and he combined his acting and botanical careers at the Theatricum, by making sure that every plant mentioned in Shakespeare was grown there
32.
Pete Seeger
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Peter Pete Seeger was an American folk singer and social activist. Members of the Weavers were blacklisted during the McCarthy Era, in the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, counterculture, and environmental causes. A prolific songwriter, his songs include Where Have All the Flowers Gone. If I Had a Hammer, and Turn, Turn. which have been recorded by many artists both in and outside the folk revival movement and are sung throughout the world. Flowers was a hit recording for the Kingston Trio, Marlene Dietrich, who recorded it in English, German and French, if I Had a Hammer was a hit for Peter, Paul and Mary and Trini Lopez while the Byrds had a number one hit with Turn. In the PBS American Masters episode Pete Seeger, The Power of Song, Seeger was born on May 3,1919, at the French Hospital, Midtown Manhattan. His Yankee-Protestant family, which Seeger called enormously Christian, in the Puritan, Calvinist New England tradition, Petes father, the Harvard-trained composer and musicologist Charles Louis Seeger, Jr. was born in Mexico City, Mexico, to American parents. Petes mother, Constance de Clyver, raised in Tunisia and trained at the Paris Conservatory of Music, was a concert violinist and later a teacher at the Juilliard School. In 1912, Charles Seeger was hired to establish the department at the University of California, Berkeley. Charles and Constance moved back east, making Charles parents estate in Patterson, New York, northeast of New York City, their base of operations. When baby Pete was eighteen months old they set out with him, upon their return, Constance taught violin and Charles taught composition at the New York Institute of Musical Art, whose president, family friend Frank Damrosch, was Constances adoptive uncle. Charles also taught part-time at the New School for Social Research, beginning in 1936, Charles held various administrative positions in the federal governments Farm Resettlement program, the WPAs Federal Music Project, and the wartime Pan American Union. After World War II, he taught ethnomusicology at the University of California, Petes uncle, Alan Seeger, a noted poet, had been one of the first American soldiers to be killed in World War I. All four of Petes half-siblings from his fathers second marriage – Margaret, Mike, Barbara, peggy Seeger, a well-known performer in her own right, married British folk singer and activist Ewan MacColl. Mike Seeger was a founder of the New Lost City Ramblers, one of members, John Cohen. Barbara Seeger joined her siblings in recording songs for children. In 1935, Pete attended Camp Rising Sun, a leadership camp held every summer in upstate New York that influenced his lifes work. He visited it most recently in 2012, in 1943, Pete married Toshi-Aline Ōta, whom he credited with being the support that helped make the rest of his life possible
33.
American Peace Mobilization
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Now on stable terms with Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union’s focus turned from overt anti-Fascist militancy to “peace. ”In the midst of the London Blitz and the Battle of Britain, APM agitated for a cut-off of “warmonger” President Franklin Roosevelt’s Lend-Lease program, and any other U. S. aid to the U. K. The APM, however, abruptly ended its 1, 029-hour non-stop peace demonstration in front of the White House on June 21,1941 — one day before the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union. Reversing its position, APM now demanded immediate U. S. entry into the war, APM changed its name yet again, to the American Peoples Mobilization. The program of the organization was defined in its 5 Planks to Defend America as, Get out, no M Day for the American people. Restore free speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of thought, take special privilege away from the top and give it back to the whole American people. Put profits last on democracys list, guarantee a decent standard of living for all. Work for more social and labor legislation
34.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
35.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
36.
