1.
Cookeville, Tennessee
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Cookeville is a city in Putnam County, Tennessee, United States. Its population at the 2010 census was 30,435 and it is the county seat of Putnam County and home to Tennessee Technological University. It is recognized as one of the countrys micropolitan areas, smaller cities which nevertheless function as significant economic hubs, of the twenty micropolitan areas in Tennessee, Cookeville is the largest, the Cookeville micropolitan areas 2010 Census population was 106,042. Cookeville is located at 36°9′46″N 85°30′5″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.0 square miles, of which 21.9 square miles is land and 0.2 square miles is water. Located on the Highland Rim, Cookevilles elevation is a few hundred feet higher than either Nashville or Knoxville, as a result, temperatures and humidity levels are generally slightly lower in Cookeville than in either the Nashville Basin or in the Tennessee Valley. Two smaller man-made lakes, City Lake and Burgess Falls Lake, lie along the Falling Water River, cane Creek Lake, created by an earthen dam built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, lies in the western part of the city. Cookeville has a subtropical climate with relatively high temperatures and evently distributed precipitation through the year. Summers are typically hot and humid and winters are mild and cool. The average annual temperature is 44.9 °F, and the highest temperature recorded in Cookeville since 1896 is 105 °F on June 29,2012, and the lowest temperature recorded is −22 °F on January 21,1985. Average annual precipitation is 56.1 in, with the highest recorded precipitation at 6.06 in on September 29,1964, average annual snowfall is 8.0 in with the highest recorded snowfall at 15.2 in on November 3,1966. Cookeville is the county seat and largest city in the Upper Cumberland region of Tennessee, and as such, is known as the Hub of the Upper Cumberlands. Cookeville is located at the center of the market area consisting of Putnam, Cumberland, DeKalb, Jackson, Overton, Smith and White counties. As of June 30,2014, there were 15 commercial banks and one credit union operating in the city, total retail sales in Cookeville for 2013 were $1.39 billion. Median household income in Cookeville from 2010–2012 was $28,212, with a poverty rate of 35. 2% and this was predominantly attributable to a decrease in construction employment during that period. The unemployment rate as of January 2017 in Putnam County was 5. 9%, the cost of living in Cookeville is low, and the city ranked 8th in the United States on the Center for Regional Economic Competitivess Cost of Living Index in 2016. Manufacturing is the largest sector in Cookevilles economy with over 100 plants and 8,000 employees, with 13% of the workforce, retail trade employs about 4,200 people and is the second largest sector in the Cookeville economy. Health care workers comprise about 12% of the force with 3,840 employees. Education is another sector with nearly 2,000 employees at Tennessee Technological University
2.
Wartburg, Tennessee
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Wartburg is a city in Morgan County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 918 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Morgan County. In 1805, the Cherokee ceded what is now Morgan County to the United States by signing the Third Treaty of Tellico, the first settlers arrived in the area shortly thereafter. The first of these arrived in the area in 1845. The new settlement, which had already been platted by East Tennessee Colonization Company agent Friedrich Guenther, was named after Wartburg Castle in Germany. The first six streets were named for European cities, but the names were changed within a few years to Rose, Church, Maidenland, Kingston, Mill. As most immigrants lived on farms outside the town, Wartburg grew slowly, by 1850, the town consisted of Gerdings house and store, a church and school building, a doctors office, and a few small houses. Early residents included a number of professionals trained in Europe, including architect Carl Rothe, musician Gustav Knabe, while Morgan County was generally pro-Union during the Civil War, Wartburg was bitterly divided over the secession issue. Gerding, the founder, supported the Confederacy. John Wilken, a prominent Lutheran pastor in the city, supported the Union, F. A. Sienknecht supported the Union, though two of his sons fought for the Confederacy. On January 2,1862, a Confederate cavalry unit under Colonel J. W. White clashed with the Union Home Guard near Wartburg, in late March 1862, Confederate General Kirby Smith reported that all Confederate citizens had been expelled from the Wartburg area. In June 1863, Union General William P. Sanders marched through Wartburg, in 1870, Morgan County elected to move its county seat from the now-defunct town of Montgomery, which had a population of just 50 residents and had been economically overshadowed by Wartburg. A new courthouse, consisting of a frame structure, was completed in 1871. The current Richardsonian Romanesque-style courthouse was built in 1904, by the early 20th century, Wartburg had grown modestly, reporting a population of about 500 in 1920. At this time, the city included a bank, school, newspaper, four stores, a clothing store, a hardware store. In 1968, Wartburg voted to incorporate, and elected Roy McNeal as its mayor, Wartburg is located at 36°6′15″N 84°35′31″W. The city is situated amidst the Crab Orchard Mountains, a sub-range of the Cumberland Mountains, near the eastern edge of the Cumberland Plateau. Bird Mountain dominates the area east of Wartburg, rising from its base at the edge of the city and stretching for some 10 miles to its 3, the Obed River flows eastwardly from Cumberland County through a scenic gorge before emptying into the Emory just west of Wartburg
3.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
4.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
5.
Tennessee Senate
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The Tennessee Senate is the upper house of the U. S. state of Tennessees state legislature, which is known formally as the Tennessee General Assembly. The Tennessee Senate, according to the constitution of 1870, is composed of 33 members. Senators are to be elected from districts of equal population. In 1921, Anna Lee Keys Worley became the first women to serve in the Tennessee Senate, until 1966, Tennessee state senators served two-year terms. That year the system was changed, by amendment, to allow four-year terms. In that year, senators in even-numbered districts were elected to two-year terms and this created a staggered system in which only half of the senate is up for election at any one time. Districts are to be sequentially and consecutively numbered, the scheme basically runs from east to west, the Senate elects one of its own members as Speaker, the Speaker automatically becomes Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee. The current Speaker of the Senate and Lieutenant Governor is Randy McNally, one of the main duties of the Speaker is to preside over the Senate and make Senate committee appointments. The Speaker also controls staffing and office space with Senate staff, the Speaker serves as an ex-officio member of all standing committees
6.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
7.
