1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Burrard Street
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Burrard Street is a major thoroughfare in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is the street of Downtown Vancouver and the Financial District. The street is named for Burrard Inlet, located at its northern terminus, the street starts at Canada Place near the Burrard Inlet, then runs southwest through downtown Vancouver. It crosses False Creek via the Burrard Bridge, south of False Creek, on what used to be called Cedar Street before the completion of the bridge in 1932, the street runs due south until the intersection with West 16th Avenue. At and due northeast of the centre is the heart of the Financial District, finally at the Harbour lies Canada Place and the Vancouver Convention Centre. Nearer to Burrard Bridge is located St. Pauls Hospital, established on Burrard Street in 1894. Burrard Street served as the line between the two district lots laid out on the downtown peninsula in the second half of the 19th century, District Lot 185. The two grids were oriented differently, with the result that every third northwest-southeast street in DL185 actually continuing southeast beyond Burrard into DL541. Burrard currently serves as the boundary between West End and Downtown, as defined by the City of Vancouver, Burrard Street is served by SkyTrains Burrard Station, located underground between the intersections with Melville and Dunsmuir Streets in the heart of the Financial District. Along the downtown portion, there is a lane on the southwest-bound direction towards the Burrard Bridge. - CBC video on Burrard Bridge bikelanes BurrardStreet. com - Businesses along the street
3.
False Creek
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False Creek is a short inlet in the heart of Vancouver. It separates downtown from the rest of the city and it was named by George Henry Richards during his Hydrographic survey of 1856-63. Science World is located at its end, with the Granville, Cambie. The Canada Line tunnel crosses underneath False Creek just west of the Cambie Bridge and it is one of the four major bodies of water bordering Vancouver along with English Bay, Burrard Inlet and the Fraser River. In 1986 it was the location of the Expo 86 Worlds Fair, human settlement in the Lower Fraser region began between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, following the retreat of the Sumas Glacier at the end of the last ice age. According to Squamish-Sto, lo author and historian Lee Maracle, Vancouver was inhabited by “Downriver Halkomelem” speaking peoples, contact between Europeans and the indigenous peoples of present-day Vancouver occurred in June 1792. It has been estimated that shortly before the time of first contact and these epidemics, an 1830 Hudson’s Bay Company census documented 8,954 indigenous inhabitants in the region, although the census was probably incomplete due to the omitting of an unknown number of settlements. As a result of epidemics, the population of the Tsleil-Waututh was reduced to 41 individuals by 1812, shortly thereafter, a group of Tsleil-Waututh led by Khatsalahnough, a leader from Lil’wat, occupied present-day False Creek. At this time, large sand bars existed at the entrance to False Creek, from which False Creek’s indigenous name, Snauq is derived. False Creek, which lies in Musqueam territory, was a waterway, in addition to the Tsleil-Waututh. Prior to European settlement, False Creek extended as far east as what is now Clark Drive, with land reclamation extending into Burrard Inlet and False Creek for port and industrial uses, the landscape began to change dramatically. As a result, one nickname for False Creek was “Shit Creek”, in 1913, the Squamish residents of the Kitsilano Reserve, on the False Creek sandbar, were forced to relocate. According to Maracle, the settlement was burned following the forced evacuation. In 1916, the sandbar on which this settlement was located was built into Granville Island to create new industrial land, talk of draining and filling the inlet to Granville Street continued into the 1950s, but that never occurred. The False Creek area was the heartland of Vancouver through to the 1950s. As industry shifted to areas, the vicinity around False Creek started to deteriorate. In 1960, BC Forest Products plant and lumber storage facility on the side of False Creek caught fire in Vancouvers first-ever five-alarm blaze. Every piece of firefighting equipment and all of Vancouvers firefighters fought the blaze for hours, the future of False Creek south was subsequently shaped by debates on freeways, urban renewal, and the rise of citizen participation in urban planning
4.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
5.
Truss bridge
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A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss, a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units. The connected elements may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads, Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be analyzed by 19th-. A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently, the nature of a truss allows the analysis of the structure using a few assumptions and the application of Newtons laws of motion according to the branch of physics known as statics. For purposes of analysis, trusses are assumed to be pin jointed where the components meet. This assumption means that members of the truss will act only in tension or compression, a more complex analysis is required where rigid joints impose significant bending loads upon the elements, as in a Vierendeel truss. The central vertical member stabilizes the upper member, preventing it from buckling. If the top member is sufficiently stiff then this element may be eliminated. If the lower chord is sufficiently resistant to bending and shear, the vertical elements may be eliminated. The ability to distribute the forces in various ways has led to a variety of truss bridge types. In other cases the appearance of the structure may take on greater importance, a pure truss can be represented as a pin-jointed structure, one where the only forces on the truss members are tension or compression, not bending. This is used in the teaching of statics, by the building of bridges from spaghetti. Spaghetti is brittle and although it can carry a modest tension force, a model spaghetti bridge thus demonstrates the use of a truss structure to produce a usefully strong complete structure from individually weak elements. In 1820 a simple form of truss, Towns lattice truss, was patented, few iron truss bridges were built in the United States before 1850. Truss bridges became a type of bridge built from the 1870s through the 1930s. Examples of these still remain across the US, but their numbers are dropping rapidly. As metal slowly started to replace timber, wrought iron bridges in the US started being built on a scale in the 1870s. Bowstring truss bridges were a common truss design during this time, companies like the Massillon Bridge Company of Massillon, Ohio and the King Bridge Company of Cleveland, Ohio became well-known, as they marketed their designs to cities and townships
6.
Art Deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
7.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
8.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
9.
Downtown Vancouver
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Downtown Vancouver is the southeastern portion of the peninsula in the north-central part of the City of Vancouver. It is the business, commercial, cultural, financial, government, and entertainment centre of the city and the Metro Vancouver and Lower Mainland regions. The downtown area is considered to be bounded by Burrard Inlet to the north, Stanley Park and the West End to the west, False Creek to the south. Most sources include the downtown peninsula as downtown Vancouver. Other downtown neighbourhoods include the Granville Mall and Entertainment District, Downtowns South, Gastown, Japantown, the downtown area includes most of the remaining historic buildings and many of the larger notable buildings in the region. The presence of water on three sides limits access to downtown Vancouver, the historic Waterfront Station is the principal transit hub for the downtown core. There are six stations located in downtown Vancouver running on three SkyTrain lines, the Expo Line, Millennium Line, and Canada Line. The Expo and Millennium lines travel from the historic Waterfront Station at the foot of the central harbor, Canada Line travels from Waterfront Station and tunnels south under Granville Street and Davie Street, linking downtown to central Richmond and Vancouver International Airport. SeaBus is a ferry that connects from Waterfront Station to the North Shore in 10–12 minutes. The West Coast Express commuter rail system travels from Waterfront Station to the suburbs and exurbs. Terminals are also available near Waterfront Station for float planes and helicopters, most north-south Vancouver bus routes serve Downtown Vancouver, in addition to suburban routes from the North Shore, Burnaby, the Tri-Cities, Richmond, Delta, and South Surrey. The bus rapid transit line 98 B-Line had eight stops in the core, primarily along Seymour Street. This service was replaced on August 17,2009 by SkyTrains Canada Line, there are two private passenger water taxi operators, providing service between several downtown neighbourhoods, False Creek, and Granville Island. There are two sporting facilities in the downtown core, Rogers Arena and BC Place Stadium. The NHLs Vancouver Canucks play at Rogers Arena, while the CFLs BC Lions, SkyTrain Stadium-Chinatown station provides easy rapid transit access to the district. City of Vancouver Community Profiles, Downtown Downtown page, Vancouver Then and Now website, comparisons of old photos with modern locations
10.