Operation Barbarossa
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Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Nazi Germanys invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, which was launched on Sunday 22 June 1941. In the two leading up to the invasion, the two countries signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes. Nevertheless, the German High Command began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940, over the course of the operation, about four million Axis personnel invaded the western Soviet Union along a 2, 900-kilometer front, the largest invasion force in the history of warfare. In addition to troops, the Wehrmacht employed some 600,000 motor vehicles, the offensive marked an escalation of the war, both geographically and in the formation of the Allied coalition. Despite their successes, the German offensive stalled in the Battle of Moscow and was pushed back by the Soviet winter counteroffensive. The Red Army repelled the Wehrmachts strongest blows and forced the unprepared Germans into a war of attrition, the Wehrmacht would never again mount a simultaneous offensive along the entire strategic Soviet–Axis front. The failure of the operation drove Hitler to demand further operations of limited scope inside the Soviet Union, such as Case Blue. The failure of Operation Barbarossa proved a point in the fortunes of the Third Reich. Most importantly, the operation opened up the Eastern Front, in more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in world history. The German armies captured 5,000,000 Soviet prisoners of war who were not granted protections stipulated in the Geneva Conventions, a majority of them never returned alive. The Nazis deliberately starved 3.1 million of the prisoners to death as part of a Hunger Plan that aimed to reduce the population of Eastern Europe, over a million Soviet Jews were murdered by Einsatzgruppen death squads and gassing as part of the Holocaust. On 10 February 1939, Hitler told his commanders that the next war would be purely a war of Weltanschauungen. Totally a peoples war, a racial war, on 23 November, once World War II had already started, Hitler declared that racial war has broken out and this war shall determine who shall govern Europe, and with it, the world. The racial policy of Nazi Germany viewed the Soviet Union as populated by non-Aryan Untermenschen, Hitler claimed in Mein Kampf that Germanys destiny was to turn to the East as it did six hundred years ago. Accordingly, it was stated Nazi policy to kill, deport, or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land with Germanic peoples, under the Generalplan Ost. Likening the Soviets to the forces of Genghis Khan, Hitler told Croatian military leader Slavko Kvaternik that the Mongolian race threatened Europe. Following the invasion, Wehrmacht officers told their soldiers to target people who were described as Jewish Bolshevik subhumans, the Mongol hordes, the Asiatic flood, German army commanders cast the Jews as the major cause behind the partisan struggle. The main guideline policy for German troops was Where theres a partisan, theres a Jew, many German troops viewed the war in Nazi terms and regarded their Soviet enemies as sub-human
37.
USS Reuben James (DD-245)
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The destroyer was sunk by a torpedo attack from German submarine U-552 near Iceland on 31 October 1941. Assigned to the Atlantic Fleet, Reuben James saw duty in the Mediterranean Sea in 1921–1922, Reuben James went from Newport, Rhode Island, on 30 November 1920, to Zelenika, Yugoslavia, arriving on 18 December. During the spring and summer of 1921, she operated in the Adriatic, in October 1921 at Le Havre, she joined the protected cruiser Olympia at ceremonies marking the return of the Unknown Soldier to the U. S. At Danzig, from 29 October 1921 to 3 February 1922, she assisted the American Relief Administration in its efforts to relieve hunger, after duty in the Mediterranean, she departed Gibraltar on 17 July. Based then at New York City, the ship patrolled the Nicaraguan coast to prevent the delivery of weapons to revolutionaries in early 1926, in the spring of 1929, she participated in fleet maneuvers that foreshadowed naval airpower. She was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 20 January 1931, recommissioned on 9 March 1932, the ship again operated in the Atlantic and the Caribbean, patrolling Cuban waters during the coup by Fulgencio Batista. She transferred to San Diego in 1934, following maneuvers that evaluated aircraft carriers, Reuben James returned to the Atlantic Fleet in January 1939. Upon the outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939, she joined the Neutrality Patrol, guarding the Atlantic, in March 1941, Reuben James joined the convoy escort force established to promote the safe arrival of materiel in Great Britain. This escort force guarded convoys as far as Iceland, after which they became the responsibility of British escorts, at daybreak on 31 October, she was torpedoed by U-552 commanded by Kapitänleutnant Erich Topp near Iceland. Reuben James had positioned herself between a ship in the convoy and the known position of a wolfpack, a group of submarines that preyed on Allied shipping. Reuben James was hit forward by a torpedo meant for a merchant ship, the aft section floated for five minutes before going down. Of seven officers and a crew of 136 enlisted men plus one enlisted passenger,44 enlisted men, woody Guthrie wrote the song, The Sinking of the Reuben James, and performed it with Pete Seeger and the other Almanac Singers. The Guthrie song has a tune for its chorus. Seeger later also performed the song with The Weavers, Johnny Horton performed Guthries song on his album Johnny Horton Makes History. The Kingston Trio have released their version of Guthries song on numerous albums, the Chad Mitchell Trio released their version of Guthries song on Reflecting. In Foyles War, Series Four episode 1, Invasion, Captain John Kieffer confides in Christopher Foyle that he never understood the American isolationists who opposed the war. John enlisted in the U. S. military the day after his 25-year-old kid brother Brian was killed serving on a Navy destroyer, on convoy duty. Brian and 114 other people lost their lives when a German u-boat torpedoed and sank the Reuben James in the Atlantic Ocean, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp in 1991 as part of the set WWII,1941, A World at War
38.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
39.
