1.
Huawei
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Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. is a Chinese multinational networking and telecommunications equipment and services company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong. It is the largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in the world, having overtaken Ericsson in 2012, Huawei was founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei, a former engineer in the Peoples Liberation Army. Huawei has over 170,000 employees as of September 2015, around 76,000 of whom are engaged in research and development.4 billion USD in R&D, in 2014, Huawei recorded a profit of 34.2 billion CNY. Its products and services have been deployed in more than 140 countries, Huawei is the official translation of the firms Chinese name. The etymology of the character 华 is derived from 花 which means flower and this is hinted at in Huaweis logo. The character can also mean splendid or magnificent, but nowadays mostly refers to China or Chinese and it is common for Chinese companies to use this word, another example being the Taiwanese company Asus that was founded back in 1989. The second character of Huaweis name, 为, means action or achievement and it is pronounced Wah-Way according to a Gizmodo video that claims to provide the official pronunciation, as well as many other internet sources. However, Wah-Way is incorrect, and is a perpetuation of a mistaken combination of the Cantonese and Mandarin pronunciations for the first and second characters. The Cantonese pronunciation is Wah-Waii, while the Mandarin pronunciation is Hwa-Way, although the company is based in the Cantonese-speaking area of Guangdong, the use of Huawei as the spelling for its name reflects the Mandarin pronunciation the two characters. During the 1980s, Chinas government tried to modernize the countrys underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure, Ren Zhengfei, a former deputy director of the Peoples Liberation Army engineering corp, founded Huawei in 1987 in Shenzhen. At a time all of Chinas telecommunications technology was imported from abroad. The company reports that it had RMB21,000 in registered capital at the time of its founding, the Far Eastern Economic Review also reported that it received an $8.5 million loan from a state-owned bank, though the company has denied the existence of the loan. During its first several years the business model consisted mainly of reselling private branch exchange switches imported from Hong Kong. Meanwhile, it was reverse-engineering imported switches and investing heavily in research, by 1990 the company had approximately 600 R&D staff, and began its own independent commercialization of PBX switches targeting hotels and small enterprises. The companys first major breakthrough came in 1993, when it launched its C&C08 program controlled telephone switch and it was by far the most powerful switch available in China at the time. By initially deploying in small cities and rural areas and placing emphasis on service and customizability, ahrens writes that these methods were unorthodox, bordering on corrupt, but not illegal. Jiang reportedly agreed with this assessment, Huawei was promoted by both the government and the military as a national champion, and established new research and development offices. In 1997, Huawei won its first overseas contract, providing fixed-line network products to Hong Kong company Hutchison Whampoa, later that year, Huawei launched its wireless GSM-based products and eventually expanded to offer CDMA and UMTS
2.
Mobile phone
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A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator. Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population. In first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. In 1991, the digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators, ten years later, in 2001, the third generation was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3. 5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access family, allowing UMTS networks to have data transfer speeds. By 2009, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies
3.
Cell site
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In Global System for Mobile Communications networks, the correct term is Base Transceiver Station, and colloquial synonyms are mobile phone mast or base station. The term base station site might better reflect the increasing co-location of multiple mobile operators, depending on an operators technology, even a site hosting just a single mobile operator may house multiple base stations, each to serve a different air interface technology. Some cities require that sites be inconspicuous, they can be blended with the surrounding area or mounted on buildings or advertising towers. Preserved treescapes can often hide cell towers inside a tree or preserved tree. These installations are generally referred to as concealed cell sites or stealth cell sites, the working range of a cell site is not a fixed figure. It will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the frequency of signal in use. Timing limitations in some technologies The transmitters rated power, the required uplink/downlink data rate of the subscribers device The directional characteristics of the site antenna array. Reflection and absorption of energy by buildings or vegetation. It may also be limited by geographical or regulatory factors. Generally, in areas where there are enough cell sites to cover a wide area, Ensure that the overlap area is not too large, to minimize interference problems with other sites. In practice, cell sites are grouped in areas of population density. Cell phone traffic through a site is limited by the base stations capacity. This limitation is another factor affecting the spacing of cell mast sites, in suburban areas, masts are commonly spaced 1–2 miles apart and in dense urban areas, masts may be as close as ¼-½ mile apart. The maximum range of a mast depends on the same circumstances, some technologies, such as GSM, normally have a fixed maximum range of 35 kilometres, which is imposed by technical limitations. CDMA and IDEN have no limit, but the limiting factor is the ability of a low-powered personal cell phone to transmit back to the mast. As a rough guide, based on a tall mast and flat terrain, when the terrain is hilly, the maximum distance can vary from as little as 5 kilometres to 8 kilometres due to encroachment of intermediate objects into the wide center fresnel zone of the signal. Depending on terrain and other circumstances, a GSM Tower can replace between 2 and 50 miles of cabling for fixed wireless networks, the concept of maximum range is misleading, however, in a cellular network. Cellular networks are designed to support many conversations with a number of radio channels that are licensed to an operator of a cellular service
4.
