1.
False Creek
–
False Creek is a short inlet in the heart of Vancouver. It separates downtown from the rest of the city and it was named by George Henry Richards during his Hydrographic survey of 1856-63. Science World is located at its end, with the Granville, Cambie. The Canada Line tunnel crosses underneath False Creek just west of the Cambie Bridge and it is one of the four major bodies of water bordering Vancouver along with English Bay, Burrard Inlet and the Fraser River. In 1986 it was the location of the Expo 86 Worlds Fair, human settlement in the Lower Fraser region began between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, following the retreat of the Sumas Glacier at the end of the last ice age. According to Squamish-Sto, lo author and historian Lee Maracle, Vancouver was inhabited by “Downriver Halkomelem” speaking peoples, contact between Europeans and the indigenous peoples of present-day Vancouver occurred in June 1792. It has been estimated that shortly before the time of first contact and these epidemics, an 1830 Hudson’s Bay Company census documented 8,954 indigenous inhabitants in the region, although the census was probably incomplete due to the omitting of an unknown number of settlements. As a result of epidemics, the population of the Tsleil-Waututh was reduced to 41 individuals by 1812, shortly thereafter, a group of Tsleil-Waututh led by Khatsalahnough, a leader from Lil’wat, occupied present-day False Creek. At this time, large sand bars existed at the entrance to False Creek, from which False Creek’s indigenous name, Snauq is derived. False Creek, which lies in Musqueam territory, was a waterway, in addition to the Tsleil-Waututh. Prior to European settlement, False Creek extended as far east as what is now Clark Drive, with land reclamation extending into Burrard Inlet and False Creek for port and industrial uses, the landscape began to change dramatically. As a result, one nickname for False Creek was “Shit Creek”, in 1913, the Squamish residents of the Kitsilano Reserve, on the False Creek sandbar, were forced to relocate. According to Maracle, the settlement was burned following the forced evacuation. In 1916, the sandbar on which this settlement was located was built into Granville Island to create new industrial land, talk of draining and filling the inlet to Granville Street continued into the 1950s, but that never occurred. The False Creek area was the heartland of Vancouver through to the 1950s. As industry shifted to areas, the vicinity around False Creek started to deteriorate. In 1960, BC Forest Products plant and lumber storage facility on the side of False Creek caught fire in Vancouvers first-ever five-alarm blaze. Every piece of firefighting equipment and all of Vancouvers firefighters fought the blaze for hours, the future of False Creek south was subsequently shaped by debates on freeways, urban renewal, and the rise of citizen participation in urban planning
2.
Vancouver
–
Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
3.
Truss bridge
–
A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss, a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units. The connected elements may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads, Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be analyzed by 19th-. A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently, the nature of a truss allows the analysis of the structure using a few assumptions and the application of Newtons laws of motion according to the branch of physics known as statics. For purposes of analysis, trusses are assumed to be pin jointed where the components meet. This assumption means that members of the truss will act only in tension or compression, a more complex analysis is required where rigid joints impose significant bending loads upon the elements, as in a Vierendeel truss. The central vertical member stabilizes the upper member, preventing it from buckling. If the top member is sufficiently stiff then this element may be eliminated. If the lower chord is sufficiently resistant to bending and shear, the vertical elements may be eliminated. The ability to distribute the forces in various ways has led to a variety of truss bridge types. In other cases the appearance of the structure may take on greater importance, a pure truss can be represented as a pin-jointed structure, one where the only forces on the truss members are tension or compression, not bending. This is used in the teaching of statics, by the building of bridges from spaghetti. Spaghetti is brittle and although it can carry a modest tension force, a model spaghetti bridge thus demonstrates the use of a truss structure to produce a usefully strong complete structure from individually weak elements. In 1820 a simple form of truss, Towns lattice truss, was patented, few iron truss bridges were built in the United States before 1850. Truss bridges became a type of bridge built from the 1870s through the 1930s. Examples of these still remain across the US, but their numbers are dropping rapidly. As metal slowly started to replace timber, wrought iron bridges in the US started being built on a scale in the 1870s. Bowstring truss bridges were a common truss design during this time, companies like the Massillon Bridge Company of Massillon, Ohio and the King Bridge Company of Cleveland, Ohio became well-known, as they marketed their designs to cities and townships
4.