United States Military Academy
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It sits on scenic high ground overlooking the Hudson River,50 miles north of New York City. It is one of the four U. S. military service academies, the entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites, buildings, and monuments. The majority of the campuss Norman-style buildings are constructed from gray, the campus is a popular tourist destination complete with a large visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army. Candidates for admission must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a member of Congress or Delegate/Resident Commissioner in the case of Washington, puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands. Other nomination sources include the President and Vice President of the United States, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets or collectively as the United States Corps of Cadets. Tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Army in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,300 cadets enter the Academy each July, with about 1,000 cadets graduating. Cadets are required to adhere to the Cadet Honor Code, which states that a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, the academy bases a cadets leadership experience as a development of all three pillars of performance, academics, physical, and military. Most graduates are commissioned as lieutenants in the Army. Foreign cadets are commissioned into the armies of their home countries, since 1959, cadets have also been eligible to cross-commission, or request a commission in one of the other armed services, provided that they meet that services eligibility standards. Every year, a small number of cadets do this. The academys traditions have influenced other institutions because of its age and it was the first American college to have an accredited civil-engineering program and the first to have class rings, and its technical curriculum was a model for later engineering schools. West Points student body has a rank structure and lexicon. All cadets reside on campus and dine together en masse on weekdays for breakfast, the academy fields fifteen mens and nine womens National Collegiate Athletic Association sports teams. Cadets compete in one sport every fall, winter, and spring season at the intramural, club and its football team was a national power in the early and mid-20th century, winning three national championships. The Continental Army first occupied West Point, New York, on 27 January 1778, between 1778 and 1780, the Polish engineer and military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko oversaw the construction of the garrison defenses. While the fortifications at West Point were known as Fort Arnold during the war, as commander, Benedict Arnold committed his act of treason, after Arnold betrayed the patriot cause, the Army changed the name of the fortifications at West Point, New York, to Fort Clinton. With the peace after the American Revolutionary War, various ordnance, Cadets underwent training in artillery and engineering studies at the garrison since 1794. In 1801, shortly after his inauguration as president, Thomas Jefferson directed that plans be set in motion to establish at West Point the United States Military Academy and he selected Jonathan Williams to serve as its first superintendent
8.
Military discharge
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A military discharge is given when a member of the armed forces is released from his or her obligation to serve. Each countrys military has different types of discharge and they are generally based on whether the person completed their training and then fully and satisfactorily completed their term of service or not. These factors affect whether they will be asked or allowed to reenlist, There are several reasons why someone may be discharged from the military, including expiration of enlistment, disability, dependency, and hardship. Members of the British Armed Forces are to complete their service obligations before they may be considered for discharge, Service personnel who attempt to leave before completing their length of service, without going through the appropriate channels, may be subject to criminal conviction. At the end of service in the Regular Forces, personnel normally have a compulsory reserve liability. The length of this liability depends on the Service, rank and type of commission or engagement in which they entered, Medical Discharge / Retirement, service is being terminated on medical grounds. Personnel would have attended a Medical Board that recommended the persons services be terminated on medical grounds, within the Naval Service, the term retirement applies to officers who complete the period of service required by their respective commissions. For officers of the strength, recommendations for termination of a commission must generally be reviewed by the Admiralty Board. Ratings and Other Ranks have a right of discharge after six months service or after they turn 18. Invaliding, Personnel may be invalided out if they are found unfit for full naval service by the Naval Service Medical Board of Survey. Resignation, This is a common term used to refer to the termination of ones commission but in the Naval Service. Despite common usage of the term, officers do not legally have the right to resign their commission, however, they may be permitted to do so under extenuating circumstances, at the discretion of their CO and with permission from the Admiralty Board. Resignation is appropriate when an officer wishes to sever all connection with the Service, the primary consideration of the Admiralty Boards acceptance of resignation is the best interests of the Service. Officers who resign their commissions are not liable to serve in the Reserves but certain benefits such as retired pay, pilots undergoing professional training would be suspended from flying duties. Administrative Discharge, Officers whose performance or conduct falls below the standard required may be discharged from the Active List, incapacity Due to Causes beyond the Officers Control Unsuitability Due to Causes within the Officers Control, service personnel may be discharged on grounds of temperamental unsuitability. The RN BR3 handbook defines TU as a persistent and obvious failure by the individual to adapt to the basic, misconduct Dismissal, Officers charged with offences under the Military Discipline Legislation. In exceptional cases, officers may be dismissed with disgrace, compassionate discharge, There are several types of compassionate discharges. Such a discharge is granted for Ratings who seek a discharge due to extenuating personal circumstances, in the U. S. discharge or separation should not be confused with retirement, career U. S. military members who retire are not separated or discharged
9.
University of Georgia
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Its primary location is a 762-acre campus adjacent to the college town of Athens, Georgia, approximately an hours drive from the global city of Atlanta. The university has been labeled one of the Public Ivies, a publicly funded university considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. The university was founded in 1785 as the United States first state-chartered university and its historic North Campus is on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places as a designated historic district. The contiguous campus areas include rolling hills, gardens, and extensive green space including nature walks, fields, shrubbery, and large and varied arboreta. Close to the campus is the universitys 58-acre Health Sciences Campus that also has an extensive landscaped green space, more than 400 trees. The university offers over 140 degree programs in an array of disciplines. Consisting of thirteen separate libraries, the UGA Libraries rank among the nation’s largest and best research libraries containing 5.7 million volumes, the University of Georgia is one of 126 member institutions that comprise the Association of Research Libraries. The university is organized into seventeen schools and colleges, the university has three primary campuses. The largest one is the campus in Athens that has 460 buildings. The university has two campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville, Georgia. The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state, the total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres. Varsity and intramural student athletics are a part of student life. UGA served as a member of the SEC in 1932. In their 121-year history, the varsity sports teams have won 39 national championships and 130 conference championships. The Georgia Redcoat Marching Band, the marching band of the university, plays at sports. The Senatus Academicus was composed of the Board of Visitors and the Board of Trustees with the Georgia Senate presiding over those two boards, the first meeting of the universitys board of trustees was held in Augusta, Georgia on February 13,1786. The meeting installed its first president, Abraham Baldwin, a native of Connecticut, Baldwin was a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention, and one of two Georgia delegates to sign the final document. Many features on the University of Georgia campus resemble the campus of Yale, on July 2,1799, the Senatus Academicus met again in Louisville, Georgia and decided that the time was right to open the university
10.
Georgia House of Representatives
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The Georgia House of Representatives is the lower house of the Georgia General Assembly of the U. S. state of Georgia. There are currently 180 elected members, the Georgia House of Representatives was created in 1777 during the American Revolution, making it older than the U. S. Congress. During its existence, its place has moved multiple times, from Savannah to Augusta, to Louisville, to Milledgeville. In 1867, the governor of Georgia called for an assembly in Atlanta to discuss a constitutional convention. Atlanta officials moved to make the city Georgias new state capital, the constitutional convention agreed and the people voted to ratify the decision on April 20,1868. The Georgia General Assembly first presided in Atlanta on July 4,1868, on October 26,1884, construction began on a new state capitol and was first occupied on June 15,1889. The state legislature cannot grant incorporation to private persons but may establish laws governing the incorporation process and it is also prohibited from authorizing contracts or agreements that may have the effect of or the intent of lessening competition or encouraging a monopoly. Members of the Georgia House of Representatives maintain two privileges during their time in office, first, no member can be arrested during session or during committee meetings except in cases of treason, felony, or breach of the peace. Second, members are not liable for anything they say in session or committee meetings. According to the constitution of 1983, this body is to comprise no fewer than 180 members elected for two-year terms. Current state law provides for 180 members, elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years. It is the third-largest lower house of the 50 United States, as of 2011, attorneys account for about 16. 1% of the membership of the Georgia House of Representatives, a relatively low figure. The House of Representatives elects its own Speaker as well as a Speaker Pro Tempore, the current speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives is David Ralston. The current Speaker Pro Tempore is Jan Jones, the Speaker Pro Tempore becomes Speaker in case of the death, resignation, or permanent disability of the Speaker. The Speaker Pro Tempore serves until a new Speaker is elected, in addition there is a clerk of the House, who is charged with overseeing the flow of legislation through the body. The current clerk is William L. Reilly
11.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
12.