Kitsilano
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Kitsilano /kɪtsᵻˈlænoʊ/ is a neighbourhood in the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Known colloquially as Kits, the neighbourhood is named after Squamish chief August Jack Khatsahlano, Kitsilano is located in Vancouvers West Side along the south shore of English Bay, between the neighbourhoods of West Point Grey and Fairview. Notable landmarks in Kitsilano include the Burrard Bridge, Kitsilano Beach, the name Kitsilano is derived from X̱atsalanexw, the name of a Squamish chief. The area has been home to the Squamish people since the 1800s when they moved into the area to work in saw mills, the Squamish finally surrendered the reserve to the federal government in 1946. There is still a small amount of Indian reserve land at the foot of the Burrard Street Bridge, called senakw in the Squamish language, the lowland area beyond MacDonald, from 4th Avenue to King Edward, was known as Malaria Flats because of its swampy air. Like most of Vancouver, it had only a few decades before been covered in dense West Coast forest. From the 1890s, the Vancouver Lawn Tennis Club in Granville Park became a club for the local elite. However, the area became gentrified by yuppies in subsequent decades, close proximity to downtown Vancouver, walking distance to parks, beaches and popular Granville Island has made the neighbourhood a very desirable community to live. One of the concert venues in the city in the days of the counterculture was the Soft Rock Cafe, near 4th and Maple. One remaining artifact of the 1960s is the Naam Cafe at 4th and Macdonald, providing vegetarian, vegan, the area is also known for having the first of certain kinds of restaurants, such as the California-style Topanga Cafe. Three of the first neighbourhood pub licenses in Vancouver are still located on 4th Avenue - Biminis at Maple, Darby D. Dawes at MacDonald, greenpeace - founded in the home of Dorothy Stowe at 2775 Courtney Ave. and Maple, sharing the upstairs office with SPEC. Like all of Vancouver, Kitsilano is located in traditional Coast Salish territory, as of 2011, Kitsilano had 41,375 people, a 1. 95% increase from 2006. 12. 6% of the population is under the age of 19,42. 1% is between 20 and 39,34. 5% is between 40 and 64, and 10. 9% is 65 or older. 76. 0% of Kitsilano residents speak English as a first language and 2. 6% speak French, as of 2006, The median household income was $53,455, and 21. 3% of its population lives in low-income households. Vanier Park is home to the Vancouver International Childrens Festival and Bard on the Beach, the Celebration of Light is held on the waters of English Bay between Vanier Park and the West End. The Khatsahlano Street Party is held on 4th Avenue on a July Saturday, Kitsilano is home to 17 parks, which include six playgrounds, an off-leash dog park, and Kitsilano Beach, one of Vancouvers most popular beaches. Along with the beach itself, Kitsilano Beach Park also contains a restaurant, Kitsilano Pool. The Kitsilano Showboat, operating since 1935, is essentially an open-air amphitheatre with the ocean, all summer long, the showboat hosts free performances from local bands, dance groups, and other performers
11.
Granville Street Bridge
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The Granville Street Bridge is an eight lane bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia. It spans False Creek and is 27.4 metres above Granville Island and it is part of Highway 99. Media related to Granville Street Bridge at Wikimedia Commons The original bridge was completed in 1889 and it was a 732-metre long low timber trestle. The navigation span, near the end, was a trussed timber swing span. It was largely designed by the CPR, and cost $16,000, in 1891 the bridge was widened on both sides for streetcar tracks, except where the tracks converged for the swing span. Media related to Granville Street Bridge at Wikimedia Commons The second bridge was completed in 1909 and it was a longer, medium-level steel bridge with a through truss swing span. On February 4,1954, the current Granville Street Bridge, costing $16.5 million, a million cars would cross over the bridge in its first month. The city of Vancouver funded the bridge itself as Mayor Frederick Hume said no formal assistance given by any government body. The first “civilian” to drive over the 1954 bridge was the woman who was first to drive over the second bridge in 1909. She had been widowed between the two openings, and so had a different name, both times she was at the wheel of a brand-new Cadillac. Recent improvements to the bridge include increasing its resistance, and installing higher curbs
12.
Cambie Bridge
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The Cambie Bridge is a six-lane symmetric, precast, varying-depth-post tension-box girder bridge spanning False Creek in Vancouver, British Columbia. The current bridge opened in 1985, but is the bridge at the same location. Often referred to as the Cambie Street Bridge, it connects Cambie Street on the shore of False Creek to both Nelson and Smithe Streets in the downtown peninsula. The first Cambie Street Bridge, opened in 1891, was built as a simple piled-timber trestle with a trussed timber swing span near the middle, the next bridge was a four-lane, medium level steel bridge,1,247 metres long and carrying streetcar tracks. It was completed in 1911 for $740,000, opening to traffic on May 24,1911, the navigation span was a steel through-truss swing span which the city would open on four hours notice. In 1953, it opened 79 times, even in its later years, it was opened once or twice a week. The trusses of the swing span projected through the bridge deck and this contributed to many motor vehicle collisions. In April 1915, the wood deck caught fire, with the collapse of a 24. 4-metre steel side span. A new, higher, non-opening bridge was built in 1983–85 to replace the 1911 structure, the entire Cambie crossing was closed for nine months, starting November 1984, while the present, six-lane, concrete bridge was merged with the existing approaches. The new bridge cost $52.7 million and was opened on December 8,1985, City engineer W. H. Curtis was assisted by E. A. West, Assistant City Engineer, Streets & Structures, who was involved in its construction. The 1985 bridge is of a twin post-tensioned prestressed concrete type in a continuous span, the total structural length is 1,100 metres, it carries 6 lanes of traffic and a 14-foot pedestrian walkway. The colouring of the concrete was obtained through the addition of volcanic ash from Mount Lassen to the mix, under the bridges south end is the Neighbourhood Energy Utility, a city-owned heat transfer station that provides heating and hot water to all new buildings in Southeast False Creek. Both sides of the bridge include pedestrian sidewalks separated from motor traffic by concrete barriers. The Cambie Bridge ranks second of the three False Creek bridges by measure of pedestrian crossings, a 2002 study measured over 1,500 pedestrians crossing the Cambie Bridge in 11 hours on a weekday. The wider east sidewalk is shared with bicycles, bicycles are also permitted on the bridge roadway in both directions. The Cambie Bridge is often used as part of the route for events such as the Vancouver Sun Run, the BMO Vancouver Marathon. Two TransLink bus routes cross the Cambie Bridge,17 and N15
13.
English Bay (Vancouver)
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English Bay is located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, west of the downtown peninsula and False Creek. It consists of the side of the Burrard Inlet, extending from Point Grey in the southwest to Prospect Point in the northeast. English Bay Beach, near the citys West End residential neighbourhood, is the most popular sunbathing, swimming, other downtown beaches facing English Bay include Sunset Beach, Second Beach, and Third Beach. English Bay beaches are all major tourist attraction to all year long. The Vancouver Seawall runs all the way around English Bay from Stanley Park in the northeast around False Creek at Point Grey facing the Strait of Georgia in the southwest and this is a favourite destination for walkers, runners, bicyclists, and roller-bladers. English Bay Beach is host to a number of public events, the Celebration of Light is a fireworks competition that is held for two weeks every summer. While this competition often struggles to secure funding, it has run since 1990 and is the largest off-shore fireworks display in the world. Each winter it is the host of Vancouvers annual Polar Bear Swim and each summer the Vancouver Pride Parade, today, the waters of the bay are often dotted with hundreds of small pleasure boats, as well as huge freighters waiting at anchor to load cargoes at Vancouvers port. The beach was the site of an oil spill in Vancouver on April 8,2015, the official cause of the spill has not been confirmed, but at least 2700 litres of bunker fuel are known to have escaped from a cargo ship into the bay. The highly toxic oil later washed up on beaches, creating a slick 15–20 cm thick. At least twenty seabirds were injured or affected by the spill, coast Guard officials defended the response, with regional director Assistant Commissioner Roger Girouard saying, it was exceptional. The beaches were tested and most were reopened following a ten-day closure, the reopened beaches will continue to be tested and the need for further cleanup assessed as needed. English Bay Beach Vancouver Polar Bear Swim Club English Bay
14.
West Vancouver
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West Vancouver is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. Together with the District of North Vancouver and City of North Vancouver, it is part of a regional grouping referred to as the North Shore municipalities. West Vancouver has a population of 42,694, Cypress Provincial Park, mostly located within the municipal boundaries, was one of the venues for the 2010 Winter Olympics. The Municipality of West Vancouver was incorporated on March 15,1912, the first municipal election was held on April 6,1912. In November 1938, the Lions Gate Bridge was opened to traffic, allowing extensive growth of the semi-populated community, previously only accessible by ferry. Some homes in West Vancouver date back to the 1920s and 30s, though most of the existing dwellings were built in the 1970s and 80s. 1792 Captain George Vancouver names Point Atkinson 1872 James Blake preempted the first 65 hectares of land 1875 First lighthouse at Point Atkinson 1898 Mr and their house still stands today at Ambleside and there is a Navvy Jack Point. 1912 Population was approximately 1,500 people 1912 First Municipal election 1912 Council appointed John Teare as the first police constable on May 17, the bridge cost a total of $6 million to build. It was financed by the Guinness family, in conjunction with the development,1947 Ferry service stopped due to lack of demand after bridge constructed 1950 West Vancouver Memorial Library opened on November 11. The library lends more books per capita than any other library in Canada 1950 Park Royal Shopping Centre, the Police Department remained in the Public 1973 Clyde McRae completes a world record walk across Canada on Ambleside Beach. 2013 Park Royal Shopping Center sees first major expansion since 1978 Safety building West Vancouver has no manufacturing industry by law, West Vancouver is mainly a residential district as many residents are retired, work at home, or take the short commute to downtown Vancouver. A 25-block strip of Marine Drive serves as a district, featuring shops, small offices, garages and gas stations, restaurants, banks. This area is known as Ambleside, with a one-block section separated from that area known as Dundarave. West Vancouver is also home to Park Royal Shopping Centre, Canadas first mall. Opened in the 1950s, it now consumes 2 km of both sides of Marine Drive near North Vancouver, and is home to department stores and large retailers. Park Royal is also the largest mall on the North Shore, Ambleside Park and the 15 block long West Vancouver Seawall are popular spots for families and outdoor enthusiasts. Whytecliff Park is regarded as one of the best scuba diving spots in Western Canada, West Vancouver has several public recreation facilities including an 18-hole par 3 golf course, a pool, an ice rink, basketball and tennis courts, skateboard parks and numerous public parks. The new West Vancouver Community Centre has been rebuilt and opened Spring 2009, West Vancouver is also home to Cypress Provincial Park with mountain biking trails and a large ski and snowboard facility, which served as one of the venues for the 2010 Winter Olympics
15.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
16.