Art Deco
–
Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
5.
British Columbia
–
British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
6.
Canada
–
Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
7.
Kitsilano
–
Kitsilano /kɪtsᵻˈlænoʊ/ is a neighbourhood in the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Known colloquially as Kits, the neighbourhood is named after Squamish chief August Jack Khatsahlano, Kitsilano is located in Vancouvers West Side along the south shore of English Bay, between the neighbourhoods of West Point Grey and Fairview. Notable landmarks in Kitsilano include the Burrard Bridge, Kitsilano Beach, the name Kitsilano is derived from X̱atsalanexw, the name of a Squamish chief. The area has been home to the Squamish people since the 1800s when they moved into the area to work in saw mills, the Squamish finally surrendered the reserve to the federal government in 1946. There is still a small amount of Indian reserve land at the foot of the Burrard Street Bridge, called senakw in the Squamish language, the lowland area beyond MacDonald, from 4th Avenue to King Edward, was known as Malaria Flats because of its swampy air. Like most of Vancouver, it had only a few decades before been covered in dense West Coast forest. From the 1890s, the Vancouver Lawn Tennis Club in Granville Park became a club for the local elite. However, the area became gentrified by yuppies in subsequent decades, close proximity to downtown Vancouver, walking distance to parks, beaches and popular Granville Island has made the neighbourhood a very desirable community to live. One of the concert venues in the city in the days of the counterculture was the Soft Rock Cafe, near 4th and Maple. One remaining artifact of the 1960s is the Naam Cafe at 4th and Macdonald, providing vegetarian, vegan, the area is also known for having the first of certain kinds of restaurants, such as the California-style Topanga Cafe. Three of the first neighbourhood pub licenses in Vancouver are still located on 4th Avenue - Biminis at Maple, Darby D. Dawes at MacDonald, greenpeace - founded in the home of Dorothy Stowe at 2775 Courtney Ave. and Maple, sharing the upstairs office with SPEC. Like all of Vancouver, Kitsilano is located in traditional Coast Salish territory, as of 2011, Kitsilano had 41,375 people, a 1. 95% increase from 2006. 12. 6% of the population is under the age of 19,42. 1% is between 20 and 39,34. 5% is between 40 and 64, and 10. 9% is 65 or older. 76. 0% of Kitsilano residents speak English as a first language and 2. 6% speak French, as of 2006, The median household income was $53,455, and 21. 3% of its population lives in low-income households. Vanier Park is home to the Vancouver International Childrens Festival and Bard on the Beach, the Celebration of Light is held on the waters of English Bay between Vanier Park and the West End. The Khatsahlano Street Party is held on 4th Avenue on a July Saturday, Kitsilano is home to 17 parks, which include six playgrounds, an off-leash dog park, and Kitsilano Beach, one of Vancouvers most popular beaches. Along with the beach itself, Kitsilano Beach Park also contains a restaurant, Kitsilano Pool. The Kitsilano Showboat, operating since 1935, is essentially an open-air amphitheatre with the ocean, all summer long, the showboat hosts free performances from local bands, dance groups, and other performers
8.
Granville Street Bridge
–
The Granville Street Bridge is an eight lane bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia. It spans False Creek and is 27.4 metres above Granville Island and it is part of Highway 99. Media related to Granville Street Bridge at Wikimedia Commons The original bridge was completed in 1889 and it was a 732-metre long low timber trestle. The navigation span, near the end, was a trussed timber swing span. It was largely designed by the CPR, and cost $16,000, in 1891 the bridge was widened on both sides for streetcar tracks, except where the tracks converged for the swing span. Media related to Granville Street Bridge at Wikimedia Commons The second bridge was completed in 1909 and it was a longer, medium-level steel bridge with a through truss swing span. On February 4,1954, the current Granville Street Bridge, costing $16.5 million, a million cars would cross over the bridge in its first month. The city of Vancouver funded the bridge itself as Mayor Frederick Hume said no formal assistance given by any government body. The first “civilian” to drive over the 1954 bridge was the woman who was first to drive over the second bridge in 1909. She had been widowed between the two openings, and so had a different name, both times she was at the wheel of a brand-new Cadillac. Recent improvements to the bridge include increasing its resistance, and installing higher curbs
9.