Mercer University
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Mercer University is the oldest private university in Georgia with its main campus in Macon, Georgia, United States. Mercer is a member of the Georgia Research Alliance and has a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, Mercer has three campuses, the main campus in Macon, a graduate and professional education campus in Atlanta, and a four-year campus of the School of Medicine in Savannah. Mercer also has regional centers in Henry County, Douglas County, and Newnan. The Mercer University Health Sciences Center encompasses Mercers medical, pharmacy, nursing, U. S. News and World Report ranks Mercer 135th among the 310 universities in the National Universities category. Mercer, along with Emory University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Mercer is also ranked as the 24th best value among the 310 national universities in terms of education relative to cost. The school opened as Mercer Institute with 39 students on January 14,1833, the school was named for Jesse Mercer, a prominent Baptist leader who provided a founding endowment and who served as the first chairman of the board of trustees. The Georgia General Assembly granted a university charter in December 1837, Mercer adopted its present name in 1838 and graduated its first university class, of three students, in 1841. In 1871, Mercer moved to Macon, a center of transportation, Mercer expanded to Atlanta in 1959 when the university absorbed the independent Southern School of Pharmacy. Atlanta Baptist College was founded in 1968 under the leadership of Dr. Monroe F. Swilley, the college merged with Mercer in 1972 and became the College of Arts and Sciences, and in 1984 was named the Cecil B. Day College of Arts and Sciences, Mercer offered undergraduate liberal arts education in Atlanta until 1990 when the college closed. Faculty and students tried to prevent the closure, but were not successful, the mission of the Atlanta campus changed to graduate and professional education. The Southern School of Pharmacy moved in 1992 from its location to the Cecil B. William D. Underwood became Mercers 18th president on July 1,2006, succeeding Dr. Raleigh Kirby Godsey, Underwood previously served at Baylor University as interim president and held the prestigious Leon Jaworski Chair at Baylor Law School. During Underwoods presidency, enrollment has increased by twenty percent to more than 8,500 students. Mercer, founded by early 19th-century Baptists, ended its affiliation with the Georgia Baptist Convention in 2006 after 173 years, before the affiliation ended, Mercer had an independent board of trustees, the convention provided financial support but did not control the university. The lack of control caused friction, with Mercer resisting restraints on social issues while the convention saw Mercer as becoming secularized and not conforming to its values. Mercer received a $5 million grant from the John S. the Mercer On Mission medical outreach program, launched in 2007, has been recognized by the Clinton Global Initiative as an exemplary approach to addressing a specific global challenge. It helps students combine research, study abroad and service learning under faculty direction, in 2014, Mercer set an enrollment record in the fall of 2014 with a university-wide population of 8,557 students
13.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
14.
Young Democrats of America
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The Young Democrats of America was founded in 1932 as the official youth arm of the Democratic Party of the United States. It tends to be more focused on political activism than the party at large. YDA membership elects seven national officers biannually at the organizations National Convention in odd-numbered years and these officers maintain the day-to-day management of the organization. The officers were elected at the 2015 YDA National Convention in Los Angeles, CA
15.
Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
16.
Bill Clinton presidential campaign, 1992
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The 1992 presidential campaign of Bill Clinton, then Governor of Arkansas, was announced on October 3,1991 in Little Rock, Arkansas. After winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic primaries of 1992, Clinton was the governor of a traditionally conservative Southern state, Arkansas. He had been viewed as a presidential candidate before his actual bid in 1992. Bill Clinton was seen as a candidate as he was a popular Democratic Governor in a state that had voted for Republicans in four of the last five presidential elections. The candidates in 1992 were considered one of the weakest starting grids the Democrats had ever chosen, most of this was due to President George H. W. Bushs sky-high approval ratings in the wake of Operation Desert Storm. The most notable front-runner Mario Cuomo, decided not to run on December 20,1991, when the early straw polls were finished, Bill Clinton was the candidate on the rise. The other primary contenders were Douglas Wilder, Bob Kerrey, Tom Harkin, Paul Tsongas, Clintons victory in the Florida straw poll over Harkin made him the early front-runner in the post-Cuomo vacuum. In the recent past, the Iowa caucus had been the launching pad for candidacies, but since Harkin was himself an Iowa Senator, attention turned to New Hampshire. In January 1992, Clinton led Tsongas by a solid 16 points with nobody else even close, but Clinton was undone by two damaging stories that cut against his credibility. The first was the allegation that he had a twelve-year extra-martial affair with Gennifer Flowers, the story that caused Clinton greater damage, however, was the notion that he had dodged the draft in order to avoid military service in the Vietnam War. The draft story put Clinton in what pollster Stan Greenberg called meltdown, Clinton lost nearly twenty points in less than a week. But the formation of the War Room helped Clinton overcome his troubles, Clinton was even able to write off Tsongas win by claiming that Tsongas home in Lowell, Massachusetts actually meant Tsongas should have won. There was actually a third accusation of Clinton smoking marijuana while in college in England and his now famous response was I only tried it once and never actually inhaled. Bob Kerrey then emerged as the survivor of the Harkin-Kerrey Midwest elimination by winning the South Dakota caucus, Clinton then took the lead in the primary season by winning Georgia. Clinton then won most of the rest of the primaries facing eliminated or diminished competition, Clintons advisors felt he won the nomination when Jerry Brown upset Tsongas in the Maryland primary. Brown later upset Clinton in the Connecticut primary, but Clintons road was relatively easy after the March 3,1992 win in Georgia, Clinton was a guest on The Arsenio Hall Show on June 3,1992, the day after he secured the Democratic party nomination. He played Heartbreak Hotel on the saxophone, the appearance is often considered an important moment in Clintons political career, helping build his popularity among minority and young voters. Clintons appearance on the show and subsequent media coverage of it catapulted Clinton ahead of Bush in the polls, in June and July 1992, speculation grew about who Clinton was going to pick as his running mate
17.