Fort Dix
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Fort Dix, the common name for the Army Support Activity located at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, is a United States Army post. It is located approximately 16.1 miles south-southeast of Trenton, Fort Dix is under the jurisdiction of the Army Installation Management Command. Fort Dix, established in 1917, was designated as part of an adjoining U. S. Air Force, however, it remains commonly known as Fort Dix, ASA Dix, or Dix as of 2015. In 2015, Colonel Shelley Balderson became Fort Dix first female commander in the bases 100-year history, Colonel Balderson rotated out of command in 2016, and the current commander is Colonel Martin Marty Klein. The supporting component at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst is the United States Air Force, the 87 ABW provides installation management to all of JBMDL while both the Navy and Army retain command and control of their mission, personnel, equipment and component-specific services. While the Joint Base has an assigned Deputy Joint Base Commander for both Army and Navy, neither the Navy nor the Army bases are subordinate to the Joint Base, the commanders of both Fort Dix and Lakehurst serve also as a Deputy Joint Base Commanders. Dix has a history of mobilizing, training and demobilizing Soldiers from as early as World War I through April 2015 when Forts Bliss, in 1978, the first female recruits entered basic training at Fort Dix. In 1991, Dix trained Kuwaiti civilians in military skills so they could take part in their countrys liberation. Dix ended its active Army training mission in 1991 due to Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommendations, presently, it serves as a joint training site for all components and all services of the U. S. military and is commanded by an Army Colonel. Marine Aircraft Group 49 99th Regional Support Command 2d Brigade, 75th Division USCG Atlantic Strike Team U. S, Camp Dix, as it was known at the time, was a training and staging ground for units during World War I. Though the camp was a camp for the New York Port of Embarkation it did not fall under the direct control of that command with the War Department retaining direct jurisdiction. The camp became a center after the war. Between the World Wars, Camp Dix was a reception, training, Camp Dix became Fort Dix on March 8,1939, and the installation became a permanent Army post. During and after World War II the fort served the purpose as in the first World War. It served as a training and staging ground during the war, on July 15,1947, Fort Dix became a basic training center and the home of the 9th Infantry Division. In 1954, the 9th moved out and the 69th Infantry Division made the home until it was deactivated on March 16,1956. During the Vietnam War rapid expansion took place, a mock Vietnam village was constructed and soldiers received Vietnam-specific training before being deployed. Since Vietnam, Fort Dix has sent soldiers to Operation Desert Shield, Desert Storm, Bosnia, Afghanistan, the Atlantic Strike Team of the U. S. Coast Guard is based at Fort Dix
40.