International Telecommunication Union
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ITU, based in Geneva, Switzerland, is a member of the United Nations Development Group. ITU has been an intergovernmental public-private partnership organization since its inception, ITU was formed in 1865, in Paris, at the International Telegraph Convention, this makes it one of the oldest intergovernmental organizations in the world. ITU became a United Nations specialized agency in 1947, the ITU comprises three sectors, each managing a different aspect of the matters handled by the Union, as well as ITU Telecom. The sectors were created during the restructuring of ITU at its 1992 Plenipotentiary Conference, radiocommunication Established in 1927 as the International Radio Consultative Committee or CCIR, this sector manages the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU-R, Standardization Standardization was the original purpose of ITU since its inception. Established in 1956 as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee or CCITT, in 1993, the CCITT became the ITU-T. Development Established in 1992, this sector helps spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies, ITU Telecom ITU Telecom organizes major events for the worlds ICT community. A permanent General Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, manages the work of the Union. The basic texts of the ITU are adopted by the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference, the ITU is headed by a Secretary-General, who is elected to a four-year term by the member states at the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference. On 23 October 2014 Houlin Zhao was elected 19th Secretary-General of the ITU at the Plenipotentiary Conference in Busan and his four-year mandate started on 1 January 2015, and he was formally inaugurated on 15 January 2015. There are 193 Member States of the ITU, which are all UN member states, the most recent member state to join the ITU is South Sudan, which became a member on 14 July 2011. The Republic of China was blocked from membership by the Peoples Republic of China, palestine was admitted as an observer in 2010. The Summit was held as two conferences in 2003 and 2005 in Geneva and Tunis, respectively, with the aim of bridging the digital divide, in December 2012, the ITU facilitated The World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 in Dubai. WCIT-12 was a conference to address International Telecommunications Regulations, the international rules for telecommunications. The previous conference to update the Regulations was held in Melbourne in 1988, in August 2012, ITU called for a public consultation on a draft document ahead of the conference. Telecommunications ministers from 193 countries attended the conference in Dubai, the current regulatory structure was based on voice telecommunications, when the Internet was still in its infancy. In 1988, telecommunications operated under regulated monopolies in most countries, as the Internet has grown, organizations such as ICANN have come into existence to manage key resources such as Internet addresses and Domain Names. Some outside the United States believe that the United States exerts too much influence over the governance of the Internet, current proposals look to take into account the prevalence of data communications
5.
Telecommunication
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Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology and it is transmitted either electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. The term is used in its plural form, telecommunications. Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Zworykin, John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth, the word telecommunication is a compound of the Greek prefix tele, meaning distant, far off, or afar, and the Latin communicare, meaning to share. Its modern use is adapted from the French, because its use was recorded in 1904 by the French engineer. Communication was first used as an English word in the late 14th century, in the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could pass a single bit of information. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, in 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres, as a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880. Homing pigeons have occasionally used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post is thought to have Persians roots and was used by the Romans to aid their military, frontinus said that Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons, in the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed. Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke invented the telegraph in 1837. Also, the first commercial electrical telegraph is purported to have constructed by Wheatstone and Cooke. Both inventors viewed their device as an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph not as a new device, samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837
6.
Wireless
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Wireless communication, or sometimes simply wireless, is the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technologies use radio waves, with radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for television or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants. Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications include the use of other wireless technologies, such as light, magnetic. The term wireless has been used twice in history, with slightly different meaning. It was initially used from about 1890 for the first radio transmitting and receiving technology, as in wireless telegraphy and this became its primary usage in the 2000s, due to the advent of technologies such as LTE, LTE-Advanced, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Wireless operations permit services, such as communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems which use some form of energy to transfer information without the use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances, similar to free-space optical communication, the photophone also required a clear line of sight between its transmitter and its receiver. It would be decades before the photophones principles found their first practical applications in military communications. Marconi soon developed a system that was transmitting signals way beyond distances anyone could have predicted, guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for their contribution to this form of wireless telegraphy. Free space means the light travel through the open air or outer space. This contrasts with other technologies that use light beams traveling through transmission lines such as optical fiber or dielectric light pipes. The technology is useful where physical connections are due to high costs or other considerations. Sonic, especially ultrasonic short range communication involves the transmission and reception of sound, electromagnetic induction has short range communication and power. This has been used in situations such as pacemakers, as well as for short-range Rfid tags. Common examples of wireless equipment include, Infrared and ultrasonic remote control devices Professional LMR and SMR typically used by business, industrial, consumer Two-way radio including FRS Family Radio Service, GMRS and Citizens band radios. Consumer and professional Marine VHF radios, airband and radio navigation equipment used by aviators and air traffic control Cellular telephones and pagers, provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and business
7.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
8.