Tennessee House of Representatives
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The Tennessee House of Representatives is the lower house of the Tennessee General Assembly, the state legislature of the U. S. state of Tennessee. According to the constitution of 1870, this body is to consist of 99 members elected for two-year terms. In every even-numbered year, elections for state representative are conducted simultaneously with the elections for U. S, representative and other offices, the primary election being held on the first Thursday in August. Members are elected from single-member districts, districts are required to be reapportioned every ten years following the federal census in order to be of substantially equal population. However, from 1902 until 1962, the General Assembly ignored this provision and it was estimated that by that point that some districts in the Memphis area had approximately ten times the population of some in rural areas. In 1962 this issue was taken to court, subsequent litigation has further refined the rules regarding this, in the late 1990s a majority-black district in rural West Tennessee was required to be created. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the officer of the House. The Speaker is elected to a term at the beginning of the 1st half of each session of the Tennessee General Assembly. Additionally, the Speaker is second in line for succession to the governorship, after the Speaker of the Senate, the Speaker appoints members to all committees as well. Even though the Speaker does not have to make committee assignments proportional to the party composition, usually, consideration of the abilities, preferences, party representation, and seniority of the members are taken into account. The chairperson, vice chairperson, and secretary of each committee also are chosen by the Speaker, the Speaker is a voting member of all standing committees of the House, as is the Speaker pro Tempore. Additionally, the Speaker is in charge of all facilities, professional and clerical staff, the current Speaker is Beth Harwell of Nashville
18.
Putnam County, Tennessee
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Putnam County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 72,321, Putnam County is part of the Cookeville, TN Micropolitan Statistical Area. Putnam County is named in honor of Israel Putnam, who was a hero in the French and Indian War and a general in the American Revolutionary War. After the survey was completed by Mounce Gore, the Assembly instructed the commissioners to locate the county seat, to be called Monticello, White Plains, near modern Algood, acted as a temporary county seat. The act authorized Joshua R. Stone and Green Baker from White County, William Davis and Isaiah Warton from Overton County, John Brown and Austin Morgan from Jackson County, William B. The first County Court chose a tract of land, then owned by Charles Crook. Putnam County was the site of several saltpeter mines, Saltpeter is the main ingredient of gunpowder and was obtained by leaching the earth from several local caves. Calfkiller Saltpeter Cave, located in the Calfkiller Valley, was a mining operation, as was Johnson Cave. Both caves still contain significant remnants of the mining activity, several other caves in the county were the site of smaller operations. Most saltpeter mining in Middle Tennessee occurred during the War of 1812, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 403 square miles, of which 401 square miles is land and 1.5 square miles is water. The county is part of the greater Cumberland River watershed, the sources of two tributaries of the Caney Fork, the Falling Water River and the Calfkiller River, lie near Monterey in the eastern part of the county. The population density was 181 people per square mile, there were 31,882 housing units at an average density of 80 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 0% White,2. 0% Black or African American,0. 4% Native American,1. 2% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,2. 8% from other races, and 1. 5% from two or more races. 5. 3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was out with 22. 30% under the age of 18,14. 70% from 18 to 24,27. 90% from 25 to 44,21. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 98.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $33,092, and the median income for a family was $39,553
19.
Campaign advertising
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In politics, campaign advertising is the use of an advertising campaign through the media to influence political debate, and ultimately, voters. These ads are designed by consultants and political campaign staff. Many countries restrict the use of broadcast media to broadcast political messaging, in both the United Kingdom and Ireland, paid advertisements are forbidden, though political parties are allowed a small number of party political broadcasts in the run up to election time. The United States has a free market for broadcast political messaging. Canada allows paid-for political broadcasts but requires equitable access to the airwaves, campaigns can include several different media. Political advertising has changed drastically over the last several decades, but that accomplishment was soon to pale in comparison when in 1952, the United States presidential election,1952 saw a major change in how candidates reached their potential audiences. With the advent of television, war hero and presidential candidate Dwight D and he did not have to shake a half a million hands or travel the country extensively. He won the trust of the American people with his direct approach and his vice president was Richard M. Nixon. On the other side of the fence, Catholic born John F. Kennedy created approximately 200 commercials during his campaign, the second and more memorable was the first Kennedy-Nixon debate. In the first of four televised debates, Kennedy appeared tanned and confident in opposition to Nixon, in the United States presidential election,1964, aggressive advertising paved the way for a landslide victory for Lyndon B. Johnson. One of the first negative and maybe the most controversial commercial, the commercial showed a young girl picking the petals off a daisy. After she finishes counting, a voice off camera begins a countdown to a nuclear explosion, the ad ends with an appeal to vote Johnson, because the stakes are too high for you to stay home. The commercial used fear and guilt, an effective advertising principle, to make people take action to protect the next generation. The ad ran for under a minute and only aired once, but due to the wing, pro-war views of Barry Goldwater. Over the next decade, the United States saw the rise of the televised political attack ad. Richard M. George McGovern ran a free of political attack ads until the very end of his campaign. Attack ads continued to become the norm in political advertising, Ronald Reagan used them against Jimmy Carter during the United States presidential election,1980. It was also the first time that a member was also used to attack the opposing candidate
20.
Press release
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Typically, they are mailed, faxed, or e-mailed to assignment editors and journalists at newspapers, magazines, radio stations, online media, television stations or television networks. The first modern press releases were created by Ivy Lee, lees agency was working with the Pennsylvania Railroad at the time of the 1906 Atlantic City train wreck. Ivy Lee and the company collaborated to issue the first press release directly to journalists, before other versions of the story, or suppositions, could be spread among them and reported. He used a release, in addition to inviting journalists. Public relations pioneer Edward Bernays later refined the creation and use of press releases, technically, anything deliberately sent to a reporter or media source is considered a press release, it is information released by the act of being sent to the media. However, public relations professionals often follow a format that they believe is efficient. The format is supposed to help journalists separate press releases from other PR communication methods, generally, a PR body consists of 4 to 5 paragraphs with word limit ranging from 400 to 500. However, press releases can be anywhere from 300 to 800 words As the internet has gained prevalence the way journalists like to be approached has also changed. Kristen also recommends pitching writers directly over pitching editors saying, I’d recommend pitching the writer first, with an angle specific to their beat. If a case needs to be made to the editor, it can fare better coming from the writer, as an editor, I’m more likely to prioritize emails coming from those I have personal relationships with. These have been built over the years from the days when I was the writer presenting to my editors, starting a new relationship with me as an editor, the most successful pitches have been those offering high profile interviews or highly specific content, like an original guest contribution. Some of these structural elements include, Headline – used to grab the attention of journalists. Dateline – contains the date and usually the originating city of the press release. If the date listed is after the date that the information was sent to the media, then the sender is requesting a news embargo. Introduction – first paragraph in a release, that generally gives basic answers to the questions of who, what, when. Body – further explanation, statistics, background, or other details relevant to the news, boilerplate – generally a short about section, providing independent background on the issuing company, organization, or individual. Close – in North America, traditionally the symbol -30- appears after the boilerplate or body and before the contact information. A more modern equivalent has been the ### symbol, in other countries, other means of indicating the end of the release may be used, such as the text ends
21.