Engineer
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Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare and ingenium, the work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical, he/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice, much of an engineers time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information. Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure and they also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects, Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines, numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural and transportation engineering and materials engineering include ceramic, metallurgical, mechanical engineering cuts across just about every discipline since its core essence is applied physics. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as vehicles, or in one type of technology. Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time, that is, research suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work, technical work, social work, computer-based work, information behaviours. Amongst other more detailed findings, a recent work sampling study found that engineers spend 62. 92% of their time engaged in work,40. 37% in social work. The time engineers spend engaged in activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies, typically engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. When developing a product, engineers work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers, a mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators
17.
Pylon (architecture)
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Pylon is the Greek term for a monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple. It consists of two tapering towers, each surmounted by a cornice, joined by an elevated section which enclosed the entrance between them. The entrance was generally half the height of the towers. Contemporary paintings of pylons show them with long poles flying banners, in ancient Egyptian theology, the pylon mirrored the hieroglyph for horizon or akhet, which was a depiction of two hills between which the sun rose and set. Consequently, it played a role in the symbolic architecture of a cult building which was associated with the place of recreation. Pylons were often decorated with scenes emphasizing a kings authority since it was the face of a cult building. On the first pylon of the temple of Isis at Philae, other examples of pylons can be seen in Luxor and Edfu. Rituals to the god Amun who became identified with the sun god Ra were often carried out on the top of temple pylons. In addition to standard vertical grooves on the face of a pylon wall which was designed to hold flag poles, some pylons also contained internal stairways. The oldest intact pylons belong to mortuary temples from the 13th and 12th century BCE Ramessside period, a pair of obelisks usually stood in front of a pylon. A single stone pillar standing at the Propylaea of the Acropolis in Athens is known as the pylon, both Classical Revival and Egyptian Revival architecture employ the pylon form, with Boodles gentlemans club in London being an example of the Classical style. The 19th and 20th centuries saw pylon architecture employed for building with the Sydney Harbour Bridge being one of the largest examples. In 1928 a Pylon was erected by subscription to commemorate the extension of the County Borough of Brighton on 1 April of that same year. The two stone towers known locally as the Pylons still stand and are visible to travellers on either carriageway of the A23. The Patcham Pylon towers flank the southbound carriageway of the A23 just outside the CIty of Brighton and Hove and are listed Grade II, many cathedrals have a similar western end, such as Elgin Cathedral. Obelisk Karnak Media related to Pylons at Wikimedia Commons Second Pylon Karnak
18.
Bust (sculpture)
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A bust is a sculpted or cast representation of the upper part of the human figure, depicting a persons head and neck, and a variable portion of the chest and shoulders. The piece is supported by a plinth. These forms recreate the likeness of an individual and these may be of any medium used for sculpture, such as marble, bronze, terracotta or wood. A parallel term, aust, is a representation of the part of an animal or mythical creature. Sculptural portrait heads from classical antiquity are sometimes displayed as busts, however, these are often fragments from full-body statues, or were created to be inserted into an existing body, these portrait heads are not included in this article. Herma Portraiture Livius. org, Bust gallery of famous ancient Greeks Oxford definition Dictionary. com definition
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George Vancouver
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He also explored the Hawaiian Islands and the southwest coast of Australia. George Vancouver was born in Kings Lynn on 22 June 1757 as the sixth, and youngest, child of John Jasper Vancouver, a Deputy Collector of Customs, and Bridget Berners. In 1771, at the age of 13, George Vancouver entered the Royal Navy as a young gentleman and he was selected to serve as a midshipman aboard HMS Resolution, on James Cooks second voyage searching for Terra Australis. He also accompanied Cooks third voyage, this time aboard Resolutions sister ship, Discovery, upon his return to Britain in October 1780, Vancouver was commissioned as a lieutenant and posted aboard the sloop Martin initially on escort and patrol duty in the English Channel and North Sea. He accompanied the ship when it left Plymouth on 11 February 1782 for the West Indies, on 7 May 1782 he was appointed fourth Lieutenant of the HMS Fame which was at the time part of the British West Indies Fleet and assigned to patrolling the French-held Leeward Islands. Vancouver returned to England in June 1783, in the late 1780s the Spanish empire commissioned an expedition to the Pacific Northwest. However, the 1789 Nootka Crisis intervened, spain and Britain came close to war over ownership of the Nootka Sound on contemporary Vancouver Island, and of greater importance, the right to colonize and settle the Pacific Northwest coast. Henry Roberts and Vancouver joined Britains more warlike vessels, Vancouver went with Joseph Whidbey to HMS Courageux. When the first Nootka Convention ended the crisis in 1790, Vancouver was given command of Discovery to take possession of Nootka Sound, departing England with two ships on 1 April 1791, Vancouver commanded an expedition charged with exploring the Pacific region. In its first year the expedition travelled to Cape Town, Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti and he formally claimed at Possession Point, King George Sound Western Australia, now the town of Albany, Western Australia for the British. Proceeding to North America, Vancouver followed the coasts of present-day Oregon and Washington northward, in April 1792 he encountered American Captain Robert Gray off the coast of Oregon just prior to Grays sailing up the Columbia River. Vancouver entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca, between Vancouver Island and the Washington state mainland on 29 April 1792 and his orders included a survey of every inlet and outlet on the west coast of the mainland, all the way north to Alaska. Most of this work was in small craft propelled by sail and oar, maneuvering larger sail-powered vessels in uncharted waters was generally impractical and dangerous. Mount Rainier – after his friend, Rear Admiral Peter Rainier, Discovery Bay, Discovery Island and Port Discovery. Vancouver was the second European to enter Burrard Inlet on 13 June 1792 and it is the present day main harbour area of the City of Vancouver beyond Stanley Park. George Vancouver surveyed Howe Sound and Jervis Inlet over the nine days. Then, on his 35th birthday on 22 June 1792, he returned to Point Grey, here he unexpectedly met a Spanish expedition led by Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés y Flores. For three weeks they cooperatively explored the Georgia Strait and the Discovery Islands area before sailing separately towards Nootka Sound, after the summer surveying season ended, in August 1792, Vancouver went to Nootka, then the regions most important harbour, on contemporary Vancouver Island
20.
Harry Burrard-Neale
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Admiral Sir Harry Burrard-Neale, 2nd Baronet GCB GCMG, born Harry Burrard, was a British officer of the Royal Navy, and Member of Parliament for Lymington. He was the son of William Burrard, the governor of Yarmouth Castle on the Isle of Wight, and nephew of Sir Harry Burrard, 1st Baronet, of Walhampton, whom he succeeded in 1791. In 1795 he adopted the name of Neale on his marriage to Grace, daughter of Robert Neale of Shaw House. He died without issue in 1840 and was succeeded by his brother George, educated at Christchurch Grammar School, Burrard joined the Royal Navy in 1778. He was present at the Siege of Charleston in 1780, Burrard distinguished himself during the Mutiny at the Nore in 1797. He was one of the Lords of the Admiralty between 1804 and 1807, and was promoted to rear-admiral on 31 July 1810 and he was engaged at the Action of 13 March 1806 in HMS London. He was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815 and he became Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet in 1823, which led to his appointment as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George the following year. He was Member of Parliament for Lymington between 1790 and 1802,1806 to 1807,1812 to 1823 and 1832 to 1835 and he was a Groom of the Bedchamber to King George III from 1801 to 1812, continuing afterwards at Windsor from 1812 to 1820 during the Regency. He died at age 74 and was buried in Lymington Church, Lymington, Hampshire, Burrard Inlet was named in his honour by Captain George Vancouver in June 1792, during his expedition of exploration in the Pacific Northwest. George Edward Cokayne, editor, The Complete Baronetage,5 volumes, volume V, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Sir Harry Burrard-Neale Burrard-Neale 250 Project
21.
Prow
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The prow is the forward-most part of a ships bow that cuts through the water. The prow is the part of the bow above the waterline, the terms prow and bow are often used interchangeably to describe the most forward part of a ship and its surrounding parts. In old naval parlance, the prow was the battery of guns placed in the fore gun-deck
22.