Camp Upton
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Camp Upton was an installation of the United States Army during World War I. During World War II it was used to incarcerate American citizens of Japanese decent and it was located in Yaphank on Long Island in Suffolk County, New York. It was located near Camp Mills, Camp Upton, with a capacity of 18,000 troops was one of three transient embarkation camps directly under control of the New York Port of Embarkation during World War I. The camp was named after Emory Upton, a Union general of the Civil War, the camp was created in 1917 to house troops as they awaited ships for deployment overseas. From Camp Mills the units traveled by trains of the Long Island Rail Road to board ferryboats for the piers in Brooklyn or Hoboken when scheduled for embarkation aboard troop ships. The 152nd Depot Brigade was the unit that received new recruits and prepared them for service overseas. Irving Berlin, the composer, and Alvin York, the most decorated soldier of the American army in World War I, were processed at Camp Upton, the 77th Division was first organized there. During part of the war, the 82nd Division was quartered there, at the end of World War I, the camp was used to demobilize and inactivate units. Some of the units demobolized at the camp were, the 327th Infantry Regiment, the 325th Infantry Regiment, the 27th Infantry Divisions 53rd Brigade, and the 101st Signal Battalion. In May 1919, Camp Upton became the site of the Recruit Educational Center, an Army program that enrolled foreign-born, non-English speaking, most of the Recruit Educational Centers inductees were immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. In practice, the program aimed to Americanize these immigrants through instruction in the English language, military protocol, U. S. history, geography, citizenship, and political economy. Soldiers who graduated from the Recruit Educational Center at Camp Upton were eligible for a term of military service. In 1921, the government sold the buildings and equipment. Many of the structures from the camp were transported to form the first large settlement at Cherry Grove. It was used again by the Army in the mobilization of 1940 that preceded the American entry into World War II, approximately 1,000 Japanese Americans were kept there, under tight security, behind multiple layers of barbed wire fence. Camp Upton later housed a convalescent and rehabilitation hospital, in 1946, the camp was closed. Irving Berlin, while stationed at Camp Upton, wrote a musical, Yip, Yip, Yaphank, how I Hate to Get Up in the Morning. The musical was turned into a 1943 movie This Is The Army which starred Ronald Reagan
41.
United States Army Air Forces
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Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff. S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel, the peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944, and 783 domestic bases in December 1943. By V-E Day, the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas, in its expansion and conduct of the war, the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization. By the end of World War II, the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service and this contrast between theory and fact is. fundamental to an understanding of the AAF. Gen. Billy Mitchell that led to his later court-martial, a strategy stressing precision bombing of industrial targets by heavily armed, long-range bombers emerged, formulated by the men who would become its leaders. Since 1920, control of units had resided with commanders of the corps areas. Both were created in 1933 when a conflict with Cuba seemed possible following a coup détat. Activation of GHQ Air Force represented a compromise between strategic airpower advocates and ground force commanders who demanded that the Air Corps mission remain tied to that of the land forces. GHQ Air Force organized combat groups administratively into a force of three wings deployed to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts but was small in comparison to European air forces. Corps area commanders continued to control over airfields and administration of personnel. The expected activation of Army General Headquarters prompted Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall to request a study from Chief of the Air Corps Maj. Gen. Henry H. Arnold resulting on 5 October 1940 in a proposal for creation of an air staff, unification of the air arm under one commander, and equality with the ground and supply forces. Marshall implemented a compromise that the Air Corps found entirely inadequate, naming Arnold as acting Deputy Chief of Staff for Air but rejecting all organizational points of his proposal. GHQ Air Force instead was assigned to the control of Army General Headquarters, although the latter was a training and not an operational component, when it was activated in November 1940. A division of the GHQ Air Force into four air defense districts on 19 October 1940 was concurrent with the creation of air forces to defend Hawaii. The air districts were converted in March 1941 into numbered air forces with an organization of 54 groups. Marshall had come to the view that the air forces needed a simpler system, Arnold and Marshall agreed that the AAF would enjoy a general autonomy within the War Department until the end of the war, while its commanders would cease lobbying for independence. Marshall, a proponent of airpower, left understood that the Air Force would likely achieve its independence following the war
42.