Tennessee General Assembly
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The Tennessee General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Tennessee. It is a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Speaker of the Senate carries the title and office of Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee. In addition to passing a budget for state government plus other legislation and it is also the initiating body in any process to amend the states constitution. To keep the legislature a part-time body, it is limited to ninety legislative days per two-year term, a legislative day is considered any day that the House or Senate formally meets in the chambers of each house. Legislators are paid a salary of $19,009 along with a per diem expense of $171 per legislative day. If the legislature remains in session longer than ninety legislative days, legislators also receive an office allowance of $1,000 per month, ostensibly for the maintenance of an office area devoted to their legislative work in their homes or elsewhere within their district. Traditionally, it has been easier, politically speaking, to raise the per diem, the speaker of each house is entitled to a salary triple that of other members. Under a law enacted in 2004, legislators will receive an equal to that given to state employees the previous year. The governor may also call extraordinary sessions, limited to the topic or topics outlined in the call, two-thirds of each house may also initiate such a call by petitioning for it. See Tennessee Senate and Tennessee House of Representatives for current member lists, legislative days are scheduled no more than three days a week during the session. Legislative sessions in both the House and Senate occur on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, tuesdays and the majority of Wednesdays are used primarily for committee meetings and hearings rather than actual sessions. Sessions begin each year in January and usually end by May, membership in the legislature is best regarded as being a full-time job during the session and a part-time job the rest of the year due to committee meetings and hearings. In keeping with Tennessees agricultural roots, some senators and representatives are farmers, members are also forbidden from holding campaign fundraising events for themselves during the time they are actually in session. Each house sets its own rules and elects its own speaker, for over three decades, both speakers were from West Tennessee, this caused considerable resentment in the eastern two-thirds of the state. From 1971 until January 2007, Tennessee had the same Lieutenant Governor, John S. Wilder, Wilder was re-elected to the position even after Tennessee Republicans re-took the State Senate in the 2004 election. However, in January 2007, after Republicans gained additional seats in the 2006 General Assembly elections, the General Assembly districts of both houses are supposed to be reapportioned based on population as determined by the U. S. federal census on a decennial basis. This was not done between 1902 and 1962, resulting in the United States Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr, which required this action to be taken
22.
Tennessee's 6th congressional district
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The 6th Congressional District of Tennessee is a congressional district in Middle Tennessee. It has been represented by Republican Diane Black since January 2011, the district is located in north-central Tennessee and borders Kentucky to the north. It also contains small pieces of Cheatham and Van Buren. Much of the Sixth District is rural and wooded and it is spread across the geographic regions known as the Cumberland Plateau, the Highland Rim, and the Central Basin. The area is known for its waterfalls, such as Burgess Falls, with close access to interstates 24,40, and 65, subdivisions are sprouting almost exponentially, fast filling with new economy managers. Recently, many companies have opened either manufacturing or distribution centers in the 6th District and this includes Amazon and Bridgestone-Firestone in Lebanon, gun manufacturer Beretta in Gallatin, and clothing manufacturer Under Armour in Mt. Juliet. Politically speaking, the region was traditionally a Yellow Dog Democrat district, however, the district began shifting rightward as Nashvilles suburbs bled into the district. It supported Bill Clinton in 1992, partly due to Gores presence as Clintons running mate, however, it hasnt supported a Democrat for president since. By the turn of the century, it was obvious that the Democrats would have a time holding onto the district once longtime Democratic incumbent Bart Gordon retired. Gordon retired in 2010, and Black--then a state senator--won the seat in a landslide, the 2010 redistricting made the district even more Republican, even with its longtime base, Murfreesboro, being drawn out of the district. Since then, no Democrat has won a county within the district in any presidential, gubernatorial, senate. According to the 2010 census, the five largest cities are Hendersonville, Cookeville, Gallatin, Lebanon, prior to the 1980 census, when Tennessee picked up a district, most of what is now the 6th district was in the 4th district. During the 1940s, this area was represented by Albert Gore, Gore was elected to the United States Senate in 1952, where he was instrumental in creating the Interstate Highway system. From 1953 to 1977, the area was represented by Joe L. Evins of Smithville, evinss nephew, Dan Evins, was the founder of Cracker Barrel Old Country Store restaurant/retail chain. Cracker Barrels headquarters are located in Lebanon. In 1976, Evins was succeeded by Al Gore, future Vice President and son of Albert Gore and he was representing the area when much of it was moved into the present 6th District. Shortly following the redistricting into the 6th District, Gore was elected to the United States Senate and he was then succeeded by former Democratic State Chair Bart Gordon of Murfreesboro. Gordon held the post for the next years, relatively unopposed
23.
Farmer
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A farmer is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry. However, in the not so distant past a farmer was a person who promotes or improves the growth of by labor and attention, farming has been dated back as far as the Neolithic era. By the Bronze Age, the Sumerians had an agriculture specialized labour force by 5000–4000 BCE and they relied on three-person teams when harvesting in the spring. The Ancient Egypt farmers farmed and relied and irrigated their water from the Nile, animal husbandry, the practice of rearing animals specifically for farming purposes, has existed for thousands of years. Dogs were domesticated in East Asia about 15,000 years ago, goats and sheep were domesticated around 8000 BCE in Asia. Swine or pigs were domesticated by 7000 BCE in the Middle East, the earliest evidence of horse domestication dates to around 4000 BCE. In the U. S. of the 1930s, one farmer fed only himself, the same farmer now feeds well over a hundred people. More distinct terms are used to denote farmers who raise specific domesticated animals. For example, those who raise grazing livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats, sheep, goat, and cattle farmers might also be referred to respectively as shepherds, goatherds, and cowherds. The term dairy farmer is applied to those primarily in milk production, whether from cattle, goats, sheep. A poultry farmer is one who concentrates on raising chickens, turkeys, ducks, or geese, for meat, egg, or feather production, or commonly. A person who raises a variety of vegetables for market may be called a truck farmer or market gardener, dirt farmer is an American colloquial term for a practical farmer, or one who farms his own land. In developed nations, a farmer is usually defined as someone with an ownership interest in crops or livestock, and those who provide only labor are most often called farmhands. Alternatively, growers who manage farmland for a landowner, sharing the harvest are known as sharecroppers or sharefarmers. Historically, one subsisting in this way may have known as a peasant. In developed nations, however, a person using such techniques on small patches of land might be called a gardener, Farmers are often members of local, regional, or national farmers unions or agricultural producers organizations and can exert significant political influence. The Grange movement in the United States was effective in advancing farmers agendas, especially against railroad, the FNSEA is very politically active in France, especially pertaining to genetically modified food
24.