Alcatel-Lucent
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Alcatel-Lucent S. A. was a French global telecommunications equipment company, headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, France. As of January 2016, the company is part of Nokia, the company focused on fixed, mobile and converged networking hardware, IP technologies, software and services, with operations in more than 130 countries. Alcatel-Lucents chief executive officer was Michel Combes and the chairman of the board was Philippe Camus. Camus joined the company in the quarter of 2008, alongside Ben Verwaayen as CEO, after Alcatel-Lucents first CEO Patricia Russo. For 2010, the company had revenues of €16 billion and a net loss of €334 million. For 2011, revenues were €15 billion, net loss of €1.1 billion, for 2012, revenues were €14.4 billion and net loss of €1.4 billion. On October 1,2014, it announced that it had closed the sale of its subsidiary Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise to China Huaxin Post & Telecommunication Economy Development Center, Alcatel-Lucent was formed when Alcatel merged with Lucent Technologies on December 1,2006. However, the predecessors of the company have been a part of industry since the late 19th century. The company has roots in two early telecommunications companies, La Compagnie Générale dElectricité and the Western Electric Manufacturing Company, Western Electric began in 1869 when Elisha Gray and Enos N. Barton started a manufacturing firm based in Cleveland, Ohio. By 1880, the company had relocated to Chicago, Illinois, CGE would become a leader in digital communications and would also be known for producing the TGV high-speed trains in France. Bell Telephone Laboratories was created in 1925 from the consolidation of the R&D organizations of Western Electric, Bell Labs researchers have won 7 Nobel Prizes. Also in 1925, Western Electric sold its International Western Electric Company subsidiary to ITT Corporation, CGE purchased the telecommunications part of ITT in the mid-1980s. AT&T re-entered the European telecommunications market in 1984 following the Bell System divestiture, Philips promoted the venture in part because its PRX public switching technology was ageing and it sought a partner to help fund the development costs of digital switching. In 1987, AT&T increased its holding to 60% and in 1990 it purchased the remainder of the Philips holding, in 1998, Alcatel Alsthom shifted its focus to the telecommunications industry, spinning off its Alsthom activities and changing the companys name to Alcatel. AT&T spun off Lucent Technologies in April 1996 with a public offering. In April 2004, TCL Corporation and Alcatel announced the creation of a mobile phone manufacturing joint venture, facing intense competition in the telecommunications industry, Alcatel and Lucent Technologies merged on November 30,2006. On April 5,2006, Alcatel announced that it would swap its shares of Alcatel Alenia Space and Telespazio for €673 million and a 12. 1% stake in Thales and this increased Alcatels stake in Thales to 20. 8%
9.
Evolution-Data Optimized
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Evolution-Data Optimized is a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access. EV-DO is an evolution of the CDMA2000 standard that supports data rates. It uses advanced multiplexing techniques including code division multiple access as well as time division multiplexing to maximize throughput and it is a part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted by many mobile phone service providers around the world particularly those previously employing CDMA networks. It is also used on the Globalstar satellite phone network, EV-DO service has been or will be discontinued in much of Canada in 2015. An EV-DO channel has a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz, the channel structure, on the other hand, is very different. Additionally, the network is entirely packet-based, and thus is not constrained by the restrictions typically present on a circuit switched network. The EV-DO feature of CDMA2000 networks provides access to devices with forward link air interface speeds of up to 2.4 Mbit/s with Rel.0. The reverse link rate for Rel.0 can operate up to 153 kbit/s, a can operate at up to 1.8 Mbit/s. It was designed to be operated end-to-end as an IP based network, there have been several revisions of the standard, starting with Release 0. This was later expanded upon with Revision A to support Quality of Service and higher rates on the forward link, later in 2006 Revision B was published, that among other features includes the ability to bundle multiple carriers to achieve even higher rates and lower latencies. B involves a software update to the cell site modem, existing cdma2000 operators may also have to retune some of their existing 1xRTT channels to other frequencies, since Rev. B requires all DO carriers be within 5 MHz, initially, the standard was called High Data Rate, but was renamed to 1xEV-DO after it was ratified by the International Telecommunication Union under the designation TIA-856. Originally, 1xEV-DO stood for 1x Evolution-Data Only, referring to its being an evolution of the 1x air interface standard. The title of the 1xEV-DO standard document is cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification, as cdma2000 is another name for the 1x standard, numerically designated as TIA-2000. Later, likely due to the negative connotations of the word only. So EV-DO now stands for Evolution-Data Optimized, the 1x prefix has been dropped by many of the major carriers, and is marketed simply as EV-DO. This provides a more marketing-friendly emphasis that the technology was optimized for data, the primary characteristic that differentiates an EV-DO channel from a 1xRTT channel is that it is time multiplexed on the forward link. This means that a mobile has full use of the forward traffic channel within a particular geographic area during a given slot of time
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