Harry Morgan
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Harry Morgan was an American actor and director whose television and film career spanned six decades. Morgan appeared in more than 100 films, Morgan was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1915, the son of Hannah and Henry Bratsberg, who were of Swedish and Norwegian ancestry. In his interview with the Archive of American Television, Morgan spelled his Norwegian family surname as Bratsberg, many sources, however, including some family records, list the spelling as Bratsburg. According to one source, when Morgans father Henry registered at junior high school, Morgan was raised in Muskegon, Michigan, and graduated from Muskegon High School in 1933, where he achieved distinction as a statewide debating champion. He originally aspired to a J. D. degree, and he began acting on stage under his birth name, in 1937, joining the Group Theatre in New York City formed by Harold Clurman, Cheryl Crawford, and Lee Strasberg in 1931. Morgan also did summer stock at the Pine Brook Country Club located in the countryside of Nichols, Morgan made his screen debut in the 1942 movie To the Shores of Tripoli. His screen name later became Henry Harry Morgan and eventually Harry Morgan, in the same year, Morgan appeared in the movie Orchestra Wives as a young man pushing his way to the front of a ballroom crowd with his date to hear Glenn Millers band play. A few years later, still credited as Henry Morgan, he was cast in the role of pianist Chummy MacGregor in the 1954 biopic The Glenn Miller Story. In his later career, he appeared in Inherit the Wind, How the West Was Won, John Goldfarb, Please Come Home, Frankie and Johnny, The Flim Flam Man. Snowball Express, The Shootist, The Wild Wild West Revisited, Morgan hosted the NBC radio series Mystery in the Air starring Peter Lorre in 1947. On CBS, he played Pete Porter in Pete and Gladys, Pete and Gladys was a spin-off of December Bride, starring Spring Byington, a show in which Morgan had a popular recurring role. In 1950, Morgan appeared as an obtrusive, alcohol-addled hotel clerk in the Dragnet radio episode The Big Boys and that same year, he played the mobster Bugs Moran in an episode of ABCs The Untouchables, with Robert Stack. In 1963, he was cast as Sheriff Ernie Backwater on Richard Boones Have Gun - Will Travel Western series on CBS, in the 1964–1965 season, Morgan co-starred as Seldom Jackson in the 26-week NBC comedy/drama Kentucky Jones, starring Dennis Weaver, formerly of Gunsmoke. Morgan is even more widely recognized as Officer Bill Gannon, Joe Fridays partner in the version of Dragnet. Morgan later worked on two shows for Webb, 1971s The D. A. and the 1972–1974 Western series. Morgan also appeared in at least one episode of Gunsmoke, the following season, Morgan joined the cast of M*A*S*H as Colonel Sherman T. Potter. A fan of the sitcom, Morgan replaced McLean Stevenson, who left the show at the end of the previous season, unlike Stevensons character Henry Blake, Potter was a career Army officer who was a firm yet good-humored, caring father figure to those under his command. In 1980, Morgan won an Emmy award for his performance on M*A*S*H, when asked if he was a better actor after working with the shows talented cast, Morgan responded, I dont know about that, but its made me a better human being
43.
Jack Webb
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John Randolph Jack Webb, also known by the pen name John Randolph, was an American actor, television producer, director, and screenwriter, who is most famous for his role as Sgt. Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise and he was also the founder of his own production company, Mark VII Limited. Webb was born in Santa Monica, California on Good Friday 1920, son of Samuel Chester Webb and he grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles. His father left home before Webb was born, and Webb never knew him and he was raised a Roman Catholic by his Irish and Native American mother. One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was an ex-jazzman and began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park, where he served as an altar boy. He then attended Belmont High School, near downtown Los Angeles and later, St. Johns University, Minnesota, in Belmont High, Webb was a student body president. He wrote to the student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook, Campanile, You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know, during World War II, Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Force, but he washed out of flight training. He later received a discharge, since he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother. Following his discharge, he moved to San Francisco, where a shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio. The Jack Webb Show was a comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946. Prior to that, he had a program, One Out of Seven. By 1949, he had abandoned comedy for drama, and starred in Pat Novak for Hire, a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective. Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the style of such writers as Raymond Chandler, with lines such as. Her voice was hot and sticky--like a furnace full of marshmallows, Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero, Pier 23, Jeff Regan, Investigator, Murder and Mr. Malone, Pete Kellys Blues, and One Out of Seven. Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven, often vigorously attacking racial prejudice, Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D. I. with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private. Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role, that of Drill Instructor Gunnery Sergeant James Moore, but The D. I. was a box-office failure. Webb had a role as a crime lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night
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Wayfaring Stranger Burl Ives Performs at the Book and Author Luncheon, 17:33, Ives begins at 4:00, WNYC, 1954[17]