Cumberland County, Tennessee
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Cumberland County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 56,053, Cumberland County comprises the Crossville, TN micropolitan statistical area. Cumberland County was formed in 1856 from parts of Bledsoe, Roane, Morgan, Fentress, Rhea, Putnam, Overton, during the Civil War, the county was nearly evenly split between those supporting the Union and those supporting the Confederacy. They raised funds by a lottery and completed a project built a wagon road. This slightly improved travel, but still required a bone jarring trip, the road was often muddy and crossed stone slabs so that it was only passable in some places on foot. Reportedly wagons could not get down the grade at Spencers Mountain without locking brakes on all wheels. The mountain top was described as quite denuded of trees, Cumberland County was the site of an important saltpeter mine. Saltpeter is the ingredient of gunpowder and was obtained by leaching the earth from Grassy Cove Saltpeter Cave. Richard Green Waterhouse settled in area in 1800. In his Diary, Journal, and Memoirs he states that he went with William Kelly into Grassy cove, according to Barr, Dicky Mathews began the manufacture of gunpowder at the cave in 1859. His son was killed by an explosion at Powder House Spring below the cave and this is an exceptionally large cave and evidence of mining extends far from the entrance. The leaching vats were located in a room near the entrance, but this room is damp. During the 1930s, as part of the New Deal, the federal governments Subsistence Homesteads Division established the Cumberland Homesteads outside of Crossville, the program provided land and houses for 250 impoverished families. Cumberland Mountain State Park was built as part of this project, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 685 square miles, of which 681 square miles is land and 3.8 square miles is water. It is the fourth-largest county in Tennessee by area, the county is located atop the Cumberland Plateau. The southernmost of the Cumberland Mountains, known locally as the Crab Orchard Mountains, the county is home to a number of karst formations, most notably at Grassy Cove, a large, closed depression located southeast of Crossville. It is 3 miles wide,5 miles long, and over 1,000 feet deep, all of the water draining into Grassy Cove flows underground through a large cave system and emerges 4 miles southwest at the head of the Sequatchie Valley to form the Sequatchie River. The Tennessee Divide, where the watersheds of the Cumberland River, the source of the Caney Fork is located west of the divide, while the source of the Obed River is located east of the divide
25.
Hot Springs, Arkansas
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Hot Springs is the eleventh-largest city in the state of Arkansas and the county seat of Garland County. The city is located in the Ouachita Mountains among the U. S, interior Highlands, and is set among several natural hot springs for which the city is named. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 35,193, in 2015 the estimated population was 35,635. The center of Hot Springs is the oldest federal reserve in the United States, the hot spring water has been popularly believed for centuries to possess medicinal properties, and was a subject of legend among several Native American tribes. Following federal protection in 1832, the city developed into a spa town. One of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the United States, the Assemblies of God, today, much of Hot Springss history is preserved by various government entities. Hot Springs National Park is maintained by the National Park Service, including Bathhouse Row, downtown Hot Springs is preserved as the Central Avenue Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The city also contains dozens of hotels and motor courts. Due to the popularity of the waters, Hot Springs benefited from rapid growth during a period when many cities saw a sharp decline in building. As a result, Hot Springss architecture is a key part of the blend of cultures, including a reputation as a tourist town. Also a destination for the arts, Hot Springs features the Hot Springs Music Festival, Hot Springs Documentary Film Festival, members of many Native American tribes had been gathering in the valley for untold numbers of years to enjoy the healing properties of the thermal springs. In 1673, Father Marquette and Jolliet explored the area and claimed it for France, the 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the land to Spain, however, in 1800 control was returned to France until the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. In 1807, a man named Prudhomme became the first settler of modern Hot Springs, on August 24,1818, the Quapaw Indians ceded the land around the hot springs to the United States in a treaty. After Arkansas became its own territory in 1819, the Arkansas Territorial Legislature requested in 1820 that the springs, twelve years later, in 1832, the Hot Springs Reservation was created by the United States Congress, granting federal protection of the thermal waters. The reservation was renamed Hot Springs National Park in 1921, the outbreak of the American Civil War left Hot Springs with a declining bathing population. After the Confederate forces suffered defeat in the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862, rector moved his staff and state records to Hot Springs. Union forces did not attack Little Rock, and the government returned to the city on July 14,1862. Many residents of Hot Springs fled to Texas or Louisiana and remained there until the end of the war, in September 1863, Union forces occupied Little Rock
26.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
27.
Small arms
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In international arms control, small arms include revolvers and pistols, rifles and carbines, assault rifles, submachine guns and light machine guns. Together with light weapons, they comprise the Small Arms and Light Weapons protocol, in the U. S. military, small arms are man portable, individual, and crew-served weapon systems used mainly against personnel and lightly armored or unarmored equipment. However, in regard to management, the U. S. Army says small arms/light weapons are, Handguns, shoulder-fired weapons, light automatic weapons up to. Much of the work to address the illegal arms trade is raised in the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms. In 2013, the Small Arms Survey said that of the 875 million small arms distributed globally,650 million — almost 75 percent — are in civilian hands, about 200 million are controlled by armed forces and about 26 million by law enforcement agencies. Gang members hold between 2 and 10 million small arms and armed, non-state actors hold about 1.4 million, together, the small-arms arsenals of non-state actors and gangs account for 0.4 to 1.3 percent of the global total. Arms trafficking Firearms Gun control Small arms trade SALW Dikshif, P. Proliferation of Small Arms and Minor Weapons, Strategic Analysis, Vol.17 May 1994. Gould, C. and Lamb, G. Hide & Seek, Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa, Institute for Security Studies, federation of American Scientists Small Arms Monitoring page Small Arms Survey How Small Arms Work - Training Film on YouTube
28.
Ballot
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A ballot is a device used to cast votes in an election, and may be a piece of paper or a small ball used in secret voting. It was originally a small ball used to record decisions made by voters, each voter uses one ballot, and ballots are not shared. The voter casts his/her ballot in a box at a polling station, in British English, this is usually called a ballot paper. The word ballot is used for a process within an organisation. The word ballot comes from Italian ballotta, meaning a ball used in voting” or a “secret vote taken by ballots” in Venice. In ancient Greece, citizens used pieces of pottery to scratch in the name of the candidate in the procedures of ostracism. The first use of paper ballots to conduct an election appears to have been in Rome in 139 BC, in Ancient India, around 920 AD, in Tamil Nadu, Palm leaves were used for village assembly elections. The palm leaves with candidate names, will be put inside a mud pot, the first use of paper ballots in America was in 1629 within the Massachusetts Bay Colony to select a pastor for the Salem Church. Paper ballots were pieces of paper marked and supplied by voters, depending on the type of voting system used in the election, different ballots may be used. Ranked ballots allow voters to rank candidates in order of preference, in party-list systems, lists may be open or closed. The United States, a republic, has a unique politics of long, progressivists attacked the long ballot during the Progressive Era. Ballot design can aid or inhibit clarity in an election, poor designs lead to confusion and potentially chaos if large numbers of voters spoil or mismark a ballot. The butterfly ballot used in the Palm Beach County, Florida U. S. presidential election,2000 led to allegations of mismarked ballots. For example, one might count the number of ballots whereon the voter had crossed out the name of the party that nominated the candidate. In a jurisdiction using a system, voters choose by marking a ballot or, as in the case of Israel and France. In most jurisdictions the ballots are pre-printed with names of candidates, the Philippines and Japan are an exception. There, voters must write the names of their candidates on the ballot, election officials manually count the ballots after the polls close and may be recounted in the event of a dispute. In a jurisdiction using an optical scan voting system, voters choose by filling an oval or by completing an arrow on the ballot next to their chosen candidate or referendum position
29.