Stroboscopic effect
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The stroboscopic effect is a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples. It also accounts for the effect, so-called because in video or film. A strobe fountain, a stream of droplets falling at regular intervals lit with a strobe light, is an example of the stroboscopic effect being applied to a cyclic motion that is not rotational. When viewed under light, this is a normal water fountain. When viewed under a light with its frequency tuned to the rate at which the droplets fall. Adjusting the strobe frequency can make the droplets seemingly move slowly up or down, consider the stroboscope as used in mechanical analysis. This may be a light that is fired at an adjustable rate. Furthermore, at a frequency of 60 flashes per second, persistence of vision smooths out the sequence of flashes so that the image is continuous. If the same rotating object is viewed at 61 flashes per second, sixty-one flashes will occur before the object is seen in the same position again, and the series of images will be perceived as if it is rotating backwards once per second. The same could be applied at other frequencies like the 50 Hz characteristic of electric grids of most of countries in the world. In the case of pictures, action is captured as a rapid series of still images. The stroboscopic effect also plays a role in audio playback, compact discs rely on strobing reflections of the laser from the surface of the disc in order to be processed. DVDs and Blu-ray Discs have similar functions, the stroboscopic effect also plays a role for laser microphones. Motion-picture cameras conventionally film at 24 frames per second, although the wheels of a vehicle are not likely to be turning at 24 revolutions per second, suppose each wheel has 12 spokes and rotates at only two revolutions per second. Filmed at 24 frames per second, the spokes in each frame will appear in exactly the same position, hence, the wheel will be perceived to be stationary. Thus, as long as the number of times the wheel rotates per second is factor of 24 and 12, because of the illusion that the stroboscopic effect can give to moving machinery, it is advised that single-phase lighting is avoided. Solutions include deploying the lighting over a full 3-phase supply, or by using high-frequency controllers that drive the lights at safer frequencies, 3D zoetrope Electronic tuner#Strobe tuner https, //www. youtube. com/watch. v=3_vVB9u-07I&feature=youtu. be A clear example of this effect. Interactive Strobe Fountain – lets you adjust the frequency to control the apparent movement of falling droplets
23.
Royal Canadian Air Force
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The Royal Canadian Air Force is the air force of Canada. Its role is to provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower, the RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces. Lieutenant-General Michael J. Hood, CMM CD, is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force, the RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command. The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search, the RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force which was formed in 1920. The Canadian Air Force was incorporated in 1923 and granted royal sanction in 1924 by King George V, in 1968 the RCAF was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy, and the Canadian Army, as part of the unification of the Canadian Forces. Air units were split between several different commands, Air Defence Command, Air Transport Command, Mobile Command, Maritime Command, in 1975 some commands were dissolved, and all air units were placed under a new environmental command called simply Air Command. Air Command reverted to its name of the Royal Canadian Air Force in August 2011. The Royal Canadian Air Force has served in the Second World War, the Korean War, as a NATO member, the force maintained a presence in Europe during the second half of the 20th century. The Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 as the successor to a short-lived two-squadron Canadian Air Force formed during the First World War in Europe. John Scott Williams, MC, AFC, was tasked in 1921 with organizing the CAF, the new Canadian Air Force was a branch of the Air Board and was chiefly a training militia that provided refresher training to veteran pilots. Many CAF members also worked with the Air Boards Civil Operations Branch on operations that included forestry, in 1923, the CAF became responsible for all flying operations in Canada, including civil aviation. In 1924, the Canadian Air Force, was granted the royal title, most of its work was civil in nature, however, in the late 1920s the RCAF evolved into more of a military organization. After budget cuts in the early 1930s, the air began to rebuild. By the end of the war, the RCAF had become the fourth largest allied air force, after the war, the RCAF reduced its strength. In 1950, the RCAF became involved with the transport of troops and supplies to the Korean War, however, members of the RCAF served in USAF units as exchange officers and several flew in combat. Both auxiliary and regular air defence squadrons were run by Air Defence Command, at the same time, the Pinetree Line, the Mid-Canada Line and the DEW Line radar stations, largely operated by the RCAF, were built across Canada because of the growing Soviet nuclear threat. In 1957, Canada and the United States created the joint North American Air Defense Command, coastal defence and peacekeeping also became priorities during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1968 the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force and this initiative was overseen by then Liberal Defence Minister, Paul Hellyer
24.
Seaplane
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A seaplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing on water. Seaplanes that can take off and land on airfields are in a subclass called amphibious aircraft. Their use gradually tailed off after World War II, partially because of the investments in airports during the war, the word seaplane is used to describe two types of air/water vehicles, the floatplane and the flying boat. A floatplane has slender pontoons, or floats, mounted under the fuselage, two floats are common, but other configurations are possible. Only the floats of a floatplane normally come into contact with water, some small land aircraft can be modified to become float planes, and in general, floatplanes are small aircraft. Floatplanes are limited by their inability to handle wave heights typically greater than 12 inches and these floats add to the empty weight of the airplane and to the drag coefficient, resulting in reduced payload capacity, slower rate of climb, and slower cruise speed. Most flying boats have small floats mounted on their wings to keep them stable, not all small seaplanes have been floatplanes, but most large seaplanes have been flying boats, with their great weight supported by their hulls. The term seaplane is used by some instead of floatplane and this is the standard British usage. This article treats both flying boats and floatplanes as types of seaplane, in the US fashion, an amphibious aircraft can take off and land both on conventional runways and water. A true seaplane can only take off and land on water, there are amphibious flying boats and amphibious floatplanes, as well as some hybrid designs, e. g. floatplanes with retractable floats. Modern production seaplanes are typically light aircraft, amphibious, and of a floatplane design, on 6 June 1905, Gabriel Voisin took off and landed on the River Seine with a towed kite glider on floats. The first of his flights was 150 yards. He later built a powered floatplane in partnership with Louis Blériot, other pioneers also attempted to attach floats to aircraft in Britain, Australia, France and the United States. On 28 March 1910, Frenchman Henri Fabre flew the first successful powered seaplane, the Gnome Omega-powered hydravion, fabres first successful take off and landing by a powered seaplane inspired other aviators, and he designed floats for several other flyers. The first hydro-aeroplane competition was held in Monaco in March 1912, featuring aircraft using floats from Fabre, Curtiss, Tellier and this led to the first scheduled seaplane passenger services, at Aix-les-Bains, using a five-seat Sanchez-Besa from 1 August 1912. The French Navy ordered its first floatplane in 1912, in 1911−12, François Denhaut constructed the first seaplane with a fuselage forming a hull, using various designs to give hydrodynamic lift at take-off. Its first successful flight was on 13 April 1912, throughout 1910 and 1911, American pioneering aviator Glenn Curtiss developed his floatplane into the successful Curtiss Model D land-plane, which used a larger central float and sponsons. Combining floats with wheels, he made the first amphibian flights in February 1911 and was awarded the first Collier Trophy for US flight achievement, from 1912, his experiments with a hulled seaplane resulted in the 1913 Model E and Model F, which he called flying-boats
25.
Hotel Vancouver
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The Hotel Vancouver is a hotel located on West Georgia Street at Burrard Street, in the heart of Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia. Constructed at 111 metres high, its architects were John S. Archibald and it became part of the Canadian Pacific Hotels chain after that company purchased CN Hotels in 1988. CP Hotels was later purchased by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts and this building is the third hotel to be named Hotel Vancouver. The second hotel was in a grand Italianate revival style, and was considered one of the hotels of the British Empire. In the time of building the names of the Spanish Grill, the Panorama Roof, the Timber Club, the Pacific Empire Ballroom. It had several ballrooms and lounges, as well as an adjacent opera house cum cinema, the first two Hotel Vancouvers were between Howe and Granville Streets on the south side of West Georgia Street. The current building, a block away across the plaza of the then-provincial courthouse and on the same side of Georgia. A large art-deco sound stage used for theatre and musical broadcasts was located on the ground floor. It was here, in the Panorama Roof Ballroom, that Dal Richards, on May 1,1940 young Dal Richards, his 11-piece band and a then-unknown 13-year-old Juliette were booked to replace Mart Kenney and His Western Gentlemen, Canadas leading dance band at the time. No-one could have known that Dals initial six-week contract would stretch into 25 years of regular performances, a weekly CBC Radio show was broadcast nationally from the Panorama Roof Ballroom of the Hotel Vancouver for many years
26.
Long gallery
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In architecture, a long gallery is a long, narrow room, often with a high ceiling. In Britain, long galleries were popular in Elizabethan and Jacobean houses and they were often located on the upper floor of the great houses of the time, and they stretched across the entire frontage of the building. They served several purposes, they were used for entertaining guests, for taking exercise in the form of walking when the weather was inclement, and for displaying art collections. A long gallery has the appearance of a corridor, but it was designed as a room to be used in its own right. In the 16th century, the seemingly obvious concept of the corridor had not been introduced to British domestic architecture, later, long galleries were built in Victorian houses, such as Nottingham Castle
27.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
28.
