The Bussard ramjet is a theoretical method of spacecraft propulsion for interstellar travel. A fast moving spacecraft scoops up hydrogen from the interstellar medium using an enormous funnel-shaped ma
Artist's conception of a Bussard ramjet. A major component of an actual ramjet – a miles-wide electromagnetic field – is invisible.
The Kardashev scale is a method of measuring a civilization's level of technological advancement based on the amount of energy it is capable of harnessing and using. As both a proposed method of track
Bussard ramjet
…Bussard ramjet (of the Fishback's design) would require a funnel with a diameter of 4000 kilometers, and thus might be beyond even a civilization of Kardashev type II. The problem of using the interstellar medium as the sole fuel source led to study of the ram augmented interstellar rocket (RAIR). The RAIR carries…
According to the standard model describing the expansion of the Universe since the Big Bang, there may be planets older than the Earth, capable of harboring supercivilizations.
For Zoltan Galántai, a scale classifying civilizations should be based on their ability to survive catastrophes, particularly those of cosmic origin, such as an asteroid impact.
Artist's view of quasar GB1508. A highly evolved Kardashev "Type III" civilization could draw its energy from such a source.
Galaxy M87 has an active galactic nucleus, providing a strong source of radiation in all wavelengths. This type of radiation was considered by Kardashev to be one of the possible signals of an advanced civilization.