Jury trial
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A jury trial, or trial by jury, is a legal proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact, which then direct the actions of a judge. It is distinguished from a trial in which a judge or panel of judges makes all decisions. Only the United States makes routine use of trials in a wide variety of non-criminal cases. The availability of a trial by jury in American jurisdictions varies, as a result, this practice continues in American civil laws, but in modern English law, only criminal proceedings and some inquests are likely to be heard by a jury. Jury trials are of far less importance in countries that do not have a common law system, ancient Athens had a mechanism, called dikastaí, to assure that no one could select jurors for their own trial. For normal cases, the courts were made up of dikastai of up to 500 citizens. For capital cases—those that involved death, loss of liberty, exile, loss of civil rights, in such large juries, the unanimity rule would be unrealistic, and verdicts were reached by majority. Jurists cast a ceramic disk with an axle in its middle, thus the way they voted was kept secret because the jurists would hold their disk by the axle by thumb and forefinger, thus hiding whether its axle was hollow or solid. Since Periclean times, jurists were compensated for their sitting in court, the institution of trial by jury was ritually depicted by Aeschylus in the Eumenides, the third and final play of his Oresteia trilogy. In the play, the innovation is brought about by the goddess Athena, the god Apollo takes part in the trial as the advocate for the defendant Orestes and the Furies as prosecutors for the slain Clytaemnestra. In the event the jury is split six to six, and Athena dicates that in such a case, capital trials were held in front of juries composed of hundreds or thousands of people in the commitias or centuries, the same as in Roman trials. Roman law provided for the selection of judices, who would be responsible for resolving disputes by acting as jurors. High government officials and their relatives were barred from acting as judices and those previously found guilty of serious crimes were also barred as were gladiators for hire, who likely were hired to resolve disputes through trial by combat. A Swabian ordinance of 1562 called for the summons of jurymen, and various methods were in use in Emmendingen, Oppenau, and Oberkirch. Hauensteins charter of 1442 secured the right to be tried in all cases by 24 fellow equals, the modern jury trial was first introduced in the Rhenish provinces in 1798, with a court consisting most commonly of 12 citizens. In Constance the jury trial was suppressed by decree of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1786, an 1873 draft on criminal procedure produced by the Prussian Ministry of Justice proposed to abolish the jury and replace it with the mixed system, causing a significant political debate. In the Weimar Republic the jury was abolished by the Emminger Reform of 4 January 1924 and they had no professional lawyers, but many of their farmer-warriors, like Njal, the truth-teller, were learned in folk custom and in its intricate judicial procedure. A Danish town in England often had, as its main officers and these juries differed from the modern sort by being self-informing, instead of getting information through a trial, the jurors were required to investigate the case themselves
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Sullivan County, Tennessee
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Sullivan County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 156,823, Sullivan is Tennessees second-oldest county, having been established in 1779 when the area was still part of North Carolina. It was part of the extra-legal State of Franklin from 1784 to 1788, Sullivan County was created in 1779 from a portion of Washington County, and named for John Sullivan, a general in the Revolutionary War. Long Island of the Holston in Kingsport had been an important landmark for the Cherokee, the island was the site of Fort Robinson, constructed in 1761 following the fall of Fort Loudoun further to the south, making the Sullivan area one of the earliest settled areas of Tennessee. Sullivan County was one of the few East Tennessee counties to support secession on the eve of the Civil War, in Tennessees June 1861 referendum, the county voted 1,586 to 627 in favor of secession. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 430 square miles. The western portion of the county lies within the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, the northeastern end of Bays Mountain, part of the Ridge-and-Valley range, rises southwest of Kingsport. The eastern portion of the county lies within the Blue Ridge Mountains, Holston Mountain, which at 4,284 feet is the highest point in Sullivan, straddles the countys eastern boundary with Johnson County. In Kingsport, the South Fork Holston River and the North Fork Holston River join to form the Holston River, the Watauga River, a tributary of the South Fork Holston, forms part of Sullivans boundary with Washington County to the south. The North Fork Holston forms part of Sullivans boundary with Hawkins County to the west, Fort Patrick Henry Dam and Boone Dam both create large artificial lakes along the South Fork Holston southeast of Kingsport. Blountville, Sullivans county seat, is Tennessees only unincorporated county seat, morrell Cave is a Tennessee State Natural Area. The cave has a length of 4.4 miles, making it the second longest cave in East Tennessee. Morrell Cave is located on the side of the Holston River,2.5 miles east of Bluff City. During the Civil War, the cave was a source of saltpeter. Cave historian Marion O. Smith has determined there were two companies of the Confederate Nitre and Mining Bureau, District No. 7, that were active in Sullivan County,95. 5% were White,0. 6% Black or African American,0. 4% Asian,0. 2% Native American,2. 2% of some other race and 1. 0% of two or more races. As of the census of 2000, there were 153,048 people,63,556 households, the population density was 371 people per square mile. There were 69,052 housing units at a density of 167 per square mile
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Flowery Branch, Georgia
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Flowery Branch is a city in Hall County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 5,679 and it is part of the Gainesville, Georgia metropolitan area, and lies on the shores of Lake Lanier. Flowery Branch was originally named Anaguluskee, a Cherokee Indian word meaning flowers on the branch, other sources claim the original name was Nattagasska, which long-term residents recall as an alternative nickname for the town. Andrew Jackson passed through Flowery Branch on his way to the first Seminole War in 1818, the Atlanta Falcons football teams training camp has been located in Flowery Branch since the start of the 2005 season. The city also hosts the Historic Caboose exhibit and the Historic Train Depot museum, Flowery Branch is located at 34°11′9″N 83°55′28″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 6.32 square miles. Flowery Branch borders Chestnut Mountain and Oakwood, city limits are 1 mile from Gainesville and Braselton. Flowery Branch is on the shores of Lake Lanier, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,806 people,706 households, and 475 families residing in the town. The population density was 725.3 people per square mile, there were 820 housing units at an average density of 329.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 80. 22% White,10. 18% African American,0. 44% Native American,0. 28% Asian,2. 21% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 69% of the population. 23. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.01. In the town, the population was out with 25. 7% under the age of 18,12. 1% from 18 to 24,35. 4% from 25 to 44,18. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 103.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males, the median income for a household in the town was $35,478, and the median income for a family was $38,500. Males had an income of $29,572 versus $21,382 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,970, about 9. 5% of families and 13. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 1% of those under age 18 and 21. 6% of those age 65 or over. Public education in Flowery Branch is served by Hall County Schools, johnny OConnell, a team driver of the Pratt & Miller Corvette team in international sports car racing. Phil Niekro, a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame who pitched 20 seasons for the Atlanta Braves, connor Shaw, previous starting quarterback for the University of South Carolina football team, currently plays for the Chicago Bears of the NFL The Flowery Branch Depot historical marker
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Murder