Canada Post
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Canada Post Corporation, known more simply as Canada Post, is the crown corporation which functions as the countrys primary postal operator. Originally known as Royal Mail Canada, rebranding was done to the “Canada Post” name in the late 1960s, on October 16,1981, the Canada Post Corporation Act came into effect. This abolished the Post Office Department and created the present day Crown corporation which provides postal service, the act aimed to set a new direction for the postal service by ensuring the postal services financial security and independence. Canada Post provided service to more than 15.8 million addresses and delivered almost 9 billion items in 2015, Delivery takes place via traditional to the door service by 25,000 letter carriers, through a 13,000 vehicle fleet. There are more than 6,200 post offices across the country, in terms of area serviced, Canada Post delivers to a larger area than the postal service of any other nation, including Russia. As of 2004, nearly 843,000 rural Canadian customers received residential mail delivery services, Canada Post operates as a group of companies called The Canada Post Group. It employs approximately 64,000 full and part-time employees to deliver a range of delivery, logistics. The Corporation holds an interest in Purolator Courier, Innovapost, Progistix-Solutions, in 2000, Canada Post created a company called Epost, allowed customers to receive their bill online for free. Canada Post is the Federal Identity Program name, the legal name is Canada Post Corporation in English and Société canadienne des postes in French. On August 3,1527 in St. Johns, Newfoundland, while in St. Johns, John Rut wrote a letter to King Henry VIII about his findings and planned voyage. Mail delivery within Canada first started in 1693 when the Portuguese born Pedro da Silva was paid to deliver mail between Quebec City and Montreal, official postal services began in 1775, under the control of the British Government up to 1851. The first postage stamp went into circulation in Canada that same year and it was not until 1867 when the newly formed Dominion of Canada created the Post Office Department as a federal government department headed by a Cabinet minister, the Postmaster General of Canada. The Act took effect April 1,1868, providing postal service throughout the newly established country. Prior to rural mail delivery, many Canadians living outside major cities, on 10 October 1908, the first free rural mail delivery service was instituted in Canada. The extension of residential mail delivery services to all rural Canadian residents was an achievement for the Post Office Department. The Post Office Department was a pioneer of airmail delivery, with the first airmail flight taking place on June 24,1918. They had with them the first bag of mail to be delivered by air in Canada, wind and rain buffetted the small plane and forced it to make refuelling stops at Kingston and Deseronto. Finally, at 4,55 p. m. Peck, the flight had been arranged by a civilian organization, the Aerial League of the British Empire, to demonstrate that aviation was the way of the future
29.
2010 Winter Olympics
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Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines. Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee, the 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia. Previously, Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Vancouver is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics. Following Olympic tradition, then-Vancouver mayor Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. The flag was raised on February 28,2006, in a ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony. The event was opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean, who was accompanied by Prime Minister Stephen Harper. With 14, Canada broke the record for the most gold medals won at a single Winter Olympics, athletes from Slovakia and Belarus won the first Winter Olympic gold medals for their nations. The Canadian Olympic Association chose Vancouver as the Canadian candidate city over Calgary, which sought to re-host the Games and Quebec City, on the first round of voting on November 21,1998, Vancouver-Whistler had 26 votes, Quebec City had 25 and Calgary had 21. On December 3,1998, the second and final round of voting occurred between the two leading contenders, which saw Vancouver win with 40 votes compared to Quebec Citys 32 votes. Vancouver had also bid for the 1976 games, which were first awarded to Denver, then to Innsbruck and the 1980 games. After the bribery scandal over the candidacy of the Salt Lake City bid for the 2002 Winter Olympics, the International Olympic Committee created the Evaluation Commission, which was appointed on October 24,2002. Prior to the bidding for the 2008 Summer Olympics, host cities would often fly members of the IOC to their city where they toured the city and were provided with gifts, the lack of oversight and transparency often led to allegations of money for votes. Afterward, changes brought forth by the IOC bidding rules were tightened, the team analyzed the candidate city features and provided its input back to the IOC. Vancouver won the bid to host the Olympics by a vote of the International Olympic Committee on July 2,2003, at the 115th IOC Session held in Prague, the result was announced by IOC President Jacques Rogge. Vancouver faced two other finalists shortlisted that same February, Pyeongchang, South Korea, and Salzburg, Austria, Pyeongchang had the most votes of the three cities in the first round of voting, in which Salzburg was eliminated. In the run-off, all but two of the members who had voted for Salzburg voted for Vancouver and it was the closest vote by the IOC since Sydney, Australia beat Beijing for the 2000 Summer Olympics by two votes. Vancouvers victory came almost two years after Torontos 2008 Summer Olympic bid was defeated by Beijing in a landslide vote, the Vancouver Olympic Committee spent C$16.6 million on upgrading facilities at Cypress Mountain, which hosted the freestyle and snowboarding events. In 2004, the operational cost of the 2010 Winter Olympics was estimated to be Canadian $1.354 billion, as of mid-2009 it was projected to be C$1.76 billion, mostly raised from non-government sources, primarily through sponsorships and the auction of national broadcasting rights
30.
Squamish First Nation
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The Squamish Nation, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw in Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Sníchim, is an Indian Act government originally imposed on the Squamish by the Federal Government of Canada in the late 19th century. The Squamish are Indigenous, located in what is now considered British Columbia and their band government comprises 16 elected councillors, serving four-year terms, with an elected band manager. The Squamish Nation, is an amalgamation of different villages, which became reserves under the Indian Act which the Canadian government imposed on the Squamish people, the main goal of the Indian Act was the eventual assimilation of the indigenous people into the settlers colonial socio-political structures and lifestyle. The Canadian government created a system of governing the Squamish through selected chiefs and these chiefs were selected based on factors such as their compliance, professed religious affiliation and sobriety. After passing of the Indian Act, these became the Indian Act government. The Squamish people were categorized and placed into numerous small reserves, each reserve was originally in the ownership of specific Squamish families. On July 23,1923 a political agreement was signed by 16 chiefs. This amalgamation became the Squamish Nation, and each chief had a seat at the council table, after decades, the hereditary system for the band council changed into an elected council. Currently, the Squamish Nation has 16 seats for which elections occur every four years, the number 16 reflects the 16 signatures on the original amalgamation agreement. Prior to British Columbias hosting of the 2010 Olympic Games, the Squamish Nation engaged in negotiations with the Provincial Government of British Columbia and Lilwat First Nation. Numerous agreements were signed prior to and following the announcement of the host city for the Games, issues regarding the leasing of land, Nation-owned or operated businesses and other ventures currently account for much of the Squamish Nations band council government business. The Squamish Nation recently announced the purchase of a Tree Farm License and this is one of the rare instances of an Indigenous Nation buying forfeited land, as no agreement was ever signed between the Crown and the Squamish during colonization of the Lower Mainland. The Nation has been criticized as doing little for its people despite its economic growth, the Squamish Nation has close ties with the Burrard Band or Tsleil-Waututh First Nation, who reside further east on Burrard Inlet. They have family connections to the Musqueam who reside on the edge of the city of Vancouver. Squamish communities were affected by the 2005 CN Rail Cheakamus River derailment. About 40,000 litres of caustic soda were accidentally released into the Cheakamus, Squamish communities around the river were advised by the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority not to consume water from local wells, or local wildlife who use the river. The Squamish Nation Band Council is now taking legal action against CN Rail, the elected councilors make up the executive political body of this government. They operate on a term with elections occurring around in December
31.
Lions Gate Bridge
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The term Lions Gate refers to The Lions, a pair of mountain peaks north of Vancouver. Northbound traffic on the heads in their general direction. A pair of cast concrete lions, designed by sculptor Charles Marega, were placed on side of the south approach to the bridge in January 1939. The total length of the bridge including the viaduct is 1,823 m. The length including approach spans is 1,517.3 m, the main span alone is 473 m, the height is 111 m. Prospect Point in Stanley Park offered a good high end to the bridge. The bridge has three lanes, the use of which is indicated by signals. The centre lane changes direction to accommodate for traffic patterns, the traffic volume on the bridge is 60,000 -70,000 vehicles per day. Trucks exceeding 13 tonnes are prohibited, as are vehicles using studded tires, the bridge forms part of Highways 99 and 1A. On March 24,2005, the Lions Gate Bridge was designated a National Historic Site of Canada, starting about 1890, bridge builders saw that a bridge across the first narrows was becoming a possibility. However, many saw it as necessary in order to open up development on the North Shore. The decision was put to the electorate of Vancouver in 1927, but the first plebiscite was defeated, however, he was able to convince the Guinness family to invest in the land on the north shore of Burrard Inlet. They purchased 4,700 acres of West Vancouver mountainside through a syndicate called British Pacific Properties Ltd, on December 13,1933, a second plebiscite was held and this time, it was passed by a 2 to 1 margin. The 1933 bylaw authorizing construction included a provision mandating that “no Asiatic person shall be employed in or upon any part of the undertaking or other works. ”The bridge was designed by the Montreal firm Monsarrat and Pratley, which was later responsible for the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge in Halifax, Nova Scotia using a similar design. Other companies involved in the construction of the include, Swan Wooster Engineering, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas. Canron Western Constructors, Dominion Bridge Company, American Bridge Company, construction began on March 31,1937. After one and a half years and a cost of $5,873,837.17, on May 29,1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth presided over the official opening during a royal visit to Canada. A toll of 25 cents was charged for each car, on January 20,1955, the Guinness family sold the bridge to the province for $5,959,060, and on April1,1963 the toll was removed
32.
Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing
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Originally named the Second Narrows Bridge, it connects Vancouver to the north shore of Burrard Inlet, which includes the District of North Vancouver, the City of North Vancouver, and West Vancouver. It was constructed adjacent to the older Second Narrows Bridge, which is now exclusively a rail bridge, the First Narrows Bridge, better known as Lions Gate Bridge, crosses Burrard Inlet about 8 kilometres west of the Second Narrows. The bridge is a truss cantilever bridge, designed by Swan Wooster Engineering Co. Ltd. Construction began in November 1957, and the bridge was opened on August 25,1960. It cost approximately $15 million to build, the bridge is 1,292 metres long with a centre span of 335 metres. It is part of the Trans-Canada Highway, in June of 2014 work began to widen the sidewalks on both sides of the bridge. That work included the addition of safety railings, the railing is composed of closely spaced vertical steel bars approximately ten feet high. The visual effect is a narrowing of the bridge. There is a loss of light, and a complete loss of the views on both sides of the bridge. On June 17,1958, as a crane stretched from the side of the new bridge to join the two chords of the unfinished arch, several spans collapsed. Seventy-nine workers plunged 30 metres into the water, eighteen were killed either instantly or shortly thereafter, possibly drowned by their heavy tool belts. A diver searching for bodies drowned later, bringing the total fatalities for the collapse to 19, in a subsequent Royal Commission inquiry, the bridge collapse was attributed to miscalculation by bridge engineers. A temporary arm, holding the fifth anchor span, was deemed too light to bear the weight, Stompin Tom Connors paid a musical tribute to the fallen ironworkers with the song The Bridge Came Tumbling Down on his 1972 album My Stompin Grounds. Jimmy Deans 1962 song Steel Men is a ballad about the Second Narrows bridge disaster, gary Geddes 2007 book of poetry, entitled Falsework, is based on the collapse of the bridge. com
33.
Vancouver Police Department
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The Vancouver Police Department is the police force for the City of Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada. It is one of police departments within the Metro Vancouver Area and is the second largest police force in the province after RCMP E Division. VPD was the first Canadian municipal police force to hire a female officer, VPD, along with eleven other BC municipal police forces, seconds officers to the Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – British Columbia. At the first meeting of Vancouver City Council, Vancouvers first police officer, on June 14,1886, the morning after the Great Fire of 1886, Mayor McLean appointed Jackson Abray, V. W. Haywood, and John McLaren as special constables, with uniforms from Seattle and badges fashioned from American coins, this four man team became Vancouvers first police department based out of the City Hall tent at the foot of Carrall Street. These four were replaced in 1887 by special constables sent by the government in Victoria for not keeping the peace during the anti-Asian unrest of that year. The strength of the force increased from four to fourteen as a result, by 1904, the department had grown to 31 members and occupied a new police building at 200 Cordova Street. In 1912, Vancouvers first two women were taken on the force as matrons, by the 1940s the department had grown to 570 members. Harris and Minnie Miller were hired as the first two policewomen in Canada, in 1917, Chief Constable McLennan, was killed in the line of duty in a shoot-out in Vancouvers East End. Responding to a call by a landlord attempting to evict a tenant, along with McLennan, the shooter was killed in the battle, as was a nine-year-old boy in the vicinity at Georgia and Jackson streets, which is now marked by a mosaic memorial. Another member of the force was killed in the line of duty in 1922, twenty-three-year-old Constable Robert McBeath was shot by a man stopped for impaired driving. McBeath received the Victoria Cross for most conspicuous bravery at the Battle of Cambrai in France in the First World War. McBeaths killer, Fred Deal, was sentenced to death. The Marine Squads boat, the R. G, McBeath VC, was commissioned in 1995 and named in honour of McBeath. Plans for a new building at 312 Main Street began in 1953. The Oakridge police station opened in 1961, a Police memorial at 325 Main St. In 1935 under Chief Constable W. W, also that year, nearly 2,000 unemployed men from the federal relief camps scattered throughout the province flocked to Vancouver to protest camp conditions. After two months of incessant demonstrations, the camp strikers left Vancouver and began the On-to-Ottawa Trek, the Vancouver Police was at the centre of one of the biggest scandals in the citys history in 1955
34.
Stawamus Chief
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The Stawamus Chief, officially Stawamus Chief Mountain, is a granite dome located adjacent to the town of Squamish, British Columbia. It towers over 700 m above the waters of nearby Howe Sound and it is often claimed to be the second largest granite monolith in the world. The Squamish, indigenous people from this area, consider the Chief to be a place of spiritual significance. The Squamish language name for the mountain is Siám Smánit, and their traditions say it is a longhouse transformed to stone by Xáays, as the Transformer Brothers are known in this language. The great cleft in the mountains cliff-face in Squamish legend is a mark of corrosion left by the skin of Sínulhka, in 1997, the Stawamus Chief Provincial Park was established by the British Columbia Ministry of the Environment. The park is over 5 square kilometres in area and encompasses not only the Chief but also the Stawamus Squaw and this was renamed Slhanay in 2009 due to the derogatory implications of the word Squaw. Also featured in the park are a campground and a number of maintained hiking trails which lead through the forest of the Chiefs backside to several summit areas. In the spring of 2009, a new bridge was opened across the highway. It provides access to the park from a new parking lot in addition to linking the climbing areas of The Chief with those on the granite faces of Malamute Bluffs. This bridge was built as part of the Winter Olympic upgrades of the Sea to Sky Highway, classic hallmarks of glacial erosion are ubiquitous, especially polished, striated surfaces. Polish and striations observable at the summit of the formation require that, at the peak of glaciation. In the Squamish area, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt volcanism ceased during or shortly after the end of the last ice age, the Chief measures approximately three square kilometres. In summary, there are several summits separated by deep gullies. Steep cliffs separate the summits from the forest floor in many places, Third Peak is a bit more remote and isolated and is less popular with tourists. An additional summit area lies to the north of all the summits and this area is called the Zodiac Summit. Although it can be considered a sub-summit of Third Peak, it is perhaps the most isolated area of the Chief, no proper trail leads to the Zodiac Summit, there are only faint tracks here and there among the trees. All of the three summits are accessible via the Chiefs maintained backside hiking trails. These trails are steep and rugged, in several high places there are short sections of trail that are so steep or slippery, that chains and ladders have been bolted to the rock for aid
35.
Vanier Park
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Vanier Park is a municipal park located in the Kitsilano neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is home to the Museum of Vancouver, the Vancouver Maritime Museum, the City of Vancouver Archives, the Squamish people and their kin, the Tsleil-Waututh. Once a Royal Canadian Air Force station, Number 7 Supply Depot, named for former Governor General of Canada Georges Vanier, the park officially opened on May 30,1967. MacMillan Space Centre and the Vancouver Museum complex opened in 1968, the fill added additional acres onto the park which was then landscaped by Livingstone and his crew. Vanier Park plays host to several of Vancouver’s biggest summer festivals, including the International Children’s Festival and it is the biggest and most famous of the fifteen parks in Kitsilano. Gate to the Northwest Passage Vancouver Park Board - Vanier Park
36.
The Globe and Mail
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The Globe and Mail is a nationally distributed Canadian newspaper owned by The Woodbridge Company, based in Toronto and printed in six cities across the country. The Globe and Mail is regarded by some as Canadas newspaper of record, the predecessor to The Globe and Mail was The Globe, founded in 1844 by Scottish immigrant George Brown, who became a Father of Confederation. Browns liberal politics led him to court the support of the Clear Grits and he selected as the motto for the editorial page a quotation from Junius, The subject who is truly loyal to the Chief Magistrate will neither advise nor submit to arbitrary measures. The quotation is carried on the page to this day. By the 1850s, The Globe had become an independent and well-regarded daily newspaper and it began distribution by railway to other cities in Ontario shortly after Canadian Confederation. At the dawn of the century, The Globe added photography, a womens section, and the slogan Canadas National Newspaper. It began opening bureaus and offering subscriptions across Canada, on 23 November 1936, The Globe merged with The Mail and Empire, itself formed through the 1895 merger of two conservative newspapers, The Toronto Mail and Toronto Empire. Press reports at the stated, the minnow swallowed the whale because The Globes circulation was smaller than The Mail. The merger was arranged by George McCullagh, who fronted for mining magnate William Henry Wright and became the first publisher of The Globe, McCullagh committed suicide in 1952, and the newspaper was sold to the Webster family of Montreal. As the paper lost ground to The Toronto Star in the local Toronto market, the newspaper was unionised in 1955, under the banner of the American Newspaper Guild. From 1937 until 1974, the newspaper was produced at the William H, in 1965, the paper was bought by Winnipeg-based FP Publications, controlled by Bryan Maheswary, which owned a chain of local Canadian newspapers. FP put an emphasis on the Report on Business section that was launched in 1962. FP Publications and The Globe and Mail were sold in 1980 to The Thomson Corporation, after the acquisition there were few changes made in editorial or news policy. However, there was more attention paid to national and international news on the editorial, op-ed, the Globe and Mail has always been a morning newspaper. Since the 1980s, it has been printed in editions in six Canadian cities, Halifax, Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary. Southern Ontario Newspaper Guild employees took their first ever strike vote at The Globe in 1982 and those negotiations ended without a strike, and the Globe unit of SONG still has a strike-free record. SONG members voted in 1994 to sever ties with the American-focused Newspaper Guild, shortly afterwards, SONG affiliated with the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada. Under the editorship of William Thorsell in the 1980s and 1990s, during this period, the paper continued to favour such socially liberal policies as decriminalizing drugs and expanding gay rights
37.
CBC.ca
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CBC. ca is the English-language online service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Under its previous names, the CBCs online service first went live in 1993, the Web-based service of the CBC is one of Canadas most visited web sites. It currently contains over one million pages of information, CBC also runs the French-language website Ici. Radio-Canada. ca. In 1993, CBC launched a web service, followed by a small site supporting CBC Radio. By 1995, the CBC had consolidated its English radio and TV sites into a single website, around 1996, CBC began offering 24-hour live streaming of its radio services using RealAudio. The next year, CBC launched CBC Kids and covered its first federal election online, CBC launched its news site the following year. In 2000, the CBC launched a service and CBC Radio 3. Radio 3 provides streaming audio devoted to culture and independent music and is operated by CBC Radio. In 2001, cbc. ca finished a redesign that modernized the news portal. In 2005, production of the Radio 3 magazine was suspended, some of its programming still aired as a Saturday-evening show on CBC Radio Two until March 2007. Bande à part is the French equivalent and also airs content as a program on Espace Musique. Both services launched as full channels on Sirius Canada in December 2005 and are available to U. S. Sirius subscribers. Radio-Canada. ca is the French Language online service run by Société Radio-Canada, the websites include news from the CBC News website, an extensive sports section, music, science, technology and entertainment pages. CBC/Radio-Canada also offers an extensive, free archives service showcasing pivotal moments in Canadian history from the 1930s on, over 8,000 online clips and interviews from news and information programs provide an in-depth look at Canada’s past. In 2004, CBC began offering RSS feeds, and in 2005, it launched a new online arts, in 2006, CBC. ca underwent another redesign after extensive study, with improvements to standards compliance. In March 2008, the added a comments section to most news items. In 2003, CBC won an Online News Association award in the service category for its coverage of the SARS epidemic. CBC. ca was also a finalist in the online commentary category for Words, Woes and Wonder, in 2007, CBCNews. ca won the 2006 RTNDA award for best overall use of new media in Canada
38.
The Vancouver Sun
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The Vancouver Sun is a daily newspaper first published in the Canadian province of British Columbia on February 12,1912. The paper is published by the Pacific Newspaper Group, a division of Postmedia Network. It is published six days a week, Monday to Saturday, although its staff of reporters has shrunken considerably in recent years, the Sun still has the largest newsroom in Vancouver. The Sun is a newspaper and was not originally related to the Sun Media chain and its tabloid Sun papers in Toronto, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Calgary. However, Sun Media was acquired by Postmedia in 2015, making the Vancouver Sun, when the Sun began operation, it was published at 125 West Pender Street, just around the corner from The Province, its rival at the time. From 1917 until his death in 1936, its publisher was Robert James Cromie, in 1924, the Sun bought the Vancouver World newspaper, which had been in financial difficulty for some time. In March 1937, a fire destroyed the Suns business and editorial offices, the only casualty was the janitor, who suffered minor burns and smoke inhalation. The Sun promptly moved across the street into the World Building, the building was accordingly renamed the Sun Tower. In 1958, the Sun and the Province joined to create the Pacific Press in response to the costs of producing newspapers. First the papers merged their mechanical and financial departments, then both moved into the Pacific Press Building on December 27,1965. Later in 1997 the paper moved to Granville Square, according to a 2010 NADbank survey, the Suns daily Monday-to-Friday readership was 453,500, making it British Columbias second most read newspaper, after The Province. Its six-day average circulation was 171,515 copies a day as of September 30,2010, in May 2009, the newspaper laid off long-time editorial cartoonist Roy Peterson who had been drawing for the paper since 1962. In October 2011, Patricia Graham, the editor in chief, was appointed vice-president, the Vancouver Sun website has more than 30 million page views monthly. In December 2011, after much research on the demographics of the greater Vancouver area, according to an article broadcast on China Now on China Radio International, the key to success was not necessarily to translate its English-language version into Chinese. The Sun features different sections every day
39.
Georgia Straight
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The Georgia Straight is a free Canadian weekly news and entertainment newspaper published in Vancouver, British Columbia, by the Vancouver Free Press Publishing Corp. As surveyed by VAC its per-issue circulation average as of January 25,2011, is 119,971 copies and its website traffic ranked 47,339 globally and 1,458 within Canada, according to February 27,2012 figures from Alexa. The paper was founded as a newspaper in May 1967 by Pierre Coupey, Milton Acorn, Dan McLeod, Stan Persky, and others. In April 1967, The proposed paper was christened the Georgia Straight over beer at the Cecil Hotel, the name aims to play on the fact that the weather forecasts will offer free publicity, theyre always issuing gale warnings for the Georgia Strait. On May 5,1967 the first issue was presented and cost ten cents and it was originally a biweekly newspaper. On May 12, Dan was taken away in a paddy wagon, college Printers refused to print the second issue, but an alternative was found. Those controversies ended in the 1970s, as the paper moved to become a more news and entertainment weekly. In October 2003, the government sent The Straight a bill totalling more than $1 million for outstanding provincial sales tax. In British Columbia, print publications must have at least 25 per cent editorial content to be considered a newspaper, as reported by the CBC, publisher Dan McLeod said this re-interpretation of the rules was a politically motivated attempt to silence a persistent critic. Were the only paper that is critical of the government in our editorials week after week. So I put two and two together and this highly public battle garnered considerable attention, and the BC government later issued a statement reversing their decision, stating clearly the Georgia Straight is a newspaper. As noted by McLeod, the paper is known as a critic of government. In the mid-1990s a second Straight newspaper in Calgary, Alberta, called the Calgary Straight was produced, however, bob Geldof worked as a music journalist for the Georgia Straight in the 1970s before he returned to Ireland and joined the Boomtown Rats. 2006 The Straight moves into its own completely renovated building at 1701 West Broadway. Architect J. Kerrigan Sproule upgrades a commercial building constructed in 1948 by adding one more level of underground parking, the fourth-floor addition includes a kitchen, lunch room, exercise room, large patio area, and a shower for employees. Extensive landscaping, including 11 trees and various shrubs, transforms the Pine Street side of the site, the emblematic Mr. Wuxtry appears on a flag hanging on the Broadway side of the building. The Straights move comes as this section of the Broadway corridor experiences significant growth with the addition of new restaurants. By comparison, 48% of respondents indicated reading the Vancouver Sun within the past six issues, the Province followed with 41% reading a copy within the past six issues
40.
Vancouver Courier
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The Vancouver Courier is a Canadian semiweekly local newspaper published in Vancouver, British Columbia by the Van-Net chain owned by Glacier Media Group. Currently, it is Canadas largest distributed community newspaper, with a distribution of 265,000. The circulation estimate includes The Vancouver Courier, The Vancouver Courier Downtown, and the Vancouver Courier Westside, delivered to homes the paper is distributed from UBC to the Vancouver proper boundary at Boundary Road. The newspaper began as an independent in 1908 as the Eburne News, within the last 15 years its ownership has had several owners, first, the national Southam Inc. chain, then Hollinger, CanWest, Postmedia, and now Glacier Media. It expanded from being a newspaper to its current city-wide circulation area after acquiring the Vancouver Echo. The paper has twice been named Best Community Newspaper in B. C. and was the second runner-up in the Canadian Community Newspaper Associations general excellence competition. Unlike most community newspapers, which feature news stories on their front pages. The paper also publishes material on local Vancouver history, usually written by Lisa Smedman. Columnists include Geoff Olson, Allen Garr, Fiona Hughes and Keith Baldrey, the poet Earle Birney worked at the paper in the mid-1920s as a summer reporter and editor. Vancouver Sun Vancouver Province National Post List of newspapers in Canada Official website - The Vancouver Courier CW Home - CanWest Global
41.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
42.