Cambie Bridge
–
The Cambie Bridge is a six-lane symmetric, precast, varying-depth-post tension-box girder bridge spanning False Creek in Vancouver, British Columbia. The current bridge opened in 1985, but is the bridge at the same location. Often referred to as the Cambie Street Bridge, it connects Cambie Street on the shore of False Creek to both Nelson and Smithe Streets in the downtown peninsula. The first Cambie Street Bridge, opened in 1891, was built as a simple piled-timber trestle with a trussed timber swing span near the middle, the next bridge was a four-lane, medium level steel bridge,1,247 metres long and carrying streetcar tracks. It was completed in 1911 for $740,000, opening to traffic on May 24,1911, the navigation span was a steel through-truss swing span which the city would open on four hours notice. In 1953, it opened 79 times, even in its later years, it was opened once or twice a week. The trusses of the swing span projected through the bridge deck and this contributed to many motor vehicle collisions. In April 1915, the wood deck caught fire, with the collapse of a 24. 4-metre steel side span. A new, higher, non-opening bridge was built in 1983–85 to replace the 1911 structure, the entire Cambie crossing was closed for nine months, starting November 1984, while the present, six-lane, concrete bridge was merged with the existing approaches. The new bridge cost $52.7 million and was opened on December 8,1985, City engineer W. H. Curtis was assisted by E. A. West, Assistant City Engineer, Streets & Structures, who was involved in its construction. The 1985 bridge is of a twin post-tensioned prestressed concrete type in a continuous span, the total structural length is 1,100 metres, it carries 6 lanes of traffic and a 14-foot pedestrian walkway. The colouring of the concrete was obtained through the addition of volcanic ash from Mount Lassen to the mix, under the bridges south end is the Neighbourhood Energy Utility, a city-owned heat transfer station that provides heating and hot water to all new buildings in Southeast False Creek. Both sides of the bridge include pedestrian sidewalks separated from motor traffic by concrete barriers. The Cambie Bridge ranks second of the three False Creek bridges by measure of pedestrian crossings, a 2002 study measured over 1,500 pedestrians crossing the Cambie Bridge in 11 hours on a weekday. The wider east sidewalk is shared with bicycles, bicycles are also permitted on the bridge roadway in both directions. The Cambie Bridge is often used as part of the route for events such as the Vancouver Sun Run, the BMO Vancouver Marathon. Two TransLink bus routes cross the Cambie Bridge,17 and N15
10.
English Bay (Vancouver)
–
English Bay is located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, west of the downtown peninsula and False Creek. It consists of the side of the Burrard Inlet, extending from Point Grey in the southwest to Prospect Point in the northeast. English Bay Beach, near the citys West End residential neighbourhood, is the most popular sunbathing, swimming, other downtown beaches facing English Bay include Sunset Beach, Second Beach, and Third Beach. English Bay beaches are all major tourist attraction to all year long. The Vancouver Seawall runs all the way around English Bay from Stanley Park in the northeast around False Creek at Point Grey facing the Strait of Georgia in the southwest and this is a favourite destination for walkers, runners, bicyclists, and roller-bladers. English Bay Beach is host to a number of public events, the Celebration of Light is a fireworks competition that is held for two weeks every summer. While this competition often struggles to secure funding, it has run since 1990 and is the largest off-shore fireworks display in the world. Each winter it is the host of Vancouvers annual Polar Bear Swim and each summer the Vancouver Pride Parade, today, the waters of the bay are often dotted with hundreds of small pleasure boats, as well as huge freighters waiting at anchor to load cargoes at Vancouvers port. The beach was the site of an oil spill in Vancouver on April 8,2015, the official cause of the spill has not been confirmed, but at least 2700 litres of bunker fuel are known to have escaped from a cargo ship into the bay. The highly toxic oil later washed up on beaches, creating a slick 15–20 cm thick. At least twenty seabirds were injured or affected by the spill, coast Guard officials defended the response, with regional director Assistant Commissioner Roger Girouard saying, it was exceptional. The beaches were tested and most were reopened following a ten-day closure, the reopened beaches will continue to be tested and the need for further cleanup assessed as needed. English Bay Beach Vancouver Polar Bear Swim Club English Bay
11.