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A murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse, especially the unlawful killing of another human being with malice aforethought. This state of mind may, depending upon the jurisdiction, distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide, manslaughter is a killing committed in the absence of malice, brought about by reasonable provocation, or diminished capacity. Involuntary manslaughter, where it is recognized, is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent, in most countries, a person convicted of murder generally faces a long-term prison sentence, possibly a life sentence where permitted. In many common law jurisdictions, a convicted of murder will receive a mandatory life sentence. In jurisdictions where capital punishment exists, the penalty may be imposed for such an act, however. The modern English word murder descends from the Proto-Indo-European mrtró which meant to die, the Middle English mordre is a noun from Anglo-Saxon morðor and Old French murdre. Middle English mordre is a verb from Anglo-Saxon myrdrian and the Middle English noun, the elements of common law murder are, Unlawful killing through criminal act or omission of a human by another human with malice aforethought. Killing – At common law life ended with cardiopulmonary arrest – the total, with advances in medical technology courts have adopted irreversible cessation of all brain function as marking the end of life. Сriminal act or omission – Killing can be committed by an act or an omission. of a human – This element presents the issue of life begins. At common law, a fetus was not a human being, life began when the fetus passed through the vagina and took its first breath. By another human – In early common law, suicide was considered murder, the requirement that the person killed be someone other than the perpetrator excluded suicide from the definition of murder. With malice aforethought – Originally malice aforethought carried its everyday meaning – a deliberate, Murder necessarily required that an appreciable time pass between the formation and execution of the intent to kill. The courts broadened the scope of murder by eliminating the requirement of actual premeditation and deliberation as well as true malice, all that was required for malice aforethought to exist is that the perpetrator act with one of the four states of mind that constitutes malice. The four states of mind recognized as constituting malice are, Under state of mind, intent to kill, thus, if the defendant intentionally uses a deadly weapon or instrument against the victim, such use authorizes a permissive inference of intent to kill. In other words, intent follows the bullet, examples of deadly weapons and instruments include but are not limited to guns, knives, deadly toxins or chemicals or gases and even vehicles when intentionally used to harm one or more victims. In Australian jurisdictions, the risk must amount to a foreseen probability of death. Under state of mind, the doctrine, the felony committed must be an inherently dangerous felony, such as burglary, arson, rape. Importantly, the underlying felony cannot be a lesser included offense such as assault, as with most legal terms, the precise definition of murder varies between jurisdictions and is usually codified in some form of legislation
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Sentence (law)
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A sentence is a decree of punishment. In law, a forms the final explicit act of a judge-ruled process. The sentence can generally involve a decree of imprisonment, a fine and/or other punishments against a defendant convicted of a crime and those imprisoned for multiple crimes will serve a consecutive sentence, a concurrent sentence, or somewhere in between, sometimes subject to a cap. Additional sentences include, Intermediate or those served on the weekend, if a sentence gets reduced to a less harsh punishment, then the sentence is said to have been mitigated or commuted. Rarely murder charges are mitigated and reduced to manslaughter charges, Sentencing law sometimes includes cliffs that result in much stiffer penalties when certain facts apply. For instance, a career criminal or habitual offender law may subject a defendant to a significant increase in his sentence if he commits a third offense of a certain kind. This makes it difficult for fine gradations in punishments to be achieved, the first use of this word with this meaning was in Roman law, where it indicated the opinion of a jurist on a given question, expressed in written or in oral responsa. It was also the opinion of senators and it finally was also the decision of the judging organ, as well as the decision of the Arbiters. Sentences are variously classified depending on the field, or kind of action, or system it refers to, civil, penal, administrative. Sentences of mere clearance, of condemnation, of constitution, the jurisdiction and the legal competence, single judges, courts, tribunals, appeals, supreme courts, constitutional courts, etc. meant as the various degrees of judgment and appeal. The content, partial, cautelar, interlocutory, preliminar, definitive sentences and this kind of sentence became better developed and remained in wider use in common law systems. The sentence meted out depends on the principle used by the court. Depending on respective systems, the phases that precede the sentence may vary relevantly, the sentence usually has to be rendered of public domain and in most systems it has to be accompanied by the reasons for its content. A sentence can be annulled in some cases, that many systems usually pre-determine. The most frequent case is related to irregularities found ex-post in the procedure, the most éclatant is perhaps in penal cases, in most systems the definitive sentence is unique, in the precise sense that no one can be judged more than once for the same action. Sentences are in many systems a source of law, as an interpretation of the law in front of concrete cases. The sentence is issued by the judge in the name of the superior authority of the state. Criminal costs Criminal sentencing in Canada Criminal sentencing in the United States English criminal law Incapacitation Sentencing disparity Sentencing in England and Wales Sentencing
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Life in prison
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Life imprisonment is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted persons are to remain in prison for the rest of their lives or until paroled. Life imprisonment can, in cases, also be imposed for traffic offenses causing death. Canada and some U. S. states allow judges to impose life imprisonment for such offenses and this sentence does not exist in all countries. Portugal was the first country in the world to life imprisonment by the prison reforms of Sampaio e Melo in 1884. However, where life imprisonment is a sentence, there may also be formal mechanisms to request parole after a certain period of imprisonment. This means that a convict could be entitled to spend the rest of the sentence outside prison, early release is usually conditional depending on past and future conduct, possibly with certain restrictions or obligations. In contrast, when a term of imprisonment has ended. The United States leads in life sentences, at a rate of 50 people per 100,000 residents imprisoned for life, the length of time and the conditions surrounding parole vary greatly for each jurisdiction. In some places, convicts are entitled to apply for parole relatively early, in others, however, the time until being entitled to apply for parole does not necessarily tell anything about the actual date of parole being granted. The highest determined prison sentence that can be imposed in the ICC, after this period, the court will review the sentence to determine whether or not it should be reduced. Some technically finite sentences are handed out, especially in the U. S. that exceed the maximum life span and are therefore seen as de facto life sentences. He committed suicide in his cell one month later. Courts in South Africa have handed out at least two sentences that have exceeded a century and were thus symbolic life sentences, unlike other areas of criminal law, sentences handed to minors do not differ from those given to legal adults. A few countries worldwide allow for minors to be given sentences that have no provision for eventual release. Of these, only the United States currently has minors serving such sentences, as of 2009, Human Rights Watch had calculated that there were 2,589 youth offenders serving life without parole in the United States. Graham v. Florida was a significant case in juvenile justice, in Jacksonville, Florida, Terrence J. Graham tried to rob a restaurant along with three adolescent accomplices. During the robbery one of Grahams accomplices had a bar that he used to hit the restaurant manager twice in the head. Once arrested, Graham was charged with attempted armed robbery and armed burglary with assault/battery, the maximum sentence he faced from these charges was life without the possibility of parole, and the prosecutor wanted to charge him as an adult