Global Television Network
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Global Television Network is a privately owned Canadian English-language broadcast television network. It is currently Canadas second most-watched broadcast television network after CTV, Global is owned by Corus Entertainment — the media holdings of JR Shaw and other members of his family. Global has its origins in a television station of the same name, serving Southern Ontario. The Ontario station was purchased by the now-defunct CanWest Global Communications. The national entity was known as the CanWest Global System until adopting the Ontario stations branding in 1997. The network has its origins in NTV, a new network first proposed in 1966 by Hamilton media proprietor Ken Soble, financially backed by Power Corporation of Canada, Soble submitted a brief to the Board of Broadcast Governors in 1966 proposing a national satellite-fed network. Under the plan, Sobles company would launch Canadas first broadcast satellite, Soble had originally formulated the plan after failing in a bid to acquire CTV. As well, it failed to any plan for local news content on any of its individual stations beyond possibly the metropolitan Toronto, Montreal. He then put together another investment team to form Global Communications, by 1970, the Canadian Radio and Television Commission had put out a formal call for third stations in several major cities. Because Niagara Television and CHCH were no longer involved in the proposal, the network license was approved by the CRTC on July 21,1972. The group was granted a six-transmitter network in Southern Ontario, stretching from Windsor to Ottawa and they had also sought a seventh transmitter in Maxville that could reach Montreal, but were turned down because of a CRTC moratorium on new stations in the Montreal market. The transmitters would all be fed from a studio in Toronto. The group promised a high level of Canadian content and agreed not to accept local advertising, however, the OECA declined the offer, opting instead to expand the TVOntario network by launching its own transmitters. The new Global Television Network, with the callsign CKGN-TV, launched on January 6,1974 from studios located at a factory in the Don Mills neighbourhood in North York at 6 p. m. local time. Although the Ontario station has always been based in Toronto, its transmitter was licensed to Paris, Ontario. The station ran into a crisis within just three months. Due to the CRTC decision, it was forced to launch at midseason, as a result of the crisis, the station quickly lost access to its line of credit. Aspers company, CanWest Capital, owned CKND-TV in Winnipeg, which was carrying some of Globals programs under a syndication deal
43.
The Province
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The Province is a daily newspaper published in British Columbia by Postmedia. It has been a newspaper since 1898. As of December 2001, its average circulation is 167,746 copies a day. Formerly a broadsheet, The Province later became tabloid paper-size, in 1923, the Southam family bought The Province. By 1945 the papers printers went out on strike, the Province had been the best selling newspaper in Vancouver, ahead of The Vancouver Sun and News Herald. As a result of the strike, it lost significant market share. In 1957, The Province and The Vancouver Sun were sold to Pacific Press Limited which was owned by both newspaper companies. At 2 p. m. on March 23,1922, there were news bulletins throughout the day, followed by music. The stations name changed to CKCD in 1923 and it moved to 730 kHz in 1925, in 1933 the paper turned its operations over to the Pacific Broadcasting Co. while continuing to supply news reports to the station. List of newspapers in Canada Official website
44.
Metro Vancouver Regional District
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Metro Vancouver is a political body and corporate entity designated by provincial legislation as one of the regional districts in British Columbia, Canada. Now officially known by the name of the Metro Vancouver Regional District. Further, it was known as the Regional District of Fraser–Burrard for nearly one year upon originally incorporating in mid-1967, the MVRD is under the direction of 23 local authorities, it delivers regional services, sets policy and acts as a political forum. The regional districts most populous city is Vancouver, and Metro Vancouvers administrative offices are located in the City of Burnaby, the MVRDs boundaries match those of the Vancouver census metropolitan area as identified by Statistics Canada. The Greater Vancouver Water District and the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District were established in 1924 and 1956 respectively, the Government of British Columbia incorporated a regional district for this western portion of the Lower Mainland named the Regional District of Fraser-Burrard on June 29,1967. Just under a later, the regional district was renamed as the Greater Vancouver Regional District on June 13,1968. In 2007, the GVRD applied to change its legal name a second time to simply Metro Vancouver. The regional district was formally renamed a second time by the Government of British Columbia on January 30,2017 to the Metro Vancouver Regional District. The Metro Vancouver Regional District is located east of the Strait of Georgia, the boundaries of the MVRD match those of the Vancouver CMA. 5% from its revised 2011 population of 2,313,328. This regional district comprises 23 local authorities as members,21 municipalities, one electoral area, note, Abbotsford is a member for parks purposes only. Electoral Area A comprises all unincorporated land within the district boundaries. There are also seventeen Indian reserves within the area that are not subject to governance by local authorities or the regional district. Abbotsford also participates in the Metro Vancouver regional district, but only for parks purposes, each of these is governed by a board of directors. The board of the MVRD has 38 directors coming from the 23 local authorities who are MVRD members, each board director is an elected official of one of the local authorities, with the exception of the representative for Electoral Area A, which has no elected council. As of 2017, the organization had about 1,500 employees, the principal function of Metro Vancouver is to administer resources and services which are common across the metropolitan area. The Metro Vancouver Board has defined its strategic priorities for 2015 through 2018 in its Board Strategic Plan, the organization categorizes its work into eight action areas, as described in the following subsections. However, 84% of the budget is spent in three of those areas - the three utilities. Metro Vancouvers commitments and its members commitments to each area are outlined in eight board-approved management plans as referenced below
45.
Alex Fraser Bridge
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The Alex Fraser Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Fraser River that connects Richmond and New Westminster with North Delta in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia. The bridge is named for Alex Fraser, a former British Columbia Minister of Transportation, the bridge was the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world when it opened on September 22,1986 and was the longest in North America until the Arthur Ravenel Jr. As of 2009 it is the 32nd-longest cable-stayed bridge in the world and it is 2,525 m long with a main span of 465 m. The towers are 154 m tall and it consists of six lanes, three in each direction, and has a maximum speed limit of 90 km per hour. Upon opening in 1986, only four of the six lanes were open. Cyclists and pedestrians share two narrow side-walks one on each side, all six lanes opened in 1987 after traffic demand justified the need. The bridges southern end is in North Delta and its end is on Deltas Annacis Island. Connections on its southern end lead to Blaine, Washington and to White Rock, the connections on the northern end lead into the cities of New Westminster, Richmond, and Burnaby, and on into Vancouver itself. It is an artery in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. The bridge was constructed for the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and was designed by a joint venture of Klohn Crippen Berger and its total cost was $58 million. Announced on January 19/2017 a new lane will be added on the bridge, by narrowing the existing lanes. A counterflow system with movable barrier will be added to ease traffic during morning. This will be a joint venture by the provincial and federal government, construction is slated to be completed as of spring 2018. In December 2016 the Alex Fraser Bridge along with the Port Mann Bridge dropped ice bombs, the Port Mann is more susceptible to this issue compared to the Alex Fraser due to the design of the two bridges being different. The Alex Fraser has the cables along the sides of the lanes where as the Port Mann has them cross over-top of the driving lanes. In addition to 2016, this happened on the Alex Fraser in 2005,2008. The Alex Fraser needed to be closed a few times during December 2016 due to the possibility of ice bombs, this caused major traffic problems in the region. To combat this issue, the BC Government announced that a heavy lift helicopter will be used to blow snow, List of crossings of the Fraser River List of bridges in Canada List of bridges
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Arthur Laing Bridge
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Two parallel independent unpainted steel box girders make up the main spans. The bridge is operated by the Vancouver International Airport, the current bridge is on the same alignment as its predecessor, the Marpole Bridge. The first Marpole bridge was a road bridge consisting of a series of timber through-truss spans. The second Marpole bridge, with its steel plate girder swing span, was frequently opened at inconvenient times. Records show, for example, that the bridge opened 7,015 times in 1954. It was dismantled in 1957 after the completion that same year of the Oak Street Bridge, access to Sea Island and the airport was then made via the Moray Bridge. The Oak Street Bridge soon became congested and a new bridge needed to be built, arthur Laing died before the bridge was officially opened on May 15,1976. This new bridge had the same alignment as the Marpole bridge, in its 2006 long range plans, the Vancouver Airport Authority, who owns and maintains the bridge, raised the possibility of adding a toll directed at non-airport users. This has been opposed by many Richmond residents, while opposition has been championed on the local level by local city councillors Bill McNulty. Since that time, other city councillors have spoken up and voiced their opposition to this plan, such as Harold Steves, the bridge is traversed over top by a bridge of the Canada Line rapid transit system, built in 2009. List of crossings of the Fraser River List of bridges in Canada