West Vancouver
–
West Vancouver is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. Together with the District of North Vancouver and City of North Vancouver, it is part of a regional grouping referred to as the North Shore municipalities. West Vancouver has a population of 42,694, Cypress Provincial Park, mostly located within the municipal boundaries, was one of the venues for the 2010 Winter Olympics. The Municipality of West Vancouver was incorporated on March 15,1912, the first municipal election was held on April 6,1912. In November 1938, the Lions Gate Bridge was opened to traffic, allowing extensive growth of the semi-populated community, previously only accessible by ferry. Some homes in West Vancouver date back to the 1920s and 30s, though most of the existing dwellings were built in the 1970s and 80s. 1792 Captain George Vancouver names Point Atkinson 1872 James Blake preempted the first 65 hectares of land 1875 First lighthouse at Point Atkinson 1898 Mr and their house still stands today at Ambleside and there is a Navvy Jack Point. 1912 Population was approximately 1,500 people 1912 First Municipal election 1912 Council appointed John Teare as the first police constable on May 17, the bridge cost a total of $6 million to build. It was financed by the Guinness family, in conjunction with the development,1947 Ferry service stopped due to lack of demand after bridge constructed 1950 West Vancouver Memorial Library opened on November 11. The library lends more books per capita than any other library in Canada 1950 Park Royal Shopping Centre, the Police Department remained in the Public 1973 Clyde McRae completes a world record walk across Canada on Ambleside Beach. 2013 Park Royal Shopping Center sees first major expansion since 1978 Safety building West Vancouver has no manufacturing industry by law, West Vancouver is mainly a residential district as many residents are retired, work at home, or take the short commute to downtown Vancouver. A 25-block strip of Marine Drive serves as a district, featuring shops, small offices, garages and gas stations, restaurants, banks. This area is known as Ambleside, with a one-block section separated from that area known as Dundarave. West Vancouver is also home to Park Royal Shopping Centre, Canadas first mall. Opened in the 1950s, it now consumes 2 km of both sides of Marine Drive near North Vancouver, and is home to department stores and large retailers. Park Royal is also the largest mall on the North Shore, Ambleside Park and the 15 block long West Vancouver Seawall are popular spots for families and outdoor enthusiasts. Whytecliff Park is regarded as one of the best scuba diving spots in Western Canada, West Vancouver has several public recreation facilities including an 18-hole par 3 golf course, a pool, an ice rink, basketball and tennis courts, skateboard parks and numerous public parks. The new West Vancouver Community Centre has been rebuilt and opened Spring 2009, West Vancouver is also home to Cypress Provincial Park with mountain biking trails and a large ski and snowboard facility, which served as one of the venues for the 2010 Winter Olympics
12.
Engineer
–
Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare and ingenium, the work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical, he/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice, much of an engineers time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information. Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure and they also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects, Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines, numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural and transportation engineering and materials engineering include ceramic, metallurgical, mechanical engineering cuts across just about every discipline since its core essence is applied physics. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as vehicles, or in one type of technology. Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time, that is, research suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work, technical work, social work, computer-based work, information behaviours. Amongst other more detailed findings, a recent work sampling study found that engineers spend 62. 92% of their time engaged in work,40. 37% in social work. The time engineers spend engaged in activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies, typically engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. When developing a product, engineers work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers, a mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators
